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  • Articles  (10,985)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1950-1954
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  • 1990  (9,882)
  • 1917  (1,103)
  • Computer Science  (10,985)
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  • Articles  (10,985)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (9,882)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1915-1919  (1,103)
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 255-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001351
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultradependable Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 503-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002443
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spoken Language Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 481-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002405
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning Under Uncertainty (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 37-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000345
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Survey of Distributed File Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 73-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000445
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Number-Theoretic Algorithms (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 119-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Channel Routing for Integrated Circuits (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 307-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001515
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflections on Computer Science (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000245
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supercomputers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 13-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity Classes (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000541
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instruction Scheduling for Superscalar Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 173-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001133
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated Problem Solvers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 203-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001223
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intelligent Training Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 383-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002123
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge-Based Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 395-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002143
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural Language Processing (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 435-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 417-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002221
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prototyping (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002321
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robotics: A Long Range Plan to Maximize National Capabilities (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002343
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taking Issue revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00133.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible logic grammars for natural language parsing and generation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The use of a single grammar in natural language parsing and generation is most desirable for a variety of reasons, including efficiency, perspicuity, integrity, robustness, and a certain amount of elegance. These characteristics have been noted before by several researchers, but it was only recently that more serious attention started to be paid to the problem of creating a bidirectional system for natural language processing. In this paper we discuss a somewhat more radical version of the problem: given a parser for a language, can we reverse it so that it becomes an efficient generator for the same language? Furthermore, since both the parser and the generator are based upon the same grammar, are there any normalization conditions upon the form of the grammar that must be met in order to assure the maximum efficiency of the reversed program? Can other grammars be transformed into the normal form? We describe the results of an experiment with PROLOG-based logic grammar which has been derived from a substantial-coverage string grammar for English. We present an alogorithm for automated inversion of a unification parser into an efficient unification generator, using the collections of minimal sets of essential arguments for predicates. We discuss the scope of the present version of the algorithm and then point out several possible avenues for extension. We also outline a preliminary solution to the question of grammar's “normal form” and suggest a handful of normalizing transformations that can be used to enhance the efficiency of the generator. This research interacts closely with a Japanese-English machine translation project at New York University, for which the first implementation of the inversion algorithm has been prepared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00131.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00134.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00135.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probability and logic: a reply to Cheeseman (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00136.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Let many flowers bloom: a response to An inquiry into computer understanding (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00137.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the importance of evidence: a response to Halpern (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halperri argues for alternative non-Bayesian approaches to uncertainty based on problems he perceives in the Bayesian approach. In particular, he argues for a distinction between degrees of belief and statistical statements (based on the concept of random sampling). In this response I show that there is no difference between these two concepts in the Bayesian framework, and that the replacement of variables by constants in probabilistic predicate calculus expressions is valid, despite Halpern's objections. The main reason for his rejection of the simpler approach is that he does not condition his belief statements on the evidence used to form these beliefs, and so gets into trouble when new evidence is received. This failure to properly take evidence into account invalidates most of his other criticisms. While I approve of his call for more formal rigor in representing Bayesian practice, his claim to have provided a semantics is misleading – what he has provided is not operational.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00138.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formalizing planning knowledge for hierarchical planning (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A hierarchical planning system achieves efficiency by planning with the most important conditions first, and considering details later in the planning process. Few attempts have been made to formalize the structure of the planning knowledge for hierarchical planning. For a given domain, there is usually more than one way to define its planning knowledge. Some of the definitions can lead to efficient planning, while others may not. In this paper, we provide a set of restrictions which defines the relationships between a non-primitive action and its set of subactions. When satisfied, these restrictions guarantee improved efficiency for hierarchical planning. One important feature of these restrictions is that they are syntactic and therefore do not depend on the particular structure of any plan. Along with these restrictions, we also provide algorithms for preprocessing the planning knowledge of a hierarchical planner. When used during planning, the preprocessed operator hierarchies can enable a planner to significantly reduce its search space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00126.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On maintaining and updating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A mechanism for tracing the utilization of rules in expert systems during periods of practical usage is proposed. Statistics related to the utilization of each rule help the designer to re-evaluate the appropriateness of each rule, so that over-utilized rules may be expanded and unnecessary ones deleted. By incorporating such a mechanism, the efficiency of maintaining and updating expert systems is improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00176.x
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert system shells: very-high-level languages for Artificial Intelligence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system shells are discussed as very-high-level programming languages for knowledge engineering. Based on a category/domain distinction for expert systems the concept of expert system shells is explained using seven classifications. A proposal for a shell-development policy is sketched. The conclusions express concern about current over-emphasis on graphical interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00158.x
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using knowledge-based systems for estimating risks inherent in a proposed KBS project (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This article describes the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) for guiding both technical and non-technical managers in estimating the risks inherent in proposed KBS development projects. The work described here is part of an ongoing research project studying the use of KBS both to teach and to do KBS development. So far, as part of this research project, over the past two years close to 150 non-technical and technical full-time business managers have developed some 75 KBS prototypes in conjunction with an MBA course in strategic planning. Based on replies to a survey of this test group, 17% of the KBS developed were reportedly used at work, 14% led to promotions, pay raises, or new jobs, and 14% led to participation in other KBS development projects at work. All but two of the survey respondents reported that their work on the KBS development project led to a substantial increase in their job knowledge or performance. The KBS work described here extends research work described by Cullen and Bryman [1988], Slagle and Wick [1988], Cohen and Howe [1988], Dologite [1988, 1989], and Mockler [1989(A) and (B)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00161.x
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Troubleshooting expert systems for industrial maintenance: pre-development guidelines (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The sophisticated nature of new production facilities means more complex maintenance units and costly breakdowns. For users of high tech machinery, the efficiency of their maintenance services is becoming an increasingly important factor, and for manufacturers, the maintainability of their equipment they sell is an element that has to be taken into account in their battle for market share. Troubleshooting Expert Systems (TES) are one possible means of improving maintenance capability and maintenance units. Surveying cases of success or failure that the authors have witnessed themselves or come across in the literature, they propose a checklist of seven questions to be considered at the outset of TES development, which deal with the human, managerial and organisational aspects of TES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00221.x
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00168.x
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00229.x
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applying systems analysis techniques to knowledge engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of knowledge elicitation for expert systems. Specifically, it looks at the requirements of the knowledge elicitation process and the suitability of structured methods from systems analysis to carry out part of the elicitation task. The techniques of data flow analysis, entity-relationship analysis and entity-life cycle analysis are used to structure the data associated with the expert task. The methods proposed lay emphasis on the definition of limited data sets at the boundary of the explicit knowledge base and the identification of status attributes to model the control of activation of ‘processes’ within the knowledge base. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the resulting logical model, and two popular methods of knowledge representation, namely, Production Systems and Frames.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00170.x
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Expert systems-based robot technology (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Despite their potential advantages, robots are not used much by industry andlor services. One of the major reasons for this situation is the limitations of robots, especially their lack of ‘intelligence”. Artificial intelligence and expert systems technologies can help in this case. This paper describes the potential contribution of expert systems to the decision making capabilities of robots and to decisions regarding robots. The major potential contribution of expert systems is in the automation of the error recovery process. Specifically, when something is going wrong in the robot itself or in its work environment, an automated corrective action is needed. Today's technology is capable of economically handling some of the activities in the process (e.g. interpretation of signals from sensors, diagnosis of what is wrong and suggestions for remedies). The AI technology is still not capable in most cases (at least in an economical manner) of actually restoring the robot's operations. The paper also gives examples of several experimental expert systems in the robotic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00172.x
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00177.x
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  • 36
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    Recent publications (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge-Based Systems: Markets, Suppliers and Products, Tim Johnson et al.The European Market for Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence Systems and Expert Systems Used in Medical Laboratory Applications
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00179.x
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00180.x
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  • 38
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    Uncertain reasoning using the Dempster-Shafer method: an application in forecasting and marketing management (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The intended purpose of this article is twofold: to study techniques for uncertainty management in expert systems, particularly the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief; and to use this method in the construction of an expert system for the field of forecasting and marketing management. Compared with the probabilistic approach, which can only deal with singleton possibilities, the Dempster-Shafer approach proves to be superior because it provides the ability to deal with sets of possibilities. Since market analysis and forecasting always have a strong element of uncertainty associated with them, and since, in general, we consider a combination of several different forecasting techniques for planning our marketing strategies, the Dempster-Shafer approach is particularly suitable. Here we present a short introduction to this theory, briefly discuss the domain of application (selection of forecasting techniques for marketing planning), discuss the interesting components of our expert system, and analyze our experiences in applying the theory to this domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00159.x
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    Choosing a problem — when is Artificial Intelligence appropriate for the retail industry? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Current methodologies for choosing problems suitable for implementation as IKBS's are not appropriate for the retail industry, due to singularities of the domain. In particular, they exclude from consideration a kind of system which uses Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) data to structure unstructured managerial perceptions, but several examples of these systems have been successfully implemented. Methodologies may be more domain specific than they were thought to be, and may hold back implementations to an artificially imposed level of difficulty. Nonetheless, analysis of the level of structure found in a problem is useful, as it points out possible trouble spots, and Fuzzy/Complex analysis was felt to be the most suitable methodology for retail due to its manufacturing origins, clarity of purpose, and flexibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00162.x
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    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Expert Systems for Engineering Design, M.D. Rychener (ed.)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00167.x
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    Evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Evaluation is crucial for improving expert system design and performance. This paper stresses the need for considering system evaluation throughout the development process. It highlights the importance of evaluating system usability and discusses key usability issues. A number of basic evaluation methods are described, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, system logging, user diaries, laboratory experiments and field trials. Finally, the paper looks at evaluating systems within organisations, and assessing other long term effects of expert systems.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00236.x
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    Towards a methodology for evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system evaluation comprises verification, validation and user acceptance testing. The nature of expert systems requires that they be evaluated carefully, and that detailed methodologies for their development be devised. This paper attempts to give practical guidance for the evaluation phase of expert system development. Empirical and logical evaluation methods are surveyed, and both types of method are applied in an evaluation case study. This case study provides insights as to the relative effectiveness of the methods, and demonstrates that empirical and logical testing are complementary to each other. The paper concludes that any evaluation methodology should incorporate both types of method, and presents prescriptions and an outline for such a methodology, which combines the methods for maximum effectiveness.
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    Development of the knowledge base of an expert system for civil rights investigation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A methodology that was successfully applied to the development of the knowledge base of a legal expert system is presented. The methodology consists of five distinct phases: model building, knowledge acquisition, knowledge integration, partitioning and external design. The phases are described in detail and illustrated with examples from the application area, which is civil rights complaint investigation.
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  • 45
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    The Paint Advisor (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The Paint Advisor is a knowledge-based system, linked to a database, which customers visiting the stores of HEMA, a chain store in The Netherlands, can interrogate to obtain advice on which of the company's paint products is appropriate to the decorative project they have in mind. It contains knowledge about paint products and the repair, removal and application of paint, and provides the customer with advice on the methods, materials and tools needed for a project, an estimate of its cost, evaluation of specific products and a display of all the relevant product data. As well as providing a technical description of the system, this paper explores the strategy behind the development of the system, and describes the procedures followed to ascertain user requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00231.x
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    The Traffic Information Collator (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00233.x
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    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00240.x
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    Acquaint (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Acquaint is an expert system shell developed for IBM-compatible personal computers by Lithp Systems BV. Acquaint costs $5000. Lithp Systems can be contacted at Waterlandlaan 120,1441 RW Purmerend, The Netherlands (Tel: +31 (0)2990/38153). The 3.25 inch version is reviewed in this article. It was run on an IBM PS/2 model 80, with 6 Mb RAM, a 40 Mb hard disk drive and a black and white monitor.
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    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00242.x
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    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00243.x
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    Acquiring and representing strategic knowledge in the diagnosis domain (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Techniques for acquiring and representing strategic knowledge for guiding diagnostic processes are presented. In a diagnostic expert system, strategic knowledge can be represented either by a specific knowledge base or it can be ‘embedded’ into the inference engine. We decided for the former; so that knowledge can be acquired or modified without affecting the problem solving paradigm. Strategic knowledge is acquired by expert interview in a straightforward way: on the basis of simple information provided by the expert, an internal sophisticated representation is automatically generated. The techniques are not restricted to a particular problem-solving paradigm or application. However, in order to prove the effectiveness of our approach, a problem solving paradigm is also presented. The paradigms adopted in diagnosis must face two problems: the selection of the ‘right’ hypothesis (fault) to pursue and the selection of the ‘right’ observation (measurement) to be executed. We present some criteria for selecting hypotheses and observations. Our proposal is suitable for domains where the measurements to localise the fault do not always provide certainty but only a ‘degree of belief’ about the presence of the fault. As a consequence, the problem of selecting the right measurement is solved by appropriate criteria and heuristic reasoning. Moreover, we do not consider ‘right’ as a predefined concept: actually, it is based on the information provided by the expert. So he can define this concept on the basis of his own judgment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00223.x
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    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00227.x
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    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00230.x
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    Psychological validity of uncertainty combining rules in expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In recent years, an increasing amount of research in Artificial Intelligence has focused on the representation and manipulation of uncertainty in expert systems. New approaches have been developed and justified because of their mathematical rigor or simplicity, cautiousness, programmability, and/or ability to capture the essence of natural language. Little attention has been paid to the psychological validity of any approach, new or old. To explore the psychological validity of rules that combine uncertainties, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a computer program known as LES. Four applications of LES revealed that subjects’ natural combining rules are (1) not best modeled by any generally accepted uncertainty approach and (2) may be highly idiosyncratic. Knowledge Engineers should be aware that cognitive representations of knowledge in expert systems are not routinely being matched with combining rules actually used by experts. Frustrating development activities and highly unsatisfactory expert system performance may result.
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    The Expert System Lifecycle (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00174.x
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    Expert systems in industrial practice: advantages and drawbacks (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: On the basis of experience gained in the engineering industry, the present paper describes advantages and drawbacks encountered using the expert system technique. The constraints which real programs are subject to are explained using a configuration system as an example. The criteria which influence the choice of software and hardware are presented. Finally, aspects of the knowledge elicitation task as well as implementation topics are discussed.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00224.x
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    POPLOG-Neural — a neural network development toolkit (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Julian Clinton, Product Development Manager at Integral Solutions, to describe the background to the company's recent launch of POPLOG-Neural. POPLOG-Neural runs on all POPLOG host systems. These include Sun 3, SPARC station, Sun 386i, DEC VAX under both VMS and Ultrix, DECstation, Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 systems, Sequent Symmetry and 68000-based Apollo workstations. You do not need an existing POPLOG licence to use POPLOG-Neural. For further information contact either Julian Clinton or Colin Shearer at Integral Solutions Ltd, Unit 3, Campbell Court, Bramley, Basingstoke RG26 5EG, UK (tel: +44 (0)256 882028). POPLOG is a trademark of the University of Sussex. Other trademarks acknowledged.
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    Feature grammars for semantic analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present a formalism called feature grammar and its application to several problems of semantic analysis. Our extension concerns the structure of the feature value sets, which can be complex, and the definition of unification, which is dependent on this structure. Moreover, we introduce generation rules for feature symbols in order to determine well-formed symbols, which form the alphabet of a formal language for natural language analysis.
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    DISLOG: programming in logic with discontinuities (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present an extension to PROLOG we call DISLOG which is designed to deal with relations between non-contiguous elements in a structure. This extension turns out to be well suited for syntactic analysis of natural and artificial languages. It is also well adapted to express traversal constraints in applications such as planning and expert systems and deductive systems involving, for example, temporal reasoning, DISLOG belongs to the constrained logic programming paradigm and turns out to be more declarative, transparent, and simple than PROLOG to deal with longdistance relations.
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    A logic programming approach to cartographic map overlay (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Cartographic map overlay is the process of superimposing two maps into one to convey information in spatial correlation. A map refers to one in vector representation: a two-dimensional spatial data structure of nodes, chains, and polygons. We present a map overlay system developed in Prolog. The system adopts a relational approach to data structuring. We represent geometric entities and their relationships as facts, and encode geometry algorithms in the rules. Set-based operations perform data processing. To speed up the search for chain intersections, a uniform rectangular grid is imposed over the object space for spatial sorting by distribution. We sort out potentially intersecting edge segments to those occupying some common grid cell. Each bucket, if non-empty, is implemented as a Prolog fact identifying the grid cell for random access. Geometric intersections are calculated using exact rational arithmetic implemented in Prolog. Numerical accuracy is preserved and we can identify all the special cases of tangent conditions. We can then guarantee topological consistency, and stability in the process of map overlay is therefore achieved.
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    Intelligent computer-aided-design systems: a synergical approach of artificial intelligénce and engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A synergism has begun to surface from the artificial intelligence (AI) and engineering communities: an effort to apply AI techniques to engineering problem-solving activities, and to study problems arisen from various engineering fields as a way to develop AI theories and methodologies. This paper first discusses the needs of such a synergical approach and identifies in a broad perspective some AI techniques currently being applied to engineering. It then describes a system, called KREATOR, which applies qualitative reasoning, a subfield of AI, to computer-aided design (CAD). The key observation is that an engineer designer's qualitative knowledge can offer a good basis for the reasoning of device behaviors. Such knowledge, however, is not captured by conventional CAD systems for lack of good representations. KREATOR is a knowledge capturing scheme that allows the designers to record their qualitative knowledge of how mechanical devices behave, KREATOR then automatically generates qualitative simulations.
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    Exact and approximate reasoning about temporal relations (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Allen gives an algebra for representing qualitative temporal information about the relationships between pairs of intervals. In this paper, we address a fundamental reasoning task that arises in applications of the algebra: Given (possibly indefinite) knowledge about the relationships between intervals, find all feasible relationships between two intervals. We call this the minimal labels problem. Finding the minimal labels can be viewed as computing the deductive consequences of our knowledge. Determining exact solutions to this problem has been shown to be (almost assuredly) intractable. Allen gives an approximation algorithm based on constraint propagation. We present new approximation algorithms; determine analytically under what conditions the algorithms are exact; and examine, through some computational experiments, the quality of the approximate solutions produced by the algorithms. We also give a simple test for predicting when the approximation algorithms will and will not produce good quality approximations. Finally, we survey three example applications of the interval algebra chosen from the literature to show where the results of this paper could be useful.
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    Building geometric world models with graph synthesis for sensor fusion in mobile robots (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a description of the application of an attributed graph based approach to the synthesis of a geometric world model for use in navigation by a mobile robot. Our aim is to develop the theoretical aspects of graph synthesis for mobile robot world knowledge acquisition, and to demonstrate the validity of the approach with a simulation before implementation on the rover. A boundary representation of free space consisting of directed line segments organized into a directed attributed graph is used. The synthesis problem can be considered as having two parts: matching of a local model with a global model and the construction of a new global model. Structural and geometric local and global constraints are used to limit and direct the search for valid graph mappings. The constraints are the source of rules for matching primitives and graphs and are used in the process of constructing a new world model graph. An algorithm for graph synthesis is implemented in a software simulation for testing and experimentation.
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    Connectionist Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 369-381 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002101
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    Vision (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 517-529 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002505
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    Modeling the user's conceptual knowledge in BGP-MS, a user modeling shell system (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper describes the modeling of a user's conceptual knowledge in the general user modeling shell system BGP-MS. On the one hand, BGP-MS is a workbench for the develment of a user model in a particular application domain. It supports the definition of the architecture of the individual user model, and of the architecture and the contents of user stereotypes. A rich representation language for conceptual knowledge, a partition mechanism, and flexible graphics-based interfaces are at the disposal of the user model developer. On the other hand, BGP-MS is a runtime user modeling tool aimed at fulfilling central tasks of a user modeling component in an application system. In this mode, the system offers a functional interface for accessing and updating the model of the current user, as well as basic domain-independent inference mechanisms, support for inferences defined by the developer, and a customizable stereotype management utility. The usefulness of BGP-MS will be demonstrated by illustrating how it can support the user modeling of various recently developed application systems.
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    Lp, a logic for representing and reasoning with statistical knowledge (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a logical formalism for representing and reasoning with statistical knowledge. One of the key features of the formalism is its ability to deal with qualitative statistical information. It is argued that statistical knowledge, especially that of a qualitative nature, is an important component of our world knowledge and that such knowledge is used in many different reasoning tasks. The work is further motivated by the observation that previous formalisms for representing probabilistic information are inadequate for representing statistical knowledge. The representation mechanism takes the form of a logic that is capable of representing a wide variety of statistical knowledge, and that possesses an intuitive formal semantics based on the simple notions of sets of objects and probabilities defined over those sets. Furthermore, a proof theory is developed and is shown to be sound and complete. The formalism offers a perspicuous and powerful representational tool for statistical knowledge, and a proof theory which provides a formal specification for a wide class of deductive inferences. The specification provided by the proof theory subsumes most probabilistic inference procedures previously developed in AI. The formalism also subsumes ordinary first-order logic, offering a smooth integration of logical and statistical knowledge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00296.x
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    Can AI planners solve practical problems? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: While there has been recent interest in research on planning and reasoning about actions, nearly all research results have been theoretical. We know of no previous examples of a planning system that has made a significant impact on a problem of practical importance. One of the primary goals during the development of the SIPE-2 planning system has been the balancing of efficiency with expressiveness and flexibility. With a major new extension, SIPE-2 has begun to address practical problems. This paper describes this new extension and the new applications of the planner. One of these applications is the problem of producing products from raw materials on process lines under production and resource constraints. This is a problem of commercial importance and SiPE-2's application to it is described in some detail.
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    Learning hard concepts through constructive induction: framework and rationale (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The intrinsic accuracy of an inductive problem is the accuracy achieved by exhaustive table look-up. Intrinsic accuracy is the upper bound for any inductive method. Hard concepts are concepts that have high intrinsic accuracy, but which cannot be learned effectively with traditional inductive methods. To learn hard concepts, we must use constructive induction - methods that create new features. We use measures of concept dispersion to explore (conceptually and empirically) the inherent weaknesses of traditional inductive approaches. These structural defects are buried in the design of the algorithms and prevent the learning of hard concepts. After studying some examples of successful and unsuccessful feature construction (“success” being defined here in terms of accuracy), we introduce a single measure of inductive difficulty that we call variation. We argue for a specific approach to constructive induction that reduces variation by incorporating various kinds of domain knowledge. All of these kinds of domain knowledge boil down to utility invariants, i.e., transformations that group together non-contiguous portions of feature space having similar class-membership values. Utility invariants manifest themselves in various ways: in some cases they exist in the user's stock of domain knowledge, in other cases they may be discovered via methods we describe.
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    APACS: a system for the automatic analysis and classification of conceptual patterns (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many existing inductive learning systems have been developed under the assumption that the learning tasks are performed in a noise-free environment. To cope with most real-world problems, it is important that a learning system be equipped with the capability to handle uncertainty. In this paper, we first identify the various sources of uncertainty that may be encountered in a noisy problem domain. Next, we present a method for the efficient acquisition of classification rules from training instances which may contain inconsistent, incorrect, or missing information. This algorithm consists of three phases: (i) the detection of inherent patterns in a set of noisy training data; (ii) the construction of classification rules based on these patterns; and (iii) the use of these rules to predict the class membership of an object. The method has been implemented in a system known as APACS (automatic pattern analysis and classification system). This system has been tested using both real-life and simulated data, and its performance is found to be superior to many existing systems in terms of efficiency and classification accuracy. Being able to handle uncertainty in the learning process, the proposed algorithm can be employed for applications in real-world problem domains involving noisy data.
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    Empirical results with conspiracy numbers (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: McAllester's conspiracy numbers algorithm is an exciting new approach to minimax search that builds trees to variable depth without application-dependent knowledge. The likelihood of the root taking on a value is expressed by its conspiracy number: the minimum number of leaf nodes that must change their value to cause the root to change to that value. This paper describes experiences with the algorithm, using both random and application-generated trees. Experiments suggest that more emphasis on breadth, rather than depth, can lead to significant performance improvements. New enhancements to the algorithm are capable of solving 41% more problems than McAllester's original proposal.
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    Time revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Temporal reasoning is essential for many artificial intelligence applications. To date, most research has concentrated on temporal inference in isolation without considering the role it can play in a more general reasoning environment. This paper takes an efficient temporal reasoner and extends its inferential capabilities to handle both strict and nonstrict relations. The resulting temporal specialist is incorporated into a system intended for low-level reasoning in natural language understanding. The specialist assists the resolution-based theorem prover in function evaluation, literal evaluation, and generalized resolving and factoring. The combined system can do some proofs in just a few steps that would normally require many. An example from the fully operational hybrid system is included.Le raisonnement temporel est essentiel dans de nombreuses applications relatives àľ intelligence artificielle. Jusqu’à présent, la plupart des travaux de recherche ont porté sur ľ inférence temporelle dans ľ isolation sans tenir compte du rǒle qu'elle peut jouer dans un environnement de raisonnement plus général. Cet article traite ? un raisonneur temporel ef ficace dont les capacityés inférentielles ont été augmentée afin de pouvoir traiter les relations strides et non strides. Le spécialiste temporel qui en résulte est intégréà un système conçu pour le raisonnement bas-niveau en langage naturel. Le spécialiste assiste le démonstratur de théorèmes basé sur la résolution dans ľévaluation des fonctions, ľévaluation littérale et la fonction fadorielle généralisée. Le système combine peut vérifier des preuves en quelques étapes seulement au lieu ? un grand nombre. Un exemple ? un système hybride entièrement opérationnel est fourni. Mots clés: raisonnement temporel, methodes ? inférence spéciales, résolution de théories, représentation des connaissances.
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    A predictive approach for the generation of rhetorical devices (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Human discourse is fraught with rhetorical devices such as contradictions, illustrations, and analogies. These rhetorical devices carry important information which a listener uses to speed up the comprehension process. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of rhetorical devices commonly used in tutoring environment, and model the meaning of a class of rhetorical devices in terms of their anticipated effect on a listener's knowledge. These predictions are then used in planning computer-generated discourse. As a testbed for our ideas, a system called WISHFUL is being implemented to generate commentaries in the domain of high-school algebra within the framework of an intelligent tutoring system.
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    A basic agent (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A basic agent has been constructed which integrates limited natural language understanding and generation, temporal planning and reasoning, plan execution, simulated symbolic perception, episodic memory, and some general world knowledge. The agent is cast as a robot submarine operating in a two-dimensional simulated “Seaworld” about which it has only partial knowledge. It can communicate with people in a vocabulary of about 800 common English words using a medium coverage grammar. The agent maintains an episodic memory of events in its life and has a limited ability to reflect on those events. A person can make statements to the agent, ask it questions, and give it commands. In response to commands, a temporal task planner is invoked to synthesize a plan, which is then executed at an appropriate future time. A large variety of temporal references in natural language are interpreted with respect to agent time. The agent can form and retain compound future plans, and replan in response to new information or new commands. Natural language verbs are represented in a state transition semantics for compatibility with the planner. The agent is able to give terse answers to questions about its past experiences, present activities and perceptions, future intentions, and general knowledge. No other artificial intelligence artifact with this range of capabilities has previously been constructed.
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    AAAI: AI and its applications (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewd in this article:Analysis for knowledge-based systems: a practical guide to the KADS methodology, F.R. Hickman et al.Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence - Volume 2: Machine translation, NLP, databases and computer-aided instruction, Eds. J. A. Campbell, J. Cuena.AI and expertise: Heuristic search, inference engines, automatic proving. H. Farreny.
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    A fuzzy logic inference model for a rule-based system in medical diagnosis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Intrinsically vague knowledge is typical of the decision processes involved in medical diagnosis, especially when they are based on complex and non numeric data. Linguistic descriptions of the symptoms exhibited by a given patient do not, by definition, represent a precise numeric concept and diagnostic classes cannot be modelled in terms of crisp sets. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic provide an appropriate framework for the representation of imprecise medical concepts and imprecise modes of reasoning. A medical expert system with a fuzzy inference model, for the diagnosis of involutional osteoporosis is presented. Medical knowledge is represented in the form of relationships between combinations of symptoms and diagnostic classes. Two categories of disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis are identified and three diagnostic classes are introduced for each disease category expressing the degree of severity of the disease: Definite, Possible, Excluded. For each diagnostic class the system infers a conclusion expressing the degree of satisfaction in the choice of the diagnostic class.
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    Stanford AI in Medicine Workshop, March 1990 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00225.x
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    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewd in this article:Deduction Systems in Artificial Intelligence, Karl Hans Bläsius and Hans-Jürgen Bürckert (Eds.)Prolog Programming, Nigel Ford.Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence, Volume I: Expert Systems: Applications and Technical Foundations, J. A. Campbell, J. Cuena (Eds.)
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    Introducing students to expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The emerging field of expert systems requires universities to address the educational requirements necessary to prepare students to enter and contribute to this field. This paper provides a guideline to educators on how to effectively introduce students to expert systems. This guideline describes the major objectives of an introductory course on expert systems, course topics, course material, and insight into how to effectively present the course. The recommendations made in this paper are a product of the experiences of the author gained over years of presenting such a course.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    The Third European Conference on Neural Computing: The Marketplace, London, 15–16 February 1990 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00175.x
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    Book Reviews (1990)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Rule-Based Programming with OPS5, Thomas A. Cooper and Nancy Wogrin.
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    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    Constructive interaction in knowledge engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: It is argued that knowledge engineering can be usefully viewed as an interactive, conversational process. We review some issues concerning the dynamic determination of meaning and reference in the context of knowledge acquisition and argue that these issues affect both the process of knowledge engineering and its product. First, we distinguish three different aspects of context relevant to knowledge engineering and emphasise their critical importance. Secondly, some particular aspects of knowledge engineering as an interactive process are discussed, including the negotiation of local conventions, referentiality, tacit knowledge and agreed meaning. Finally, we suggest supplementing traditional practice with the method of constructive interaction, in an approach which recognises the relevance of interactive issues and their implications for knowledge engineering. In this approach, represented structure does not contain meaning, but acts as the focus for meaning to be agreed through an interactive dialogue. The knowledge engineer has a unique and active contribution to make to the success of this dialogue, leading to the systematisation of a domain of expertise.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    News (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00166.x
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    Prolog-2 Professional (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Prolog-2 Professional is a comprehensive implementation of Prolog which will run on IBM PC, XT, AT and close compatible computers. Prolog-2 Professional costs £995.00. A stripped down version, minus compiler and with limited support for packaging stand alone applications, is available for £495.00. Prolog-2 is also available for 80386 machines, running in protected mode with access to full available memory. Price for the 80386 version is £1495.00. Academic discounts are available. Contact Expert Systems Ltd, Unit 12,7 West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JB, UK. Tel: +44 (0)865 794474 The documentation for Prolog-2 is available separately as the two volume ‘Advanced Logic Programming Language’, edited by Tony Dodd and published by Intellect Books. Price £29.95 per volume.
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    PC/BEAGLE (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: PC/BEAGLE is available from Warm Boot Ltd., 8 Grosvenor Avenue, Nottingham, NG3 5DX, England, price £69/$120/100écus. It runs on IBM PC/XT/ATs and true compatibles. It requires 256 Kb RAM and DOS 2.1 or later. A hard disk is recommended but not essential.
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    NEXPERT OBJECT (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: NEXPERT OBJECT is an expert system shell developed by Neuron Data Inc. NEXPERT costs $5,000/£4,500 for the microcomputer version, and a VAX version is available for $8,000/£7,500. Neuron Data can be contacted in the USA at 444 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 (+1 (415) 321-4488) or in the UK at 34 S. Molton St., London, W1Y 1BP (+44 (0)1-408 2333). The version reviewed in this article was release 1.02 with Microsoft Windows. It was run on an AT&T 6386 microcomputer with 3 megabytes of RAM, an 80 megabyte hard disk, and a colour monitor.
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    REC issue 3 Front matter (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    Editorial (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    User Report: Tick-Tack (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 2 (1990), S. 20-22 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    Le Robert Electronique (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    Harrap's CD-ROM Multilingual Dictionary Database (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 2 (1990), S. 23-24 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    The Cognate Language Teacher (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
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    Question Mark (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 2 (1990), S. 17-18 
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    Call in Spanish the Consumers' View (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 2 (1990), S. 10-12 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: In any language-teaching institution the teaching staff can legitimately be seen as consumers of the various teaching aids which are commercially available, ranging from the staple diet of books, set texts, secondary reading, to video material, slides, computer software, etc. Another way of interpreting the principle of consumership is that the students are the ultimate beneficiaries of the materials we use in our teaching. The extent to which our students benefit from our teaching is largely dependent on the materials that we have at our disposal. ‘Bad materials = bad teaching’ is a rather simplistic way of looking at this issue, but one which has a lot to commend itself in my view. Would we change our teaching methods if our students made constructive criticism? In a recent temporary teaching post I held as Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Kentucky, I was struck by the importance given across the board in the USA to official student surveys carried out by the college administration based on the professors' performance, the results of which can be crucial in the securement of tenure. The attitude in the UK (at least in the universities) is totally at odds with this particular sense of consumership, and one can imagine the degree of resistance that a plan to introduce a similar system of student assessment of lecturers might meet in this country, most obviously because students are not consumers in this country in quite the same sense that they are in the USA. Although the student assessment system itself clearly has its pitfalls there are some positive things to be gained from surveys of this kind, in that they can be very informative about student response to courses, teaching methods, etc., and can lead the way to improved teacher-student relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344000002354
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    Electronic Resource
    The Text Jumbler: a CALL Authoring Software Package (1990)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 2 (1990), S. 16-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095834400000238X
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