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  • Other Sources  (376)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (199)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (167)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Umweltmedizin
  • ddc:554.3
  • 1980-1984  (368)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939  (4)
  • 1920-1924  (4)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1980  (368)
  • 1938  (4)
  • 1921  (4)
  • 1915
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 1980-1984  (368)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939  (4)
  • 1920-1924  (4)
  • 1915-1919
Year
  • 1
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    Zur Erforschungsgeschichte des Mainzer Beckens (1980)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-25
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Rehbergschichten (1980)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Die Rehbergschichten treten im linksrheinischen Buntsandstein zwischen Trifels- und Karlstalschichten auf. Es ist ein Wechsel von Felsbänken und Dünnschichten, wobei die Felsbänke die petrographischen Merkmale der Trifelsschichten, die Dünnschichten die sedimentologischen Merkmale der Unteren Karlstalschichten enthalten. Die Untergrenze der Rehbergschichten bildet die tiefste Lage von Dünnschichten (Scheidter Niveau). Die Obergrenze der Rehbergschichten bildet die stratigraphisch höchste Felsbank mit den petrographischen Merkmalen der Trifelsschichten oder des smi. Stratigraphisch markante Felsbänke bestehen innerhalb der Rehbergschichten nicht, eine stratigraphische und kartographische Unterteilung der Rehbergschichten ist nicht möglich. Genetisch werden die Rehbergschichten als Wechsel zwischen äolisch und fluviatil sedimentierten Schichten verstanden. Die Rehbergschichten tragen in der Landschaft weite Verebnungsflächen, wobei Verebnungen und Hangverflachungen in verschiedenen Niveaus übereinander vorkommen.
    Description: Abstract: The Rehberg sandstone is found in the Southwest German and Alsatian Buntsandstein between Trifels and Karlstal sandstones. Banquettes and lamelliform layers relieve one another, the banquettes containing the petrographic characteristics of the Tifels sandstone and the fine bedded layers the sedimentological characteristics of the lower Karlstal layers. The lower boundary of the Rehberg sandstone forms the lowest deposit of the fine bedded layers (Scheidter Niveau). The upper boundary of the Rehberg sandstone forms the stratigraphically highest banquette with the petrographic characteristics of the Trifels sandstone or the sny. Within the Rehberg sandstone stratigraphically noticeable banquettes do not exist. A Stratigraphie and cartographic division of the Rehberg sandstone is not possible. As far as genesis is concerned, the Rehberg sandstone are regarded as an alternation of eolian and fluviatile sedimented layers. The morphological structure of the landscape formed by the Rehberg sandstone shows wide peneplanations which occur at different levels.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; Buntsandstein ; Pfalz ; Stratigraphie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    [Neue Nr. 5519] Hungen / Geologische Karte (1921)
    Hessisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:5519 | KART H 86:5519
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; ddc:943.2 ; Geologische Karte ; Hungen
    Language: German
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 4
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    [Neue Nr. 6118] Roßdorf / Geologische Karte (1938)
    Hessische Geologische Landesanstalt, Darmstadt
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:6118 | KART H 86:6118
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Roßdorf ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 122
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 5
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    [Neue Nr. 1860] Degow [Dygowo] / Geologische Karte (1921)
    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1860 | KART H 140:Degow
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 12 - 054 06.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 38
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 6
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    [Neue Nr. 1760] Lassehne [Łasin Koszaliński] / Geologische Karte (1921)
    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1760 | KART H 140:Lassehne
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 18 - 054 12.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 38
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 7
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    Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die die Malariainfektion des Anopheles und des Menschen beeinflussenden Umstände (1921)
    In:  Beihefte zum Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 25 () Beiheft 2
    Details
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Temperaturabhängigkeit von Malariaerregern in einheimischen Anophelesmücken KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: optimale Generation-Entwicklung bei einer permanenten Außentemperatur von 24-30°C, unter 15-16°C keine Entwicklung KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; 1901-1903 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 8
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    Grundzüge der Bioklimatik des Menschen (1938)
    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.127-229
    Details
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Bioklimatik einzelner Klimaelemente, atmosphärischer Zustände und Vorgänge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 9
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    Grundriss einer Meteorobiologie (1938)
    In:  Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin
    Details
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Meteorotrope Krankheiten, Saisonkrankheiten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 10
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    Klima und Krankheitserreger (1938)
    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.253-296
    Details
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Seuchenerreger und -überträger und der Einfluss von Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Jahresschwankungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 11
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    Performance of entry heat shields on Pioneer Venus probes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Pioneer Venus probes approached Venus with high relative velocity. As they entered the atmosphere, they were rapidly decelerated by aerodynamic drag, and a great deal of heat was generated. To protect the probe structure and the scientific instruments, a carbon phenolic heat shield was placed on the front of the probes. Because the design of heat shields for planetary entry is a developing technology, thermocouples were placed in the heat shields so that actual and predicted heat shield performance could be compared. The function of the heat shield is discussed, the probe environments during entry into the Venusian atmosphere are described, and some results from the heat shield experiment are presented. It was found that for the most part, the heat shields performed better than expected.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    Modelling of environmentally induced discharges in geosynchronous satellites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASCAP computer code is used to compute the charging and discharging characteristics of a typical communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit. For the case of a severe substorm, satellite surface differential charging in sunlight is found to be substantially less than that required to produce discharges in ground simulation studies. A discharge process is postulated involving discharges triggered at edges (or imperfection) followed by discharges to space. The characteristics of such discharges are parametrically varied to evaluate the possible effects on the satellite. It has been found that discharge characteristics inferred from satellite monitors could be caused by predicted space discharges, that single cell discharges to space can reduce surface potential over entire satellite, and that low-density electron trajectory computations indicate that discharge generated electrons may not return to the satellite by long trajectories. Current transients predicted do not agree with the available ground simulation results indicating that additional work must be done both analytically and experimentally to understand and fully explain these discrepancies.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Modeling of exposure to carbon monoxide in fires (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model is developed to predict carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in regions of the body for short exposures to carbon monoxide levels expected during escape from aircraft fires. The model includes the respiratory and circulatory dynamics of absorption and distribution of carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin. Predictions of carboxyhemoglobin concentrations are compared to experimental values obtained for human exposures to constant high carbon monoxide levels. Predictions are within 20% of experimental values. For short exposure times, transient concentration effects are predicted. The effect of stress is studied and found to increase carboxyhemoglobin levels substantially compared to a rest state.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Combustion Toxicology; 7; Nov. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    Rockets and spacecraft: Sine qua non of space science (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evolution of the national launch vehicle stable is presented along with lists of launch vehicles used in NASA programs. A partial list of spacecraft used throughout the world is also given. Scientific spacecraft costs are presented along with an historial overview of project development and funding in NASA.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Sci.; p 133-170
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    Changes in cardiac output and tibial artery flow during and after progressive LBNP (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 3.0 MHz Pulsed Doppler velocity meter (PD) was used to determine blood velocities in the ascending aorta from the suprasternal notch before, during and after progressive 5 min stages of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 7 subjects. Changes in stroke volume were calculated from the systolic velocity integrals. A unique 20 MHz PD was used to estimate bloodflow in the posterior tibial artery. With -20 torr mean stroke volume fell 11% and then continued to decline by 48% before LBNP was terminated. Mean tibial flow fell progressively with LBNP stress, due to an increase in reverse flow component and a reduction in peak forward flow and diameter. Stroke volume increased and heart rate fell dramatically during the first 15 sec of recovery. The LBNP was terminated early in 2 subjects because of vasovagal symptons (V). During V the stroke volume rose 86% which more than compensated for the drop in heart rate. This implies that V is accompanied by a paradoxical increase in venous return and that the reduction in HR is the primary cardiovascular event. During the first 15 sec of recovery these 2 subjects had a distinctive marked rise to heart rate reminiscent of the Bainbridge reflex.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 92-104
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Fluid-electrolyte shifts and thermoregulation - Rest and work in heat with head cooling (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of head cooling on thermoregulation and associated plasma fluid and electrolyte shifts during rest and submaximal exercise in the heat are investigated. Thermoregulatory responses and plasma volume were measured in four male subjects fitted with liquid-cooled neoprene headgear during 60 min of rest, 60 min of ergometer exercise at 45% maximal oxygen uptake and 30 min of recovery in the supine position at 40.1 C and 40% relative humidity. It is found that, compared to control responses, head cooling decreased thigh sweating and increased mean skin temperature at rest and attenuated increases in thigh sweating, heart rate, rectal temperature and ventilation during exercise. During recovery, cooling is observed to facilitate decreases in sweat rate, heart rate, rectal temperature and forearm blood flow and enhance the increase in average temperature. Cooling had no effect on plasma protein, osmotic or electrolyte shifts, and decreased plasma volume losses. The findings indicate the effectiveness of moderate head cooling for the improvement of human performance during exercise in heat.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    Modal damping enhancement in large space structures using AMCD's (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of an annular momentum control device (AMCD) is proposed for enhancing the modal damping of large space structures (LSS's) during fine pointing missions. Theoretical and experimental studies proved that an AMCD cannot destabilize the LSS and that the system is asymptotically stable under certain conditions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; Sept
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Space environmental interactions with biased spacecraft surfaces (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large, high-voltage space power systems are being proposed for future space missions. These systems must operate in the charged-particle environment of space, and interactions between this environment and the high-voltage surfaces are possible. Ground simulation testing has indicated that dielectric surfaces that usually surround biased conductors can influence these interactions. For positive voltages greater than 100 V, it has been found that the dielectrics contribute to discharges. Using these experimental results a large, high-voltage power system operating in geosynchronous orbit was analyzed with the NASCAP code. Results of this analysis indicated that very strong electric fields exist in these power systems. A technology investigation is required to understand the interactions and develop techniques to alleviate any impact on power system performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    The Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, planned for launch in 1985, will measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation of the universe over the entire wavelength range from a few microns to 1.3 cm. It will include three instruments: a set of microwave isotropy radiometers at 23, 31, 53, and 90 GHz, an interferometer spectrometer from 1 to 100/cm, and a filter photometer from 1 to 300 microns. The COBE satellite is designed to reach the sensitivity limits set by foreground sources such as the interstellar and interplanetary dust, starlight, and galactic synchrotron radiation, so that a diffuse residual radiation may be interpreted unambiguously as extragalactic
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Instantaneous stroke volume by PDE during and after constant LBNP (-50 torr) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Six male subjects were exposed to -50 torr lower body negative pressure (LBNP) for 10 min while stroke volume was recorded beat by beat at regular intervals before, during and after release of LBNP. Stroke volume was calculated from the systolic velocity integral in the ascending aorta by pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) and the cross sectional area of the vessel by M mode echocardiography. Changes in leg volume were recorded continuously and blood pressure was taken every minute. Stroke volume dropped by 51% of the control in the first 33 sec of LBNP and continued to decline slowly to -62% toward the end. Heart rate increased by 15% in the first 10 sec and was 22% above control at the end of exposure. The resulting cardiac output closely followed the course of stroke volume (-47% at 33 sec, -53% at 8 min) showing that the modest increase in heart rate did little to offset the drop in stroke volume. Leg volume increased markedly within the first 10 sec with a more gradual rise reaching +3.5% at the end. Upon sudden release of LBNP, leg volume dropped significantly during the first 3 sec simultaneously with an increase in stroke volume followed by a substantial decline in heart rate below the baseline.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 80-91
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
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    Fluid shifts and endocrine responses during chair rest and water immersion in man (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of external water pressure on intercompartmental fluid volume shifts and endocrine responses in man are investigated. Extracellular fluid volumes and plasma and urine electrolyte and endocrine responses of four male subjects were measured during eight hours of head-out water immersion and 16 hours of recovery bed rest and compared to responses obtained during eight hours of chair rest and 16 hours of bed rest without external hydrostatic pressure obtained in the same subjects five months later. Immersion is found to result in a substantial diuresis with respect to chair rest, accounted for by decreases in extracellular volume. A negative water balance during immersion and a positive water balance during chair rest were observed to be accompanied by a shift of extracellular volume to the intracellular compartment, as well as the suppression of plasma arginine vasopressin and renin activities in both regimes. The vasopressin and renin activity decreases are attributed to the increased central blood volume, and half of the plasma loss in immersed subjects is attributed to the effects of external water pressure.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 22
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    Optimal member damper controller design for large space structures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the selection of velocity feedback gains for individual dampers for the members of a structurally controlled large flexible space structure. The problem is formulated as an optimal output feedback regulator problem, and necessary conditions are derived for minimizing a quadratic performance function. The diagonal nature of the gain matrix is taken into account, along with knowledge of noise covariances. It is pointed out that the method presented offers a systematic approach to the design of a class of controllers for enhancing structural damping, which have significant potential if used in conjunction with a reduced-order optimal controller for rigid-body modes and selected structural modes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; July-Aug
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
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    Role of thermal and exercise factors in the mechanism of hypervolemia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present study was undertaken to determine whether the chronic increase in plasma volume, resulting from heat exposure and exercise training, was due only to elevated rectal temperature or whether there were additional nonthermal factors related to the exercise. The study was conducted on eight volunteer, healthy, moderately trained male college subjects (18-26 yr). Exercise-induced hypervolemia was associated with thermal factor(s) that contributed 40% and nonthermal factors that accounted for the remaining 60%. In addition, some nonthermal, exercise-induced factors were twofold increases in plasma osmotic and vasopressin levels during exercise, and a fivefold increase in resting plasma protein content.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology; 48; Apr. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 24
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    Exercise thermoregulation after 14 days of bed rest (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of bed rest and exercise training during bed rest on body temperature and thermoregulatory responses at rest and during exercise are investigated. Seven male subjects underwent three two-week periods of bed rest during which isometric, isotonic, or no exercises were performed, separated by two ambulatory control periods and preceded by a two-week control period, during which they exercised regularly. Rectal and mean skin temperatures and sweating responses were determined during 70-min submaximal supine exercise during the bed rest and recovery periods. Measurements reveal a reduction in basal oral temperature during the control-recovery periods, with a relatively constant level during bed rest periods, and a significant increase in the rectal temperature elavation brought on by exercise following all three bed-rest regimes. It is concluded that the excessive increase in rectal temperature could be influenced by changes in skin heat conductance or the inhibition of sweating.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 25
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    Active Control of Spacecraft Charging (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-19
    Description: The concept of active control of spacecraft charging by charged particle emission is described. Active potential control experiments using the ATS-5 and ATS-6 geostationary spacecraft are discussed, and results of these experiments are presented. Previously reported results are summarized, and a guide to reports on these data are provided. Experimental evidence presented indicates that emission of electrons only is not effective in maintaining spacecraft potential near plasma potential for spacecraft with electrically insulating surfaces. Emission of a low energy plasma, however, is effective for this purpose.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 26
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    Body acceleration distribution and O2 uptake in humans during running and jumping (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distribution of body acceleration and associated oxygen uptake and heart rate responses are investigated in treadmill running and trampoline jumping. Accelerations in the +Gz direction were measured at the lateral ankle, lumbosacral region and forehead of eight young men during level treadmill walking and running at four speeds and trampoline jumping at four heights, together with corresponding oxygen uptake and heart rate. With increasing treadmill speed, peak acceleration at the ankle is found always to exceed that at the back and forehead, and acceleration profiles with higher frequency components than those observed during jumping are observed. Acceleration levels are found to be more uniformly distributed with increasing height in jumping, although comparable oxygen uptake and heat rates are obtained. Results indicate that the magnitude of the biomechanical stimuli is greater in trampoline jumping than in running, which finding could be of use in the design of procedures to avert deconditioning in persons exposed to weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 27
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    Fitness variables and the lipid profile in United States astronauts (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The study examines the relationship between several measures of fitness and the lipid profile in United States astronauts. Data were collected on 89 astronauts, previously selected (PSA) and newly selected (NSA), during their annual physical examinations. Several similarities were seen in the two groups. The PSA (mean age of 46.1) had a lower maximum oxygen capacity (41.7 ml kg/min vs. 47.5 ml kg/min); when adjusted for age, it was no different from the NSA (mean age 33.5). The PSA had similar body composition with 15.7% - lower than expected for age. The lipid profiles of the two groups were basically the same with the differences being a function of age. Compared to a normative population, the astronauts had similar cholesterols, lower triglycerides, and higher HDLs. The astronaut profiles were generally more favorable than the age-matched controls, which is felt to be a result of the self-supervised conditioning program and annual preventive medicine consultation and education.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 28
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    Long-term follow-up of Skylab bone demineralization (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The os calcis mineral was measured in the nine Skylab crew members and in eight control subjects, 5 years after the Skylab Program, utilizing a photon absorptiometric technique. These measurements were compared with preflight measurements in an attempt to discover any long-term effects of space flight on the skeletal system. A statistically significant loss of bone mineral was found in the crew members who flew, but caution is urged in the interpretation of this difference. A recommendation to continue studies of this type is made.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 29
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    Noninvasive aortic bloodflow by Pulsed Doppler Echocardiography (PDE) compared to cardiac output by the direct Fick procedure (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Left ventricular stroke volume was estimated from the systolic velocity integral in the ascending aorta by pulsed Doppler Echocardiography (PDE) and the cross sectional area of the aorta estimated by M mode echocardiography on 15 patients with coronary disease undergoing right catheterization for diagnostic purposes. Cardiac output was calculated from stroke volume and heart volume using the PDE method as well as the Fick procedure for comparison. The mean value for the cardiac output via the PDE method (4.42 L/min) was only 6% lower than for the cardiac output obtained from the Fick procedure (4.69 L/min) and the correlation between the two methods was excellent (r=0.967, p less than .01). The good agreement between the two methods demonstrates that the PDE technique offers a reliable noninvasive alternative for estimating cardiac output, requiring no active cooperation by the subject. It was concluded that the Doppler method is superior to the Fick method in that it provides beat by beat information on cardiac performance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 36-48
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  • 30
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    Beat by beat stroke volume assessment by PDE in upright and supine exercise (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 3.0 MHz pulse Doppler echocardiograph was used to estimate instantaneous stroke volume and cardiac output in 8 men during steady state supine and upright exercise at 300 kpm/min which were compared with other studies utilizing invasive procedures. The mean transients in heart rate and stroke volume and cardiac output for the first 20 sec of exercise in each posture were then determined. Centerline blood velocities were obtained in the ascending aorta with the transducer positioned manually in the suprasternal notch. Mean supine values for stroke volume and cardiac output at rest and exercise were 111 (6.4) and 112 ml (9.7 L/min), respectively, for supine. The corresponding results for upright were 76 (5.6) and 92 ml (8.4 L/min). These values compare favorably with prior studies. The transient response of cardiac output following the onset of upright was about twice as fast as in S because of the rapid and almost immediate upsurge in stroke volume. In supine, only heart rate served to augment cardiac output as stroke volume initially fell. The faster initial aortic flow in upright must represent the rapid mobilization of pooled venous blood from the leg veins which more than accounts for the additional volume (184 ml) of blood passing through the aorta during upright compared with supine in the first 20 sec.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 50-79
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  • 31
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    Tolerance of Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) in endurance runners, weightlifters, swimmers and nonathletes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thirteen endurance runners (R), 12 weightlifters (WL), 12 swimmers (SW) and 10 nonathletes (NA) were tested for their tolerance of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in consecutive 5 minute stages at -20, -30, -40, -50 and -60 torr. Each subject also performed an exercise test on a bicycle ergometer with progressive workloads to exhaustion to determined aerobic capacity. The R had a much higher aerobic capacity than any of the other groups, but a significantly lower LBNP tolerance. While responses in heart rate and pulse pressure were quite similar in all 4 groups, the rate of increase in leg volume relative to LBNP stress (leg compliance, LC) was considerably greater in R than in the other athletes and NA. The greater LC in R could be attributed not only to a more rapid shift of blood to the lower extremities but also to a greater tendency for edema formation, both contributing to a more rapid loss in effective central blood volume for a given LBNP stress. These results substantiate earlier observations which led to the conclusion that endurance running is not advisable as a training regimen for astronauts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Spec. Physiol. Studies in Support of Manned Space Flight; p 1-35
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  • 32
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    Emergency medicine and the airline passenger (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Problems related to immediate medical care in case of in-flight emergencies are discussed with reference to such critical types of medical emergencies as obstructed airway, cardiac dysfunction, trauma, hemorrhage, hypoxia, and pain. It is shown that training flight attendants to deal with in-flight medical emergencies and to use first-aid support equipment and essential and useful drugs may later help with stabilization of a victim and allow continuing the flight to the scheduled destination without the need for a diverted landing. Among the steps suggested in order to upgrade inflight welfare and safety of passengers are the development of an advisory circular by the FAA covering standardized training for flight attendants, regulatory action requiring upgrading of the present rudimentary first-aid kit, and the enactment of Good Samaritan legislation by the U.S. Government.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 33
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    Na+ and Ca2+ ingestion - Plasma volume-electrolyte distribution at rest and exercise (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of hypernatremia and hypercalcemia on plasma volume and electrolyte distribution during rest, exercise and recovery in cool and hot environments are investigated. Plasma volume, protein and electrolytes were measured in two groups of five men in the supine position during rest, exercise at 40-47% maximal oxygen consumption and recovery in 26.5 C and 39.4 C environments, after ingestion in the rest period of 16-17 ml/kg hypertonic NaCl, isotonic NaCl or hypertonic calcium gluconate solutions. During the rest period, it is found that the hypertonic Ca drink prevents any rise in plasma volume in both cool and hot environments, while hypertonic Na retarded hypervolemia only in the cool environment and consumption of both isotonic and hypertonic Na in the heat resulted in a hypervolemic response twice as great as that in the cool environment. During exercise and recovery, plasma volume is found to be greatest after drinking hypertonic Na in the heat, while the normal hypervolemic responses during exercise were not influenced by drink composition. Results suggest that hypertonic drinks may be better for maintaining plasma volumes during exercise in the heat.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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  • 34
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    POLAR 5 - An electron accelerator experiment within an aurora. III - Evidence for significant spacecraft charging by an electron accelerator at ionospheric altitudes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The POLAR 5 rocket experiment carried an electron accelerator on a 'daughter' payload which injected a 0.1 A beam of 10 keV electrons in a pulsed mode every 410 ms. With spin and precession, injections were made over a wide range of pitch angles. Measurements from a double probe electric field instrument and from particle detectors on the 'mother' payload and from a crude RPA on the 'daughter' payload are interpreted to indicate that the 'daughter' charges to a potential between several hundred volts and 1 kV. The neutralizing return current to the 'daughter' is shown to be asymmetrically distributed with the majority being collected from the direction of the beam. The additional electrons necessary to neutralize the daughter are thought to be produced and heated through beam-plasma interactions postulated by Maehlum et al. (1980) and Grandal et al. (1980) to explain the particle and optical measurements. Significant electric fields emanating from the charged 'daughter' and the beam are seen at distances exceeding 100 m at the 'mother' payload.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Mar. 198
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  • 35
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    Exercise training-induced hypervolemia - Role of plasma albumin, renin, and vasopressin (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine the rate of induction and decay of exercise-training hypervolemia with a short-duration high-intensity training regimen; and (2) to assess the protein, osmotic, and endocrine responses that contribute to that mechanism. The test subjects were eight volunteer, healthy, trained college men (20-22 yr) engaged in isotonic exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Factors associated with plasma hypervolemia during training are identified. The results suggest that an efficient procedure for increasing plasma volume is the daily performance of high-intensity isotonic leg exercise for 2 h/day.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 36
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    The Infrared Astronomical Satellite - IRAS (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), to be launched in the autumn of 1981, is expected to reveal much that is new and exciting. The paper discusses the design features and performance of IRAS, illustrates the meaning of this performance in terms of known phenomena, and stipulates how it may extrapolate to the early universe. The ability of IRAS to observe the universe at large redshift is examined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 37
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    Electromagnetic fields produced by simulated spacecraft discharges (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The initial phase of a broader, more complete program for the characterization of electrical breakdowns on spacecraft insulating materials is described which consisted of the development of a discharge simulator and characterization facility and the performance of a limited number of discharge measurements to verify the operation of the laboratory setup and to provide preliminary discharge transient field data. A preliminary model of the electromagnetic characteristics of the discharge was developed. It is based upon the "blow off" current model of discharges, with the underlying assumption of a propagating discharge. The laboratory test facility and discharge characterization instrumentation are discussed and the general results of the "quick look" tests are described on quartz solar reflectors aluminized Kapton and silver coated Teflon are described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 894-911
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  • 38
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    Model of coupling discharges into spacecraft structures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The calculated results of a semiempirical model for electron-caused electromagnetic pulse (ECEMP) are compared to the experimental data for three spacecraft geometries. The appropriateness of certain model assumptions which have been employed in the absence of a microscopic theory for dielectric breakdown and associated electron blowoff is discussed. Results are limited to the exterior response of spacecraft structures, although neither the model nor the experiments were limited to the outside problem. Rationales for model assumptions are provided.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 745-754
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  • 39
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    P78-2 satellite and payload responses to electron beam operations on March 30, 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The operating modes of the SC4-1 payload, the resultant charging of the spacecraft frame and sample materials on the spacecraft exterior and recorded transient pulses are reported. Arcing was detected by pulse monitors in several electron beam modes of operation. The ejection of a beam of 6 mA of 3 keV electrons caused three distinct payload failures and created a transient problem in the telemetry system. The exact time, nature, and cause of these failures was determined and component failure and why they failed was identified. Analytical and modeling techniques are used to examine possible spacecraft and payload responses to the electron beam ejection which might have contributed to the arcing and payload failures.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 509-559
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  • 40
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    Preliminary analysis of data from SRI international transient pulse monitor on board P78-2 SCATHA satellite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The satellite charging at high altitudes (SCATHA) program addresses the occurrence of electrostatic discharges causing undesirable effects like deleterious transients in electronic circuits on satellites. The high altitude plasma environment and the effects of the interaction of this environment with the orbiting satellite are studied. The SRI transient pulse monitor (TPM) detects the transient electromagnetic signals induced in selected circuits. As a transient detector the TPM records transient signals, indicates the number of transients observed, and gives peak amplitude of the largest transient during each second's interval. Most of the early data from the TPM contain pulses associated with internal electrical activity and electrostatic charging on the surface of the P78-2 is evidenced. It is found that periods of external discharging do not necessarily coincide with periods in which high potentials are measured on the satellite's surface.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 470-477
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  • 41
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    Review of hot plasma composition near geosynchronous altitude (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The information available on the hot plasma composition at and near the geostationary satellite orbit has increased dramatically during the past four years. At energies below 32 keV, ions of terrestrial origin, 0(+) and He(+) are frequently observed to be significant contributors to the hot plasma density and energy density, and during geomagnetically disturbed periods, 0(+) ions are typically the dominant hot plasma ions. Evidence for a solar cycle dependence to the 0(+) hot plasma densities at the geostationary orbit has been found. Our understanding of the details of the physical processes involved in the entry, acceleration, transport, and loss of the plasma ions, and thus our ability to model them, is still quite limited.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 412-432
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  • 42
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    Effectiveness of spacecraft testing programs (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The need for testing under simulated mission operational conditions is discussed and the results of such tests are reviewed from the point of view of the user. A brief overview of the usal test sequences for high reliability long life spacecraft is presented and the effectiveness of the testing program is analyzed in terms of the defects which are discovered by such tests. The need for automation, innovative mechanical test procedures, and design for testability is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The 11th Space Simulation Conf.; p 13-23
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  • 43
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    Importance of differential charging for controlling both natural and induced vehicle potentials on ATS-5 and ATS-6 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three techniques of discharging satellites used on the P78-2 satellite were the ejection of a beam of electrons from an electron gun; the emission of electrons from a heated, biased filament; and the ejection of a plasma containing energetic positive xenon ions and low energy electrons. When the P78-2 satellite ground to plasma potential difference reached several hundred volts, each of the three techniques was able to completely discharge the satellite. The comparative effctiveness of the techniques were clearly shown. Two days later, the satellite charged to -8 keV upon entering eclipse. The electron gun, emitting 1 mA of electrons with 150 eV energy, reduced the difference in potential between satellite ground and the ambient plasma to -1 kV, but could not completely discharge the satellite. The plasma source completely discharged the satellite.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 888-893
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  • 44
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    Simulation of spacecraft charging environments by monoenergetic beams (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To simulate the distributed spectra of plasmas in space, the differential current density spectrum of the plasma was divided into a number of energy bands and the beam energy and current were calculated for each band to provide a piecewise reproduction of the distributed spectrum. Beam energies and current densities were chosen to match the velocity moments of the plasma distribution function. The velocity moments are averages related to physical quantities such as particle density, flux, pressure, and energy flux, and have been used extensively to characterize the measured properties of plasmas in space. Combinations of one, two, and three beams were found to match two to six velocity moments of Maxwellian distributions. A computational model was used to compare the charging of a spacecraft by plasmas with distributed spectra and by monoenergetic beams.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 866-886
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  • 45
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    Spacecraft charging technology in the satellite X-ray test facility (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A satellite X-ray test facility (SXTF) is planned for studying system generated electromagnetic pulse effects on full scale, operational spacecraft. The environment created by a distant, high altitude nuclear burst can be simulated using pulsed X-ray sources. The facility is to be installed in a thermal vacuum chamber with dimensions greater then 10 m diameter and 20 m height and equipped with solar simulators and equipment for simulating the charging environment of space. The spacecraft charging system consists of several low energy electron and hydrogen ion sources (5-25 keV), one or two medium energy electron accelerators (150-300 keV), an array of vacuum ultraviolet lamps, and geomagnetic field suppression coils. Military, scientific, and commercial spacecraft can be tested before launching into the radiation environment of space. construction of SXTF is scheduled to begin in 1982 and the facility should be available for general use in 1984. Potential users are encouraged to express their needs for specific testing environments in SXTF.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 856-865
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  • 46
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    Meteosat spacecraft charging investigation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A number of phenomena observed on the first orbiting Meteosat satellite attributed to spacecraft charging effects are considered. Design analysis, correlation of anomalies with space environmental data, on ground tests with an engineering model spacecraft, tests on the validity of improvements, and installation of suitable monitors for the second improved flight satellite are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 814-834
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  • 47
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    Electron irradiation tests on European meteorological satellite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The observation of in orbit anomalies on Meteosat resulted in a test being performed to establish the charging and discharging characteristics of a flight configured engineering model when irradiated with electrons. Surface potentials were measured together with discharge rates and amplitudes. Results indicate that a large number of discharges are possible on the satellite whether or not the external surfaces are grounded. Initial measurements show that there are very high potential gradients around the satellite which obviously contribute largely to the discharging behavior. The time constant for charging is very small, indicating also that equilibrium conditions are achieved very quickly as the local ambient changes in orbit. A.R.H.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 835-855
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  • 48
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    P78-2 SCATHA environmental data atlas (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The 100 eV to approximately 1 MeV plasma environment encountered by the P78-2 Spacecraft Charging at High Altitudes (SCATHA) satellite during its initial operation period was studied. Forty-four days of 10 minute averages of the four moments of the electron and ion distribution functions calculated from the SC5 and SC9 energetic particle measurements were analyzed to determine occurrence frequency, local time variation, geomagnetic activity variation, and L shell variation. The single and double Maxwellian parameters derived from the four moments were similarly analyzed. The interrelationships between the moments and derived parameters were computed and the results compared with the ATS-5 and ATS-6 atlas. Results of this analysis establish a baseline range for the SCATHA plasma environment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 802-813
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  • 49
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    Military standards and SCATHA program update of MIL-STD-1541 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The elctromagnetic compatability requirements for space systems, 15 October 1973, to be met by industry contractors for spacecraft launch vehicles and other special space systems, are considered. Deficiencies in the existing standard with respect to spacecraft charge and discharge phenomena, the technical ramifications for generating a new standard, and the upgrading of MIL-STD-1541 with requirements supplied as a result of the SCATHA program are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 768-788
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  • 50
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    Analytical modeling of satellites in geosynchronous environment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Experiences with surface charging of geosynchronous satellites are reviewed and mechanisms leading to discharges on satellite surfaces are considered. It was found that the large differential voltages between the surface and the substrate required to produce massive laboratory discharges do not occur on satellites in space. Analytical modeling predictions supported by dielectric charging data from P78-2, SCATHA (Spacecraft Charging at High Altitudes) flight results are discussed. Ungrounded insulator areas, buried charge layers (due to mid-energy range particles), and positive differential voltages (where structure voltages are less negative than surrounding dielectric surface voltages) are considered as possible mechanisms producing satellite charge up.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Space Charging Technol., 1980; p 717-729
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  • 51
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    NASCAP charging calculations for a synchronous orbit satellite (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of the NASA Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP) for the computation of spacecraft charge up in the energetic plasma environment of geosynchronous orbits is described. Spacecraft modelling, materials parameters, and NASCAP charging analyses are described. The synchronous orbit plasma environment used in the stress analysis employs a two Maxwellian energy distribution to determine the fluxes. Several NASCAP runs performed to determine the location and magnitude of environmentally induced voltage stresses are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 684-708
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  • 52
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    Dielectric discharge characteristics in a two-electron simulation environment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a series of experiments in which flux levels representative of the space electron environment were used are presented and compared to the results of high flux tests. The simulation approach was to partition the space electron spectrum into two parts, those electrons which do not penetrate a material and therefore contribute to charging and those which completely penetrate the material. The nonpenetrating electrons were simulated using 25 keV electrons and the penetrating electrons by 350 keV electrons. The materials included in this investigation were Kapton, optical solar reflectors (OSRs), and a ground test satellite surface potential monitor which contained Kapton, astroquart, OSRs and teflon.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 4-16
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  • 53
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    Comparison of NASCAP modelling results with lumped circuit analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Engineering design tools that can be used to predict the development of absolute and differential potentials by realistic spacecraft under geomagnetic substorm conditions are described. Two types of analyses are in use: (1) the NASCAP code, which computes quasistatic charging of geometrically complex objects with multiple surface materials in three dimensions; (2) lumped element equivalent circuit models that are used for analyses of particular spacecraft. The equivalent circuit models require very little computation time, however, they cannot account for effects, such as the formation of potential barriers, that are inherently multidimensional. Steady state potentials of structure and insulation are compared with those resulting from the equivalent circuit model.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 665-683
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  • 54
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    Analysis of ambient and beam particle characteristics during the ejection of an electron beam from a satellite in near-geosynchronous orbit on March 30, 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An electron beam system was operated over a wide range of beam currents and energies for periods both in sunlight and in eclipse. Complex pitch angle modulations of the electron spectra are separately decomposed for each beam operation. When electrons are emitted perpendicular to the magnetic field with an energy of 3 keV and a current of 0.10 mA they return as a coherent beam only to the parallel detector. Throughout the beam operations the pitch angle distributions show electrons with energy less than beam energy streaming along the field line. Analytic expressions for the satellite electric field are constructed and particle trajectories are determined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 642-664
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  • 55
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    Computer simulation of spacecraft charging on SCATHA (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Computer simulation to determine spacecraft charging on P78-2 (SCATHA) during a substorm and for modeling the effects of electron beam emission on the P78-2 ground potential for a variety of beam voltages and currents was used. Measured and computed spacecraft potentials are obtained to within several hundred eV. Computation of the electron beam emission effects on the spacecraft ground potential are shown. It is concluded that the spacecraft ground potential can be controlled by emitting an electron beam.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 632-641
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  • 56
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    SCATHA SSPM charging response: NASCAP predictions compared with data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Models for the satellite surface potential monitor (SSPM) units constructed in the NASCAP code and the results of comparing predictions to surface voltage and baseplate current data are reported. Several peculiarities in the test data are noted. Preliminary results from space simulations of a SCATHA model with environments representative of the day 87, 1979, eclipse injection event are presented, and their implications for predicting space response are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 592-607
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    Three-dimensional analysis of charging events on days 87 and 114, 1979, from SCATHA (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Angular distributions of ions and electrons from the Spacecraft Charging at High Altitudes (SCATHA) were investigated for the floating potential and the differential charging of the spacecraft as deduced from Liouville's theorem. The following was found: (1) short time charging events on the spacecraft are associated with short time increases of the intensity of 10 keV to 1 MeV electrons; (2) short time changes of the spacecraft differential potential are associated with simultaneous short time changes of the spacecraft floating potential; (3) solar UV intensities in penumbra anticorrelate with the spacecraft floating potentials; (4) NASCAP predicts correct forms of sunshade asymmetric surface potentials; (5) certain enhancements of the intensity of energetic ions diminishes the absolute value of the spacecraft surface potential; (6) spacecraft discharging events in times shorter than 20 sec did not change in the spectrum of the energetic plasma; (7) partial discharging of the spacecraft occurred upon entry into a magnetically depleted region; and (8) steady state potentials and transient potentials of duration less than 30 seconds are simulated by the NASCAP code.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Tecnol., 1980; p 608-631
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    Agreement for NASA/OAST - USAF/AFSC space interdependency on spacecraft environment interaction (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A joint AF/NASA comprehensive program on spacecraft environment interactions consists of combined contractual and in house efforts aimed at understanding spacecraft environment ineraction phenomena and relating ground test results to space conditions. Activities include: (1) a concerted effort to identify project related environmental interactions; (2) a materials investigation to measure the basic properties of materials and develop or modify materials as needed; and (3) a ground simulation investigation to evaluate basic plasma interaction phenomena and provide inputs to the analytical modeling investigation. Systems performance is evaluated by both ground tests and analysis. There is an environmental impact investigation to determine the effect of future large spacecraft on the charged particle environment. Space flight investigations are planned to verify the results. The products of this program are test standards and design guidelines which summarize the technology, specify test criteria, and provide techniques to minimize or eliminate system interactions with the charged particle environment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 912-930
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    Use of charging control guidelines for geosynchronous satellite design studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several of the principle guidelines from the Spacecraft Charging Design Guidelines Handbook are presented with illustrative examples. Use of the geomagnetic substorm specification to qualify satellite designs, the evaluation of satellite designs by using analytical modelling techniques, the use of selected materials and coatings to minimize charging, the tying of all conducting elements to a common ground, and the use of electrical filtering to protect circuits from discharge induced upsets are discussed. Discharge criteria and SCATHA data are excluded.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 789-801
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    Operational status of the space test program P78-2 spacecraft and payloads (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Operations of the P78-2 spacecraft and its 12 payloads, which attempt to measure the buildup and breakdown of charge on various spacecraft components and to characterize the natural environment at synchronous altitudes, are summarized. Launch procedures, orbit alignment, and eclipse seasons are reviewed. The spacecraft configuration and subsystems are described. Catastrophic payload failures are reported: the SC6 (AFGL Thermal Plasma Analyzer) failed due to an excessive power draw in the electron step generator. The SC7 (NASA/MSFC Light Ion Mass Spectrometer) internal power supply failed. Lesser payload failures, including SC2 probe biasing, SC4-1 pulsed mode, and SC4-2 neutralizer are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 365-369
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  • 61
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    Accelerated Alpha-s deterioration in a geostationary orbit (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Between the Teflon substrate and the interference filter a 2 micron varnish layer was sandwiched in. The bending radius of the SSM, measured on a cone, decreased from about 13 mm to 6 mm prior to interference filter fracture, due to increased tensile strength of its substrate. These samples, and for comparison samples of the same make but without varnish and a conductive layer were included in the test. Additionally 2 Teflon FEP samples without the protective interference filter, one of them with a conductive layer, were tested. The sample substrate was 125 micron Teflon FEP, with vapor deposited silver reflector and a thin Inconel film for corrosion protection.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 353-364
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  • 62
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    Conduction through punctures in metal-backed dielectrics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A theoretical mechanism to explain the main features of experiments with punctured spacecraft-thermal-blanket materials is presented. The model is based on consideration of the electric fields developed about punctures; the focusing of primary electrons toward the punctures; the generation, migration, and cascade of secondary electrons along the surface; and the radiation induced conductivity characteristics of thin dielectric films. Qualitative predictions of the model agree with experiment results
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: in NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 342-352
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  • 63
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    Evaluation of charge control techniques on spacecraft thermal surfaces (electrostatic discharge study) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charging and discharging characteristics of various dielectric materials commonly used on spacecraft were tested. The experimental apparatus and the calculations used to analyze the data generated during the testing are described. The test technique, results, and analysis used are presented. Indium tin oxide coated Teflon, Kapton, and quartz do not charge significantly. CTL 15 white paint shows no large charge build up. Pinholes in Teflon and Kapton increase the leakage through the sample and reduce the energy released in an arc. Conductive grids in Teflon and Kapton reduce the arc energy by two orders of magnitude over untreated samples. Extreme low temperatures (-195 C) do not significantly increase the arc energy of the gridded sample.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1980; p 320-341
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  • 64
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    Conceptual design study. Science and Applications Space Platform (SASP). Final briefing (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The modularity, shape, and size of the recommended platform concept offers a low investment, early option to demonstrate the system; flexibility to conservative growth; adaptability to great variety of multi or dedicated payload groups; and good dispersion and viewing freedom for payloads. Platform configuration effectively supports 80 to 85% of the NASA/OSS and OSTA payloads. The subsystem approaches recommended are based on cost effective distribution of functions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-CR-173520 , NAS 1.26:173520 , MDC-G9300
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  • 65
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    Antihistamine effect on synaptosomal uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study on the effects of five H1 and H2 antihistamines on the synaptosomal uptake of serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) is presented. Brain homogenates from female rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer solution in the presence of one of three radioactive neurotransmitters, and one of the five antihistamines. Low concentrations of pyrilamine competitively inhibited 5HT uptake, had little effect on NE uptake, and no effect on DA uptake. Promethazine, diphenhydramine, metiamide, and cimetidine had no effect on 5HT or DA uptake at the same concentration. Diphenhydramine had a small inhibitory effect on NE uptake. It is concluded that pyrilamine is a selective and potent competitive inhibitor of 5HT uptake at concentrations between .05 and .5 micromolars.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: European Journal of Pharmacology; 65; 1980
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  • 66
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    Transmission line model of the interaction of a long metal wire with the ionosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An equivalent electric circuit model is used to study the electrodynamic interactions of long orbiting metallic tethers with the ionospheric plasma and, in particular, to derive current and potential profiles along bare metallic tethers. In contrast with other models, this approach is dynamic, enabling both the transient behavior of the wire and its final equilibrium state to be derived. A comparison with the results of other models indicates the advantage of the present approach, especially in those cases where the internal resistance of the tether plays a major role in determining the current and potential distributions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Radio Science; 15; Nov
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  • 67
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    Modifications to the Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics Program (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Modifications to existing subroutines are briefly described and a detailed description of new subroutines is given. The capability to simulate the Dynamics Explorer-B control system new developed and the formulation for this addition is given. The program variables in new labelled COMMON blocks are described in detail and the modified input and output for the d Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics Program is described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-CR-166655
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  • 68
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    Fabrication of titanium multi-wall Thermal Protection System (TPS) test panel arrays (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several arrays were designed and tested. Tests included vibrational and acoustical tests, radiant heating tests, and thermal conductivity tests. A feasible manufacturing technique was established for producing the protection system panels.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-CR-159383
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  • 69
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    Subcutaneous electrode structure (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A subcutaneous electrode structure suitable for a chronic implant and for taking a low noise electrocardiogram of an active animal, comprises a thin inflexible, smooth disc of stainless steel having a diameter as of 5 to 30 mm, which is sutured in place to the animal being monitored. The disc electrode includes a radially directed slot extending in from the periphery of the disc for approximately 1/3 of the diameter. Electrical connection is made to the disc by means of a flexible lead wire that extends longitudinally of the slot and is woven through apertures in the disc and held at the terminal end by means of a spot welded tab. Within the slot, an electrically insulative sleeve, such as silicone rubber, is placed over the wire. The wire with the sleeve mounted thereon is captured in the plane of the disc and within the slot by means of crimping tabs extending laterally of the slot and over the insulative wire. The marginal lip of the slot area is apertured and an electrically insulative potting material such as silicone rubber, is potted in place overlaying the wire slot region and through the apertures.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 70
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    Metabolic rate measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Metabolic Rate Measurement System (MRMS) is an uncomplicated and accurate apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of a test subject. From this one can determine the subject's metabolic rate for a variety of conditions, such as resting or light exercise. MRMS utilizes an LSI/11-03 microcomputer to monitor and control the experimental apparatus.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160893
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  • 71
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    An integrative approach to space-flight physiology using systems analysis and mathematical simulation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An approach was developed to aid in the integration of many of the biomedical findings of space flight, using systems analysis. The mathematical tools used in accomplishing this task include an automated data base, a biostatistical and data analysis system, and a wide variety of mathematical simulation models of physiological systems. A keystone of this effort was the evaluation of physiological hypotheses using the simulation models and the prediction of the consequences of these hypotheses on many physiological quantities, some of which were not amenable to direct measurement. This approach led to improvements in the model, refinements of the hypotheses, a tentative integrated hypothesis for adaptation to weightlessness, and specific recommendations for new flight experiments.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The 11th Space Simulation Conf.; p 149-162
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  • 72
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    Decoupled control of a long flexible beam in orbit (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Control involved commanding changes in pitch attitude as well as nulling initial disturbances in the pitch and flexible modes. Control force requirements were analyzed. Also, the effects of parameter uncertainties on the decoupling process were analyzed and were found to be small. Two methods were investigated: the system was completely coupled and certain actuators were then eliminated, one by one, which resulted in some or all modes not fully controlled; specified modes of the system were excluded from the decoupling control law by employing viewer control actuators than modes in the model. In both methods, adjustments were made in the feedback gains to include the uncontrolled modes in the overall control of the system.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TP-1740 , L-13726
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    Spacecraft surgical scrub system (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ease of handling and control in zero gravity and minimizing the quantity of water required were prime considerations. The program tasks include the selection of biocidal agent from among the variety used for surgical scrub, formulation of a dispensing system, test, and delivery of flight dispensers. The choice of an iodophore was based on effectiveness on single applications, general familiarity among surgeons, and previous qualification for space use. The delivery system was a choice between the squeeze foamer system and impregnated polyurethane foam pads. The impregnated foam pad was recommended because it is a simpler system since the squeeze foamer requires some applicator to effectively clean the skin surfaces, whereas the form pad is the applicator and agent combined. Testing demonstrated that both systems are effective for use as surgical scrubs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160882 , MS187R5003
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  • 74
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    Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 3: Engineering test summary (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The engineering test program for the lander and the orbiter are presented. The engineering program was developed to achieve confidence that the design was adequate to survive the expected mission environments and to accomplish the mission objective.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-RP-1027-VOL-3 , L-12087-VOL-3
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  • 75
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    Low thrust vehicle concept study (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Low thrust chemical (hydrogen-oxygen) propulsion systems configured specifically for low acceleration orbit transfer of large space systems were defined. Results indicate that it is cost effective and least risk to combine the OTV and stowed spacecraft in a single 65 K Shuttle. The study shows that the engine for an optimized low thrust stage (1) does not require very low thrust; (2) 1-3 K thrust range appears optimum; (3) thrust transient is not a concern; (4) throttling probably not worthwhile; and (5) multiple thrusters complicate OTV/LSS design and aggravate LSS loads. Regarding the optimum vehicle for low acceleration missions, the single shuttle launch (LSS and expendable OTV) is most cost effective and least risky. Multiple shuttles increase diameter 20%. The space based radar structure short OTV (which maximizes space available for packaged LSS) favors use of torus tank. Propellant tank pressures/vapor residuals are little affected by engine thrust level or number of burns.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-CR-161594 , GDC-ASP-80-010
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  • 76
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    Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 2: Orbiter design (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The design of the Viking orbiter spacecraft is described. System configuration, telecommunications, and guidance and control requirements are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-RP-1027-VOL-2 , L-12087-VOL-2
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    Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1: Lander design (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Viking Mars program is summarized. The design of the Viking lander spacecraft is described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-RP-1027-VOL-1 , L-12087-VOL-1
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  • 78
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    Model for antiorthostatic hypokinesia - Head-down tilt effects on water and salt excretion (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Water and electrolyte excretion was investigated in antiorthostatic hypokinetic and orthostatic hypokinetic and control rats in metabolic cages. Significant (t test, P less than 0.05) diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis occurred in the antiorthostatic hypokinetic subjects but did not occur in either the orthostatic hypokinetic or controls. Recovery from antiorthostatic hypokinesia was characterized by retention of water, sodium, and potassium. Patterns of changes in body weight and food and water consumption were virtually identical in antiorthostatic and orthostatic hypokinetic rats and thus could not account for the differences in renal handling of water and electrolytes. Also, differences in ingestion of food and water in controls could not account for differences in excretion of water and electrolytes between these and antiorthostatic hypokinetic rats. It was concluded that the antiorthostatic position was responsible for the diuresis and natriuresis and that the antiorthostatic hypokinetic rat appears to be a good model for the study of water and elecrolyte excretion during conditions such as bed rest, water immersion, and exposure to weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
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  • 79
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    Free fall - A partial unique motion environment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Conditions leading to the elicitation of motion sickness have been divided into two main categories: partial motion environments, in which head movements are required to elicit motion sickness, and complete motion environments, in which independent movements of the head are not required for the production of symptoms. It is postulated that, according to this categorization, free fall constitutes a partial motion environment. In support of this hypothesis evidence is reviewed from Skylab missions, experiments in parabolic flight, and ground-based studies.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 7; Dec. 198
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  • 80
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    Design of the annular suspension and pointing system /ASPS/ through decoupling and pole placement (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A decoupling and pole-placement technique has been developed for the Annular Suspension and Pointing System (ASPS) of the Space Shuttle which uses bandwidths as performance criteria. The dynamics of the continuous-data ASPS allows the three degrees of freedom to be totally decoupled by state feedback through constant gains, so that the bandwidth of each degree of freedom can be independently specified without interaction. Although it is found that the digital ASPS cannot be completely decoupled, the bandwidth requirements are satisfied by pole placement and a trial-and-error method based on approximate decoupling.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Computers and Electrical Engineering; 7; Dec. 198
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    Development of a new noninvasive method to determine the integrity of bone in vivo (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An electromagnetic sensor for monitoring elastic waves in bone was developed. It does not require the use of traction pins and the output is not affected by soft tissue properties, a difficulty commonly encountered when using ultrasonic and vibration methods to determine in vivo properties of bone.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160922
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    Indometh acin-antihistamine combination for gastric ulceration control (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An anti-inflammatory and analgesic composition containing indomethacin and an H2 histamine receptor antagonist in an amount sufficient to reduce gastric distress caused by the indomethacin was developed. Usable antagonists are metiamide and cimetidine.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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    Computerized tomographic determination of spinal bone mineral content (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aims of the study were three-fold: to determine the magnitude of vertebral cancellous mineral loss in normal subjects during bedrest, to compare this loss with calcium balance and mineral loss in peripheral bones, and to use the vertebral measurements as an evaluative criterion for the C12MDP treatment and compare it with other methods. The methods used are described and the results from 14 subjects are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160891
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  • 84
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    Solar flux incident on an orbiting surface after reflection from a planet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Algorithms describing the solar radiation impinging on an infinitesimal surface after reflection from a gray and diffuse planet are derived. The following conditions apply: only radiation from the sunny half of the planet is taken into account; the radiation must fall on the top of the orbiting surface, and radiation must come from that part of the planet that can be seen from the orbiting body. A simple approximate formula is presented which displays excellent accuracy for all significant situations, with an error which is always less than 5% of the maximum possible reflected flux. Attention is also given to solar albedo flux on a surface directly facing the planet, the influence of solar position on albedo flux, and to solar albedo flux as a function of the surface-planet tilt angle.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: AIAA Journal; 18; June 198
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  • 85
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    Physiological response to hyper- and hypogravity during rollercoaster flight (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Twenty-six healthy male subjects were flown in a Lear jet aircraft through rollercoaster and parabolic weightlessness flight. Eye movements, respiration, and blood volume pulse were recorded on magnetic tape. The same subjects underwent a battery of five vestibular tests in the laboratory on the ground. One subject in each flight was flown in an upright position, the other in a 90 deg forward tilted head position. The forward tilted subjects always reported motion sickness earlier and after fewer rollercoaster maneuvers than the upright-sitting subjects. It is concluded that the susceptibility to changes of X-axis acceleration is higher than to changes of Z-axis acceleration. Correlation was found between the ability to estimate the subjective vertical (modified Mueller-Aubert-test), optokinetic nystagmus asymmetries, and susceptibility to rollercoaster flight sickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 86
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    A sudden-stop vestibulovisual test for rapid assessment of motion sickness manifestations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sudden-stop vestibulovisual (SSV) test employing a rotating chair centered in a striped cylindrical enclosure is discussed. A subject, with his eyes covered, is accelerated clockwise at 15 degrees per second squared and maintained at this velocity for 30 sec. The chair is then brought to rest within 1.5 sec and remains at rest for 30 sec while physiological parameters and motion sickness symptoms are recorded. The procedure is repeated until a predetermined motion sickness endpoint (slight nausea) is reached or 20 stops have been made. The scores made by 14 subjects in 4 sessions in terms of susceptibility to motion sickness are presented, and the pattern of all scores indicates rates of acquisition and decay of adaptation effects. It is concluded that at sea or in flight training good retention of adaptation is more important than is a rapid rate of acquiring adaptation, but in Spacelab, where early missions will be brief, rapid acquisition is all-important.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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    Health requirements for advanced coal extraction systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Health requirements were developed as long range goals for future advanced coal extraction systems which would be introduced into the market in the year 2000. The goal of the requirements is that underground coal miners work in an environment that is as close as possible to the working conditions of the general population, that they do not exceed mortality and morbidity rates resulting from lung diseases that are comparable to those of the general population, and that their working conditions comply as closely as possible to those of other industries as specified by OSHA regulations. A brief technique for evaluating whether proposed advanced systems meet these safety requirements is presented, as well as a discussion of the costs of respiratory disability compensation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-163625 , JPL-PUB-80-72
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  • 88
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    Pocket ECG electrode (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A low noise electrode suited for sensing electrocardiograms when chronically and subcutaneously implanted in a free ranging subject is described. The electrode comprises a pocket shaped electrically conductive member with a single entrance adapted to receive body fluids. The exterior of the member and the entrance region is coated with electrical insulation so that the only electrolyte/electrode interface is within the member, remote from artifact-generating tissue. Cloth straps are bonded to the member to permit the electrode to be sutured to tissue and to provide electrical lead flexure relief.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 89
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    The development of an elastic reverse gradient garment to be used as a countermeasure for cardiovascular deconditioning (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using a new nomex lycra elastic fabric and individualized garment engineering techniques, reverse gradient garments (RGG's) were designed, constructed, and tested for effectiveness as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning. By combining torso compensated positive pressure breathing with a distally diminishing gradient of counterpressure supplied by the elastic fabric on the limbs, the RGG acts to pool blood in the extremities of recumbent persons much as though they were standing erect in 1 g. The RGG stresses the vasculature in a fashion similar to that experienced by the normally active man, hence preventing or limiting the development of post weightlessness orthostatic intolerance and related conditions. Four male, college age subjects received daily treatments with the RGG during a 15 day bedrest study. Four additional subjects also underwent the bedrest, but received no treatments; they served as controls. The preliminary indication was that the RGG was somewhat effective in limiting the deconditioning process.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-152379
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 90
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    Cardiopulmonary data acquisition system. Version 2.0, volume 2: Detailed software/hardware documentation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Detailed software and hardware documentation for the Cardiopulmonary Data Acquisition System is presented. General wiring and timing diagrams are given including those for the LSI-11 computer control panel and interface cables. Flowcharts and complete listings of system programs are provided along with the format of the floppy disk file.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160609
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 91
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    Development of the reentry flight dynamics simulator for evaluation of space shuttle orbiter entry systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A nonlinear, six degree of freedom, digital computer simulation of a vehicle which has constant mass properties and whose attitudes are controlled by both aerodynamic surfaces and reaction control system thrusters was developed. A rotating, oblate Earth model was used to describe the gravitational forces which affect long duration Earth entry trajectories. The program is executed in a nonreal time mode or connected to a simulation cockpit to conduct piloted and autopilot studies. The program guidance and control software used by the space shuttle orbiter for its descent from approximately 121.9 km to touchdown on the runway.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TP-1700 , L-13662
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 92
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    Physiological reactions of a passenger to transportation conditions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effect of transportation conditions on the performance capacity of a passenger were studied, in order to establish the time for his most rapid inclusion in production activity after the trip. It was concluded that the transportation conditions impair the functional condition of the passenger's organism. The restoration of the functional state to the initial level occurs mainly in the space of one day. It is shown that it is necessary to take into consideration the adaptation of the organism during transfer to another climate zone.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-76350
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  • 93
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    Assessment of the effects of the zero gravity environment on the health and safety of space workers (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A review was conducted of currently available information relating to adverse effects to the health and safety that space power system (SPS) space workers may experience. Currently available information on the responses of humans to space flight is somewhat limited and was obtained under conditions which are grossly different from conditions to be experienced by future space workers. The limitations in information and differences in conditions were considered in the assessment of potential health and safety hazards to the SPS space workers. The study did not disclose any adverse effects that would result in long term deviations to the medical physiological health of space workers so long as proper preventive or ameliorating action were taken.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-81122 , DOE/CH-10025
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  • 94
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    Analysis of space shuttle orbiter entry dynamics from Mach 10 to Mach 2.5 with the November 1976 flight control system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A six-degree-of-freedom simulation analysis was performed for the space shuttle orbiter entry from Mach 10 to Mach 2.5 with realistic off-nominal conditions using the flight control system referred to as the November 1976 Integrated Digital Autopilot. The off-nominal conditions included: (1) aerodynamic uncertainties in extrapolating from wind tunnel of flight characteristics, (2) error in deriving angle of attack from onboard instrumentation, (3) failure of two of the four reaction control-system thrusters on each side (design specification), and (4) lateral center-of-gravity offset. Many combinations of these off-nominal conditions resulted in a loss of the orbiter. Control-system modifications were identified to prevent this possibility.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TP-1667 , L-13344
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    Shape change of Galileo probe models in free-flight tests (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Scale models of the Galileo Probe made of polycarbonate, AXF5Q graphite, carbon-carbon composite, and carbon-phenolic were flown in a free flight range in an ambient gas of air, krypton, or xenon. Mach numbers varied between 14 and 24, Reynolds numbers between 300,000 and 1,000,000, stagnation pressures between 31 and 200 atm, and stagnation point heat transfer rates between 10 and 1,000 kW/sq cm. Shadowgraphs indicate gouging ablation of the aft portion of the frustum; the gouging was moderate in air and severe in the noble gases. The graphite models break in the same region. An explanation of the phenomena is offered in terms of the strong compression and shear caused by the reattachment of a turbulent separated flow. Conditions are calculated for similar tests appropriate for Von Karman Facility of the Arnold Engineering Development Center in which a larger model can be flown in argon.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TM-81209 , A-8223
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    Simultaneous muscle force and displacement transducer (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A myocardial transducer for simultaneously measuring force and displacement within a very small area of myocardium is disclosed. The transducer comprised of an elongated body forked at one end to form an inverted Y shaped beam with each branch of the beam constituting a low compliant tine for penetrating the myocardium to a predetermined depth. Bonded to one of the low compliance tines is a small piezoresistive element for converting a force acting on the beam into an electrical signal. A third high compliant tine of the transducer, which measures displacement of the myocardium in a direction in line with the two low compliant tines, is of a length that just pierces the surface membrane. A small piezoresistive element is bonded to the third tine at its upper end where its bending is greatest. Displacement of the myocardium causes a deformation in curvature of the third tine, and the second small piezoresistive element bonded to the surface of its curved end converts its deformation into an electrical signal.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Orbiter Landing Loads Math Model Description and Correlation with ALT Flight Data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of the space shuttle approach and landing test are examined in order to assess landing gear characteristics and performance and verify landing dynamic analyses. The landing gears were instrumented with load-calibrated strain gages, a wheel-speed sensor, and strut stroke measurement devices. The mathematical procedure used in predicting the shuttle touchdown loads and dynamics is presented together with the comparisons between measured flight data and the analytical predictions. Conclusions from these data are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-RP-1056 , JSC-16202 , S-498
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Space motion sickness - Skylab revisited (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Biomedical findings in the area of space motion sickness of the Skylab missions are reviewed and compared with the results of laboratory simulations. The motion sickness experiences of the three Skylab crews are related, and it is pointed out that of the nine astronauts, four were not sick at all, and of the five who were sick, only two vomited. In addition, it is noted that soon after recovery all five were immune in a provocative test based on the generation of cross-coupled angular accelerations while they executed head movements during rotation, in which they had manifested symptoms before the flight. Is is concluded that the findings indicate that susceptibility to motion sickness on earth is not a reliable predictor of susceptibility to motion sickness in orbit, and that free fall is a partial motion environment. Difficulties in dealing with motion sickness under operational conditions and the limitations of antimotion sickness remedies are noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Characterization of renal response to prolonged immersion in normal man (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: ?jDuring the initial phase of space flight, there is a translocation of fluid from the lower parts of the body to the central vascular compartment with a resultant natriuresis, diuresis, and weight loss. Because water immersion is regarded as an appropriate model for studying the redistribution of fluid that occurs in weightlessness, an immersion study of relatively prolonged duration was carried out in order to characterize the temporal profile of the renal adaptation to central hypervolemia. Twelve normal male subjects underwent an immersion study of 8-h duration in the sodium-replete state. Immersion resulted in marked natriuresis and diuresis which were sustained throughout the immersion period. The failure of that natriuresis and diuresis of immersion to abate or cease despite marked extracellular fluid volume contraction as evidenced by a mean weight loss of -2.2 + or - 0.3 kg suggests that central blood volume was not restored to normal and that some degree of central hypervolemia probably persisted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Environmental protection of the solar power satellite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This paper examines theoretically several features of the interactions of the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) with its space environment. The leakage currents through the kapton and sapphire solar cell blankets are calculated. At geosynchronous orbit, this parasitic power loss is only 0.7%, and is easily compensated by oversizing. At low-earth orbit, the power loss is potentially much larger (3%), and anomalous arcing is expected for the high-voltage negative surfaces. Preliminary results of a three-dimensional self-consistent plasma and electric field computer program are presented, confirming the validity of the predictions made from the one-dimensional models. Lastly, the paper proposes magnetic shielding of the satellite, to reduce the power drain and to protect the solar cells from energetic electron and plasma ion bombardment. It is concluded that minor modifications from the baseline SPS design can allow the SPS to operate safely and efficiently in its space environment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Format: text
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