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  • Articles  (45,577)
  • 1995-1999
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  • Computer Science  (10,985)
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  • Articles  (45,577)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (42,007)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 255-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001351
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultradependable Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 503-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002443
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spoken Language Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 481-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002405
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning Under Uncertainty (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 37-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000345
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Survey of Distributed File Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 73-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000445
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Number-Theoretic Algorithms (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 119-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Channel Routing for Integrated Circuits (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 307-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001515
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflections on Computer Science (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000245
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supercomputers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 13-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity Classes (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.000541
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instruction Scheduling for Superscalar Architectures (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 173-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001133
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated Problem Solvers (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 203-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.001223
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intelligent Training Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 383-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002123
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge-Based Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 395-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002143
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural Language Processing (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 435-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Machine Learning (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 417-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002221
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prototyping (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002321
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robotics: A Long Range Plan to Maximize National Capabilities (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002343
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taking Issue revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00133.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible logic grammars for natural language parsing and generation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The use of a single grammar in natural language parsing and generation is most desirable for a variety of reasons, including efficiency, perspicuity, integrity, robustness, and a certain amount of elegance. These characteristics have been noted before by several researchers, but it was only recently that more serious attention started to be paid to the problem of creating a bidirectional system for natural language processing. In this paper we discuss a somewhat more radical version of the problem: given a parser for a language, can we reverse it so that it becomes an efficient generator for the same language? Furthermore, since both the parser and the generator are based upon the same grammar, are there any normalization conditions upon the form of the grammar that must be met in order to assure the maximum efficiency of the reversed program? Can other grammars be transformed into the normal form? We describe the results of an experiment with PROLOG-based logic grammar which has been derived from a substantial-coverage string grammar for English. We present an alogorithm for automated inversion of a unification parser into an efficient unification generator, using the collections of minimal sets of essential arguments for predicates. We discuss the scope of the present version of the algorithm and then point out several possible avenues for extension. We also outline a preliminary solution to the question of grammar's “normal form” and suggest a handful of normalizing transformations that can be used to enhance the efficiency of the generator. This research interacts closely with a Japanese-English machine translation project at New York University, for which the first implementation of the inversion algorithm has been prepared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00131.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00134.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00135.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probability and logic: a reply to Cheeseman (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00136.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Let many flowers bloom: a response to An inquiry into computer understanding (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00137.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the importance of evidence: a response to Halpern (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halperri argues for alternative non-Bayesian approaches to uncertainty based on problems he perceives in the Bayesian approach. In particular, he argues for a distinction between degrees of belief and statistical statements (based on the concept of random sampling). In this response I show that there is no difference between these two concepts in the Bayesian framework, and that the replacement of variables by constants in probabilistic predicate calculus expressions is valid, despite Halpern's objections. The main reason for his rejection of the simpler approach is that he does not condition his belief statements on the evidence used to form these beliefs, and so gets into trouble when new evidence is received. This failure to properly take evidence into account invalidates most of his other criticisms. While I approve of his call for more formal rigor in representing Bayesian practice, his claim to have provided a semantics is misleading – what he has provided is not operational.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00138.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formalizing planning knowledge for hierarchical planning (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A hierarchical planning system achieves efficiency by planning with the most important conditions first, and considering details later in the planning process. Few attempts have been made to formalize the structure of the planning knowledge for hierarchical planning. For a given domain, there is usually more than one way to define its planning knowledge. Some of the definitions can lead to efficient planning, while others may not. In this paper, we provide a set of restrictions which defines the relationships between a non-primitive action and its set of subactions. When satisfied, these restrictions guarantee improved efficiency for hierarchical planning. One important feature of these restrictions is that they are syntactic and therefore do not depend on the particular structure of any plan. Along with these restrictions, we also provide algorithms for preprocessing the planning knowledge of a hierarchical planner. When used during planning, the preprocessed operator hierarchies can enable a planner to significantly reduce its search space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00126.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On maintaining and updating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A mechanism for tracing the utilization of rules in expert systems during periods of practical usage is proposed. Statistics related to the utilization of each rule help the designer to re-evaluate the appropriateness of each rule, so that over-utilized rules may be expanded and unnecessary ones deleted. By incorporating such a mechanism, the efficiency of maintaining and updating expert systems is improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00176.x
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert system shells: very-high-level languages for Artificial Intelligence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system shells are discussed as very-high-level programming languages for knowledge engineering. Based on a category/domain distinction for expert systems the concept of expert system shells is explained using seven classifications. A proposal for a shell-development policy is sketched. The conclusions express concern about current over-emphasis on graphical interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00158.x
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using knowledge-based systems for estimating risks inherent in a proposed KBS project (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This article describes the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) for guiding both technical and non-technical managers in estimating the risks inherent in proposed KBS development projects. The work described here is part of an ongoing research project studying the use of KBS both to teach and to do KBS development. So far, as part of this research project, over the past two years close to 150 non-technical and technical full-time business managers have developed some 75 KBS prototypes in conjunction with an MBA course in strategic planning. Based on replies to a survey of this test group, 17% of the KBS developed were reportedly used at work, 14% led to promotions, pay raises, or new jobs, and 14% led to participation in other KBS development projects at work. All but two of the survey respondents reported that their work on the KBS development project led to a substantial increase in their job knowledge or performance. The KBS work described here extends research work described by Cullen and Bryman [1988], Slagle and Wick [1988], Cohen and Howe [1988], Dologite [1988, 1989], and Mockler [1989(A) and (B)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00161.x
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Troubleshooting expert systems for industrial maintenance: pre-development guidelines (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The sophisticated nature of new production facilities means more complex maintenance units and costly breakdowns. For users of high tech machinery, the efficiency of their maintenance services is becoming an increasingly important factor, and for manufacturers, the maintainability of their equipment they sell is an element that has to be taken into account in their battle for market share. Troubleshooting Expert Systems (TES) are one possible means of improving maintenance capability and maintenance units. Surveying cases of success or failure that the authors have witnessed themselves or come across in the literature, they propose a checklist of seven questions to be considered at the outset of TES development, which deal with the human, managerial and organisational aspects of TES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00221.x
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00168.x
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00229.x
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applying systems analysis techniques to knowledge engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of knowledge elicitation for expert systems. Specifically, it looks at the requirements of the knowledge elicitation process and the suitability of structured methods from systems analysis to carry out part of the elicitation task. The techniques of data flow analysis, entity-relationship analysis and entity-life cycle analysis are used to structure the data associated with the expert task. The methods proposed lay emphasis on the definition of limited data sets at the boundary of the explicit knowledge base and the identification of status attributes to model the control of activation of ‘processes’ within the knowledge base. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the resulting logical model, and two popular methods of knowledge representation, namely, Production Systems and Frames.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00170.x
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert systems-based robot technology (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Despite their potential advantages, robots are not used much by industry andlor services. One of the major reasons for this situation is the limitations of robots, especially their lack of ‘intelligence”. Artificial intelligence and expert systems technologies can help in this case. This paper describes the potential contribution of expert systems to the decision making capabilities of robots and to decisions regarding robots. The major potential contribution of expert systems is in the automation of the error recovery process. Specifically, when something is going wrong in the robot itself or in its work environment, an automated corrective action is needed. Today's technology is capable of economically handling some of the activities in the process (e.g. interpretation of signals from sensors, diagnosis of what is wrong and suggestions for remedies). The AI technology is still not capable in most cases (at least in an economical manner) of actually restoring the robot's operations. The paper also gives examples of several experimental expert systems in the robotic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00172.x
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00177.x
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  • 36
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    Recent publications (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge-Based Systems: Markets, Suppliers and Products, Tim Johnson et al.The European Market for Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence Systems and Expert Systems Used in Medical Laboratory Applications
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00179.x
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00180.x
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  • 38
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    Uncertain reasoning using the Dempster-Shafer method: an application in forecasting and marketing management (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The intended purpose of this article is twofold: to study techniques for uncertainty management in expert systems, particularly the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief; and to use this method in the construction of an expert system for the field of forecasting and marketing management. Compared with the probabilistic approach, which can only deal with singleton possibilities, the Dempster-Shafer approach proves to be superior because it provides the ability to deal with sets of possibilities. Since market analysis and forecasting always have a strong element of uncertainty associated with them, and since, in general, we consider a combination of several different forecasting techniques for planning our marketing strategies, the Dempster-Shafer approach is particularly suitable. Here we present a short introduction to this theory, briefly discuss the domain of application (selection of forecasting techniques for marketing planning), discuss the interesting components of our expert system, and analyze our experiences in applying the theory to this domain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00159.x
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    Choosing a problem — when is Artificial Intelligence appropriate for the retail industry? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Current methodologies for choosing problems suitable for implementation as IKBS's are not appropriate for the retail industry, due to singularities of the domain. In particular, they exclude from consideration a kind of system which uses Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) data to structure unstructured managerial perceptions, but several examples of these systems have been successfully implemented. Methodologies may be more domain specific than they were thought to be, and may hold back implementations to an artificially imposed level of difficulty. Nonetheless, analysis of the level of structure found in a problem is useful, as it points out possible trouble spots, and Fuzzy/Complex analysis was felt to be the most suitable methodology for retail due to its manufacturing origins, clarity of purpose, and flexibility.
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    Book Reviews (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Expert Systems for Engineering Design, M.D. Rychener (ed.)
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    Evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Evaluation is crucial for improving expert system design and performance. This paper stresses the need for considering system evaluation throughout the development process. It highlights the importance of evaluating system usability and discusses key usability issues. A number of basic evaluation methods are described, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, system logging, user diaries, laboratory experiments and field trials. Finally, the paper looks at evaluating systems within organisations, and assessing other long term effects of expert systems.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00236.x
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    Towards a methodology for evaluating expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Expert system evaluation comprises verification, validation and user acceptance testing. The nature of expert systems requires that they be evaluated carefully, and that detailed methodologies for their development be devised. This paper attempts to give practical guidance for the evaluation phase of expert system development. Empirical and logical evaluation methods are surveyed, and both types of method are applied in an evaluation case study. This case study provides insights as to the relative effectiveness of the methods, and demonstrates that empirical and logical testing are complementary to each other. The paper concludes that any evaluation methodology should incorporate both types of method, and presents prescriptions and an outline for such a methodology, which combines the methods for maximum effectiveness.
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    Development of the knowledge base of an expert system for civil rights investigation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A methodology that was successfully applied to the development of the knowledge base of a legal expert system is presented. The methodology consists of five distinct phases: model building, knowledge acquisition, knowledge integration, partitioning and external design. The phases are described in detail and illustrated with examples from the application area, which is civil rights complaint investigation.
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    The Paint Advisor (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The Paint Advisor is a knowledge-based system, linked to a database, which customers visiting the stores of HEMA, a chain store in The Netherlands, can interrogate to obtain advice on which of the company's paint products is appropriate to the decorative project they have in mind. It contains knowledge about paint products and the repair, removal and application of paint, and provides the customer with advice on the methods, materials and tools needed for a project, an estimate of its cost, evaluation of specific products and a display of all the relevant product data. As well as providing a technical description of the system, this paper explores the strategy behind the development of the system, and describes the procedures followed to ascertain user requirements.
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    The Traffic Information Collator (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00233.x
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    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00240.x
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    Acquaint (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Acquaint is an expert system shell developed for IBM-compatible personal computers by Lithp Systems BV. Acquaint costs $5000. Lithp Systems can be contacted at Waterlandlaan 120,1441 RW Purmerend, The Netherlands (Tel: +31 (0)2990/38153). The 3.25 inch version is reviewed in this article. It was run on an IBM PS/2 model 80, with 6 Mb RAM, a 40 Mb hard disk drive and a black and white monitor.
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    Books received for review (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00243.x
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    Acquiring and representing strategic knowledge in the diagnosis domain (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Techniques for acquiring and representing strategic knowledge for guiding diagnostic processes are presented. In a diagnostic expert system, strategic knowledge can be represented either by a specific knowledge base or it can be ‘embedded’ into the inference engine. We decided for the former; so that knowledge can be acquired or modified without affecting the problem solving paradigm. Strategic knowledge is acquired by expert interview in a straightforward way: on the basis of simple information provided by the expert, an internal sophisticated representation is automatically generated. The techniques are not restricted to a particular problem-solving paradigm or application. However, in order to prove the effectiveness of our approach, a problem solving paradigm is also presented. The paradigms adopted in diagnosis must face two problems: the selection of the ‘right’ hypothesis (fault) to pursue and the selection of the ‘right’ observation (measurement) to be executed. We present some criteria for selecting hypotheses and observations. Our proposal is suitable for domains where the measurements to localise the fault do not always provide certainty but only a ‘degree of belief’ about the presence of the fault. As a consequence, the problem of selecting the right measurement is solved by appropriate criteria and heuristic reasoning. Moreover, we do not consider ‘right’ as a predefined concept: actually, it is based on the information provided by the expert. So he can define this concept on the basis of his own judgment.
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    NEWS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Dairy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00230.x
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    Psychological validity of uncertainty combining rules in expert systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In recent years, an increasing amount of research in Artificial Intelligence has focused on the representation and manipulation of uncertainty in expert systems. New approaches have been developed and justified because of their mathematical rigor or simplicity, cautiousness, programmability, and/or ability to capture the essence of natural language. Little attention has been paid to the psychological validity of any approach, new or old. To explore the psychological validity of rules that combine uncertainties, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a computer program known as LES. Four applications of LES revealed that subjects’ natural combining rules are (1) not best modeled by any generally accepted uncertainty approach and (2) may be highly idiosyncratic. Knowledge Engineers should be aware that cognitive representations of knowledge in expert systems are not routinely being matched with combining rules actually used by experts. Frustrating development activities and highly unsatisfactory expert system performance may result.
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    The Expert System Lifecycle (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1990.tb00174.x
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    Expert systems in industrial practice: advantages and drawbacks (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: On the basis of experience gained in the engineering industry, the present paper describes advantages and drawbacks encountered using the expert system technique. The constraints which real programs are subject to are explained using a configuration system as an example. The criteria which influence the choice of software and hardware are presented. Finally, aspects of the knowledge elicitation task as well as implementation topics are discussed.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    POPLOG-Neural — a neural network development toolkit (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 7 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Julian Clinton, Product Development Manager at Integral Solutions, to describe the background to the company's recent launch of POPLOG-Neural. POPLOG-Neural runs on all POPLOG host systems. These include Sun 3, SPARC station, Sun 386i, DEC VAX under both VMS and Ultrix, DECstation, Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 systems, Sequent Symmetry and 68000-based Apollo workstations. You do not need an existing POPLOG licence to use POPLOG-Neural. For further information contact either Julian Clinton or Colin Shearer at Integral Solutions Ltd, Unit 3, Campbell Court, Bramley, Basingstoke RG26 5EG, UK (tel: +44 (0)256 882028). POPLOG is a trademark of the University of Sussex. Other trademarks acknowledged.
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    IMMUNOGENETIC ASPECTS OF HUMAN THYROGLOBULIN-REACTIVE T CELL LINES AND HYBRIDOMAS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The in vitro proliferative response of T cells primed with human thyroglobulin (Tg) was compared in 11 independent haplotypes on B10 background. B10.K and B10.S mice were the most responsive, whereas, with the exception of B10.PL (H-2u, all other B10 congenics were intermediate responders. The two best responders to in vitro challenge with human Tg, of the k and s haplotype, are the same as those showing H-2-linked susceptibility to induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) with mouse Tg. Since shared epitopes on human and mouse Tgs have been shown to be thyroiditogenic by adoptive transfer studies in CBA (H-2k) mice, the findings indicate that shared epitopes may be studied in appropriate (i.e. EAT-susceptible) strains of mice. Therefore, we proceeded to develop methods to produce T-cell lines and hybridomas to human Tg in B10.K and B10.S mice, test their cross-reactivity to heterologous Tgs and their Ia restriction patterns. By using antigen-presenting cells from recombinant strains, we identified restriction elements encoded by the I-A subregion alone and a combinatorial molecule from the I-AI/I-E subregions.
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    VHDJH TO JH JOINING IS NOT BLOCKED IN μ-CHAIN-PRODUCING PRE-B CELLS, IMPLYING THE BREAKDOWN OF ALLELIC EXCLUSION (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intracytoplasmic μ-positive pre-B cells (μ+VH315− cells) transformed with Abelson virus continuously produced cells (μ+VH315+ cells) that were double-stained by anti-μ and anti-VH315 antibodies which specifically recognized the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region identical or closely related to that of MOPC315 myeloma protein. Southern blot analysis indicated that the μ+VH315+ cells were generated from the μ+VH315- cells by the VH315·D·JH2 to a germline JH3 joining on the non-productive VH315·D·JH2 allele, which resulted in the production of μ-chains with variable region detectable by anti-VH315 antibodies. Therefore, it is strongly indicated that VHDJH to JH joining is not blocked in μ-chain-producing pre-B cells, and thus is free from allelic exclusion machinery.
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    PREFACE (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    SEROLOGICALLY DEFINED Rh DETERMINANTS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Forty-six numbered Rh antigens which are detected in serological tests are extant; antigens which were most recently numbered are of high or of low incidence. The identification of high incidence Rh antigens through studies involving cells with rare Rh phenotypes, including Rhnull cells, is described briefly. The serological investigations and family studies required to show that a low incidence antigen is an Rh antigen are illustrated by a description of the JAL (Rh48) antigen. Heterogeneity of polymorphic Rh antigens revealed by using monoclonal antibodies (MABS) is demonstrated by consideration of the Rh antigen D. A summary of results of serological tests shows that monoclonal anti-D antibodies define eight D epitopes. Partial D antigens of the D categories are reassessed in terms of expression of D epitopes.
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    MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST Rh AND Rh RELATED ANTIGENS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    REPORT OF STUDIES ON MONOCLONAL ANTI-IgG ANTIBODIES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eleven monoclonal anti-IgG antibodies were evaluated by ten laboratories for possible AHG reagent use by the ISBT/ICSH protocol. Three of the anti-IgGs were selected by tests with weak Fya sensitized cells as this represents the best screening test. One of the IgM class anti-IgGs (205) equalled ISBT/ICSH reference reagents (R3P and RIIIM) against weak anti-D, -K and Fya sensitized cells and it reacted with all four subclasses of IgG. Thus, subject to satisfactory stability and extended trials with a wide range of weak antibodies, monoclonal anti-IgGs for AHG reagent use are now a possible alternative to conventional rabbit anti-IgG.
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    MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF H-2 CLASS I MOLECULES EXPRESSED ON THE UV-INDUCED TUMOUR 1591 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have biochemically characterized by 2D (two-dimensional) electrophoresis three novel class I molecules called A166, A149 and A216 expressed by 1591, a UV-induced fibrosarcoma, and have compared them to class I molecules expressed by mice of the H-2q and H-2s haplotypes. A166 and A149 are very similar if not identical to Dq and Lq respectively. We have shown, using HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) tryptic peptide mapping, that the expression of A166 is approximately three fold greater than A149, reminiscent of Dd compared to Ld. In addition A216 possess an identical isoelectric point to that of the Ks molecule. We demonstrate that outbred Swiss Webster mice express an analogous constellation of class I molecules and we conclude that our results can be most easily interpreted in terms of an allogeneic origin for the novel class I molecules expressed on 1591.
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    POST-TRANSLATIONAL POLYMORPHISM OF HUMAN IgA IDENTIFIED BY IMMUNOISOELECTROFOCUSING (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immunoisoelectrofocusing (IIEF) reveals a microheterogeneity of human serum IgA controlled by an autosomal polymorphic gene, termed S. The microheterogeneity disappears when sialic acid is removed from serum glycoproteins by neuraminidase treatment. It can be postulated, therefore, that S encodes a sialyltransferase which attaches sialic acid at the outer prosthetic chains of IgA.
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF MHC ANCESTRAL HAPLOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS: EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF NON-HLA GENES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is associated with several DR3- or DR4-containing ancestral haplotypes (AHs). Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), long range maps of 35 haplotypes have been derived and classified. Two diabetogenic DR3-containing AHs (8.1 and 18.2) possess deletions in the central non-HLA region; these have not been found on non-diabetogenic AHs tested to date. In addition, 8.1 and 18.2 also carry other deletions not found on other AHs. Three DR4 containing AH lack a Not 1 site, which may imply excision of an unidentified gene. These and other data suggest that deletions may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, possibly through causing quantitative differences in autoimmune responses involved in IDDM. The MHC contains several regions of potential interest in relation to susceptibility to IDDM; these may explain the association with only certain DR3- and DR4-carrying AH and DR3,4 heterozygosity in terms of cis and trans interactions. On the other hand, the class I1 region may be particularly important in protection.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A. Read: Medical Genetics: An Illustrated Outline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00894.x
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    THE FUTURE OF MABS WORKSHOPS AND THE FUTURE OF BLOOD BANKS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00886.x
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    INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS SECONDARY TO CHRONIC PANCREATITIS IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HLA OR THE OCCURRENCE OF ISLET-CELL ANTIBODIES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We assessed HLA-DR types and investigated serum samples for islet-cell cytoplasmic antibodies (ICA) in 31 Danish patients with chronic pancreatitis. The antigen frequencies were compared with those in 1177 unrelated healthy Danish controls. Twenty patients had insulin-dependent diabetes and 11 had normal intravenous glucose tolerance. No significant differences in the frequencies of DR3, DR4, or DR2 were found between patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and patients with normal glucose tolerance or between any of these groups and controls. ICA were negative in all patients with chronic pancreatitis. It is concluded that the beta-cell dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetes in chronic pancreatitis differs from that of classical insulin-dependent diabetes.
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    LINKAGE OF NEUTROPHIL RESPONSE TO A MUTAGEN GENE (Nrm-1) TO THE AGOUTI LOCUS IN THE RAT (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ACI or BDIV rats responded with decreased or increased neutrophil levels in blood after the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) administration. The F1 hybrids had decreased neutrophil counts, and the BDIV × (BDIV × AC1)Fl backcross offspring showed two phenotypes. The sex of the rats and the neutrophil response to MNU assorted independently. The results indicated that the neutrophil response to MNU was regulated by autosomal gene Nrm-1 with two alleles. The Nrm-Id regulates the decrease and the Nrm-1i regulates the increase of neutrophils in blood after the MNU administration. The results were confirmed by the SKUMIX computer program.We found that the Nrm-1 gene was linked to the agouti locus (chi-square = 10–3, P 〈 0.001). The map distance between two genes was 33 ± 5 cM. The Nrm-1 gene thus resides on the linkage group IV of the rat.
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    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIGENS DEFINED AT THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL BoLA WORKSHOP (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparison of lymphocyte antigens showed that 32 of the 33 BoLA antigens defined at the third international BoLA workshop (Bull et al., 1989) corresponded to previously defined local antigens (Stear et al., 1988). The third workshop antigen w18 had no locally defined equivalent. All 32 antigens were shown in family studies to be expressed by autosomal co-dominant genes, and all 32 workshop antigens were shown to be products of the BoLA system. After excluding the supertypic antigens, nearly all animals tested possessed only one or two antigens and there were no observed recombinants in family studies. These results do not exclude the possibility that the 32 workshop antigens are the products of one locus (BoLA-A).
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    METHYLATION PATTERN OF THE HLA-DRα GENE IN HUMAN TISSUES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The CCGG and GCGC sites of the human HLA-DRα gene are hypermethylated in human tissues (including B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, muscle, brain, sperm, skin, kidney, suprarenal and mammary glands) and three B-lymphoid cell lines. Therefore, the HLA-DRα gene can be transcribed even though extensively methylated. The only exception to the hypermethylated state of the HLA-DRα gene is represented by one or both of the two HhaI sites (H1 and H2) localized in the 5’portion of the gene. Analysis of the computer-generated secondary structure of the HLA-DRα mRNA suggests that the H1 and H2 sites belong to a region (5′-GAGCGCCCA-3′/5′-UGAGCGCUC-3′) exhibiting extensive base pairing. Therefore, unmethylation of these CG sites can contribute in preventing mCG→TG/CA changes in this region, which would lead to extensive alterations of the secondary structure of the 5’portion of the HLA-DRα MRNA.On the other hand, the selective pressure to maintain unaltered the methylated CG dinucleotides in the coding regions of the HLA-DRα gene could be due to codon restrictions, since the majority of the methylation-related CG→TG or CG→CA variations would generate aminoacid changes.Accordingly, the analysis of different HLA-DRα genomic sequences indicates that variations of the CpG dinucleotides occur only in the non-coding portions of the HLA-DRα gene.
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  • 74
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    HLA-B8,DR3 PHENOTYPE AND LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several reports have shown that HLA-B8,DR3 positive subjects may display some changes in immune parameters when compared with HLA-B8,DR3 negative ones and are prone to develop several immunological diseases. In the present study we have analysed the proliferative response to phytohaemagglutin (PHA) in HLA-typed healthy subjects. A twin method was also employed to assess the role of genetic and environmental factors in the regulation of the response to the mitogen. It was not possible to demonstrate any difference in proliferative response to optimal doses of PHA between groups of subjects carrying or not carrying the HLA-B8,DR3 phenotype. When suboptimal responses were studied, however, the results showed that ly-mphocyte responses were significantly decreased in HLA-B8,DR3 positive subjects compared with the negative ones. Moreover, the experiments performed with twins demonstrated that environmental factors were more important than genetic factors in the proliferative response to mitogen. The fact that the HLA-B8,DR3 phenotype affects the suboptimal response to PHA although environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in the response to the mitogen seems of some interest. However, these results could be consistent with the high incidence of autoimmune disorders among HLA-B8,DR3 positive individuals.
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    EXPRESSION OF I-Aαk AND ALLELIC RESTRICTION ON Aα/Aα PAIRING IN TRANSGENIC MICE (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface expression of class II major histocompatibility complex encoded (la) molecules depends on association of the component α and β chain into a stable heterodimer. Studies on cell lines transfected with MHC class II genes have revealed important limitations on the assembly of haplotype-mismatched Aα:Aβ complex. In order to study α: β chain pairing restrictions in vivo a number of lines of transgenic mice carrying the Aαk gene were generated. The transgene was studied in the context of H-2b, H-2s, H-24, H-2u, H-2f and H-2v haplotypes. Initial FACS analysis of spleen and peripheral blood cells showed no Aαk expression. Spleen cells stimulated with LPS and analysed by FACS showed Aαk expression in three different H-2b strains as well as H-2u, but not in others. These data indicate that Aαk can associate with Aβb and Aαk, but not with Aβs,Aβq, Aβf, Aβv.
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE HLA MOLECULES IN SWEAT AND QUANTITATIVE HLA DIFFERENCES IN SERUM OF HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Soluble class I molecules were immunoprecipitated from human sweat and serum using the BB7.7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled to immunomagnetic beads. Molecules were analysed biochemically on SDS-PAGE gels and finally by 1D-isoelectric-focusing (IEF). Serum- and sweat-HLA IEF-band patterns of the same individual were fully identical, showing that HLA excreted in sweat possess polymorphic structures like those in serum. Quantitatively, we used a highly sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay to determine soluble class I concentrations. The first group was that of non-HLA-A9 and -Bw62 sera, which were found to contain HLA levels with a mean concentration of 0.82 ± 0.63 μg/ml (n= 44). However, sera that were HLA-A23 or −24 (splits of HLA-A9) contained higher levels, with a mean of 3.2 ± 0.94 μg/ml (n= 20). Similarly, HLA-Bw62 individuals had a higher mean of 2.05 ± 0.65 μg/ml (n= 10). The difference of the HLA-A9 group to the first group was statistically highly significant, P 〈 0.0001, and that of the HLA-Bw62 to the first was also significant, P 〈 0.004. Individuals who were both HLA-A9 and -Bw62 (n = 5) did not express significantly higher levels than those who only had one of these specificities. Sweat HLA levels had a mean of 0.42 ± 0.4 μg/ml (n= 10). These results show for the first time that soluble class I peptides are excreted in relatively high concentrations in sweat and possess polymorphic structures identical to those of serum HLA and that serum HLA levels are allotype dependent.
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    IEF ANALYSIS OF HLA MOLECULES IMMUNOPRECIPITATED BY PUTATIVE ANTI-CLASS I-LIKE ALLOANTISERA (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two human alloantisera, previously described as possibly detecting new beta 2-microglobulin associated proteins, selectively expressed on HLA-A2 and HLA-A1 phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated lymphocytes, immunoprecipitated only molecules with the same isoelectric point as HLA-A1 and A2 products. This result suggests that the selected alloantisera do not react with the products of an HLA class I locus different from ABC but probably recognize a new epitope arising on HLA-A molecules upon conformational changes consequent to cell activation.
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    THE NATURE AND ABUNDANCE OF HUMAN RED CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Available evidence suggests that there are at least 30 different proteins at the red cell surface. These proteins vary in abundance from a few hundred copies/cell to more than a million copies/cell. Recently, a new Glycophorin gene (Glycophorin E) has been identified and sequenced. In this paper evidence is presented that a monoclonal anti-M detects the product of the Glycophorin E gene in normal red cells.
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    GENETIC CONTROL OF THE FUCOSYLATION OF ABH PRECURSOR CHAINS. EVIDENCE FOR NEW EPISTATIC INTERACTIONS IN DIFFERENT CELLS AND TISSUES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general structure of the ABH antigens is analysed taking into account six possible precursor chains and two α-2-fucosyltransferases. The classical genetic model with one structural gene and two regulatory genes for the synthesis of the H antigen and the events which prompted the proposal of the new model with two structural genes for the synthesis of H determinants are discussed.Three human α-3-fucosyltransferases with different acceptor specificity are presented. Myeloid type of α-3-fucosyltransferase, which transfers fucose on to H type 2, serum type of α-3-fucosyltransferase, which transfers fucose on to H type 2 and sialyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine and Lewis or α-3/4-fucosyltransferase, which transfers fucose on to H type 1 and H type 2 and the corresponding sialylated structures.The presence of different ABH and Lewis antigens in different tissues and the different epistatic interactions needed to account for their synthesis are analysed in terms of new epistatic interactions with either the known fucosyltransferases or with new fucosyltransferases.
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    FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN Rh MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MABS) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anti-D and anti-c monoclonal antibodies (MABS) were found to be heterogeneous with respect to their activity in five cell-mediated functional assays. The two IgG3 MABS promoted greater rosette formation of red cells with monocytes than the IgG1 MABS. Discrepant results were obtained by different laboratories for the relative effectiveness of the MARS in promoting monocyte-mediated red cell phagocytosis and lysis, which may have been due to variations in the assay methods used. The IgG3 anti-D MAB promoted greater monocyte chemi-luminescence than the IgG3 anti-c MAB, but of these two MABs only the anti-c mediated lysis of red cells in lymphocyte ADCC assays. The majority of the IgG1 anti-r) MABS were ineffective at promoting red cell lysis by lymphocytes (K cells), but two were active even when diluted 1 in 300. There was no correlation of functional activity with red cell sensitization levels, IgG concentration or D epitope specificity of the MABS.
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    IDENTIFICATION OF A RECOMBINATIONAL SIGNAL SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC DNA-BINDING PROTEIN(S) OF Mr 115,000 IN THE NUCLEAR EXTRACTS FROM IMMATURE LYMPHOID CELL LINES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rearrangements of immunoglobulin genes are mediated by highly conserved heptamer and nonamer recombinational signal sequence. Using a protein-blotting procedure, a heptamer and nonamer recombinational signal sequence-specific DNA-binding protein(s) was examined in the nuclear extracts from lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines. Nuclear extracts were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred by electroblotting to nitrocellulose filters. Then the filters were hybridized to *P-labelled synthetic double-stranded heptamer-23bp-nonamer or nonamer- l2bp-heptamer recombinational signal sequence probes. A relatively large amount of a DNA-binding protein(s) of M, 115,000 for both probes was detected in the nuclear extracts from immature B and immature T cell lines. No DNA-binding proteins were detected in a myeloma cell line. Interestingly, this DNA-binding protein(s) might be able to recognize both heptamer and nonamer. Recombinational signal sequence-specific DNA-binding activity of the protein(s) and the presence of the protein(s) in a stage-specific manner strongly suggest that the protein(s) of M, 115,000 detected here may play an important role in the recombination of Ig and TCR genes.
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    Feature grammars for semantic analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present a formalism called feature grammar and its application to several problems of semantic analysis. Our extension concerns the structure of the feature value sets, which can be complex, and the definition of unification, which is dependent on this structure. Moreover, we introduce generation rules for feature symbols in order to determine well-formed symbols, which form the alphabet of a formal language for natural language analysis.
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    DISLOG: programming in logic with discontinuities (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present an extension to PROLOG we call DISLOG which is designed to deal with relations between non-contiguous elements in a structure. This extension turns out to be well suited for syntactic analysis of natural and artificial languages. It is also well adapted to express traversal constraints in applications such as planning and expert systems and deductive systems involving, for example, temporal reasoning, DISLOG belongs to the constrained logic programming paradigm and turns out to be more declarative, transparent, and simple than PROLOG to deal with longdistance relations.
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    A logic programming approach to cartographic map overlay (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Cartographic map overlay is the process of superimposing two maps into one to convey information in spatial correlation. A map refers to one in vector representation: a two-dimensional spatial data structure of nodes, chains, and polygons. We present a map overlay system developed in Prolog. The system adopts a relational approach to data structuring. We represent geometric entities and their relationships as facts, and encode geometry algorithms in the rules. Set-based operations perform data processing. To speed up the search for chain intersections, a uniform rectangular grid is imposed over the object space for spatial sorting by distribution. We sort out potentially intersecting edge segments to those occupying some common grid cell. Each bucket, if non-empty, is implemented as a Prolog fact identifying the grid cell for random access. Geometric intersections are calculated using exact rational arithmetic implemented in Prolog. Numerical accuracy is preserved and we can identify all the special cases of tangent conditions. We can then guarantee topological consistency, and stability in the process of map overlay is therefore achieved.
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    Intelligent computer-aided-design systems: a synergical approach of artificial intelligénce and engineering (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A synergism has begun to surface from the artificial intelligence (AI) and engineering communities: an effort to apply AI techniques to engineering problem-solving activities, and to study problems arisen from various engineering fields as a way to develop AI theories and methodologies. This paper first discusses the needs of such a synergical approach and identifies in a broad perspective some AI techniques currently being applied to engineering. It then describes a system, called KREATOR, which applies qualitative reasoning, a subfield of AI, to computer-aided design (CAD). The key observation is that an engineer designer's qualitative knowledge can offer a good basis for the reasoning of device behaviors. Such knowledge, however, is not captured by conventional CAD systems for lack of good representations. KREATOR is a knowledge capturing scheme that allows the designers to record their qualitative knowledge of how mechanical devices behave, KREATOR then automatically generates qualitative simulations.
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    Exact and approximate reasoning about temporal relations (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Allen gives an algebra for representing qualitative temporal information about the relationships between pairs of intervals. In this paper, we address a fundamental reasoning task that arises in applications of the algebra: Given (possibly indefinite) knowledge about the relationships between intervals, find all feasible relationships between two intervals. We call this the minimal labels problem. Finding the minimal labels can be viewed as computing the deductive consequences of our knowledge. Determining exact solutions to this problem has been shown to be (almost assuredly) intractable. Allen gives an approximation algorithm based on constraint propagation. We present new approximation algorithms; determine analytically under what conditions the algorithms are exact; and examine, through some computational experiments, the quality of the approximate solutions produced by the algorithms. We also give a simple test for predicting when the approximation algorithms will and will not produce good quality approximations. Finally, we survey three example applications of the interval algebra chosen from the literature to show where the results of this paper could be useful.
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    Building geometric world models with graph synthesis for sensor fusion in mobile robots (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a description of the application of an attributed graph based approach to the synthesis of a geometric world model for use in navigation by a mobile robot. Our aim is to develop the theoretical aspects of graph synthesis for mobile robot world knowledge acquisition, and to demonstrate the validity of the approach with a simulation before implementation on the rover. A boundary representation of free space consisting of directed line segments organized into a directed attributed graph is used. The synthesis problem can be considered as having two parts: matching of a local model with a global model and the construction of a new global model. Structural and geometric local and global constraints are used to limit and direct the search for valid graph mappings. The constraints are the source of rules for matching primitives and graphs and are used in the process of constructing a new world model graph. An algorithm for graph synthesis is implemented in a software simulation for testing and experimentation.
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    Connectionist Systems (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 369-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002101
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    Vision (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 4 (1990), S. 517-529 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002505
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    Modeling the user's conceptual knowledge in BGP-MS, a user modeling shell system (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper describes the modeling of a user's conceptual knowledge in the general user modeling shell system BGP-MS. On the one hand, BGP-MS is a workbench for the develment of a user model in a particular application domain. It supports the definition of the architecture of the individual user model, and of the architecture and the contents of user stereotypes. A rich representation language for conceptual knowledge, a partition mechanism, and flexible graphics-based interfaces are at the disposal of the user model developer. On the other hand, BGP-MS is a runtime user modeling tool aimed at fulfilling central tasks of a user modeling component in an application system. In this mode, the system offers a functional interface for accessing and updating the model of the current user, as well as basic domain-independent inference mechanisms, support for inferences defined by the developer, and a customizable stereotype management utility. The usefulness of BGP-MS will be demonstrated by illustrating how it can support the user modeling of various recently developed application systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00295.x
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  • 91
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    Lp, a logic for representing and reasoning with statistical knowledge (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents a logical formalism for representing and reasoning with statistical knowledge. One of the key features of the formalism is its ability to deal with qualitative statistical information. It is argued that statistical knowledge, especially that of a qualitative nature, is an important component of our world knowledge and that such knowledge is used in many different reasoning tasks. The work is further motivated by the observation that previous formalisms for representing probabilistic information are inadequate for representing statistical knowledge. The representation mechanism takes the form of a logic that is capable of representing a wide variety of statistical knowledge, and that possesses an intuitive formal semantics based on the simple notions of sets of objects and probabilities defined over those sets. Furthermore, a proof theory is developed and is shown to be sound and complete. The formalism offers a perspicuous and powerful representational tool for statistical knowledge, and a proof theory which provides a formal specification for a wide class of deductive inferences. The specification provided by the proof theory subsumes most probabilistic inference procedures previously developed in AI. The formalism also subsumes ordinary first-order logic, offering a smooth integration of logical and statistical knowledge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00296.x
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  • 92
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    Can AI planners solve practical problems? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: While there has been recent interest in research on planning and reasoning about actions, nearly all research results have been theoretical. We know of no previous examples of a planning system that has made a significant impact on a problem of practical importance. One of the primary goals during the development of the SIPE-2 planning system has been the balancing of efficiency with expressiveness and flexibility. With a major new extension, SIPE-2 has begun to address practical problems. This paper describes this new extension and the new applications of the planner. One of these applications is the problem of producing products from raw materials on process lines under production and resource constraints. This is a problem of commercial importance and SiPE-2's application to it is described in some detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00297.x
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  • 93
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    Learning hard concepts through constructive induction: framework and rationale (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The intrinsic accuracy of an inductive problem is the accuracy achieved by exhaustive table look-up. Intrinsic accuracy is the upper bound for any inductive method. Hard concepts are concepts that have high intrinsic accuracy, but which cannot be learned effectively with traditional inductive methods. To learn hard concepts, we must use constructive induction - methods that create new features. We use measures of concept dispersion to explore (conceptually and empirically) the inherent weaknesses of traditional inductive approaches. These structural defects are buried in the design of the algorithms and prevent the learning of hard concepts. After studying some examples of successful and unsuccessful feature construction (“success” being defined here in terms of accuracy), we introduce a single measure of inductive difficulty that we call variation. We argue for a specific approach to constructive induction that reduces variation by incorporating various kinds of domain knowledge. All of these kinds of domain knowledge boil down to utility invariants, i.e., transformations that group together non-contiguous portions of feature space having similar class-membership values. Utility invariants manifest themselves in various ways: in some cases they exist in the user's stock of domain knowledge, in other cases they may be discovered via methods we describe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00298.x
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  • 94
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    APACS: a system for the automatic analysis and classification of conceptual patterns (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many existing inductive learning systems have been developed under the assumption that the learning tasks are performed in a noise-free environment. To cope with most real-world problems, it is important that a learning system be equipped with the capability to handle uncertainty. In this paper, we first identify the various sources of uncertainty that may be encountered in a noisy problem domain. Next, we present a method for the efficient acquisition of classification rules from training instances which may contain inconsistent, incorrect, or missing information. This algorithm consists of three phases: (i) the detection of inherent patterns in a set of noisy training data; (ii) the construction of classification rules based on these patterns; and (iii) the use of these rules to predict the class membership of an object. The method has been implemented in a system known as APACS (automatic pattern analysis and classification system). This system has been tested using both real-life and simulated data, and its performance is found to be superior to many existing systems in terms of efficiency and classification accuracy. Being able to handle uncertainty in the learning process, the proposed algorithm can be employed for applications in real-world problem domains involving noisy data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00129.x
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  • 95
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    Empirical results with conspiracy numbers (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: McAllester's conspiracy numbers algorithm is an exciting new approach to minimax search that builds trees to variable depth without application-dependent knowledge. The likelihood of the root taking on a value is expressed by its conspiracy number: the minimum number of leaf nodes that must change their value to cause the root to change to that value. This paper describes experiences with the algorithm, using both random and application-generated trees. Experiments suggest that more emphasis on breadth, rather than depth, can lead to significant performance improvements. New enhancements to the algorithm are capable of solving 41% more problems than McAllester's original proposal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00125.x
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  • 96
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    Time revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Temporal reasoning is essential for many artificial intelligence applications. To date, most research has concentrated on temporal inference in isolation without considering the role it can play in a more general reasoning environment. This paper takes an efficient temporal reasoner and extends its inferential capabilities to handle both strict and nonstrict relations. The resulting temporal specialist is incorporated into a system intended for low-level reasoning in natural language understanding. The specialist assists the resolution-based theorem prover in function evaluation, literal evaluation, and generalized resolving and factoring. The combined system can do some proofs in just a few steps that would normally require many. An example from the fully operational hybrid system is included.Le raisonnement temporel est essentiel dans de nombreuses applications relatives àľ intelligence artificielle. Jusqu’à présent, la plupart des travaux de recherche ont porté sur ľ inférence temporelle dans ľ isolation sans tenir compte du rǒle qu'elle peut jouer dans un environnement de raisonnement plus général. Cet article traite ? un raisonneur temporel ef ficace dont les capacityés inférentielles ont été augmentée afin de pouvoir traiter les relations strides et non strides. Le spécialiste temporel qui en résulte est intégréà un système conçu pour le raisonnement bas-niveau en langage naturel. Le spécialiste assiste le démonstratur de théorèmes basé sur la résolution dans ľévaluation des fonctions, ľévaluation littérale et la fonction fadorielle généralisée. Le système combine peut vérifier des preuves en quelques étapes seulement au lieu ? un grand nombre. Un exemple ? un système hybride entièrement opérationnel est fourni. Mots clés: raisonnement temporel, methodes ? inférence spéciales, résolution de théories, représentation des connaissances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00294.x
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    A predictive approach for the generation of rhetorical devices (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Human discourse is fraught with rhetorical devices such as contradictions, illustrations, and analogies. These rhetorical devices carry important information which a listener uses to speed up the comprehension process. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of rhetorical devices commonly used in tutoring environment, and model the meaning of a class of rhetorical devices in terms of their anticipated effect on a listener's knowledge. These predictions are then used in planning computer-generated discourse. As a testbed for our ideas, a system called WISHFUL is being implemented to generate commentaries in the domain of high-school algebra within the framework of an intelligent tutoring system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00127.x
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  • 98
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    A basic agent (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A basic agent has been constructed which integrates limited natural language understanding and generation, temporal planning and reasoning, plan execution, simulated symbolic perception, episodic memory, and some general world knowledge. The agent is cast as a robot submarine operating in a two-dimensional simulated “Seaworld” about which it has only partial knowledge. It can communicate with people in a vocabulary of about 800 common English words using a medium coverage grammar. The agent maintains an episodic memory of events in its life and has a limited ability to reflect on those events. A person can make statements to the agent, ask it questions, and give it commands. In response to commands, a temporal task planner is invoked to synthesize a plan, which is then executed at an appropriate future time. A large variety of temporal references in natural language are interpreted with respect to agent time. The agent can form and retain compound future plans, and replan in response to new information or new commands. Natural language verbs are represented in a state transition semantics for compatibility with the planner. The agent is able to give terse answers to questions about its past experiences, present activities and perceptions, future intentions, and general knowledge. No other artificial intelligence artifact with this range of capabilities has previously been constructed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00128.x
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  • 99
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    Genetic Analysis of Mammalian Cell Differentiation (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 6 (1990), S. 69-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0743-4634
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.000441
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    Biochemistry and Function of the Plastid Envelope (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 6 (1990), S. 173-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0743-4634
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.001133
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