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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 33 (1920), S. 388-437 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 2
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 33 (1920), S. 526-583 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 68-117 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the early cleavage stages of Ascaris the homologous chromosomes are of unequal length. Measurements show that these homologues fall into two sharply defined groups suggesting their biparental origin. The shorter are considered to have come from the male.As the age of the embryo increases, these differences between the chromosome mates tend to become less, and it is suggested that at some later period in the history of the animal this difference will entirely disappear in response to the effect of continued existence in a common environment. The length of the chromosomes is very slightly shortened during the early cleavage divisions, while the area of the equatorial cross-section of the cells becomes enormously reduced.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 363-372 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of investigations on the contractile vacuole is reviewed briefly and brought up to date.The study of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus is considered from standpoints of origin, structure, behavior, and function. The results are obtained from a prolonged study of normal organisms and from their reactions when introduced into conductivity water.The origin of vacuoles is studied by means of dark-field illumination which reveals the vacuole to be formed from a fusion and coalescence of extremely minute droplets.The retaining ‘wall’ of the contractile vacuole is not a permanent structure, but is in the nature of a condensation membrane, totally disappearing with each contraction.The loci of the contractile vacuoles are not permanent, but vacuoles are formed more or less at random. It is unlikely that they are supported in gelated areas, for amoebae with a dozen vacuoles are quite active and there is no interference with amoeboid movement.Conductivity water increases the size, number, and rate of contraction of contractile vacuoles, which suggests that they may function in maintaining an osmotic gradient as well as in the elimination of metabolic waste.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 467-514 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eggs of Corella develop in the atrial chamber of the parent at a pH below that of normal sea-water (pH 7.4 ±). When removed to normal sea-water in early stages and under certain other experimental conditions, larval development is more or less inhibited, the tail being most inhibited, the dorsal region somewhat less. The free larval stage may be eliminated and later development and metamorphosis may proceed normally to an advanced stage in the chorion and give rise to normal ascidians. The region most inhibited are, in general, those which possess the highest reducing power, as indicated by KMnO4. Experiments made in the attempt to control development all agree in indicating that the early stages are adjusted to a certain CO2 concentration approximately that of the atrial chamber and presumably near that of the body. Solutions of the same pH may or may not inhibit development according to their CO2 content.The tail, the region of highest reducing power in the embryo during its development, is most inhibited; the dorsal region, the next most rapidly reducing region, is next in degree of inhibition. All differences in reducing power disappear when, or soon after, the animals are killed by other agents before treatment with KMnO4.
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  • 10
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amoeba proteus was raised in a modified and diluted Ringer solution. When the pH of this culture medium became less than 6.0, the normal activities of the amoebae were interfered with; and when a still lower pH was attained, the amoebae died off. The same was true when the pH became greater than 8.0. At neutrality the activities were subnormal, very dark, and rounded. The rate of locomotion of amoebae raised in solutions with a pH less than 7.0 showed a maximum rate of locomotion at pH 6.6, which decreased as the pH changed in either direction, dropping to a very low rate at pH 7.0 and above and also below 6.0. For amoebae raised at a pH above 7.0 the rate was maximum at pH 7.6 and decreased as the pH changed in either direction; it was low at pH 7.0 and below and also above 8.0.On increasing the external osmotic pressure of the medium it was found that the effects caused varied somewhat with the hydrogen-ion concentration. Small increases in osmotic pressure decreased the rate from the normal at pH 6.0 and 8.0, increased it at pH 6.6 and 7.6, and did not affect it at pH 7.0. Osmotic pressures above that produced by M/20 lactose caused locomotion to cease in a short time at all pH values.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 209-231 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features: 1Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles.2Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle.3Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors).4Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids).5The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid.6The pelvic fins are in the jugular position.7Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial.8The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 293-398 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blindfolded persons walk, run, swim, row, and drive automobiles in clock-spring spiral paths of greater or less regularity when attempting a straightaway. The spirals turn either right or left in one and the same individual, and may do so even in one experiment. But either right or left turns predominate in the great majority of individuals, often to a high degree. The paths show marked individuality, and there is some ground for thinking there exists a correlation between temperamental differences and general character of path.The mechanism which produces the spiral path is not located in the locomotor organs, but in the central nervous system and is probably identical essentially with the spiral mechanism in other motile organisms, all of which move in spiral paths when there are no guiding senses to direct the path. The clock-spring spiral in man is interpreted as the expression in two dimensions of space of a helical spiral mechanism which seems to exist in all motile organisms moving in three dimensions of space and in amebas which move in two dimensions. In a large number of lower organisms the number of body lengths per spiral turn is almost constant, being about 4.5. The smallest regular swimming spirals in man are very close to this value, but the smallest regular walking spirals are somewhat larger. The fundamental spiral mechanism seems to be of molecular dimensions, and there seems to exist a demonstrable locomotor bilateral asymmetry in very nearly, if not quite, all organisms.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 473-503 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the anatomy of one of the fingernail shells, and preliminary observations on the life-history have been carried out. In its general organization Sphaerium notatum is very similar to the larger fresh-water lamellibranchs. A gastric shield, crystalline style, and style sac, very similar to those found in the stomach and intestine of Lampsilis, are present. A pair of slender muscles extending from the dorsal side of the body into the gills, and evidently not previously described, have been found. The nervous system consists of the typical three pairs of lamellibranchiate ganglia, with their connectives, accessory ganglia, and nerve fibers. Particular study was given to the statocysts and osphradia, and attention is called to the fact that the function commonly ascribed to the osphradia is incompatible with their position in the roof of the cloacal chamber.S. notatum, like all the Sphaeriidae, is hermaphroditic and viviparous. The gonads are paired racemose glands lying behind and below the stomach. The sperm-producing follicles form the anterior portion of each gonad and are somewhat smaller and more numerous than the ova-producing follicles which form the posterior portion. The young pass through the early stages of development in brood pouches in the gills and are expelled as relatively enormous individuals.Preliminary observations on the life-history indicate that reproduction reaches its height in the summer and that fertilization probably takes place during the late summer and fall.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 579-597 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When Menidia eggs are fertilized with Prionotus sperm, the Prionotus chromosomes react in the Menidia cytoplasmic medium just as they do in the cytoplasm of Fundulus eggs. There is lagging, non-disjunction, and elimination of chromosomes during the early cell divisions. The mitotic behavior of the Prionotus sperm in the Menidia egg also resembles the behavior of the sperm of Ctenolabrus in the same medium. This behavior which was expected from what was known concerning the mitotic behavior of the reciprocal crosses between Menidia and Fundulus and between Ctenolabrus and Prionotus and other intercrosses between the members of these two groups is regarded as a function of the physical state of the egg cytoplasm during the division phase of mitosis. This physical character forms the earliest differential factor in the development of these hybrids and shows no correlation with the width of the cross.A comparison of nine teleost crosses, in which both the development and the early mitotic behavior are known, with a rough numerical estimate of the width of the cross brought out the fact that development is most successful in crosses between nearly related species if mitosis is normal and in distantly related crosses if mitosis is abnormal. This indicates that nuclear relationship is also a factor in the development of hybrids.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Virulent hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus are toxic to pure-line races of three species of paramecia, but these races may acquire a tolerance for this toxic agent. Races with acquired tolerance have been grown for long periods of time in toxic, pure cultures of B. pyocyaneus by means of the daily-isolation culture method, and here the average division rate is as high as, or higher than, in the chance-mixed bacterial cultures in which these protozoa are usually maintained in the laboratory. The tolerance is lost, however, when the paramecia are removed from the toxic cultures and grown for a number of generations in cultures of non-toxic bacteria.The toxic agent that is lethal to paramecía is probably the soluble toxin of B. pyocyaneus. The investigation shows that the agent is soluble and either thermolabile or volatile. It also shows that all deleterious substances, other than the soluble toxin, known to be produced in cultures of this bacillus, are non-lethal to paramecia.Hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus enteritidis were lethal to paramecia. All attempts to develop tolerance in paramecia for the toxic agent in these cultures failed.Under the experimental conditions that prevailed, diphtheria toxin was found to have no appreciable effect upon the division rate or death rate in three species of paramecia.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By means of the ‘intravitam technic’ developed by Baumgartner and Payne (1931), the mature or maturing sperm of Chortophaga viridifasciata have been traced from the follicle of the testes in the male to the locus of fertilization in the female. The sperm aggregated into bundles, and held tight by a hyaline cytoplasmic cap, spiral up the follicle, turn and spiral back to the vas deferens by means of a periodic lashing and writhing of the sperm tails.The genital tract is described briefly. In the vasa deferentia and storage tubules, the sperm bundles are usually in a quiescent state, having been inactivated most probably by secretions from the tubules.Peristalsis and currents in the fluid contents of the tubules move the inactivated sperm from the vesicles of the male to the seminal receptacle of the female, where the cytoplasmic caps gradually disintegrate. This permits individual sperm to pass down the seminal duct and fertilize the ovum just before oviposition.Single photomicrographs and a series of photomicrographs show the sperm in various parts of the genital system and making actual progress up a follicle. A stained preparation was used for only one of the photos. The other nineteen are from living unstained tissue. The intravitam observations are, most probably, more ‘vital’ than any heretofore recorded.
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  • 18
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to determine some of the variables involved in the demonstration of the Golgi elements. Gland cells of vertebrates were studied vitally, after impregnation by osmic acid methods, and after autolysis.The duration of the staining period and the concentration of the stain condition the results obtained by vital staining with neutral red. The success of impregnation of Golgi elements with osmic acid varies with,(1) the type of tissue, (2) the time of initial fixation in relation to the time of the death of the animal, (3) the position of the cell in the piece of tissue, and, (4) the temperature of incubation with osmic acid. Stages in the impregnation of Golgi elements can be followed by examining preparations of the same tissue at frequent intervals during the incubation period. An increase in the amount of material which reduces osmic acid and which may form Golgi elements occurs in the cells during autolysis.The results are interpreted as indicating that Golgi elements are visible products of chemical reactions that occur in cells. They represent localized regions containing particular classes of chemical compounds which may be present, as such, in living cells or result from transformations in the cells during incubation. It is suggested that for the cells under consideration these substances may be unsaturated fatty acids.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 399-413 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The m. trapezius, with both brachial and branchial functions, is in seeming series with the mm. interarcuales laterales. The intrinsic muscles of the fin occur as a dorsal extensor sheet and three (or four) ventral flexor components. The spinal nerves, uncomplicated by extensive anastomoses, which supply the fin, clearly show that in the dogfish the fin muscles are derived not from dorsal and ventral elements, but from anterior and posterior, or protractor and retractor elements. The nerves prove that from the original protractor musculature only the anterior portion of the present flexor group is derived, while the original retractor musculature has become all of the extensor and the posterior part of the flexor series. Faradic stimulation of the live animal is satisfactory, although there is much variation in the sensitivity, particularly of different muscles.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 477-491 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mitochondria in the male germ cells of Sciara exhibit peculiarities as regards both morphological characteristics and distribution. In form. they show superficial similarity with those of some of the scorpions, while their distribution may be peculiar to the genus and depend on unusual meiotic divisions.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 459-475 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the urogenital system in both sexes of Lepidosteus platystomus Rafinesque, and new observations on the blood supply to this system as well as to the rest of the viscera is given.The testes resemble the true piscine type. The sperm are carried by numerous vasa efferentia to the kidney tubules, through the mesonephros to the wolffian duct, and to the exterior as in the elasmobranchs and amphibians. The most anterior of the vasa efferentia are non-functional. The ovaries are simple sac-like structures continuous with their ducts. The oviducts transverse the ventro-lateral surface of the mesonephros, and enter into the dilated portions of the wolffian ducts, where they join, directly anterior to the urogenital aperture. There are no ducts in the male homologous with the oviducts of the female. The kidneys fused posteriorly, appear to extend the entire length of the body cavity, but the anterior third is non-urinary.By injection methods, the celiaco-mesenteric artery is shown to be crowded to the posterior end of the body cavity by the complicated swim-bladder, and runs anteriorly to supply the entire viscera. Its anterior portion is incorporated in the liver.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 29-51 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article is an account of the complete musculature of an adult Neuropteran insect, Chrysopa plorabunda. Previous anatomical discussions on this order of insects include only a few of the muscles of the head and thoracic regions, while those of the abdomen are entirely lacking. The muscles here described include those of the head, thorax, and abdomen. The origin, insertion, and function of each muscle is given. The boundaries of several of the sclerites, especially those of the labium, are located by the observations on the musculature of these parts. The meso- and metathoracic wings are of the same size and for that reason the muscles of these regions are very much alike. The prothorax is greatly elonated, causing the muscles of that region to differ to a greater or less degree from the ‘general rule’ in insects. The abdominal muscles may be arranged in the several groups generally found in insects. In several cases, however, both the origin and insertion of the muscle have been shifted to accompany changes which have taken place in the abdominal segmentation. All of the muscles are shown in the four plates containing nineteen figures which accompany the text.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Photomicrographs have been made of grasshopper spermatocytes using ultraviolet light of several wave lengths. For studying chromosomes this wave length should be between ca 2800 A and ca 2500 A. With higher frequencies the entire cell becomes strongly absorbing and relatively little detail is to be seen. All cell structures, including the chromosomes, are as transparent to λ = 3500 A and to longer ultraviolet waves as they are to visible light. The present experiments do not indicate the exact point between λ = 3500 A and λ = 2800 A at which the selective chromatin absorption commences.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation consists of an extensive histological study of a special strain of abnormal x-rayed mice, in an attempt to determine the embryonic origin and development of certain congenital abnormalities that are hereditary.The study shows that development of the x-rayed strain is normal up to the thirteenth day after insemination, after which pathological structures appear in the form of blebs, hematomas, and thrombi. As a result of the formation of the blebs and hematomas a general condition is set up within the embryo which resembles that of thrombosis. The thrombi when formed exert a mechanical effect by crowding out the normal tissue. A chemical effect is also produced by the blood cells and fluid extravasated from the thrombus which penetrate into the forming tissues resulting in their perverted development. Thus the thrombi are the immediate factors causing the various regions of the body to be deformed.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 207-251 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Goodeidae are a family of cyprinodonts containing about nine genera and twenty-six species. They are confined exclusively to the Mexican Plateau and to streams in the immediate vicinity. All are viviparous. Fertilization is internal. The eggs are extremely small and contain very little yolk. The embryos are retained in the ovarian follicles until the yolk is practically absorbed, in the meantime developing unique absorptive organs in the form of extensive ribbon-shaped proctodaeal processes. The embryos are evacuated into the intra-ovarian cavity where they are retained for several weeks, during which time the proctodaeal processes become extended. The ovary becomes a nutritive organ and produces secretions which are discharged into the intra-ovarian cavity and absorbed by the embryo through their unique processes. The processes differ in form, number, and histological structure, but are specific in their peculiarities for each species. These specific differences, together with marked differences in the ovary, will furnish a basis for a re-classification of the genera and species of the family. A comparison in made between this family and the other ovo-viviparous and viviparous cyprinodonts, on the basis of which it is concluded that the Goodeidae have arisen separately from an ovo-viviparous ancestor, which in turn was derived from an ovo-viviparous type. A comparison is also made between the peculiarities of reproduction in this family and those of other viviparous teleosts.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 349-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lead poisoning causes a selective destruction of mature erythrocytes, thereby depleting the spleen and stimulating differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes in the blood. In conjunction with splenectomy, this intravascular erythropoiesis is markedly accelerated.During the progressive anemia and subsequent regeneration of erythrocytes in simple lead poisoning the major hemopoietic loci, spleen, mesonephros, liver, and epicardium were observed. The spleen is most rapidly affected. The red cell progenitor first present in the circulation is the hemoblast, but later numerous lymphocytes enter the blood stream and are transformed into erythrocytes.Following simple splenectomy the blood shows relatively little change. A mild regenerative activity of both erythrocytes and thrombocytes ensues. In lead poisoning after splenectomy the blood picture resembles that of simple lead poisoning. The anemia is produced more rapidly and the regeneration of erythrocytes is delayed.This study emphasizes the importance of the blood stream of Necturus as a site of red cell differentiation and proliferation, and shows that the lymphocyte may be a possible progenitor of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Under normal conditions the hemoblast suffices as a source for red cells, but under abnormal or experimental conditions, where the demand for new cells is excessive and prolonged, the lymphocyte plays a major role.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 233-258 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fundamental structure of the brain stem is uniform throughout the vertebrate series, not essentially because it expresses an architypical pattern, but because of the constancy of peripheral connections and their internal relationships, both of which are parts of an apparatus of adjustment to environment which is common to vertebrates. Other parts of the brain are more variable because, with complication of the behavior pattern in higher forms, more elaborate and diversified mechanisms of correlation and integration are requisite.The brain stem between the olfactory bulb and other primary sensory centers is plastic tissue not dominated by any single sensory-motor system; it is the meeting place of descending and ascending sensory paths. Here the chief apparatus of correlation and integration is elaborated. From it emerge the complex thalamic and cortical adjustors. The pallium is not a primary constituent of the vertebrate brain. The pallial type of organization gradually emerged from the more ancient subpallial type and comes to mature expression in the cerebral cortex. Several instructive stages in the progressive differentiation of cortical structure and connections are seen in the amphibian forebrain, but the process is not consummated. Amphibia have no cerebral cortex, though cortical primordia are evident here and in various fishes. Static concepts of architypes and the dialectic of ‘form-analytic’ argumentation are replaced by a more dynamic treatment of morphogenesis.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 347-363 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a mating of first-cousins, of whom the female had cataract, there issued in four generations a progeny of 138 individuals, 33 of whom had cataract (23.8 per cent). Discounting the last generation, about which little is known, also discounting other unknown members, there were 29 known unaffected, 30 known affected, i.e., 50.8 per cent had cataract. The pedigree by generations shows that cataract is inherited as an autosomal (Mendelian) dominant. However, the mode of inheritance is atypical in that the defective gene for cataract may be borne, and is so borne because transmitted, without producing in the bearer its characteristic defect. In the second generation there were four of a family of nine with cataract; of the five without cataract two produced cataractous offspring and three did not marry. The literature is replete with pedigrees in which cataract is inherited as a typical autosomal dominant; there are a few pedigrees (four are reproduced) in which the mode of inheritance, while distinctly that of an autosomal dominant, resembles the present pedigree in being atypical. It is concluded that cataract is inherited as an autosomal dominant, but that in some cases it is produced only under certain conditions. These conditions are as yet not definitely known. Clinical writers seem to favor the view that nutritional and endocrine disturbances predispose to the realization of the defect.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 365-388 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study of Hammond's simple recessive ‘furless’ rabbits was made from many series of sections taken from the skin of both the normal and furless rabbits of several pertinent ages.It was found that the external absence of under-hair or fur exists because of a failure of the hairs of these follicles to erupt. This failure is due to a premature keratinization which first affects the sebaceous glands and then the inner epithelial sheath. The resulting abnormal channel allows an erratic escape, especially of the regenerating hair above the incomplete inner sheath into the surrounding connective tissue, where the escaped part of the hair atrophies. The final condition shows an inflammatory reaction in the areolar tissue here. There is no check on the growth from the bulb of the root. Other elements of the skin verify this excessive keratinization.The cause of the abnormal metabolic changes conceivably lies in an inadequate tissue supply of oxygen or nutrition. The regulator may be the sympathetic system directly or indirectly (by hormone action), or it may be an inhibitor resident in the integument itself.
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    Notes: The anatomical isolation of the auricles from the ventricle in hearts of fresh-water mussels representing nine North American species has been confirmed. The muscle fibers in these hearts without exceptions were found to be of the smooth, unstriated type. Bundles of these fibers loosely interwoven, form the thin, delicate, heart wall, which contains many sinus-like spaces. The outside portion of the heart wall exposed to the pericardial fluid is covered with a definite epicardium composed of a single, dense layer of epithelial and scattering mucous cells. The inside of the heart cavity has no endocardium, the muscle fibers being in direct contact with the blood. No special conduction tissue, nerves or ganglia were found in the heart wall. Correlations of these anatomical and histological findings with the physiological reactions of the living heart in situ are made, and the mechanical and chemical control of the heart discussed.
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 33 (1920) 
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 89-115 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 217-264 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the cytoplasmic alterations in the ovarian egg of Limulus polyphemus leading to the formation of yolk. The nucleolus is found to arise by the confluence of substance which passes from the cytosome into the nucleus, and it is suggested that the chondriosomes, and possibly also the dictyosomes, are derived from an excess of this substance which accumulates in the cytosome. Chondriosomes and dictyosomes are not present in the oogonia, but appear first in oocytes after the formation of the nucleolus is completed.During oogenesis the nucleolus is very active and the greater part of its substance is passed back to the cytosome. By the application of the method of Bell and Doisy for the determination of phosphate in body fluids, the nucleolus is found to be richer in phosphorus than are the other constituents of the cell. The nucleolar emissions effect the transport of phosphorus from the nucleus to the cytosome, where it is used in the synthesis of yolk. The definitive yolk arises by the interaction of nucleolar emissions, chondriosomes, dictyosomes, and ground cytoplasm.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 341-361 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Conjugating individuals of Metopus sigmoides fuse at the anterior end, the pair presenting the appearance of an inverted letter U. The micronucleus of each conjugant by two successive divisions forms four micronuclei. Three of each four degenerate and the fourth by division forms the pronuclei. Cytoplasm and pronuclei from one conjugant pass over into the other, leaving the old macronucleus and a minimum of cytoplasm behind in the shrunken pellicle of the smaller conjugant, which then separates from the larger one. In the larger exconjugant two pronuclei fuse, forming the functional synkaryon; the two residual pronuclei degenerate and disappear. The synkaryon divides. One of the daughter nuclei condenses into the new micronucleus, the other grows into the new macronucleus. The old macronucleus liquefies and is absorbed. The larger exconjugant, after losing its cilia, secretes a cyst wall about itself and becomes dormant. The whole process requires at least six days for its consummation.
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  • 38
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    Notes: In conjugation fusion occurs along the entire oral surfaces of the proboscides of Dileptus gigas. Two size-reducing divisions occur in rapid succession immediately preceding conjugation. Only one of the many micronuclei takes part in the process of nuclear reorganization. All other chromatic material is massed at this time in the posterior portions of the conjugants. The pronuclei are derived from the single active micronucleus, and interchange occurs immediately preceding the separation of the mating individuals. The fertilization nucleus divides to form two nuclei of diverse size. The smaller one produces thirty-two or sixty-four micronuclei, while the larger one divides to produce a like number of macronuclei, each of which finally breaks up into many chromatic granules which form the numerous densely staining nuclear derivatives which are characteristic of the vegetative stage of Dileptus gigas.In the early stages of this reorganization process specimens are frequently found with from two to eight distinct nuclei often arranged in a series as in a beaded nucleus. This condition probably explains the frequent references in literature regarding such a nuclear condition in Dileptus.Dileptus gigas has, accordingly, in the vegetative stage, a multinucleate condition with reference to the micronucleus and a fragmented or distributed condition with reference to the macronucleus.
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  • 39
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    Notes: By the use of a satisfactory technique, excellently preserved spermatogenetic tissue was had both for Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. The careful examination of twelve spermatogonial cells of the former species and of twenty in the latter species shows that R. rattus has forty diploid chromosomes and R. norvegicus, forty-two. A careful examination of the haploid cells of both species, both in the first and in the second spermatocyte divisions, confirms the diploid determinations.Both species have an unequal pair in the spermatogonial divisions and the finding of a similar unequal pair in the first spermatocyte division constitutes the evidence for an X-Y mechanism in each. A comparison of the morphology of the first spermatocyte tetrads in the two species reveals the presence of a large K-shaped chromosome in R. norvegicus which is not present in R. rattus. Furthermore, a comparison of the X-Y complex in both the spermatogonial and first spermatocyte divisions shows that these are morphologically different in the two species, the Y in particular being markedly dissimilar in size. A short discussion as to the bearing of these findings on the questions of the origins of the two species and their known intersterility is presented. The marked similarity of the tetrads of the black rat to those described for the mouse is noted.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 29-87 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The anlage of the abducens musculature appears first at 24-25 somites as a condensation situated dorsal to the mandibular arch.The anlage of the superior oblique grows forward from a mesodermal condensation situated in the maxillomandibular region, termed for convenience the maxillomandibular condensation. This last consists of three parts: (1) the anlage of the superior oblique: (2) the anlage of the abducens musculature, and, (3) an intermediate region.The intermediate portion of the maxillomandibular mass forms a condensation with which the anlage of the abducens musculature fuses. Its fate is, therefore, similar to that of the so-called ‘muscle E’ of elasmobranchs, which has been described as fusing with the lateral rectus. How much muscle is formed from the intermediate condensation in the chick has not been determined.The development of the pyramidalis and quadratus nictitans muscles, derivatives of the abducens complex, is described.The premandibular head cavities are replaced by solid mesodermal condensations, on the surface of which the anlagen of the oculomotor muscles appear. The premandibular mass expands laterally and anteriorly over the bulbus, carrying the oculomotor muscles to their respective positions on the bulbus.Portions of the premandibular and maxillomandibular condensations not involved in eye-muscle formation take part in the formation of choroid and sclera.The growth shiftings of the eye muscles are analyzed. The order of their appearance is commented upon.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 127-216 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This study represents the first critical investigation on the development of the embryonic skull of the porcupine. A complete series of stages makes it possible to trace the developing chondrocranium from its first formation in precartilage to its later transformation into cartilage bone. Concurrent with this growth is the investment of the cartilaginous cranium by membrane bone.The very primitive nature of the chondrocranium offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the existing problems of the embryonic skull from a new angle. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the ala temporalis is the homologue of the cynodont epipterygoid. The lamina parietalis develops from a single chondrifying center, thus producing a different arrangement of parietal elements from that found in most mammals. New evidence as to the relationship of the dens epistrophei and basal plate is presented. The position of the internal carotid artery on entering the cranium is different from the condition found in most mammals and throws new light on the interpretation of surrounding structures. The presence of a structure comparable with the crista longitudinalis of Lacerta shows close affinity to the solum nasi of more primitive forms.The great specialization of the face is seen in the early and rapid growth of the membrane bones. The chondrocranium is long persistent and cartilage bone appears late in embryonic life.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 417-465 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations indicate that this Balantidium from the guinea-pig is Balantidium coli, the form found in the pig and man. The lengths and breadths of this Balantidium and the ratios of length to breadth are very close to the measurements and ratios given by McDonald for B. coli. When plotted, the body lengths of the guinea-pig parasites appear in two groups, the smaller individuals being the exconjugants. Many of these exconjugants resemble Neiva's B. caviae. The structure of the Balantidium from the guinea-pig is essentially identical with that of B. coli as given by McDonald.Fission and conjugation of this ciliate follow the general course found in a number of other ciliates. During fission the micronucleus divides and the daughter micronuclei migrate to each end of the macronucleus before the latter divides. In conjugation there are two divisions of the micronucleus, one of these nuclei dividing to form the pronuclei. Pronuclear exchange and fusion are followed by a heteropolar division of the synkaryon, resulting in the formation of the new macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen.The parasite was found in the intestinal tissue of the host. No reproductive stages were found in the cysts. New hosts are invaded through contamination of the food and drink with the cysts.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 347-385 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thigh musculature in a series of chick embryos is described and figured. In the earliest the muscular tissue is in the form of two distinct masses lying on opposite surfaces of the limb. Later, both divide into proximal and distal portions at the knee. The proximal portions, by a series of divisions, gradually attain the condition found in the adult thigh.The embryological findings tend to support the theory of the derivation of tetrapod limb musculature from the two opposed (dorsal and ventral) muscle masses of the paired fins of bony fish.The reptilian homologies of the ilio-trochanterici cannot be definitely ascertained from embryological evidence.The ischio-femoralis (= ischio-trochantericus), Previously regarded as dorsal, and the coccygeo-femorales, previously classed as incertae sedis, are in reality members of the ventral group.The distinction between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ muscles inserting on the free limb appears to have no embryological or phylogenetic basis in fact.Double innervation (motor) is a primitive condition in tetrapods.Rotation of the avian pubis is correlated with an improved functioning of the obturator in the rotated position coupled with a lack of interference with the other musculature concerned.
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 547-555 
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    Notes: The diploid number of chromosomes obtained from counts of anaphases of the first somatic mitosis is found to be forty-four. Of these, seven have terminal, thirty-seven non-terminal attachment, giving a distribution of seven rods, thirteen V's, and twenty-four J's. The number is constant in all the fertilized eggs counted, indicating an XX-XY arrangement of the sex chromosomes.
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    Journal of Morphology 33 (1920), S. 251-307 
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    Journal of Morphology 33 (1920), S. 484-525 
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 1-67 
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 244-265 
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 334-373 
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 374-455 
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 486-589 
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927) 
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 299-345 
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    Notes: The chondriosomes are first recognizable as two clusters in contact with the nuclear wall. Beneath each cluster lies a chromosome. This relationship is constant and indicates that these two chromosomes play a part in the growth and development of the chondriosomes. The two masses fuse and the single mass grows considerably during the early growth period. Later it breaks up into a number of threads which become rings in the late growth period. The rings fuse into the large nebenkern which plays the usual rôle in the formation of the tail.The Golgi material is first seen outside of the chondriosomal cap. Early in the growth period, it breaks up into Golgi bodies which remain distributed in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. About the midgrowth period a large number of spheres suddenly arise. Since they later fuse to form the idiosome, they are called the proidiosomal spheres. These spheres, which may originate in the Golgi bodies, remain scattered in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. In the spermatid the Golgi bodies collect about the idiosome to form the acroblast. The Golgi remnants pass into the cytoplasm of the tail, while the acrosome elongates into a tail-like structure at the anterior end.The centriole was followed with unbroken continuity from the midgrowth period into the middle-piece of the sperm.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 266-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 34 (1920), S. 590-633 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: This paper contains a description of the appearance and behavior of the chromatin and chief cytoplasmic inclusions in the male germ cells of three species of Belostomatidae.There are eight spermatogonial chromosomes in Lethocerus americanus, twenty-four in Belostoma flumineum, twenty-eight in Benacus griseus. An XY-pair of sex chromosomes occurs in each species. These are identifiable at every step in maturation in Lethocerus, but not in the others. A clear case of heteropycnosis occurs in Benacus. Parasynapsis is believed to be the mode of pairing of chromosomes in all three species. The genesis of three large atelomitic ring tetrads is described in Lethocerus.Chondriosomes are traced from spermatogonia to spermatids without a break in continuity. Spermatogonial chondriosomes are always granular. During the growth period filaments are formed, probably by fusion of granules, and these are sorted out in approximately equal numbers to spermatids. Benacus is especially favorable for studies on chondriosomes. Likewise, Golgi bodies have been traced throughout the process of maturation. They are minute granules in spermatogonia. During the growth period each becomes a flattened plate-like body clearly differentiated into two materials. Dictyosomes are formed by fragmentation in the first prophase, and these are distributed to spermatids where they fuse to form an acroblast in each. Some minor cytoplasmic inclusions are briefly described.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 121-185 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An histological and cytological study of the postembryonic history of the fat-body in Pteronidea ribesi (Scopoli) and Diphadnus appendiculata (Hartig) (both Tenthredinidae) and in Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer (Ichneumonidae).The two principal components of the fat-body are the urate-storing excretory cells and the fat-cells.The development and behavior of the excretory cells, especially during the metamorphosis, are described, and in Pteronidea their origin is traced to leucocytes which have become associated with the fat-cells.In the albuminoid inclusions found in the fat-cells two types of substance are distinguished: (a) a basophile material, of nuclear origin, which appears only during the metamorphosis; (b) an acidophile material which appears already during the early larval stages in Macrocentrus, but in Pteronidea is formed only during the metamorphosis and in association with the basophile material. It is thus found that albuminoids formed slowly during larval life may exist from the beginning in the form of acidophile spheres, as occurs in Macrocentrus. But those formed rapidly during the metamorphosis, in all the forms studied, are formed in association with a basophile material derived from the nucleus.The significance of intracellular changes during the metamorphosis is discussed, and the final disposition of the cell inclusions as well as of the fat-cells themselves is described.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 399-439 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study the problem of the tonsil is considered in anurans. The common toad (family Bufonidae) is used as the type, and representative species of the other families are compared.In each species representative stages beginning before transformation were selected, and the lingual region of each was sectioned. Some thyroid-fed toad tadpoles which had prematurely transformed were examined. The investigations led to the following conclusions: 1Accumulations of lymphocytes occur in all the families except Hylidae.2A pair of tonsils located on either side of the tongue appear before transformation in Bufo, and persist, increasing in size through old age.3This pair has its developmental origin at or near the cephalic end of pouch II. In no other species examined do the tonsils appear as early; in almost all forms the accumulations are inconstant in occurrence, as are also some in Bufo.4The cells of the ‘tonsils’ are lymphocytes of varying sizes. They arise from the mesenchyme; later their accumulations become sites of lymphopoiesis.5This type of lympho-epithelial mass is simple in structure and has a greatly thickened epithelium, due to extensive infiltration by lymphocytes. In the connective tissue the vascular supply is abundant.6The differentiation of lymphocytes may be due to a factor of strain, arising through adjustments made during metamorphosis.7Thyroid-fed toad tadpoles transform, apparently without developing tonsils.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The object of the present study is to determine by quantitative means the rate at which a given number of paramecia can utilize the various amino-acids and to study factors influencing this rate.The method consisted in testing the rate of utilization of isolated and mixtures of amino-acids by a known number of Paramecium caudatum. The amino-acids were used in 0.1 per cent solution and were tested, by the Henriques-Sörensen formol titration method for amino-acids, at the beginning and after the paramecia had lived in these amino-acids for twelve hours. The difference between these two tests, figured in percentage, is considered as the amount utilized by the paramecia. The part played by bacteria was found to be negligible when isolated amino-acids were studied. The influence of temperature on the rate of utilization of the amino-acids has been studied, and the results show a direct relationship between the two.The rate of utilization was decreased by anaesthetics and nitroglycerin. A careful study has been made of a number of isolated amino-acids and the rate of utilization of each discussed in relationship to the others studied. An explanation of why one amino-acid was used more than another amino-acid was sought for, but not found. A detailed discussion of the above points has been presented in the body of the paper.
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  • 65
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chronological investigation of the histological condition of the right ovary of the domestic hen from embryos of nine days' incubation to adults of eighteen months was made. A rudiment of the right ovary is found at all times. Its composition is variable. Sixty-one per cent of the rudimentary ovaries contained medullary tissue only. Thirty-nine per cent had rudiments of cortex, in addition. The occurrence of cortical rudiments in embryonic stages is the probable basis of ovarian follicles found in the rudimentary right ovaries of adults. Primordial germ cells persist in the medullary tissue until three weeks after hatching. They subsequently appear to atrophy. The medullary cords persist through the entire period either as distended tubules or as solid cords of modified epithelial cells. Remnants of the right mesonephros persist as tubules and connect with the gonad by rete tubules. The mesonephric duct maintains a patent lumen.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 275-315 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Material of the domestic fowl of appropriate ages, ranging from twelve hours' incubation to the adult bird, was prepared for the purpose of studying the production and development of the germ cells.The primordial germ cells arise in the extra-embryonic region anterior to the head fold in the region of the zone of junction during the primitive-streak stage. These germ cells migrate, through the blood stream, to the region of the future gonad, where they develop into the definitive germ plasm.There is no widespread degeneration of the primordial germ cells after their arrival in the gonadal region, nor is there any widespread transformation of somatic cells into definitive germ cells.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 317-397 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study observations are reported upon the morphological differences between the three-toed and two-toed forms of sloths, as well as a comparison made of some aspects between the sloths and the other groups of the Xenarthra. Much attention has been paid to the gross, as well as the histological examination of the viscera, musculature, and the vascular and lymphatic systems.The importance of the correlation of the morphological findings with physiological studies has been emphasized. For example, the probable correlation of the vascular plexuses of the extremities with the postures and muscular activity of the different members of the Xenarthra is discussed. Much new information has been gained concerning the placentation and development of the sloths, as well as concerning the structure of the male and female reproductive tracts.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 399-430 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The septomaxillary is described in certain anurans and in some of the reptiles in which it occurs. In urodeles and some anurans this bone arises by ossification of the nasal cartilages. Lack of embryological material has prevented the verification of this in the young stages of the reptiles. Adult reptiles have been examined, and in these the bone appears to be and has often been described as a ‘membrane bone.’ It is suggested, however, that the septomaxillary is originally a ‘cartilage bone,’ and that in the reptiles additional membrane bone layers form its main part and obscure its cartilaginous origin. The infolding of the bone in the anurans and reptiles until it lies in close contact with the nasal septum, and thereby loses contact with the external nasal structures, appears to be correlated with the loss of the external nasal muscles. This loss in its turn results from the adoption of terrestrial life and consequent changes in the respiratory mechanism.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 479-519 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Series of injections of ovarian hormone have been made into normal and ovariectomized immature animals. Injections were made twice daily for twenty-two days. The total dose exceeded 1000 rat units per animal.Effects noted in the living animals were the appearance of reddening and swelling of the ‘sexual skin’ and change of the cell content of the vaginal smear to the interval type of the mature animal. Measurements made at operation, before and after injections, indicated considerable enlargement of both the cervix and body of the uterus. The thymus glands of the injected animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls. Histologic study of the genital tract showed extreme thickening of the vaginal walls, considerable growth of the uterine epithelium and glands, hypertrophy of the muscle layers of the uterus, and advanced differentiation of the epithelium of the uterine tubes.The ovaries of the injected normal animal were smaller and contained fewer primordial and medium-sized follicles than those of the controls. The presence of large numbers of atretic follicles, especially large flattened scars from former relatively well-developed follicles also suggests a harmful effect of this amount of ovarian hormone upon follicular development. Several stages of elimination of ova from polyovular follicles were also observed. There was marked growth in the ducts and an increase in the number of alveoli of the mammary glands.
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  • 70
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    Notes: Fetuses from forty-three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten-day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
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  • 72
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    Notes: This study deals with the seasonal distribution of protozoa (February, 1927, to February, 1928) in correlation with seasonal fluctuations of temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the relative amounts of dissolved oxygen and other gases in a small fresh-water pond. Twenty-seven species of Sarcodina, thirty-one species of Mastigophora, and 109 species of Infusoria were recorded in the surface water of the pond.As found especially for Mastigophora and Infusoria, the number of species is inversely correlated with the abundance of individuals in the seasonal distribution.Higher temperatures probably accelerated the rate of reproduction, since the seasonal maxima for most of the species were recorded in warmer weather.Colonial flagellates and Zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates seemed to be favored by higher oxygen content, with a simultaneous abundance of volatile acids, especially CO2. Although hydrogen-ion concentration was limited between 6.2 and 7.05, it was probably one of the factors influencing protozoan distribution, since several species disappeared when the lowest pH was recorded. Sunlight is one of the important factors in bringing certain heliotropic protozoa to the surface.The seasonal maxima of many of the protozoa occurred during September and October, 1927, when most of the observed physical environments seemed much more favorable than in other months.
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 563-583 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The urinogenital organs of Myrmecobius fasciatus conform to the marsupial type in both their anatomical characters and histological details. The external genitalia indicate a close relationship with the Dasyuridae.
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  • 74
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    Notes: The following species of earwigs are used in this study: Labidura bidens, Labia minor, Anisolabis annulipes, Anisolabis maritima, and Forficula auricularia.1In all species the chromosomes are divisible into, a) autosomes and, b) XY-complex.2The chromosome distribution in regular in Labidura bidens and Labia minor. The male diploid number is 12 and 14, respectively. Each has an XY-complex in which the X is a single chromosome.3In both Anisolabis annulipes and Anisolabis maritima the male diploid number is 25, or 22 autosomes and an XXY-complex. The two X components remain fused during the first spermatocyte division.4The diploid number in the male of Forficula auricularia is 25 and 24. The chromosome number is constant in the individual. The irregularity is interpreted as due to the fusion of the two X components in the individuals with 24 counts and to these X components remaining separate in the earwigs with the 25 counts.5An explanation is given for some of the variable results obtained in former studies of the chromosomes of Forficula auricularia.6The discussion considers the possible origin of the variations in chromosome numbers in the earwigs.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 21-28 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Experiments designed to ascertain the effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on encystment in Didinium were carried out by depriving didinia of food in mixtures of spring water and buffer solutions whose hydrogen-ion concentrations varied from pH 5.0 to pH 9.6, and by counting the number of didinia which encysted and the number which remained active and ultimately died of starvation.The maximum percentage of encystment was attained between pH 6.4 and 8.4, the range in hydrogen-ion concentration which is also most favorable for the growth of didinia; within this range the encystment rate was practically constant and was about 52 per cent. The solutions having hydrogen-ion concentrations between pH 6.4 and 5.0, the acid death limit of the race of Didinium used in the experiments, and between pH 8.4 and 9.6, the alkaline death limit, inhibited encystment, the more injurious solutions producing the greater decrease in encystment rate.The results indicate that the limits of hydrogen-ion concentration within which Didinium can live are practically the same as those found by Crane for Paramecium (approximately pH 5.0 to pH 9.6). They indicate further that concentrations of hydrogen ions which are unfavorable for the growth of didinia do not facilitate encystment and, in general, that changes in hydrogen-ion concentration are of little importance in inducing encystment in Didinium.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each step forward in the evolution of new organs or new abilities has made possible further evolution, but at the same time has set up mechanical and physiological conditions that place definite limits on the future possibilities of evolution. The exoskeleton has made possible very definite advances in the evolution of insects, but at the same time has limited their evolution in fully as many other ways.Opportunities in evolution opened up by an exoskeleton are its use as armor, as a skeleton, in the development of wings, as protection against desiccation. It has conditioned small size opening up numerous limited environments, increasing mutability due to short life. It conditions a tracheal system which speeds metabolism, and a variety of specialized mouth parts as well as locating the sense of smell on the surface where it is more effective. Metamorphosis evolved from ecdysis.Limitations imposed by an exoskeleton are small size, simple nervous system due to small size, short life preventing education, inflexible societies due to simple nervous system, cold-bloodedness, clumsy appendages, loss of closed blood system, excretory system reduced to malpighian tubules, poor development of touch and hearing and mosaic vision.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This peritrichous ciliate lives as an ectocommensal on the skin and gills of anuran tadpoles. Its relation to described species of Trichodina is doubtful. This study was made almost exclusively on fixed and stained material. Binary fission is similar to that in other ciliates. The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus condenses, then divides amitotically. The single small micronucleus forms a spindle containing between four and six chromosomes.Endomixis is of high incidence in the free-living Trichodinae. Encystment was not observed. At the onset of endomixis, the macronucleus disintegrates into fragments which persist throughout the process. The micronucleus undergoes three rapidly succeeding mitotic divisions to form eight nuclei. There is no evidence of chromosome reduction during these divisions. Seven of the nuclei differentiate into macronuclear anlagen; the eighth becomes the functional micronucleus. Successive cell divisions - before each of which the micronucleus divides - distribute macronuclei to daughter cells. Variations from the regular process of endomixis may arise, 1) by precocious division of endomictic parents; 2) by extra divisions of the micronucleus; 3) by less than the usual number (three) of divisions of the micronucleus; 4) by hypertrophy and early differentiation of the micronucleus into macronuclei; 5) by unusual segregation of nuclei to daughters, and, 6) from miscellaneous causes.The significance of these variations is discussed in connection with the possible origin of bimicronucleate and amicronucleate races.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations of earlier workers concerning the limited region from which anterior regeneration will occur in Tubifex and the reduced number of segments formed were confirmed in control worms used in these experiments. Only three anterior segments are replaced when as many as twelve are removed. Regeneration is completed within 18 days.Removal of anterior segments from worms that have received 9000 (r) units exposure to x-rays is not followed by regeneration. The wound heals rapidly and worms have been kept in laboratory 70 days without further change. Longitudinal sect ons of injured ends show that the epidermis and muscle layers extend across the wound surface to completely close the body cavity. The intestine retracts slightly and heals to form a blind tube. No mitotic figures appear in cells of this region and there is no evidence of regeneration.In control worms material for formation of the cerebral ganglia and new epidermis arises by proliferation of epidermal cells. The new pharynx arises from the region of the old intestine adjacent to the wound surface. The muscle layers of the body wall and pharynx in new segments are apparently formed by migration of cells from the old muscle elements about the margin of the wound area. No neoblasts were observed in anterior migration or in the process of formation upon adjacent septa in any of the worms.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 429-449 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rudimentary copulatory organ of chickens was first observed as a phallic knob in 6-day embryos. This phallic knob enlarged similarly in both male and female embryos up to the twelfth day: from the twelfth to the seventeenth day it was distinguished by a large process in the males and a diminishing process in the females. Further differentiation took place from the eighteenth to the twenty-first days: some females lacked the porcess, others retained a smaller process than that of the male. As growth advance, fewer females retained the process until at 12 weeks of age it had entirely disappeared. The process was found in all males and showed no retrogression, whereas the few capons examined lacked it. A ridge-shaped ‘pseudo’ process developed at about 1 week in some females and was present up to 3 weeks of age. Histologically and embryologically, the process was seen to possess some characteristics of a penis. The cloacal method of sex determination might be used with an average maximum accuracy of about 90 per cent in living day-old chicks.
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 521-547 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sex cycles of a chimpanzee were studied for 18 months, during which the animal matured, menstruated four times, conceived, and delivered.Pronounced swelling of the ano-genital region appeared periodically prior to the first menstruation. During menstrual cycles the swelling endured during most of the period between flows. Genital swelling was always accompanied by estrus; copulation and insemination never occurred during its absence.The animal was alert and active when in estrus, demonstrated non-sexual affection for the male just prior to the flow, and appeared to be physically distressed during the first days of each flow.There were periodic weight changes coordinated with the animal's menstrual cycles.During pregnancy menstruation ceased, but genital swelling, with accompanying sexual receptivity, continued in irregular cycles.Cyclic changes in the desquamation of the vaginal epithelium occurred during menstrual cycles, were absent during pregnancy.The gestation period was approximately 246 days. At death from puerperal sepsis, 15 days after delivery, the ovaries were in a restin stage, one of them bearing a degenerating corpus luteum.The evidence given indicates that sex-skin swelling and estrus are similarly controlled, but may occur independently of menstruation, cornification of the vaginal epithelium, or ovulation.
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 1-13 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The molluscan genus Indoplanorbis is shown to differ markedly from all other members of the family Planorbidae in the generative complex, the vas deferens being encased in a long, flexible tube in which it is freely movable. The preputium of the male complex is shown to be completely evertible from the male opening and to act as a male copulatory organ. The presence of a single, heavy penial retractor innervated by an equally strong nerve is indicated. Comparisons are made with the genitalia of the European Coretus and the American Helisoma showing fundamental differences in the generative apparatus of the three groups. Indoplanorbis is most closely related to Coretus, the vas deferens of that group being also encased in a tube. Helisoma differs from both of these genera, the vas deferens not being encased in a tube and is of the same diameter throughout its length.
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular channels and sinuses of this trematode contain three varieties of cells: eosinophilic granulocytes, primitive hemocytoblasts (‘amebocytes’), and modified hemocytoblasts. The latter suggest a specialized blood corpuscle, but represent apparently only a stage in the dissolution of intravascular hemocytoblasts. These ‘corpuscles’ have the form of flattened lenticular discs, approximately 12 μ in diameter. The eosinophils differentiate extravascularly from hemocytoblasts. The hemocytoblasts are in part free parenchymal cells, in part they arise from a bilaterally paired ‘lymphogenous organ’ or ‘blood island’ associated with the lateral vascular channels at the level where the ceca diverge from the esophagus.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 40 (1927), S. 186-186 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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