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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (821)
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (625)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964  (274)
  • 1925-1929  (60)
  • 1984  (625)
  • 1963  (274)
  • 1927  (31)
  • 1925  (29)
Collection
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Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (625)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964  (274)
  • 1925-1929  (60)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050400301
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals I. The origin of the germ cells in the albino rat (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 517-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An early segregation of germ cells and migration through a germ track into the gonad does not occur in the albino rat. The germ cells are produced only from the peritoneum of the genital region and their earliest formation is coincident with the thickening of the coelomic epithelium to form the genital ridge. This takes place eleven days after insemination in embryos of approximately 18 somites. Germ cells continue to form from the peritoneum during the early development of the gonad. The peritoneum of this region also produces mesenchyme, smaller cells of the gonads, and the germinal epithelium.The argument for the specific character of the germ cells in vertebrates and their continuity from the egg is based largely upon assumption, and not upon substantial observations, and must be discarded. Germ-cell origin is a problem of cellular differentiatio, and not of early segregation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050400305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Errata (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    The growth and chemical composition of three species of turtles fed on rations of pure foods (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 191-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Painted turtles, gopher tortoises, and terrapins were fed on various mixtures of sand, salts, dextrin, casein, cod-liver oil, wheat, eggs, lettuce, and meal worms. Each individual was weighted weekly for about a year and then killed for analysis, the water, ash, nitrogen, and fat being determined. Some individuals increased in weight as much as 75 per cent, others lost weight. Judged by growth and chemical analyses, the food requirements of chelonians, as representative poikilothermal vertebrates toward nutritive substances (including vitamines) are similar to those of homoiothermal animals.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Natural partial fertilization in fasciolaria (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Of the eggs laid by Fasciolaria about 1 per cent develop into veligers, about 2 per cent more undergo a few cleavage divisions, and about 97 per cent do not divide at all. The 99 per cent that fail to develop normally are ‘swallowed’ by the veligers. This study concerns itself chiefly with the ova that do not divide. Notes on normal development and on the ova that undergo atypical cleavage are included.All of the ova are found to be typical when passed from the ovary. To each ovum one to several sperms become attached at the vegetal pole in the region of a mass of undifferentiated protoplasm - the ‘polar mass.’ A fertilization cone forms in each ovum and a fertilization membrane. In typical development a yolk lobe is formed, the sperm enters in the usual way, and fertilization is completed as in many other mollusks. In 97 per cent of the ova the yolk lobe is not formed and the sperm does not enter. In these cases the wall of the egg nucleus remains intact a long time. The nucleus itself and the ‘polar mass’ sink into the egg and meet at the center. Then the nuclear wall disappears and an atypical diaster is formed. However, cleavage is not begun and the chromosomes form vesicles that remain near the center of the ovum until it is ‘swallowed’ and digested by the veliger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Freezing and survival of insects at low temperatures (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050430209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Ant-mounds as to temperature and sunshine (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440102
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  • 8
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    Parental chromosome dimensions in Ascaris. A study of the effect of cellular environment on chromosome size (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the early cleavage stages of Ascaris the homologous chromosomes are of unequal length. Measurements show that these homologues fall into two sharply defined groups suggesting their biparental origin. The shorter are considered to have come from the male.As the age of the embryo increases, these differences between the chromosome mates tend to become less, and it is suggested that at some later period in the history of the animal this difference will entirely disappear in response to the effect of continued existence in a common environment. The length of the chromosomes is very slightly shortened during the early cleavage divisions, while the area of the equatorial cross-section of the cells becomes enormously reduced.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440106
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  • 9
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    Oxygen consumption of individual pupae during metamorphosis (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440205
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  • 10
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    The formation of contractile vacuoles in Amoeba proteus (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of investigations on the contractile vacuole is reviewed briefly and brought up to date.The study of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus is considered from standpoints of origin, structure, behavior, and function. The results are obtained from a prolonged study of normal organisms and from their reactions when introduced into conductivity water.The origin of vacuoles is studied by means of dark-field illumination which reveals the vacuole to be formed from a fusion and coalescence of extremely minute droplets.The retaining ‘wall’ of the contractile vacuole is not a permanent structure, but is in the nature of a condensation membrane, totally disappearing with each contraction.The loci of the contractile vacuoles are not permanent, but vacuoles are formed more or less at random. It is unlikely that they are supported in gelated areas, for amoebae with a dozen vacuoles are quite active and there is no interference with amoeboid movement.Conductivity water increases the size, number, and rate of contraction of contractile vacuoles, which suggests that they may function in maintaining an osmotic gradient as well as in the elimination of metabolic waste.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440207
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  • 11
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    Developmental modification and elimination of the larval stage in the ascidian, Corella willmeriana (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 467-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eggs of Corella develop in the atrial chamber of the parent at a pH below that of normal sea-water (pH 7.4 ±). When removed to normal sea-water in early stages and under certain other experimental conditions, larval development is more or less inhibited, the tail being most inhibited, the dorsal region somewhat less. The free larval stage may be eliminated and later development and metamorphosis may proceed normally to an advanced stage in the chorion and give rise to normal ascidians. The region most inhibited are, in general, those which possess the highest reducing power, as indicated by KMnO4. Experiments made in the attempt to control development all agree in indicating that the early stages are adjusted to a certain CO2 concentration approximately that of the atrial chamber and presumably near that of the body. Solutions of the same pH may or may not inhibit development according to their CO2 content.The tail, the region of highest reducing power in the embryo during its development, is most inhibited; the dorsal region, the next most rapidly reducing region, is next in degree of inhibition. All differences in reducing power disappear when, or soon after, the animals are killed by other agents before treatment with KMnO4.
    Additional Material: 64 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440305
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  • 12
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    Photoreceptors of Lumbricus terrestris, with special reference to their distribution, structure, and functionThis study was made at the zoölogical laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University and The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, though chiefly at the former. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 63-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A special type of cell, called ‘Lichtzellen’ by Hesse, was found in the photosensitive regions of the earthworm. Wherever the epidermis is most sensitive to light these cells are most abundant. They are found in the epidermis of all segments of the body and also in nerve enlargements of the prostomium and the caudal segment, but the intersegmental and ventral regions of the different segments, except the more distal ones, contain none of them. They are supplied by nerves and each contains a characteristic inner structure, the optic organelle, composed of a large central hyaline structure, the lens, which is surrounded by a dense network of nerve fibrillae, the retinella. In hanging drops the lens was found to focus light in the region of the retinella irrespective of the direction of the rays.These cells are similar in structure and function to the visual cells in leeches. Available data indicate that these cells function as photoreceptors and that the fibrillae of the retinella are the direct receptors of light stimuli.Pigment is not associated with the photoreceptors in a way that suggests direct functional relationship, but there is a subepidermal pigment layer through which pinhole windows admit light along the path of nerves to each of the nerve enlargements containing photoreceptor cells. These windows open in such directions as to determine the direction of withdrawal of the worm.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410105
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  • 13
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    Studies on the physiology of the liver VI. The effect of total removal of the liver in lower vertebratesContribution from the United States Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, and the Mayo Clinic. Read before Section F (Zoölogical Sciences) at the seventy-eighth meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Society of Zoölogists, Cincinnati, Ohio, December 27, 1923, to January 2, 1924. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of removal of the liver has been noted in fishes, frogs, and turtles. As in the higher vertebrates, removal of the liver produced a fall in blood sugar and a loss in muscular tone. The lower vertebrates failed to respond to intravenous injections of glucose, as do the birds and mammals. They also fail to respond to maltose or levulose. The liver maintained the blood-sugar level in the lower vertebrates, which is necessary for the maintenance of life.The mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism in the lower vertebrates may be different from that in the higher ones, in that glucose, when injected intravenously, apparently exercises a progressively less beneficial effect on the characteristic hypoglycemic condition which follows the removal of the liver of mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410108
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  • 14
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    Modification of development on the basis of differential susceptibility to radiation I. Fundulus heteroclitus and ultraviolet radiation (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 239-265 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports experiments with Fundulus heteroclitus to modify larval development by means of ultraviolet radiation. Eggs were exposed to radiation at various intervals after fertilization for varying periods of time. The results accord with previous work on fish teratology, and the developmental types obtained are essentially similar to those produced by chemicals, cold, and hybridization. The deviations from normal development occur in the same body regions as do those in other vertebrates whose early development has been modified by the action of radiation (x-rays, radium, etc.).The results of these experiments indicate that there is a non-specificity in susceptibility relations with the production of similar types of monsters for widely different reagents. That these eggs are differentially susceptible to the action of ultraviolet radiation is indicated by the fact that those regions which have the highest metabolic activity when an inhibiting influence is active are the ones most generally affected. Thus modifications of the nervous system, sense organs, circulatory system, tail region, and body axis result, respectively, in the production of varying degrees of cyclopia, inadequate circulation, short, stubby or bent, non-motile tails (some bifid), and anterior twinning.As these modifications may be produced by applying inhibiting influences during the first few minutes after fertilization, it is evident that there is in the egg at this stage some constitutional or physiological basis which determines early differences in susceptibility of its various parts.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410111
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  • 15
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    Inheritance and development of a lens abnormality the mouseThis paper is dedicated to Professor L. C. Dunn in recognition of his long and distinguished career.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Graduate Division of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051120102
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  • 16
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    Cytological observations on the early developmental stages of activated Rana pipiens eggs receiving a transplanted blastula nucleusThis investigation was supported by P.H.S. research grants C-5743, C-5755CB and C-913-C10 from the National Cancer Institute, Public Health Service. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 45-59 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051120105
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  • 17
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    Masthead (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051130101
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  • 18
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    Gross and microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of the nutria, Myocastor coypu bonariensis (Geoffroy)Revision of a thesis submitted to the Department of Zoology of Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 319-333 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051120308
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  • 19
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    Pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. I. Structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 229-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the “normal” adult.Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a “typical” dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores.The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790303
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  • 20
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800101
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  • 21
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    Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electrondense substance, 350-500 Å thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800105
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  • 22
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    Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P 〈 .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers.
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 105-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. I. The gigantic central projection of the pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the pedicellar segment of the fly antenna there is a large campaniform sensillum. The central projection of the sensory cell (LCC) of this large campaniform sensillum is described from labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cobalt. The LCC projects bilaterally to several regions of the brain and subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The LCC processes in these termination areas were analyzed in relation to other neural processes, including the remaining antennal sensory and motor projection. This analysis was aided by combining HRP labeling with Golgi silver impregnation. Based on earlier findings and the present data we suggest that the LCC, with its various outputs in, e.g., antennal and leg motor centers, serves as a multifunctional sensory path involved in control functions necessary in flight.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800301
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    Alterations of endocrine pancreas B cells in a sahelian reptile (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the long starvation period (November to June) of the lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), pancreatic B cells undergo profound modification. The degeneration of β granules observed in electron microscopy appears correlated with the diminution of the immunoreactive insulin-like content of the pancreas. The analogy between the phenomena observed here and those reported in animals treated with alloxan is discussed.
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    Structure, crystallography, and morphogenesis of the cryptic shell of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus (Mollusca, gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 195-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and crystallography of the internal shell of the pulmonate gastropod slug Limax maximus were studied at the levels of light and scanning electron microscopy, revealing patterns of shell ontogeny and morphogenesis. The calcified portion of the slightly convex ovoid shell is composed of a single palisade layer of calcitic crystals. Numerous projections, 100 μm in width at the dorsal tip, are found on the dorsal surface of the shell and coincide with local nucleation sites of primordial calcium salt deposition onto the periostracum. With continued calcification these projections coalesce ventrally, forming the single crystalline shell layer. The organic portion of the shell includes the periostracum and an extensive PAS-staining conchiolin. In EDTA-etched preparations, conchiolin appears as a spongy network of fibers throughout the shell. Both horizontal and vertical components of the conchiolin are present, the former of variable thickness and occurring in an intercrystalline manner, the latter always occurring normal to the horizontal set. Macromorphogenic growth is characterized by three distinct temporal stages. Primary growth occurs radially from the umbonal region. Secondary growth is synonymous with shell thickening. Tertiary growth is characterized by both a lateral component, in which the shell extends beyond the primary growth boundaries, and a ventral component, in which the shell continues to grow in thickness. SEM of the ventral shell surface reveals a pattern of growth at the crystalmatrix interface. Proteinaceous fibers of the conchiolin occur unidirectionally in horizontal rows. Zones of incipient calcitic crystallization onto these hypostracal fiber bundles are contrasted by zones of increasing crystallization until the fibrous template (reduced hypostracum) is completely covered by crystals.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: The pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 271-296 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: (1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); (2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and (3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, “cobblestone” cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal.
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    A comparison of spindle concentrations in large and small muscles acting in parallel combinations (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 243-252 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A small short muscle frequently acts across a joint in parallel with a vastly larger and longer muscle; therefore it should play a minimal role in the mechanical control of that joint. This study provides evidence suggesting that the small member of such a “parallel muscle combination” (PMC) may serve an important sensory feedback role. The spindle densities of large and small members of PMCs in man and the dog were determined and compared. Epaxial PMCs controlling canine intervertebral joints were dissected and tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned transversely to the muscles' long axis and, stained with hematoxylin-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Representative tissue sections were projected on to stereological grids and the percentage volume of spindles was determined. Data existing in the literature were used to ascertain spindle densities in human PMCs controlling joints in the cervico-occipital region and the extremities. The spindle density for each muscle in a group of PMCs controlling a particular motion was listed, and the mean spindle densities were determined for both the large and the small members of the group. Student's unpaired t test was used to determine the significance of the differences between mean spindle densities. Linear regression was calculated and the data were plotted graphically.In all PMCs examined, the spindle density of the small muscles was significantly higher than that of their large counterparts. It is therefore proposed that the small muscles of PMCs may function as “kinesiological monitors” generating important proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system.
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    Histomorophological studies of the female reproductive system of Platynotus punctatipennis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal reproductive apparatus of female Platynotus punctatipennis is composed of the paired ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca associated with its accessory gland, and a bursa copulatrix. The accessory (colleterial) glands are absent. The ovary is made up of a large number of telotrophic ovarioles which are covered by a double-layered peritoneal sheath. The terminal filament is separated from the germarium by the basement membrane of the latter and consists of a syncytial core surrounded by the peritoneal sheath. Nutritive cords are absent. The pedicel shows highly eosinophilic and PAS-positive secretion of obscure origin. The spermatheca reveals a number of interesting features. It is composed of a pair of sperm-storing tubules, enclosed in a very thin muscle layer. A winecup-like structure, provided with a thick coat of circular muscles, connects the spermathecal gland with thespermathecal duct. Four types of intimal linings occur in the spermatheca and its associated structures. The wine-cup-like connection and four types of intima are entirely new features observed. Histology of the various parts of the reproductive apparatus is described.
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    Mesodermal organogenesis in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 29-47 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of somites, coelomic sacs, splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, circular system, gonads, and musculature in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The following paired somites are formed: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial, three thoracic, and 11 abdominal. Small but distinct coelomic cavities appear in all these somites. Labral somites differentiate into the labral muscles, stomodaeal muscles, and dorsal dilator muscles of the pharynx. Antennal somites differentiate into the antennal muscles, aorta, and the ventral dilator muscles of the pharynx. Intercalary somites are short-lived, disintegrating to liberate many free cells into the yolk. The suboesophageal body is not formed. Mandibular somites differentiate into the mandibular flexor and extensor muscles. Maxillary and labial somites differentiate into the splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, and into muscles of the maxillolabial region. Three pairs of thoracic and ten pairs of abdominal somites split into the splanchric and somatic mesoderm. The 11th abdominal somites merge into the proctodaeal mesoderm, and differentiate into the musculature of the hindgut. The heart is formed by the fusion of the cardioblasts derived from the first thoracic to the tenth abdominal segment. The aorta arises from the antennal median mesoderm. Blood cells are derived from the median mesodermal cells of the maxillary to the tenth abdominal segment. Germ cells appear at the mediodorsal corner of each somite in the fifth abdominal segment. They become enclosed with a mesodermal sheath to form a pair of rudimentary gonads in this segment. Major muscles in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the fully grown embryo are described.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810201
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    Architectural and histochemical analysis of the semitendinousus muscle in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The architectural and histochemical properties of the anatomically distinct compartments of the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits show that the ST is composed of two separate compartments aligned in series - a destal compartment (STd) and a proximal one (STp). The STp is further subdivided into a ventral head (STpv) and a dorsal head (STpd). The muscle fibers were arranged in parallel to the line of muscle pull within each compartment. The STd has the longest and the STpv the shortest fibers in all species. The physiological cross-sectional area and the estimated tetanic tension was greatest in the STd. Based on the staining pattern for myosin ATPase (alkaline preincubation) and an oxidative indicator (NADH or SDH), the STpv has the highest percentage of slow-oxidative (SO) or SO plus fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers of any portion of the muscle. The differences in fiber-type distributions and architectural designs of the separate compartments suggest a specialization of function of the individual compartments.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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    Karyosphere formation and synapsis in the beetle, phanaeusThe investigation here reported was carried on in the Zoölogical Laboratory, Columbia University. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 261-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parasynaptic union of chromosomes associated with the formation of a karyosphere is demonstrated in the spermatocytes of Phanaeus.The twelve V-shaped leptotene threads are polarized with their apices embedded in one plasmosome-like body, their distal ends in another (primary and secondary caps, respectively), and undergo a conjugation of the parasynaptic type. The distal ends of the chromosomes are freed from their attachment in the secondary cap. The six pachytene loops retain their polarized configuration.The basichromatin of the pachytene chromosomes appears ultimately to be withdrawn to form the karyosphere comprising six chromatic bodies within an oxychromatic «plasmosome,» the latter probably derived from the primary cap. The two caps are believed to arise from the chromosomes. The primary cap apparently becomes incorporated again in the chromosomes; the secondary cap, together with linin remnants of the pachytene chromosomes, disintegrates in the nucleus as residual chromatin.In the dissolution of the karyosphere six ring-shaped tetrads emerge arranged in a temporarily connected chain, giving under certain conditions, the misleading impression of twelve components arranged end to end. The entire content of the karyosphere appears to be employed in the formation of the chromosomes; no visible plasmosome remains.
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    The primordial germ cells of Hemidactylium and other amphibiaThe writer takes pleasure in acknowledging the helpful suggestions and criticisms of Profs. B. F. Kingsbury and S. H. Gage. To Professor Gage he is also indebted for the loan of a very complete series of Amblystoma embryos and larvae. Valuable assistance in the collection of other material was rendered by Profs. A. H. Wright and D. L. Gamble, of the Department of Zoölogy. Expenses incurred have been partially met from the Mrs. Dean Sage Research Fund. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 1-43 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The primordial germ cells of urodeles and anurans can occupy comparable positions in the embryo only in very early stages of development, if at all. When first recognizable as reproductive elements, their situation in the two amphibian orders is quite strikingly different.The germ cells first become recognizable in urodeles in the medial edge of the lateral mesoderm; there is no evidence that their position previous to this time is other than mesodermal. In the anura they are entodermal in association during early development; they are finally separated from the dorsal portion of the roof of the archenteron to form a single axial germ-cell cord. No amphibian species studied showed a mode of origin different from that characteristic of its order.The so-called migration of the amphibian germ cells to their definitive situation is interpreted as the result of growth shiftings of related parts. Germ cells do not migrate independently through the tissues. Aberrant or ectopic cells for the most part result from failures or faulty correlations of growth processes. Certain aberrant cells of the caudal portion of the body in urodeles indicate the inclusion of sex elements in the ventral as well as in the lateral mesoderm.
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    Correlations of the musculature and the movements of the skull in natrix, with some suggestions of homology in the lacertiliansContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 271. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 159-181 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The musculature of the ophidian head is a fairly complex structure, due to the specialization of the skull and the peculiar movements and motions made possible by the high degree of streptostylism.This musculature has been derived from the lacertilian type by a splitting and a shifting of the original elemental muscle masses of this group. Most of the muscles are clearly homologous with those of the Lacertilia. Some cannot be homologized by a study of the mature forms.The greatest differences lie in the separation of the muscle masses in the ophidia, as compared with the undivided masses in the Lacertilia. Since the jaw movements of the Lacertilia are rather simple, there is no need for any subdivision or splitting of the jaw muscles, but with the complex movements of the ophidia this becomes necessary.A few of the ophidian muscles appear to be neomorphs, as no key to their origin could be determined by a comparison with lacertilians.
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    On the homology of the cranial muscles of the cypriniform fishes (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 1-109 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Much more information than is available at present must be obtained before the phylogeny of the muscular system in the Teleostei can be worked out satisfactorily. As a step toward the solution of this problem, the present study gives a detailed description of twenty cranial muscles in a number of species belonging to three groups of cypriniform fishes: the Cyprinoids, Cobitoids, and Siluroids.Particular attention is given to the morphological relations of the following muscles: adductor mandibulae, geniohyoideus, levator arcus branchialis, adductor arcus palatini, retractor branchialis dorsalis, interarcualis dorsalis and the trapezius.Comparison is made between corresponding muscles in different members of the three groups of fishes, and various homologies are pointed out between muscles in cypriniform and those in other fishes, especially Amia, Scomber, Perca and Esox.
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    The significance of hemal nodes (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 89-115 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
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    Oogenesis in Limulus polyphemus, with especial reference to the behavior of the nucleolus (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 217-264 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the cytoplasmic alterations in the ovarian egg of Limulus polyphemus leading to the formation of yolk. The nucleolus is found to arise by the confluence of substance which passes from the cytosome into the nucleus, and it is suggested that the chondriosomes, and possibly also the dictyosomes, are derived from an excess of this substance which accumulates in the cytosome. Chondriosomes and dictyosomes are not present in the oogonia, but appear first in oocytes after the formation of the nucleolus is completed.During oogenesis the nucleolus is very active and the greater part of its substance is passed back to the cytosome. By the application of the method of Bell and Doisy for the determination of phosphate in body fluids, the nucleolus is found to be richer in phosphorus than are the other constituents of the cell. The nucleolar emissions effect the transport of phosphorus from the nucleus to the cytosome, where it is used in the synthesis of yolk. The definitive yolk arises by the interaction of nucleolar emissions, chondriosomes, dictyosomes, and ground cytoplasm.
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    Conjugation in the ciliate Metopus sigmoides C. and L (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 341-361 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Conjugating individuals of Metopus sigmoides fuse at the anterior end, the pair presenting the appearance of an inverted letter U. The micronucleus of each conjugant by two successive divisions forms four micronuclei. Three of each four degenerate and the fourth by division forms the pronuclei. Cytoplasm and pronuclei from one conjugant pass over into the other, leaving the old macronucleus and a minimum of cytoplasm behind in the shrunken pellicle of the smaller conjugant, which then separates from the larger one. In the larger exconjugant two pronuclei fuse, forming the functional synkaryon; the two residual pronuclei degenerate and disappear. The synkaryon divides. One of the daughter nuclei condenses into the new micronucleus, the other grows into the new macronucleus. The old macronucleus liquefies and is absorbed. The larger exconjugant, after losing its cilia, secretes a cyst wall about itself and becomes dormant. The whole process requires at least six days for its consummation.
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    Conjugation in the ciliated protozoon, Dileptus gigas, with special reference to the nuclear phenomenaThis article consists of a portion of a dissertation submitted to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 383-415 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In conjugation fusion occurs along the entire oral surfaces of the proboscides of Dileptus gigas. Two size-reducing divisions occur in rapid succession immediately preceding conjugation. Only one of the many micronuclei takes part in the process of nuclear reorganization. All other chromatic material is massed at this time in the posterior portions of the conjugants. The pronuclei are derived from the single active micronucleus, and interchange occurs immediately preceding the separation of the mating individuals. The fertilization nucleus divides to form two nuclei of diverse size. The smaller one produces thirty-two or sixty-four micronuclei, while the larger one divides to produce a like number of macronuclei, each of which finally breaks up into many chromatic granules which form the numerous densely staining nuclear derivatives which are characteristic of the vegetative stage of Dileptus gigas.In the early stages of this reorganization process specimens are frequently found with from two to eight distinct nuclei often arranged in a series as in a beaded nucleus. This condition probably explains the frequent references in literature regarding such a nuclear condition in Dileptus.Dileptus gigas has, accordingly, in the vegetative stage, a multinucleate condition with reference to the micronucleus and a fragmented or distributed condition with reference to the macronucleus.
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    A comparative study of the chromosomes of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus ERXL.) and the black rat (Rattus rattus L.)This paper (with another study to be published later) was submitted to the faculty of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science. It was prepared under the direction of Dr. W. E. Castle. Acknowledgment is due Prof. T. S. Painter for advice on technique and the examination of some of the material herein presented. (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 515-538 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a satisfactory technique, excellently preserved spermatogenetic tissue was had both for Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. The careful examination of twelve spermatogonial cells of the former species and of twenty in the latter species shows that R. rattus has forty diploid chromosomes and R. norvegicus, forty-two. A careful examination of the haploid cells of both species, both in the first and in the second spermatocyte divisions, confirms the diploid determinations.Both species have an unequal pair in the spermatogonial divisions and the finding of a similar unequal pair in the first spermatocyte division constitutes the evidence for an X-Y mechanism in each. A comparison of the morphology of the first spermatocyte tetrads in the two species reveals the presence of a large K-shaped chromosome in R. norvegicus which is not present in R. rattus. Furthermore, a comparison of the X-Y complex in both the spermatogonial and first spermatocyte divisions shows that these are morphologically different in the two species, the Y in particular being markedly dissimilar in size. A short discussion as to the bearing of these findings on the questions of the origins of the two species and their known intersterility is presented. The marked similarity of the tetrads of the black rat to those described for the mouse is noted.
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    Masthead (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The development of the eye muscles of the chick (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 29-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the abducens musculature appears first at 24-25 somites as a condensation situated dorsal to the mandibular arch.The anlage of the superior oblique grows forward from a mesodermal condensation situated in the maxillomandibular region, termed for convenience the maxillomandibular condensation. This last consists of three parts: (1) the anlage of the superior oblique: (2) the anlage of the abducens musculature, and, (3) an intermediate region.The intermediate portion of the maxillomandibular mass forms a condensation with which the anlage of the abducens musculature fuses. Its fate is, therefore, similar to that of the so-called ‘muscle E’ of elasmobranchs, which has been described as fusing with the lateral rectus. How much muscle is formed from the intermediate condensation in the chick has not been determined.The development of the pyramidalis and quadratus nictitans muscles, derivatives of the abducens complex, is described.The premandibular head cavities are replaced by solid mesodermal condensations, on the surface of which the anlagen of the oculomotor muscles appear. The premandibular mass expands laterally and anteriorly over the bulbus, carrying the oculomotor muscles to their respective positions on the bulbus.Portions of the premandibular and maxillomandibular condensations not involved in eye-muscle formation take part in the formation of choroid and sclera.The growth shiftings of the eye muscles are analyzed. The order of their appearance is commented upon.
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    The prenatal skull of the Canadian porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus) (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 127-216 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study represents the first critical investigation on the development of the embryonic skull of the porcupine. A complete series of stages makes it possible to trace the developing chondrocranium from its first formation in precartilage to its later transformation into cartilage bone. Concurrent with this growth is the investment of the cartilaginous cranium by membrane bone.The very primitive nature of the chondrocranium offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the existing problems of the embryonic skull from a new angle. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the ala temporalis is the homologue of the cynodont epipterygoid. The lamina parietalis develops from a single chondrifying center, thus producing a different arrangement of parietal elements from that found in most mammals. New evidence as to the relationship of the dens epistrophei and basal plate is presented. The position of the internal carotid artery on entering the cranium is different from the condition found in most mammals and throws new light on the interpretation of surrounding structures. The presence of a structure comparable with the crista longitudinalis of Lacerta shows close affinity to the solum nasi of more primitive forms.The great specialization of the face is seen in the early and rapid growth of the membrane bones. The chondrocranium is long persistent and cartilage bone appears late in embryonic life.
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    Masthead (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Studies on the Balantidium from the guinea-pig (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 417-465 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations indicate that this Balantidium from the guinea-pig is Balantidium coli, the form found in the pig and man. The lengths and breadths of this Balantidium and the ratios of length to breadth are very close to the measurements and ratios given by McDonald for B. coli. When plotted, the body lengths of the guinea-pig parasites appear in two groups, the smaller individuals being the exconjugants. Many of these exconjugants resemble Neiva's B. caviae. The structure of the Balantidium from the guinea-pig is essentially identical with that of B. coli as given by McDonald.Fission and conjugation of this ciliate follow the general course found in a number of other ciliates. During fission the micronucleus divides and the daughter micronuclei migrate to each end of the macronucleus before the latter divides. In conjugation there are two divisions of the micronucleus, one of these nuclei dividing to form the pronuclei. Pronuclear exchange and fusion are followed by a heteropolar division of the synkaryon, resulting in the formation of the new macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen.The parasite was found in the intestinal tissue of the host. No reproductive stages were found in the cysts. New hosts are invaded through contamination of the food and drink with the cysts.
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    The development of the thigh musculature of the chick twelve figures (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 347-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thigh musculature in a series of chick embryos is described and figured. In the earliest the muscular tissue is in the form of two distinct masses lying on opposite surfaces of the limb. Later, both divide into proximal and distal portions at the knee. The proximal portions, by a series of divisions, gradually attain the condition found in the adult thigh.The embryological findings tend to support the theory of the derivation of tetrapod limb musculature from the two opposed (dorsal and ventral) muscle masses of the paired fins of bony fish.The reptilian homologies of the ilio-trochanterici cannot be definitely ascertained from embryological evidence.The ischio-femoralis (= ischio-trochantericus), Previously regarded as dorsal, and the coccygeo-femorales, previously classed as incertae sedis, are in reality members of the ventral group.The distinction between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ muscles inserting on the free limb appears to have no embryological or phylogenetic basis in fact.Double innervation (motor) is a primitive condition in tetrapods.Rotation of the avian pubis is correlated with an improved functioning of the obturator in the rotated position coupled with a lack of interference with the other musculature concerned.
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    The chromosomes of clypeaster rosaceus (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 547-555 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of chromosomes obtained from counts of anaphases of the first somatic mitosis is found to be forty-four. Of these, seven have terminal, thirty-seven non-terminal attachment, giving a distribution of seven rods, thirteen V's, and twenty-four J's. The number is constant in all the fertilized eggs counted, indicating an XX-XY arrangement of the sex chromosomes.
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    Masthead (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A study of the anemia in strong's luxoid mutantThis work was supported by a research grant (C-3613) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 13-21 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Intestinal histology of some salmonid fishes with particular reference to the histopathology of acanthocephalan infectionsThis investigation was supported by a research grant (E-3166) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.The author also wishes to acknowledge the very capable technical assistance of Mrs. Sarah Kerr Catani and Miss Patricia Morse. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 23-44 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A histochemical study of the formation of deuto-plasmic components in developing oocytes of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerioThis work was supported by an institutional grant from the American Cancer Society. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 61-75 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chromosome morphology and species evolution in the five north American species of pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus)Revision of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree, University of Washington, 1960.College of Fisheries contribution number 99. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 77-97 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Study of the cranial and cervical musculature of Indian hedgehogs (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 147-163 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Urogenital morphology in the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei (lay and bennett)This investigation was carried out during the tenure of a Predoctoral Fellowship from the National Cancer Institute, United States Public Health Service. Partial support was also provided by a summer training grant from the National Science Foundation and by a grant from the Joseph Henry Fund, National Academy of Sciences. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 99-127 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Developmental morphology of polar granules in DrosophilaInvestigation supported by National Science Foundation grants 2892 and 6017 to D. F. Poulson, Yale University.. Including observations on pole cell behavior and distribution during embryogenesis (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 129-145 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of the small milkweed bug, Lygaeus kalmii stal (hemiptera, Lygaeidae)This investigation has been supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service (RG-5479) and from the National Science Foundation (NSF-G19375). (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 165-193 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Orientation and form in the bivalved Mollusca (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 195-214 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Geometrical form and gnomonic growth in the bivalved Mollusca (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 215-231 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Nucleolar growth and fusion during cellular differentiation (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 261-278 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Cytology of the bacillary bands of the nematode Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893)A portion of a thesis submitted to the faculty of Rice University in partial fulfillment for the Ph.D. degree. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 233-259 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Post-embryonic induction in urodele limbsThese investigations were supported by a grant (C-2913) from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 279-301 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Experimental mammalian teratogenesis, a study of galactoflavin-induced hydrocephalus in miceThis study was supported in part by a grant from the National Association for Retarded Children, New York, N. Y., and a grant (RG-7107) from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 112 (1963), S. 303-317 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Development of the glands of the dermal plicae in Rana pipiens (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 231-243 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The ovarian histology of the diamond-backed water snake, Natrix rhombifera during the reproductive cycleBased on a Master of Arts thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Missouri, '60. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 245-260 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Circulatory anatomy of the octopus armThis work was supported in part by a grant H-2557 of the National Heart Institute of the Public Health Service.This work was done during the tenure of a National Science Foundation Science Faculty Fellowship. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 261-266 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Cytology and cytochemistry of spermiogenesis in two dragonflies Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur) and Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 267-274 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Sex chromosome polymorphism and the normal karyotype in three strains of the laboratory rat (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 275-285 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The structure of the eye of Sardinops caerulea, Engraulis mordax, and four other pelagic marine teleosts (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 287-329 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A study of uterine glycogen during the estrous cycle of the dogThis investigation was supported by a PHS research grant, A-4498 (C1), from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 331-343 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Studies on the cranial osteology of the Indian clupeoid fishes. IV. The skull of nematalosa nasus (BLOCH) (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 345-358 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The cephalic endocrine system in the thysanura (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 359-373 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Innate phagocytosis in the trematodes Megalodiscus temperatus and Haematoloechus sp.This research was made possible in part by grant E-3443 from the Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health and in part by a grant from the Lafayette College Research Fund. A contribution from the Laboratory of Parasitology and Invertebrate Zoology, Jenks Biological Laboratories, Lafayette College. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 375-380 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The embryological development of the effects of Strong's luxoid gene in the mouseThis work was supported by research grants C-3613 from the National Cancer Institute and AM-06428 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 427-451 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Modified development of the duodenum of chick embryos hypophysectomized by partial decapitationThis investigation was supported largely by grant RG-47162(C1-C2) to the junior author from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. The technical services of Dick A. Brown and Alex Bartha in early phases of this investigation are gratefully acknowledged. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 381-425 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Observations on the skeleton and somatic musculature of the abdomen and thorax of Procambarus clarkii (Girard), with notes on the thorax of Panulirus interruptus (Randall) and AstacusThis investigation was partly supported by grant G-5461 from the National Science Foundation.Due to an extraordinary delay between acceptance and publication dates of this paper, one of us (R.L.C.P.) could in the meantime examine Astacus fluviatilis Fabr. on many important points. These observations were added at the time of the proof. (1963)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 113 (1963), S. 453-487 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790101
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    Perinuclear microtubules in postnatal rat heart (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 13-19 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules can be divided into two subpopulations: (1) those adjacent to the nucleus (perinuclear), and (2) those distributed between the myofilament bundles (nonperinuclear). Previous observations (Cartwright and Goldstein, '83) indicate total cytoplasmic microtubule numeric density increases to a maximum at 5-9 days and decreases to the steady value of the adult muscle. We have examined the numeric density (mean numbers of microtubule profiles per μm2 cross-sectional area) of the perinuclear subpopulation and compared it to the numeric density of the total cytoplasmic microtubule population in postnatally developing rat papillary muscle ages 1, 3, 5, 9, 21, and 42 days, and adult. The perinuclear region was defined as the area around the nucleus which extends to the 0.273 μm from the nuclear envelope. The density of perinuclear microtubules did not change with postnatal development. Our study suggests that perinuclear microtubules are a separate and relatively stable subpopulation of the total population of cytoplasmic microtubules and may serve a function different from that of the more variable nonperinuclear microtubules.
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    Fine structure of antennal mechanosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 19-28 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus has approximately 570 mechanosensitive neurons that innervate five morphologic types of cuticular mechanosensilla: campaniform sensilla, tapered hairs, trichobothria, and type I and type II bristle sensilla. Each campaniform sensillum and tapered hair is presumably innervated by one mechanosensitive bipolar neuron and probably functions in proprioception. The campaniform sensilla being located at the base of the scape could monitor the position of the antenna. Tapered hairs are found at the distal margin of flagellar segment I and projecting laterally from the bases of the pedicel and scape. They probably provide information about the relative positions of the antennal segments. Seven trichobothrium are located on the pedicel and three on flagellar segment I. Each trichobothrium has a long filamentous hair inserted into the base of a socket that extends inwardly as a cuticular tube and is innervated by one bipolar neuron with a tublar body, a parallel arrangement of microtubules associated with electron-dense material. The trichobothria may respond to small variations in air currents.Type I bristles occur at the base of the antenna and are the most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 452 occur on each antenna of females and 440 on males. The bristle is curved toward the antennal shaft and is serrated distally. Type II bristles are located distally and are the second most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 88 were counted on each antenna of females and 94 on males. The type II bristle is straight with small, longitudinal, external grooves and projects laterally from the antennal shaft. Each type I and II bristle sensillum is innervated by a bipolar neuron whose dendrite is divided into an inner and outer segment. The outer segment is encased by a dendritic sheath which may be highly convoluted and distally contains a tubular body. Two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Both types of bristle sensilla have a tactile function.The tubular bodies of both types of bristle sensilla have a complex structure indicating that they are very sensitive. Variations in the amount and arrangement of the electron-dense material at the tip of the tubular bodies may reflect differences in viscoelastic properties that underlie functional characteristics.
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    Ultrastructure of the neuromuscular system of the polyp of Aurelia aurita L., 1758 (Cnidaria, scyphozoa) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 69-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural study indicates that the neuromuscular system of stage I polyps of Aurelia aurita is exclusively ectodermal.The three major muscle fields are the radial muscles of the oral disc, the longitudinal muscles of the tentacles, and the muscle cords of the septae and the column; the muscle fields are in physical continuity at the peristomial pits and share a common innervation and type of myofibril. The myofibril is striated in the tentacle base, in the outer oral disc, and in the upper part of the muscle cord; it grades into a smooth muscle toward the tentacle tip, the mouth, and the lower part of the cord. There is a fourth field of longitudinal smooth muscle in the pharynx.The nervous system consists of an epithelial sensory cell in the tentacle and a single type of neuron found in the subepithelial layer of the tentacle, oral disc, and muscle cord. The lack of gap junctions suggests that there is no nonnervous conduction system. The subepithelial layer also contains three types of fibers and a type of soma which cannot be characterized as neuronal. The soma is identified as the “neurosecretory cell” described in Chrysaora. The absence of neuromuscular elements in the column and stolon distinguishes the Aurelia aurita collected from Washington, USA, from English polyps previously described.
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    Mechanics of blood-feeding in black flies (Diptera, simuliidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 125-144 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and interrelationships of the mouthparts and of the food canal and its accessory cephalic structures of the females of Simulium venustum are described through microscopic observations. The mouthparts that enter the would during feeding are the mandibles, maxillary laciniae, hypopharynx, and labrum and collectively form a “syntrophium.” The labium and labellar lobes, which do not enter the wound, ensheathe the syntrophium distally and must be retracted to allow biting.We present an interpretation of mouthpart function during biting that emphasizes how biting steps are accomplished and what sensory structures are used to monitor the process. Four phases of biting are identified: (1) initial penetration of the skin effected by the mandibles; (2) consolidation of mouthpart position involving anchoring the syntrophium into the wound by means of the barbed laciniae; (3) diet sampling and active feeding - food (blood) is pumped by three groups of muscles forming two functional pumps, one located in the cibarium, the other in the pharynx. These pumps are separated from each other and from surrounding regions of the food canal by valve muscles making the pumping process a complex and highly coordinated series of muscular contractions; and (4) mouthpart disengagement involving removal of the laciniae, thus releasing the syntrophium from the wound.
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    The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs of flies and the motility of the tips of these hairs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 37-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs (taste hairs) of six fly species, Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar, Musca domestica, Phormia terranovae, Sarcophaga carnaria and Stomoxys calcitrans, is described. The species can be distinguished by the differences between the patterns of taste hairs at the ventral side of their prothoracic tarsi. Taste hairs can be subdivided into morphological types, using the shape of the cuticle around the apical pore as criterion, even though this shape changes slightly on opening and closing of the pore. Light microscopical studies reveal that the nature and osmolarity of stimuli are decisive for the effect stimuli have on the shape of the top of the labellar hairs. The motions of the apical cuticle appear to be reversible.Gentle ultrasonic treatment preserves the shape of the cuticle of the top and the diameter of the pores on fluid stimulation. This technique makes it possible to study the effect of a previous stimulation on both tarsal and labellar hairs with the scanning electron microscope. It is supposed that stimuli can affect cuticular components around the pore, producing volume changes in that cuticle which alter the diameter of the pore.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800201
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    Sexually dimorphic muscles in the forelimb of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 297-308 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season, male anurans display clasping behavior by holding females with their forelimbs. This behavior is peculiar to males, and may require specializations in forelimb musculature. The present study revealed that five kinds of forelimb muscles were heavier in the male Japanese toad than in the female: the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the flexor antibrachii medialis caput superius (FAMsup), the abductor indicis longus (AIL), the extensor carpi radialis caput superius (ECRsup), and the flexor antibrachii lateralis superficialis caput superius (FALSsup). In addition, one breast muscle, the coracoradialis (CR), was also heavier in males than in females. A quantitative analysis of muscle fibers processed for myosin ATPase activity showed that, in such “sexually dimorphic muscles” of the female, both fast (twitch) and slow (tonic) muscle fibers were of smaller diameter than in other forelimb muscles of both sexes (all male muscles plus “nondimorphic muscles” of the female). Moreover, both types of fibers were less numerous than in the corresponding muscles of the male. These results suggest that the “sexually dimorphic muscles” are used especially for clasping by the male and are degenerative or subnormal in the female. Slow muscle fibers were neither peculiar to, nor abundant in, these clasping muscles, although they may well be necessary for tonic and prolonged contractions of the forelimb muscles during clasping. The mechanism of sexual dimorphism may be a direct action of androgens on clasping muscles or an indirect action on clasping muscles via the innervating motoneurons.
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    Morphology of shell formation in eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 21-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Shells from eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens were examined during different stages of development with light and scanning electron microscopy. Prior to initiation of the calcareous layer, organic spheres or cores appear on the outer surface of the shell membrane. Presumably, these cores nucleate deposition of the mineral layer of the eggshell. Growing shell units of the mineral layer are rounded and nodular in shape, crystallites of adjacent shell units do not interlock, and numerous spaces occur between shell units. As growth continues, most of the spaces between shell units are obliterated, and shell units become more elongate in form. The calcareous layer of partially shelled eggs resembles the calcareous layer of flexible-shelled eggs of emydids and chelydrids. Eggshells assume the morphology typical of rigidshelled chelonian eggs only at an advanced stage of shell formation. These observations indicate that rigid and flexible eggshells may form by fundamentally similar mechanisms, with length of shell growth being the primary determinant of whether shells are flexible or rigid.
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    The morphology of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom gland and reservoir (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hymenopteran venom glands are epidermal glands that have evolved from female accessory reproductive glands. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the venom gland shows many of the fine structural features of primitive glands. A honey bee venom gland is a simple, long, thin, distally bifurcated structure, opening into an ovoid reservoir. Along most of the length of the gland are similar secretory units that have four major components (secretory cells, duct cells, ducts, and end apparatuses), except in the part of the gland proximal to the venom reservoir, where the secretory units resemble those around the venom reservoir. In the latter secretory units a funnel structure occurs between the duct (which is shorter than that of the secretory units of the gland) and the end apparatus. This funnel may be important in protecting the secretory cells around the reservoir from the cytolytic activity of the complex chemical mixture constituting the venom.
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    The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: Morphology and behavior (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 175-204 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies of cephalic bones and muscles combined with cine and high-speed videographic analyses of feeding demonstrate that Amphiuma tridactylum uses two distinct types of suction feeding. Small or relatively immobile prey generally elicit a stationary capture mode in which mouth opening precedes buccal expansion and there is no forward movement of the head of the salamander. Actively moving prey are captured by a rapid strike during which mouth opening and buccal expansion are synchronous and the extent of buccal expansion is greater than in stationary feeding. Differences between these feeding modes may be due to differences in the timing of contraction of the rectus cervicis muscle. Synchronous hyoid and mandibular excursions during the strike are probably generated by simultaneous contractions of the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, whereas delay of hyoid excursions during stationary capture suggests sequential contraction of the depressor and rectus cervicis.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810206
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    The nervous system of the tube-worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver impregnation of serial histological sections of the tubeworm Chaetopterus variopedatus revealed the presence of a subepidermal nervous system. The anterior nervous system is delimited by the first 11 segments and comprises (1) two dorsolateral cerebral ganglia and lateral instead of ventral nerve cords which are widely separated and thus connected by unusually long commissures, (2) a pharyngeal ganglion in the fourth segment which is connected to the cerebral ganglia by pharyngeal nerves and constitutes along with the pharyngeal plexus a stomatogastric or enteric nervous system, and (3) small, presumably segmental ganglionic swellings along the lateral nerve cords from which emerge commissures and parapodial nerves. No subesophageal ganglion or periesophageal connective could be identified. The lateral nerve cords converge toward the midline in the 12th segment to form the posterior nervous system comprising a pair of ventromedian nerve cords with their repetitive segmental ganglia from which emerge numerous short commissures and three segmental nerves coursing toward the dorsal and ventral regions of parapods and toward the neuropod. Light and electron microscopic investigations of cerebral and segmental ganglia showed an arrangement of inner neuropile and of unipolar neuron somata at the periphery. The neuropile comprises numerous neurites ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 10 μm and making polarized or symmetrical synaptic junctions with each other. The pharyngeal ganglion consists of a similar neuropile and of a large mass of cell bodies which is traversed by an elaborate network of sinuses and harbors three types of neurosecretory cells in addition to the conventional neuron somata. These findings are interpreted in the framework of the highly specialized morphological features and habits of Chaetopterus, and the welldeveloped stomatogastric system is considered to be related to control of the feeding activities.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810205
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    Allogeneic recognition in sponges: Development, structure, and nature of the nonmerging front in Ephydatia fluviatilis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whenever individuals of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis belonging to different strains come into contact, they reject each other by building a nonmerging front. The present work describes the development, the structure, and the nature of the barrier secreted between two individuals. The observations reported give unequivocal data about the collagen nature of the incompatibility barrier. First, ultrastructural investigations reveal the presence of fibrils and microfibrils which are, respectively, typical of collagen and spongin. Second, incorporation of tritiated proline, a characteristic precursor of collagen and related products, is particularly intense in the front. The involvement of several cell types in the barrier formation is discussed. The allogeneic incompatibility reaction between E. fluviatilis individuals appears very close to the process of allograft chronic rejection that we formerly described for some marine sponges. Both phenomena are basically analogous to the process which fixes to and isolates the sponges from their substrate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810304
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    Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Functional properties and fiber types (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opssum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recurited during different behaviors.All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72).Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810305
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    Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella myosotis Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sensory epithelia of the oral tube, a fungiform body anterior to the tentacles and of the terminal knob of tentacles, were studied in Ovatella myosotis by electron microscopy. All three epithelia consist of columnar support cells, sensory cells, and, except in the oral tube, numerous goblet cells. The epithelia differ significantly in their apical differentiations. In the oral tube an outer layer is formed by irregularly bent villi of support cells completely embedded in a surface coat. Cilia and cytofila of the dendrites of sensory cells intertwine throughout the entire depth of the villous layer. In the fungiform sensory body some of the villi of support cells are singly branched. Their basal region is free of a surface coat. In this region cytofila and cilia of dendrites form a spongy layer, some cytofila extending into the surface coat. In the tentacular terminal knob the villi of the support cells branch dichotomously once or twice, a single villus thus ending with 2-4 tips. Only these terminal twigs are invested with the surface coat. The cytofila and dendritic cilia are confined to a broad spongy layer underneath. Three types of dendrites are present. They differ in their number of cilia, structure of basal bodies and occurrence in the three epithelia. Dendritic cytofila are most abundant in the tentacular terminal knob and least numerous in the oral tube. The observations are discussed with respect to corresponding epithelia in other pulmonates, the homology of the fungiform body, and possible functional correlates of structural features.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810307
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    Histological and enzymatic studies on the renal tubules of some marine elasmobranchs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Renal tubules in the dog shark, leopard shark, and red skate were examined histologically and analyzed histochemically for enzymes. Cells of the distal and collecting tubules exhibit extensive interdigitations and large intercellular spaces, suggesting that these tubules are sites of sodium reabsorption. Although Na-K-ATPase is very scarce to nonexistent in the distal and collecting tubules, very intense carbonic anhydrase activity in these segments indicates that they secrete large amounts of hyrogen ion and reabsorb sodium by H+/Na+ exchange process. Epithelial cells of the necks are not interdigitated, tightly join adjacent cells, and have low enzyme activities. They seem to be passively permeable to the water. Necks are attached to the distal tubules with scant intervening stroma. It seems likely that the stroma has a high osmotic pressure resulting from absorption of solutes in the distal tubules. Water may be reabsorbed from necks to stroma because of a concentration gradient of the solutes distributed between these sites.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820104
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult Lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.: The mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of the mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone in prefeeding and spontaneously feeding adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.). Absorptive (either types A or B), ciliated, and enteroendocrine cells are present in all regions but the diverticulum and anterior intestine also possess zymogen (secretory) cells. Type A absorptive cells are restricted to the diverticulum and the rostral one-third of the anterior intestine and are characterized by abundant mitochondria and an extensive smooth tubular network. Type B absorptive cells, in the remainder of the anterior intestine and the transition zone, possess small numbers of these organelles but in the transition zone also have inclusion bodies. During feeding, abundant lipid droplets and lipoprotein (VLDL) accumulate in the cytoplasm of both types of absorptive cells and in the lateral intercellular and the perivascular spaces. Lipid is present to a limited extent in ciliated cells and is encountered only rarely in enteroendocrine and zymogen cells. Although the animals are obligate sanguivores, there is little evidence of iron within these mucosal cells. It is suggested that intestinal efficiency displayed by this animal is due in part to ion transport in osmoregulation in type A cells, lipid absorption in types A and B cells, and digestion through enzymes in zymogen cells.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820103
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