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  • Articles  (172)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (172)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (172)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1992  (172)
  • 1951
  • 1910
  • Natural Sciences in General  (172)
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  • Articles  (172)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (172)
  • 1910-1914
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A personal computer based implementation of the maximum-likelihood method of analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Maximum-likelihood estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The maximum-likelihood (ML) method for the quantitative analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs has been shown to be substantially superior to the conventional crossfire (CF) method. It can generate reliable and accurate tracer concentration estimates with far fewer micrographs and produce valid estimates even at counts low enough to preclude the use of the crossfire method while eliminating the need for special ad hoc treatment of narrow membranous structures as well as the secondary verification of the tracer concentration estimates.Despite these significant advantages, the large computational requirements of the ML method has to date hampered its widespread use. In this paper, we present a new line-integration method that allows us to reduce the computational requirements of the ML method to a point where it becomes feasible to implement it on a small computer system of the type typically available to a laboratory user of EM autoradiography. We present the complete line-integration method for the particular case of EM autoradiography with tritium, and show how it can be adapted to other isotopes.We have constructed a software package that implements the complete maximum-likelihood method on the IBM PC class of machines using our line-integration method. Features of this software package which are of particular importance to the research community are device independence, which makes it usable with a large variety of currently available laboratory equipment, and easy portability of the software and data between different computer systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of electron microscopic techniques in the in vitro study of adenohypophysial function and regulation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 136-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Adenomas ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Morphologic studies of human adenohypophysial cells using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy have characterized the hormone-producing cell types of the normal gland and pituitary adenomas. The classifications which have emerged allow more accurate clinicopathologic correlations than ever before, but have also raised new questions concerning cytogenesis, pathogenesis, and structure-function correlations. We report the results of studies which marry the conventional morphologic techniques of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and ultrastructural immunocytology with functional analyses using tissue culture and radioimmunoassay of hormones released into culture media. The hormone secretory activity of nontumorous and adenomatous pituitary cells is correlated with their structural features; their secretory responses to several adenohypophysiotropic factors are compared with morphologic alterations which are characterized at the light and electron microscopic levels by morphometric analysis. These studies have shown that hypothalamic stimulating hormones increase hormone release by their target cells and alter the ultrastructural appearance of the affected cells by increasing organelles involved in hormone synthesis. Inhibitory drugs and adrenal and gonadal steroids are capable of suppressing hormone release by some tumors and also give rise to morphologic changes which correlate with the functional inhibition. Hormone release by clinically nonfunctioning adenomas has been characterized and the behavior of these tumor cells in vitro sheds some light on the reasons for lack of clinical symptomatology. The plurihormonal nature of several nontumorous and adenomatous pituitary cell types has been characterized in vitro. The results of these studies provide the basis for more accurate structure-function correlations which can be used to study the hormonal milieu in vivo, to predict the role of pathogenetic factors in pituitary tumorigenesis, and to assess the therapeutic value of stimulating or inhibiting hormones and drugs.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell lineage in molluscan development (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 75-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Egg ; Polarity ; Morphogenetic plasm ; Cell communication ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cell lineage specification in molluscs is brought about by two mechanisms: the segregation of morphogenetic plasms and inductive cell interactions. The evidence for the existence of morphogenetic plasms is largely circumstantial, but in one species, Bithynia, such a plasm has been identified in the polar lobe that forms at first cleavage. Inductive cell interactions are thought to be a prerequisite for the development of a large number of tissues and organs. The most extensively studied example is the specification of the mesodermal stem cell in Lymnaea and Patella, which occurs between 5th and 6th cleavage through an interaction between one macromere and a large number of micromeres.Both segregation and induction are tuned to the animal-vegetal polarity of the egg, at least during early development. This polarity probably arises during oogenesis and is manifest in regional differentiations of the surface architecture of the egg, in the distribution of inner membrane particles in the plasma membrane, in membrane fluidity characteristics, in ionic conductance properties of the plasma membrane, etc. All these phenomena have in common that they represent properties of the egg surface, suggesting that the polarity of the egg is somehow imprinted into the plasma membrane and the cortex of the egg during oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of ultrastructural studies in the analysis of cell lineage in the mammalian pre-implantation embryo (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 103-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cell lineage analysis ; Mammalian embryo ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of cell lineage differentiation in the mammalian pre-implantation embryo. Such studies have documented, and continue to document, morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of the cell lineages established during the pre-implantation period in eutherian embryos, principally that of the mouse. This review evaluates these contributions and identifies areas of study in which ultrastructural analysis is most likely to have an important role in the future. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220108
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastructural imaging of freeze-fractured plant cells in the scanning electron microscope (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 160-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture and cytoplasmic maceration ; Chloroplasts ; Pollen ontogeny ; SEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The application of the freeze-fracture and cytoplasmic maceration technique in ultrastructural studies of plant cells is described. A major advantage of the technique is, that by extracting mobile cytoplasmic components from the freeze-fractured cells, surface relief is introduced and three-dimensional information is obtainable. The details of specimen preparation are described and the results obtained are reviewed. The use of chitosan embedding for very small or fragile specimens is described. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Preservation and visualization of molecular structure in detergent-extracted whole mounts of cultured cells (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 130-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; High resolution ; Cytoskeleton ; Biological specimen preparation ; Cultured cells ; Electrophoresis ; Bifunctional crosslinking reagents ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Today's electron microscopes have a resolution sufficient to resolve supramolecular structures. However, the methods used to prepare biological samples for electron microscopy often limit our ability to achieve the resolution that is theoretically possible. We use whole mounts of detergent-extracted cells grown on Formvar-coated gold grids as a model system to evaluate various steps in the preparation of biological samples for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM)Factors that are important in determining the structure and composition of detergent-extracted cells include the nature of the detergent and the composition of the extraction vehicle. Chelation of calcium is extremely important to stabilize and preserve the cytoskeletal filaments. We have also demonstrated both morphologically and by gel electrophoresis that treatment of cells with bifunctional protein crosslinkers before or during extraction with detergent can significantly enhance the preservation of both proteins and supramolecular structures.The methods used to dry samples are a major determinant of the quality of structural preservation. For cytoskeletons freeze-drying (FD) is superior to critical point-drying (CPD), one reason being that CPD samples have to be dehydrated, thereby causing more shrinkage as compared to FD samples. The high pressures to which samples are exposed during CPD may also cause increased shrinkage, and water contamination during CPD causes severe structural damage. We have obtained the best structural preservation of detergent-extracted and fixed cells by manually plunging them into liquid propane and drying over night in a freeze-drayer.The factor that most limits achievement of high resolution in SEM is the metal coat, which has to be very thin, uniform, and free of grain in order not to hide structures or to create artifactual ones. We have found that sputter-coating with 1-3 nm of tungsten (W) or niobium )Nb( gives extremely fine-grained films as well as satisfactory emission of secondary electrons. These samples can also be examined at high resolution by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The best preservation and visualization of supramolecular structures have been obtained using cryosputtering, in which the samples are freeze-dried and then sputter-coated within the freeze-dryer while still frozen. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220203
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  • 9
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    Comparative study of ion milling techniques in cross-sectional transmission electron microscope specimen preparation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: VLSIC ; XTEM ; Semiconductor industry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220209
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220301
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Preparation of aqueous standards for low temperature x-ray microanalysis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Quantitative low temperature X-ray microanalysis ; Homogeneous dispersion in ice ; Aqueous standards ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A technique, using Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane filters as a containing medium for very small volumes of ionic standard solutions, to produce homogeneous ice standards is described. The standards are suitable for use in a scanning electron microscope. The relationship between elemental X-ray counts and ionic concentration is found to be linear. The method is rapid and simple. Minimum detectable concentrations are given. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220210
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  • 12
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    Suspected chemoreceptors in coelenterates and ctenophores (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 265-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Battery cell ; Cnidocil ; Cnidocyte ; Kinocilium ; Onion-root body ; Nematocyst ; Sensory cell ; Stereocilia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Chemoreceptors in coelenterates and ctenophores have not been identified with certainty. Among prospective chemoreceptive cells are the sensory nerve cells, the cnidocyst bearing cnidocytes, and the epitheliomuscular cells that are likely to be involved in feeding or aggression. Both behaviors are mediated by coordinated chemical and mechanical reception. This is reflected in the close apposition of putative chemo- and mechanoreceptors. Among the structures that have been designated as likely chemo- and/or mechanoreceptors are stereocilia, kinocilia, and/or microvilli which are universally present on all the putative chemoreceptor complexes, while gland cells and mucous secretions are prevalent. Evidence that the actin-containing stereocilia are chemically modulated mechanoreceptors is presented for several forms. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220305
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  • 13
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    Cortical ultrastructure and chemoreception in ciliated protists (ciliophora) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 225-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ciliated protists (ciliates) offer a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between chemoreception and cell structure. Ciliates resemble chemosensory neurons in their responses to stimuli and presence of cilia. Ciliates have highly patterned surfaces that should permit precise localization of chemoreceptors in relation to effector organelles. Furthermore, ciliates are easy to grow and to manipulate genetically; they can also be readily studied biochemically and by electrophysiological techniques. This review contains a comparative description of the ultrastructural features of the ciliate cell surface relevant to chemoreception, examines the structural features of putative chemoreceptive cilia, and provides a summary of the electron microscopic information available so far bearing on chemoreceptive aspects of swimming, feeding, excretion, endocytosis, and sexual responses of ciliates. The electron microscopic identification and localization of specific chemoreceptive macromolecules and organelles at the molecular level have not yet been achieved in ciliates. These await the development of specific probes for chemoreceptor and transduction macromolecules. Nevertheless, the electron microscope has provided a wealth of information about the surface features of clliates where chemoreception is believed to take place. Such morphological information will prove essential to a complete understanding of reception and transduction at the molecular level. In the ciliates, major questions to be answered relate to the apportionment of chemoreceptive functions between the cilia and cell soma, the global distribution of receptors in relation to the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right axes of the cell, and the relationship of receptors to ultrastructural components of the cell coat, cell membrane, and cytoskeleton. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 41 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220304
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  • 14
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    A method for rapidly collecting serial sections for light microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 306-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220309
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  • 15
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    Morphology of olfactory epithelium in humans and other vertebrates (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory neuron ; Neurogenesis ; Plasticity ; Electron Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Human olfactory epithelium is similar in organization and cell morphology to that of most vertebrate species. The epithelium has a pseudostratified columnar organization and consists of olfactory neurons, supporting and basal cells. Near the mucosal surface there are also microvillar cells. These cells have neuron-like features and may be chemoreceptors. Human olfactory epithelium is not a uniform sensory sheet. Patches of non-sensory tissue often appear in what was thought to be a purely olfactory region. The significance of these patches has not been determined, but they could reflect exposure to environment agents or changes that occur during the normal aging process.In order to better understand the human olfactory system, further knowledge of the normal structure is necessary. This review addresses the morphology of the human olfactory epithelium and the remarkable plasticity of the vertebrate olfactory system. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230105
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  • 16
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    Olfactory epithelium in young adult and aging rats as seen with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 62-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory receptor cell ; Supporting cell ; Ultrastructure ; Lipofuscin granules ; Golgi apparatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The present study uses mainly scanning electron microscopy to demonstrate the three-dimensional internal cell structures of rat olfactory epithelial cells. The aldehyde-prefixed osmium-DMSO-osmium (AODO) method devised by Tanaka and Mitsushima (1984) was applied to the present study to disclose intracellular structures such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The spatial distribution pattern of these structures in olfactory and supporting cells is discussed, paying special attention to the formation of lipofuscin-like granules present in aged rats. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230106
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  • 17
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    The thickness determination of organic crystals under low dose conditions using electron energy loss spectroscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 166-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Protein crystals ; Crystal thickness ; Paraffin crystals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In the 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of protein crystals with variable thicknesses the electron images and diffraction patterns can only be merged if the crystal thickness is known. Measurement of the thickness using the ratio of the number of inelastically scattered electrons to the number of electrons in the zero loss peak can be accomplished with parallel electron energy loss spectrometry (PEELS). A theoretical analysis of the accuracy of the technique on paraffin crystals of different thicknesses is presented. Our experimental studies with paraffin crystals show the feasibility of measuring a single layer of 47 Å with good accuracy under low dose and low temperature conditions. A simple experimental apparatus is proposed to obtain thicknesses from small regions of unstained protein crystals prior to collecting the 3-D data sets from the unexposed area of the same crystal.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210208
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  • 18
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    Background correction of intensifier camera images in the T.E.M. (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 171-173 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Transmission Electron Microscope ; Light Intensifier Camera ; Microscopy ; Background correction ; Image Analysis ; Video Microscopy ; Television Camera ; Frame Store ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Several disadvantages of using intensified television cameras to acquire TEM images can be overcome by using background subtraction with a frame store.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210209
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  • 19
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    Ab-initio primitive cell parameters from single convergent-beam electron diffraction patterns: A converse route to the identification of microcrystals with electrons (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 158-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Least squares refinement ; X-ray analysis ; Cell parameters ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new method for the ab initio derivation of Buerger-reduced primitive cell parameters from coordinate measurements of spots on single convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns is described, which does not involve trial-and-error. The pattern can be taken along any zone axis, and misorientations of the crystallite by as much as a few degrees are taken into account without loss of accuracy. This derivation of cell parameters by least-squares analysis of the measurements has been automated in a program called NRCBED. Present accuracy is about 1% on lengths and 2° on angles, but could be significantly improved by modelling projector lens aberrations, or by using a microscope without a projector lens. With present technology, it is possible to obtain a CBED pattern and a semi-quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis simultaneously from a single microcrystal a few hundred Ångströms across. It becomes therefore possible to identify the material of the crystal on a single CBED pattern: a cell parameter database for known compounds is searched with the primitive cell parameters obtained in the above way, and with a mask describing the EDX results qualitatively. Feasibility is demonstrated on a crystallite of CeO2 500 Ångströms across. With this new approach, trial-and-error should disappear from the solution of other long-standing problems: interpretation of X-ray powder patterns for new compounds in the presence of impurity lines, or in the case of multiple phases should become straightforward.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210207
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  • 20
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210301
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  • 21
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    Observation of atomic steps on single crystal surfaces by a commercial scanning electron microscope (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 406-412 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: REM ; Contrast mechanism ; Imaging technique ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Atomic steps on (111) and (100) crystal surfaces of Pt were observed using a commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM) in secondary electron mode. By comparing the SEM images and those by reflection electron microscopy (REM), the observed contrast was confirmed to be that from atomic steps on crystal surfaces. The contrast mechanism is briefly discussed. One application of this imaging technique is also shown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200410
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  • 22
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    Observation of double line contrast in surface imaging (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 413-425 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: REM ; RHEED ; Surface resonance condition ; Contrast splitting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The double line contrast of a single-atom height step observed in surface imaging for a single crystal in reflection electron microscopy is studied under a variety of experimental conditions. It is suggested that this abnormal contrast is directly associated with the dynamical electron diffraction process. The behavior of the double line contrast is closely related to the order of the Bragg reflected beam, and can be observed mostly under one of the two commonly cited resonance conditions. This phenomenon clearly reveals the differences in the surface imaging for various resonance conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200411
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  • 23
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    Preparation and characterization of MgO surfaces by reflection electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 426-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Reflection high energy electron diffraction ; Surface topography ; Chemical polishing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have employed several different methods to prepare (100) and (111) surfaces of MgO crystals. (100) surfaces prepared by simple cleaving give good reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns and surfaces with a high density of coarse steps. Chemical polishing of this surface results in a roughening of the topography whilst annealing in oxygen considerably smoothens the surfaces although they appear to be contaminated. Under certain conditions we find that the MgO crystals will cleave along the (111) plane. Both cleaved and mechanically polished (111) surfaces are atomically flat and reconstructed after oxygen annealing.
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    Ciliated and microvillar receptor cells degenerate and then differentiate in the olfactory epithelium of rainbow trout following olfactory nerve section (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Plasticity ; Retrograde degeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We used scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy to examine ultrastructural changes in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of rainbow trout following unilateral olfactory nerve section. Both ciliated receptor cells (CRC) and microvillar receptor cells (MRC) degenerated and subsequently differentiated from unidentified precursor cells. The following changes took place in fish that were held at 10°C at the stated period following olfactory nerve section: on day 7, MRC and CRC contained intracellular vacuoles; on day 12, the olfactory knobs appeared disrupted; by day 26, olfactory receptor cells were absent from the OE; on day 42, there were receptor cell bodies and a few CRC with short cilia at the apical surface; and opn day 55, a small number of both CRC and MRC had differentiated. By day 76, both CRC and MRC repopulated the OE. Degenerative changes in the cytoplasm of the sustentacular cells (SC) and ciliated nonsensory cells (CNC) were observed in the first 26 days following olfactory nerve section, but these cells remained intact throughout the experiment. The degeneration and subsequent differentiation of CRC and MRC supports and extends previous observations that both cells types are olfactory receptor neurons with axons that extend along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural neurobiology of the olfactory mucosa of the brown trout, Salmo trutta (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 28-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Nose ; Olfaction ; Ultrastructure ; Toxicology ; Smell ; Sensory ; Fish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper describes four investigations of the olfactory mucosa of the brown trout: 1) the ultrastructure of the olfactory mucosa as revealed by scanning (SEM), conventional transmission (TEM), and high voltage (HVEM) electron microscopy; 2) light and electron-microscopic investigations of retrograde transport of the tracer macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) when applied to the cut olfactory nerve; 3) SEM and TEM investigations of the effects of olfactory nerve transection on cell populations within the olfactory epithelium; and 4) ultrastructural investigations of reversible degeneration of olfactery receptors caused by elevated copper concentrations. The trout lofactory epithelium contains five cell types: ciliated epithelial cells, ciliated olfactory receptor cells, microvillar olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells and a small number of basal cells are backfilled by HRP when the tracer is applied to the cut olfactory nerve. When the olfactory nerve is cut, both ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells degenerate within 2 days and are morphologically intact again within 8 days. When wild trout are taken from their native stream and placed in tanks with elevated copper concentrations, ciliated and microvillar cells degenerate. Replacement of these trout into their stream of origin is followed by morphologic restoration of both types of olfactory receptor cells. Ciliated and microvillar receptor cells are primary sensory bipolar neurons whose dendrites make contact with the environment; their axons travel directly to the brain. Consequently, substances can be transported directly from the environment into the brain via these “naked neurons.” Since fish cannot escape from the water in which they swim, and since that water may occasionally contain brain-toxic substances, the ability to close off - and later reopen - this anatomic gateway to the brain would confer a tremendous selective advantage upon animals that evolved the “brain-sparing” capacity to do so. Consequently, the unique regenerative powers of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons may have their evolutionary origin in fishes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Use of ferrofluids to obtain magnetic domain images in afm (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 98-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230109
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    Elimination of artifactual labeling of hippocampal mossy fibers seen follong pre-embedding immunogold-silver technique by pretreatment with zinc chelator (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 100-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Flat embedding and immunolabelling of SW 1116 colon carcinoma cells in LR white: An improved technique in light and electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Mucin ; Immunofluorescence ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Monoclonal antibody 19-9 ; Matrigel ; PAS stain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Human SW 1116 colon carcinoma cells were grown on matrix-covered coverslips and flat embedded in specially prepared gelatin capsules in the hydrophylic resin LR White. Dehydration and polymerization were carried out so as to maximize preservation of antigenicity. Sections were cut perpendicular to the substratum. To visualize mucin, semithin sections of SW 1116 cells were stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reagent for light microscopy, and ultrathin sections were labelled with a monoclonal mucin antibody (Mab 19-9) and immunogold for electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was carried out on whole cultured cells using Mab 19-9. The morphological preservation of SW 1116 cells embedded in LR White was comparable to that of Epon-embedded cells. Mucin was localized on the microvillar surface of the apical plasma membrane and occasionally in intercellular spaces between adjacent cells. Mucin was also present in vesicles in the apical and lateral part, and to a lesser extent in the basal part of the cells. We conclude that this new technology significantly improves the morphological preservation of cells and tissues in LR White, while also serving to sustain the antigenicity of cellular antigens.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of negatively stained catalase on a silicon wafer (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: High-resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM) ; Negative staining ; Surface ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A high-resolution scanning electron microscope capable of 7 Å spatial resolution at 30-kV accelerating voltage was used to observe negatively stained protein molecules. Thin platelet crystals, densely packed monolayers, and low-density deposits of beef liver catalase were prepared on the surface of silicon wafers and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. The tetrameric structure of the catalase molecule was observed for the first time by scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the smooth silicon wafer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210105
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    Morphometric evaluation of populations of neuronal profiles (cell bodies, dendrites, and nerve terminals) in the central nervous system (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 315-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Computer-assisted image analysis ; Morphometric methods ; Cell clusters ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Morphometric techniques have been developed to quantitatively characterize groups of transmitter-identified neuronal profiles, such as cell groups, dendrite and nerve terminal fields. These morphometric techniques will be illustrated by introducing some general tools for image analysis which can be considered as a background for the present specific applications. The following methods have been included: (1) methods to identify and quantitatively characterize, from both numerical and geometrical standpoints, groups of profiles in a two- and three-dimen-sional frame; (2) methods to evaluate the evenness of a certain distribution of profiles in the plane; (3) methods to identify subgroups of profiles based on their different spatial or optical density; and (4) methods to compare the distributions of two or more groups of profiles. The applications of these general tools to some neuroanatomical problems, such as cell group definition and description, have been illustrated. Practical examples performed on immunocytochemical preparations of neuronal profile populations are also given. Finally, the potentiality of numerical classification to classify and compare morphometric data has been shown. As an example, numerical classification methods have been applied to the morphometric and microdensitometric analysis of adrenaline/neuropeptide Y costoring neuronal systems of the brainstem in adult and aged rats. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Quantitative morphology for biologists and computer scientists: I. Computer-aided tutorial for biological stereology (version 1.0) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 338-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Tutorial ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Software ; Quantitative morphology ; Stereology ; Morphometry ; Simulations ; Terminology ; Data types ; Sampling ; Hierarchies ; Interpretation of data ; Bio-Matrix Project ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper describes a computer-aided tutorial for biological stereology. Stereology, a type of quantitative morphology, includes a collection of statistical methods that quantify the structural compartments that can be viewed in sections with light and electron microscopy. These methods provide volume, surface, length, shape, and number data, and help define the quantitative relationships among the structural compartments of biological hierarchies. Hierarchies, which connect structural data ranging in size from molecules to organs, serve as a central core to which the data of biological databases can be linked. The tutorial focuses on two objectives. It provides the user primarily interested in using quantitative morphology databases with background information, and offers a set of state-of-the-art tools to researchers wishing to use these methods in the laboratory. The main topics of the tutorial include: introduction to quantitative morphology, symbols/terms, data types, sampling, hierarchies, data interpretation, and utilities. The tutorial runs under the MS-DOS operating system and requires at least an IBM PC AT (or compatible), a color monitor (EGA, VGA), 540 KB of RAM, and 3 MB of hard disk space. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A new procedure for handling impervious biological specimens (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Primer method, Microwave fixation, Seeds, Mites, Whiteflies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new application of techniques for preparing impervious biological specimens for light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been developed. Microwave irradiation was used to facilitate fixation. A priming technique was used to increase the bonding of the outer surface of the specimens with the resin. Priming the waxy or cuticular surface with Z-6040 (gamma-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane) solved the problem of specimen “pull out” from the resin. Insect specimens with various types of cuticles (waxy or chitinous) and seeds were successfully studied ultrastructurally using this technique. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Computer assisted data collection for stereology: Rationale and description of point counting stereology (PCS) software (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Quantitative morphology ; Morphometry ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; PCS System III ; MS-DOS ; UNIX ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The paper describes microcomputer software for point counting stereology. Stereology includes a collection of statistical methods that quantify the images of light and transmission electron microscopy. The methods use test grids placed over images to collect raw data, which includes counts of points, intersections, transections, and profiles. In turn, the counts are included in stereological equations that give estimates of compartmental volumes, surfaces, lengths, or numbers. These parameters describe the composition of a structure in three-dimensional space. The PCS (point counting stereology) System Software III serves as a data collection, storage, and management tool. Users set up point counting protocols without programming, enter data by pressing predefined function (MS-DOS) or alphabetic keys (UNIX), store data in files, select files for analysis, and calculate results as stereological densities. The latest version of the PCS software includes a new user interface and is designed as a research “front end” that can feed data either into the calculation tools of a stereology tutorial (Bolender, 1992, this issue) or into the analysis routines of quantitative morphology databases (Bolender and Bluhm, 1992). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Handbook of crystallography for electron microscopists and other, by A. G. Jackson. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991, 226 pp, $49.50 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 368-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210413
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    The influence of lens chromatic aberration on electron energy-loss spectroscopy quantitative measurements (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Elemental analysis ; Analytical electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: An investigation has been made into the effect of chromatic aberrations of a pre-spectrometer lens system on quantitative elemental analysis by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction mode, the measured effects are typically 150-330 times larger than if only objectiv-lens chromatic aberration were important. We discuss several methods of avoiding errors arising from chromatic aberration, including selection of a suitable optical mode (dependent on the desired spatial resolution), adjustment of the TEM imaging system so as to focus the system for a chosen energy loss, and analysis of a large area of a uniform specimen. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Quantitative aspects of synapses on Golgi-impregnated neurons (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 334-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Identified neurons ; Quantification ; Rotating/tilting ; Synaptic contacts ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: With the classical Golgi techniques, numerous types of neurons can be distinguished in the cerebral cortex, each with a specific dendritic geometry and pattern of axonal ramifications. In the present review we describe two techniques which allow quantification of synapses on identified neurons: (1) Golgi-rapid impregnation-gold toning-electron microscopy, and (2) Golgi-Kopsch impregnation-gold toning-electron microscopy in combination with staining of the tissue with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). Both techniques were applied on neurons in the visual cortex of young and adult rabbits. By means of rotating and tilting specimens in the electron microscope, the nondistinctive ultrastructure of obliquely sectioned synapses can be circumvented, leading to precise estimates of asymmetrical vs. symmetrical synapses without complete reconstruction of the neuron. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Intercellular junctions in embryonic chick cardiac muscle revealed by rapid freezing and freeze-substitution (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cryofixation ; Development ; Fasciae adherentes ; Desmosomes ; Myocardium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Using the method of rapid freezing and freeze-substitution, the embryonic chick cardiac muscle was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Initially, the intercellular junctional complexes (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) were formed in close proximity to each other along a nearly straight line. Subsequently, the separation of fasciae from desmosomes took place to form intercalated discs. The cell membranes of fasciae adherentes were reinforced with highly interwoven fine fibrils at which myofibrils terminated. The intercellular space of fasciae was bridged with fine fibrillar structures seemingly connected by a thin line at their middle portions. In the intercellular space of desmosomes, central lamina and traversing filaments were clearly observed. The outer and inner leaflets of the desmosomal plasmalemma were asymmetrically differentiated; the outer leaflet was thinner than the inner leaflet. On the inner side of the cell membrane, an electron-lucent layer and a dense desmosomal plaque were observed. The latter structure had protrusions with less electron density towards the cytoplasmic side. Further inside, a meshwork of fine fibrils was seen along and toward which bundles of intermediate filaments ran. The results obtained with freeze-substitution appeared to provide more information than those with thin sections after conventional fixation or with replicas of chemically fixed/glycerinated or physically fixed/deep-etched materials.
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    Ultrastructural distribution of the M form of creatine phosphokinase in human muscle by immunogold labeling (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Creatine ; Creatine phosphokinase ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Creatine phosphokinase regenerates ATP from ADP using creatine phosphate. Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase are bound to certain cellular structures or are compartmentalized in areas of the cell, and this has been used as a basis for defining the role of these isoenzymes in energy metabolism. The M isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase has been morphologically associated with the M-line of striated muscle in many species. In this present study the ultrastructural distribution and the relative concentration of the M form of creatine phosphokinase in human muscle tissue was determined using immunogold and electron microscopy. The M-line of the sarcomere, comprising only 3 - 4% of the sarcomere area, was found to contain over 20% of the total M isoenzyme signal of the entire sarcomere. This technique represents a quantitative, ultrastructural method to study the subcellular distribution of this isoenzyme. These data suggest that localized concentrations of M-CPK may be important for normal energy metabolism, and may also serve as a foundation for a better understanding of the relationship between abnormal creatine metabolism and the pathogenesis of neuromuscular disease.
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    Electron energy loss spectrometers, by Harald Ibach. Springer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 63. Springer-Verlag, 1991, 178 pp, $59 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 314-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200312
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    Some discrepancies in muscle sarcomere length measurements on sections micrographed in the transmission electron microscope (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 315-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200401
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    Determination of conditions for optimum resolution of a high angle thin window energy dispersive spectrometer (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 194-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry ; High take-off angle ; Ultrathin window ; Count rate ; Backscattered electrons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The energy resolution of an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) equipped with an ultrathin window (UTW) and mounted at a high take-off angle (72°) on a transmission electron microscope has been studied under a variety of operating conditions. The spectrometer resolution is close to that specified by the manufacturer, up to count rates of 400 cps. Above 400 cps the resolution deteriorates rapidly, and the MCA dead time and zero width increase. Above 10 ke V, the height of the background is much greater than expected for bremsstrahlung and shows the shape which has previously been attributed to backscattered electron flux into the detector. It is postulated that the deterioration in resolution with count rate is caused by backscattered electrons reaching the detector through the UTW. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Chemical extraction of the cytosol using osmium tetroxide for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cytosol extraction ; HRSEM ; Fixation ; Intracellular organelles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Detailed examination of subcellular structures in three dimensions (3D) by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) is now possible due to improvements in the design of the scanning electron microscope and the introduction of methods of specimen preparation using chemical removal of the cytosol and cytoskeleton by dilute osmium tetroxide. Cells which have been fixed, frozen, cleaved, thawed, and subjected to cytosol extraction display intact intracellular structures in 3D including nuclear chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex at a resolution close to that of conventional biological transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small changes in the 3D structure of subcellular components can be conveniently examined in this way in development, in a variety of physiological processes and in disease. Broad areas of the specimen can be quickly surveyed by HRSEM since sectioning is not required and specimens of comparatively large size (up to 5 mm3) can be placed in the microscope. Extraction of the cytosol with dilute osmium tetroxide (OsO4) exposes subcellular structures in relief, permitting their examination in 3D from several aspects. However, the OsO4 extraction technique is limited, since significant intracellular structures, such as the cytoskeleton, vesicles, and antibody binding sites can be removed or inactivated during the cytosol removal steps. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electron microscopy in biology, edited by J.R. Harris. In the practical approach series, series editors: D. Richwood and B.D. Hames. Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 308 pp, $45.00 (paperback) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 212-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220211
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    Introduction (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 213-214 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Smell ; Pheromones ; Perfume ; Nose ; Fragrance ; Etymology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220302
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    Ultrastructural studies on membrane, cytoskeletal, mucous, and protective compartments in olfaction (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Nose ; Antenna ; Olfaction ; Vomeronasal ; Septal ; Cilia ; Microvilli ; Evolution ; Phyla ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: There is a great variety in the morphological appearance of olfactory structures across the metazoan animal kingdom. Despite this variety the receptive structures themselves have a strikingly similar architecture, namely some type of elongated cellular extension that is spanned by a membrane and surrounded by mucus. These cellular extensions can either be modified primary or secondary cilia, or microvilli. There are more similarities between membranes of these extensions than between the cytoskeletal elements immediately underneath the membranes. One might infer that the cytoskeletal elements of the cellular extensions merely serve as a scaffold for the membranes, whereas the similarity in membrane ultrastructure provides morphological evidence supporting the concept that these membranes are responsible for the initial olfactory transduction process. The transduced message is transported to the brain, where it is decoded to initiate the cascade of events resulting in the organisms' appropriate behavioral response to the initial odorous stimulus. The varying appearance of olfactory structures across the animal kingdom is probably produced by evolutionary pressure to adapt the olfactory system to the animal's environment. This review deals with the ultrastructural aspects of these facets of olfaction. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Peripheral sensilla of some lower invertebrates: The platyhelminthes and nematoda (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 285-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Evolution ; Flatworms ; Nematodes ; Nervous system ; Review ; Sense organs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and the round worms (Nematoda) are phylexhibiting strikingly different levels of cellular organization. In both, sensilla are composed of the endings of sensory dendrites intercalated into their epidermis.In flatworms, sensilla that penetrate the syncytial epidermis bear sensory processes derived from cilia. In free-living species, the sensory processes more closely resemble motile cilia, while in parasites, greater deviations occur from the classical cilium pattern. Estimates of the function of the various sensilla have been largely arbitrary, and remain based on ultrastructural features.Sensilla in round worms lie below or within a heavy secreted cuticle. Two glia-like cell types occur. The socket cell mediates contact with cuticle and is responsible for cuticular modifications essential for operation of the sensillum. The sheath cell forms a receptor cavity around the sensory processes and regulates its environment. Sensory processes vary greatly from the classical cilium pattern. Absence of a basal body, but preservation of a ciliary necklace, suggests that the latter has a primary importance in sensory transduction. Estimates of function are based largely on ultrastructural features and analogies to arthropod sensilla. Genetic studies with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis are beginning to demonstrate details of function and development.Speculations on the roles of basal bodies, rootlets, and vesicles and on the significance of recessed sensilla are given. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220401
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    In situ freeze-fracture of monolayer cell cultures grown on a permeable support (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Epithelial cell cultures ; Tight junction ; Apical membrane ; Paracellular ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The growth of cultured epithelial cells on permeable supports allows increased cell differentiation and the assessment of a variety of transcellular and paracellular transport processes. The need to assess the corresponding ultrastructural characteristics of these cells underidentical conditions prompted this laboratory to develop a reliable method for producing freezefracture replicas of these cultures. Sections of filter inserts with the cell-side facing up are placed between layers of polyvinyl alcohol with a strip of mylar positioned on the upper layer of polyvinyl alcohol. Following freezing, the monolayer is fractured by lifting the mylar strip from the assembly. The result is a consistent fracture of the apical membrane sufficient for analysis of tight junction sealing strands, microvilli distribution, and intramembranous particle (IMP) distribution between apical and lateral membrane domains. This method utilizes standard equipment and readily available materials and, most importantly, allows the freeze-fracture and replication of an undisturbed cell monolayer. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Experimental morphology of insect olfaction: Tracer studies, x-ray microanalysis, autoradiography, and immunocytochemistry with silkmoth antennae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 336-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Bombyx mori ; Antheraea polyphemus ; Olfactory sensilla ; Cryofixation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The general morphology and methodological peculiarities of insect sensilla are briefly reviewed. The stimulus conducting pore-tubule systems of pheromone-sensitive sensilla of the silkmoths Bombyx mori and Antheraea polyphemus are described. Lipophilic tracers readily enter the hair lumen, while hydrophilic tracers do so only after prolonged extraction with lipid solvents and/or pronase. X-ray microanalysis demonstrates a high potassium content of the sensillum lymph; calcium was only found in the haemolymph above detection limit. Auxiliary cells rapidly take up radioactive leucine administered via the haemolymph. Antibodies against pheromone-binding protein of Antheraea polyphemus label the sensillum lymph of sensilla trichodea, but not of sensilla basiconica in A. polyphemus as well as in B. mori. The cytoplasm of auxiliary cells of the sensilla trichodea is also labelled. The results are discussed in context with present hypotheses on the role of sensillum lymph in stimulus transport and inactivation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fine structure of a developing insect olfactory organ: Morphogenesis of the silkmoth antenna (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 351-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Antheraea polyphemus ; Olfactory sensilla ; Differential mitoses ; Epidermal feet ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The olfactory organ of the silkmoth Antheraea polyhemus is the feathered antenna which carries about 70,000 olfactory sensilla in the male. It develops within 3 weeks from a leaf-shaped epidermal sac by means of segmental primary and secondary indentations which proceed from the periphery towards the centerline. During the first day post-apolysis, the antennal epidermis differentiates into segmentally arranged, alternating sensillogenic and non-sensillogenic regions. Within the first 2 days post-apolysis, the anlagen of olfactory sensilla arise from electron-dense mother cells in the sensillogenic epidermis. The axons of the developing sensilla begin to form the primary innervation pattern during the second day. The sensilla develop approximately within the first 10 days to their final shape, while the indentations are completed during the same period of time. The indentations are most probably driven by long basal extensions of epidermal cells, the epidermal feet. Primary indentations follow the course of segmentally arranged tracheal bundles and form the segments of the antenna. The secondary indentations follow the course of the primary segmental nerves which are reconstructed by this process. During the remaining time of development, the cuticle of the antenna and the sensory hairs is secreted by the epidermal and the hair-forming cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Proceedings of the tenth annual meeting of the florida society for electron microscopy held at Crystal River, Florida, March 4-6, 1992 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 403-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220409
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    Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the Arizona Society for electron microscopy and microbeam analysis held in Tucson, Arizona, March 26-27, 1992 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 407-408 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220410
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    Phylogeny of the vomeronasal system and of receptor cell types in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of vertebrates (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cilia ; Microvilli ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Evolution ; Cladistics ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In this paper, the evolutionary origin of the vomeronasal system as a discrete sensory system separate from olfaction is examined. The presence of a discrete vomeronasal system appears to be a derived character in tetrapods, and its presence in larval amphibians indicates that the system did not arise as a terrestrial adaptation. The vomeronasal system has been lost independently in several taxa, including crocodilians, some bats, cetaceans, and some primates. The presence of microvillar receptor cells in the vomeronasal epithelium appears to be the ancestral condition for tetrapods, and alternative hypotheses concerning the ancestral condition for receptor cell types in the vertebrate olfactory epithelium are discussed. Finally, the possibility that the vomeronasal system is present in some fishes in a form that has not been recognized is discussed in relation to the phylogenetic distribution of receptor cell types in vertebrates. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Preparation of TEM foils from Nb-10 a/ Si (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 298-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Ductile phase toughened composites ; TEM foil preparation ; Niobium-silicon alloys ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ductile phase toughened composites contain phases with significantly different physical properties. Consequently, these phases thin at different rates depending on the sample preparation procedure. A new TEM foil preparation method for the ductile phase toughened Nb-10 a/o Si material has been developed. The method involves chemical thinning in a 70% nitric acid/ 30% hydrofluoric acid solution followed by electropolishing in a 12.5% sulfuric acid/87.5% methanol electrolyte at -40°C. This procedure for making TEM foils results in large thin areas with the minimum of artifacts. Mechanical grinding of a sample followed by either ion milling, dimpling, or electropolishing produced foils with large electron transparent areas, but with uncharacteristic features of the original Nb-10 a/o Si alloy microstructure. These artifacts were identified as dislocations, surface mottling, and antiphase domains. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fine structure of olfactory epithelia of gastropod molluscs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 307-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sensory ; Chemosensory ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Among gastropod molluscs the chemical senses are most important for location of distant objects. They are used in food finding, locating mates, avoiding predators, trail following, and homing. Chemoreceptors are commonly associated with the oral area, the tentacles, and the osphradium, which lies in the mantle cavity.Most chemosensory neurons are primary sensory neurons, although secondary sensory cells have been reported in the osphradium of some prosobranch gastropods. Most chemosensory organs contain sensory cells with ciliated sensory endings that are in contact with the external environment. Some sensory endings have only microvilli or have no surface elaborations. Cilia on sensory endings are commonly of the conventional type, but some species have modified cilia; some lack rootlets, some have an abnormal microtubular content, and some have paddle-shaped endings. The perikarya of sensory neurons may be within the sensory epithelium, below it, or in ganglia near the sensory surface. In some groups of gastropods there are peripheral ganglia in the olfactory pathway; in others chemosensory axons appear to pass directly to the CNS.Olfactory epithelia of terrestrial pulmonates have modified brush borders with long branching plasmatic processes and a spongy layer of cytoplasmic tubules which extend from the epithelial cells. Sensory endings of the olfactory receptors are entirely within this spongy layer. Aquatic pulmonates may have a similar spongy layer in their olfactory epithelia, but the cilia of sensory endings, as well as motile cilia of epithelial cells, extend well beyond the spongy layer. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The aesthetasc concept: Structural variations of putative olfactory receptor cell complexes in crustacea (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sensilla ; Electron microscopy ; Sexual dimorphism ; Homology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The structure of the aesthetascs has been investigated in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (larvae and juveniles), the opossum shrimp Neomysis integer, the euphausid Meganyctiphanes, and in the water-fleas Daphnia magna and D. longispina. The aesthetascs, that are thought to represent olfactory receptors, exhibit a considerable structural variation, ranging from the well known aesthetascs of higher crustaceans (lobster, crab, crayfish) to the corresponding sensilla found in the water-fleas and the males of opossum shrimps. The two following morphological characteristics of the aesthetascs are thought to indicate an olfactory function: the shape of the cuticular hair that is long and essentially hose-shaped, and the thin, loosely arranged cuticle of at least the outer part of the cuticular hair. The presence of other structural elements such as sensory cells, cilia, and enveloping cells are vital for the olfactory function, but the development is variable, which makes their use in the morphological definition of aesthetascs problematic. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microscopy, edited by B.W. Rossiter and J.F. Hamilton. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, 542 pp, $140.00 (USA) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 402-402 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220408
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    Hapten-tagged plasma proteins as immunocytochemical probes for the study of vascular permeability (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 392-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Fluorescein ; Digoxigenin ; Plasma proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Transcytosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Bovine serum albumin and transferrin were covalently coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and digoxigenin, respectively, and intravenously co-injected in equal amounts in mouse. The derivation of the two proteins induces minor alterations of their physicochemical properties as well as of their physiological functions. The two tracers were revealed within vascular and extravascular compartments of diaphragm by quantitative postembedding immunocytochemistry, using antibodies against each of the haptens in conjunction with the protein AG-gold complexes. The influence of different fixatives and embedding protocols on the immunodetectability of the hapten-tagged proteins was assessed. Both resist reasonably well to osmication and embedding in Epon. None of the haptens reacted with the heterologous antibody. At 30 minutes after injection, the tracers were detected in blood plasma, interstitium, and endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles. The presence of both proteins within the interendothelial clefts was inconspicuous. The ratios between the labeling densities found over endothelium, interstitial space, and vascular lumen were similar for both tracers. This suggests that the endothelium of mouse diaphragm capillaries might exhibit comparable permeabilities towards serum albumin and transferrin which are similar in size and charge. The study shows that hapten-tagged polypeptides are close to the corresponding native macromolecules, and represent interesting tools for the morphological study of dynamic processes such as transcytosis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230101
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    Fine structure of olfactory sensilla in myriapods and arachnids (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 372-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory chemoreceptors ; Electron microscopy ; Wall structures ; Sheath cells ; Dendrites ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Structural features of various types of olfactory sensilla are reviewed. (1). Sensilla basiconica which differ in form and size are found on the antennae of centipedes and millipedes. Their walls show longitudinal slits or grooves that either open into the sensillum lumen or do not penetrate the cuticle. In other such sensilla the outer surface is pierced by pores and the inner surface grooved and pocketed. These sensilla are innervated by one to six sensory cells. Their unbranched outer dendritic segments extend to the tip of the sensillum. The sensory cells are surrounded by two or three sheath cells which terminate at the sensillum base or form a continuous tube around the entire length of the outer dendritic segments. (2) Temporal organs of centipides are located between the insertion of the antenna and the ocelli. These sensilla consist of a shallow cuticular ring with a central sensory plate made up by a layer of unperforated cuticle or a capsule with a mushroom-shaped structure inside formed by fibrous-looking cuticle. A dozen sensory cells with unbranched outer dendritic segments innervate each sensillum. They extend toward the sensory cuticle and pass just below it. Numerous sheath cell processes run parallel to the outer dendritic segments up to the sensory cuticle. (3) Thread-like flagella of Pauropoda are found on the antennae. They possess a flexible unperforated cuticular wall. These sensilla contain nine sensory cells surrounded by several sheath cells which form a continuous cytoplasmic tube around the outer dendritic segments. (4) Single-walled sensilla with numerous plugged pores penetrating the cuticular wall occur on the tarsus of the first leg in ticks. Each sensillum is innervated by 4-15 sensory cells. Three sheath cells terminate in the base of the sensillum. (5) Double-walled sensilla with spoke canals are found on the first tarsus of ticks. Their shaft is longitudinally grooved. Pore canals lead inward from the bottom of the grooves and open into vase-shaped chambers. From its base these canals extend into the lumen of the sensillum which contains unbranched outer dendritic segments of 1-2 sensory cells. (6) Single-walled sensilla with pore openings occur on the distal tarsal segments of the first leg of whip spiders. These sensilla are innervated by 40-45 sensory cells. Their unbranched outer dendritic segments fill the shaft lumen and extend partly into the wall pores. Microvillus-shaped sheath cell processes line the inner surface of the cuticular wall. (7) Tarsal organs are located dorsally on the tarsus of all legs and pedipalps of spiders. These sensory organs consist of a cuticular capsule with a dome-shaped projection inside. It is situated on the proximal sidewall of the capsule and possesses 7 pore canals that enclose the dendritic tips of 2-3 sensory cells, giving a total of 20 sensory cells. Each group of dendrites terminating in an individual pore canal is encased by 2 sheath cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of the annealed (0001) surface of sapphire (α-al2o3) and interaction with silver by reflection electron microscopy and scanning reflection electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 439-449 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Single-crystal sapphire ; Oxygen-annealing ; RHEED ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Annealed (0001) surfaces of single-crystal sapphire (α-Al2O3) rod have been studied in the electron microscope using reflection electron microscopy (REM), scanning reflection electron microscopy (SREM), and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Annealed surfaces of (0001) sapphire are vicinal and characterized by close-packed (0001)-oriented terraces separated by faceted multiple-height steps, with edges parallel to energetically preferred low-index directions (〈101―0〉 and 〈112―0〉). These structural features are not seen on cleaved surfaces or polished surfaces treated at temperatures 〈 1,250°C. Oxygen-annealing produces clean surfaces which prove useful for investigating the interaction of deposited metals with the (0001) sapphire. Both REM and SREM (with microdiffraction spots) techniques have been used to observe fine structure of flat Ag islands on the scale of 1 - 100 nm on the (0001)-oriented terraces as well as aggregations at the steps. A preliminary result on interaction with Cu is also included.
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    Observation of surfaces by reflection electron holography (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 457-462 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Interferometry ; Phase shift ; Displacement field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Reflection electron holography is described as a method to observe sub-Å surface morphology. Phase shift of a Bragg-reflected electron wave was measured by means of holographic interferometry using an electron microscope equipped with a field emission electron gun and an electron biprism. A short wavelength of high energy electrons is the essential key to the high vertical sensitivity of this method, since geometrical path differences produced by the surface topography are measured in units of wavelengths in interferometrical measuring. Phase shift at a monoatomic step and the displacement field around a dislocation emerging on the surface were observed.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210101
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    Stepped surfaces of sapphire (α-Al2O3) with low miller indices (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 10-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Relationships ; TEM and REM images ; Surface structural features ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Oxygen-annealed surfaces of sapphire with low Miller indices ((0001), {1010}, {1120}, {1011}) have been studied in both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reflection electron microscopy (REM) configurations. The significance of REM diffraction conditions for the determination of the nature of the step heights is discussed. The relationship between the TEM and REM images is explained. The structural features are those that might be expected from considerations of the atom arrangement in the low Miller index planes. The structural features on the surfaces varied with respect to annealing temperature and surface condition. Thermally stable structures that might appear from consideration of the equilibrium-annealing temperature are proposed.
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    The embryonic pineal body as a multipotent organ (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 218-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Embryonic pineal cells ; Transdifferentiation ; Skeletal muscle fibers ; Pigmented epithelial cells ; Lens cells ; Neurons ; Tyrosinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The repertoire of differentiating potency of mammalian and avian pineal cells has been examined utilizing cell culture technique. Skeletal muscle fibers are differentiated from pineal cells of the rat under the usual culture condition and from those of quail under hypertonic conditions. Myogenesis of pineal cells may be explained from the ontogeny of the pineal body. Anlagen of a pineal body are situated in bilateral cephalic neural folds, which also supply multipotent neural crest cells. In some conditions, almost all quail pineal cells are able to differentiate into pigmented epithelial cells and/or lens cells. Opsin containing cells found in culture of rat pineal cells may be in a similar category reflecting the “third eye”: the phylogenetic ancestor of the pineal body of avian and mammalian species. Neuron-like cells have also been reported and neuronal morphology has been intensified under the effect of testicular hyaluronidase. The cytodifferentiation described above is suggested to be different expressions of a single type of progenitor cells in the pineal body. In relation to multipotentiality of pineal cells, the original differentiating state of pineal cells is interesting; it has been found that tyrosinase is expressed from the beginning of pineal formation and that its expression is stage-specific (during embryonic period) and site-specific (predominance in the dorsal half of the pineal body and in the apical cytoplasm of the pineal cell). In the 8 day quail embryo used for culture studies, three differentiating states as to tyrosinase are noticed. However, the distinction may be apparent, as even the cells negative in tyrosinase in this stage are still ready to express tyrosinase in the suitable culture condition. Pineal cells are flexible and surprisingly susceptible to environmental factors and useful for the study of cell differentiation in general. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acetonitrile as a substitute for ethanol/propylene oxide in tissue processing for transmission electron microscopy: Comparison of fine structure and lipid solubility in mouse liver, kidney, and intestine (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Phospholipids ; Dehydrating solvent ; Transition fluid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Tissue processing for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is commonly accomplished using ethanol (EtOH) as a dehydrating solvent and propylene oxide (PO) as a transition fluid. Both solvents have some undesirable properties: EtOH solubilizes lipids; PO is highly flammable, volatile, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic. Their replacement by a compound devoid of these characteristics is therefore desirable. Acetonitrile (AN) appears to be such a solvent. It is freely miscible with water, alcohols, acetone, and epoxy resins; it does not interfere with epoxy polymerization; and the resulting cured resins have excellent cutting quality and beam stability. AN is also an excellent dehydrating agent whose use does not necessitate modification of current techniques. Most importantly, the low solubility of phospholipids (PL) in AN limits the loss of membrane lipids and, hence, leads to a better preservation of tissue features.
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    Observation by transmission electron microscopy of etch figures obtained on an organic molecular crystal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Naphthalene ; Dislocations ; Replicas ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: It is interesting to apply the method of etch figures to the study of organic molecular crystal defects, by observing the etch pits as soon as they are produced. We have set up a method to determine the geometrical forms of such small etch pits, observed on pre-shadowed replicas of naphthalene crystal surfaces. The described experimental procedure was designed to avoid artefacts due to vacuum sublimation and moisture traces on the replicated surface. Stereoscopic observation makes interpretation possible. The 3-D morphology and size of etch figures smaller than 1 μm can be determined.
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    A combined pseudoreplica-immunochemical technique for research and diagnostic Virology (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Vesicular stomatitis virus ; Cytomegalovirus ; Herpes simplex virus ; Human parvovirus B19 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Pseudoreplica and immunochemical techniques were combined in a single protocol for identification of virus in research and clinical specimens. Stock preparations of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were used to develop the technique. Traditional pseudoreplicas of viral stock solutions were prepared but not negatively stained. The virus was then immunolabeled in two stages. Virus-specific polyclonal antisera were used in the first stage; colloidal gold congugated antibodies were used as indicator antibody in the second stage. After immunolabeling, the grids were negatigvely stained. As a demonstration of the clinical usefulness of this approach, it was employed to antenatally identify human parvovirus B19 particles in ascites from a 22 week gestational fetus with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. The combined pseudoreplica-immunochemical approach offers several advantages over both the pseudoreplica and immunochemical methods when used in isolation. Advantages include relative purification of samples, concentration of virus, morphological preservation, and enhanced diagnostic specificity.
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    Ultrathin sectioning of different areas of the same semithin section (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Orientation of human spermatozoa for electron microscopy: A fast, simple method (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 75-76 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    The microcomputer and image analysis in diagnostic pathology (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 292-299 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Histology ; Cytology ; Software ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper presents a snapshot view of the influence and direction of microcomputer technology for image analysis techniques in diagnostic pathology.Microcomputers have had considerable impact in bringing image analysis to wider application. Semi-automated tracing techniques are a simple means of providing objective data and assist in a wide range of diagnostic problems. From the common theme of reducing subjectivity in diagnostic assessment, an extensive body of research has accrued. Some studies have addressed the need for quality control for reliable, routine application.Video digitizer cards bring digital image analysis within the reach of laboratory budgets, providing powerful tools for investigation of a wide range of cellular and tissue features. The use of staining procedures compatible with quantitative evaluation has become equally important. As well as assisting scene segmentation, cytochemical and immunochemical staining techniques relate the data to biological processes.With the present state of the art, practical use of microcomputer based image analysis is impaired by limitations of information extraction and specimen throughput. Recent advances in colour video imaging provide an extra dimension in the analysis of multi-spectral stains. Improvements will also be felt with predictable increase in speed of microprocessors, and with single chip devices which deliver video rate processing. If the full potential of this hardware is realized, high-speed, routine analysis becomes feasible. In addition, a microcomputer imaging system can play host to companion functions, such as image archiving and transmission.With this outlook, the use of microcomputers for image analysis in diagnostic pathology is certain to increase. However, it is the software in both design and concept which ultimately governs the performance which can be achieved. Progress may be made by structured software techniques, by application of mathematical principles, or by use of expert systems for data or image interpretation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Quantitative perimeter and area measurements of digital images (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 300-314 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Digital perimeter ; Digital area ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Quantitative estimations of perimeter and area from digitized video images, and the application of these features in morphometry, are discussed. Estimations from manual tracings via interactive peripherals and from chain codes are addressed. Topics discussed are calibration, determination of vertical and horizontal pixel resolution, effects of tracing jitter, and for chain codes, the spatial quantization scheme representation of the digital contour. Finally, new perimeter estimators for 4-connected and 8-connected chain codes for non-unity pixel aspect ratio are presented with simulation results.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220101
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    The preparation of cross-sectional specimens of thin poorly adhered scales for transmission electron microscopy (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 369-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Introduction (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220102
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    Deployment of extracellular matrix proteins in sea urchin embryogenesis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 2-10 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hyaline layer ; Hyalin ; Echinonectin ; Morphogenesis ; Oogenesis ; Sea urchin embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The apical extracellular matrix of the sea urchin embryo, known as the hyaline layer (HL), is a multi-laminate organelle composed of at least 10 polypeptides. Although integrated into one ECM, HL proteins exhibit individual temporal and spatial dynamics throughout development. These molecules are stockpiled in the oocyte during vitellogenesis in at least four distinct vesicle populations. They are released onto the cell surface at fertilization in a specific order, and interact differentially with embryonic cells as development proceeds. Many experiments have suggested that the HL is vital for embryogenesis, but relatively little is known about the functions and interactions of its constituent molecules. The purpose of the present review has been to gather information on the basic characteristics of the known HL proteins together with data on their expression in the embryo, and where possible, their biological activities. Compiled, these observations may provide some insight into the workings of a uniquely embryonic organelle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Preservation and visualization of the sea urchin embryo blastocoelic extracellular matrix (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 11-22 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Rapid freezing ; Freeze-substitution fixation ; Confocal microscopy ; Blastocoel ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Several methods were utilized to visualize the structure and orientation of the blastocoelic extracellular matrix (ECM) in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Rapid freezing in liquid propane cooled to LN2 temperatures followed by freeze substitution was used to preserve the ECM without shrinkage due to dehydration. Scanning, transmission, and light microscopy were employed to elucidate the ECMs' structure. The blastocoelic ECM consisted of parallel fibrillar sheets that were interconnected by finer filaments and oriented along the animal-vegetal axis. The ECM completely filled the blastocoelic cavity as viewed by scanning electron microscopy. The basal lamina could be distinguished from the blastocoelic ECM as a thin coat on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells; the ECM was in contact with this coat. In contrast, the blastocoelic ECM attached directly to the plasma membrane of primary mesenchyme cells (PMC) which did not possess a basal lamina. The blastocoelic ECM was isolated as an intact “bag” and probed in a hydrated state with Con A and alcian blue. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the entire blastocoel was filled with a fibrillar ECM. These approaches offer advantages for future studies of the ECMs of sea urchin embryos and their roles in gastrulation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Role of the cytoskeleton during early development (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 23-48 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Signal transduction ; Localization ; Detergent extraction ; Embryogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Oocytes, eggs, and embryos from a diverse array of species have evolved cytoskeletal specializations which allow them to meet the needs of early embryogenesis. While each species studied possesses one or more specializations which are unique, several cytoskeletal features are widely conserved across different animal phyla. These features include highly-developed cortical cytoskeletal domains associated with developmental information, microtubule-mediated pronuclear transport, and rapid intracellular signal-regulated control of cytoskeletal organization. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A holder for critical point drying of large numbers of EM-grids (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 353-354 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated interneurons: Notes on the intrinsic connectivity of the cerebral cortex (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 289-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Golgi-EM procedure ; Identified neurons ; Synapses ; Neuronal taxonomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The Golgi-electron microscope technique has opened new avenues to explore the synaptic organization of the brain. In this article, we shall discuss basic methodological principles necessary to analyze axonal arborizations with this combined technique. To illustrate the applications of the method, we shall review the forms and distribution of the synapses in which the axonal arborizations of local cortical interneurons engage. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Determining the neuronal connectivity of Golgi-impregnated neurons: Ultrastructural assessment of functional aspects (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 324-333 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Golgi impregnation ; Golgi-electron microscopy ; Neuronal connectivity ; Neural network ; Synaptic connection ; Dendritic spine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The combined light and electron microscopic analysis of Golgi-impregnated neural tissue is a potent tool for determining the connectivity of neural networks within the brain. In the experimental paradigms commonly applied in these studies, the Golgi-impregnated neurons are typically examined as the postsynaptic neuronal components. The structural characteristics and the pattern of distribution of their synaptic connections with other groups of identified neurons are analyzed. Due to the high power of resolution of the Golgi-electron microscopic technique, the ultrastructural analysis of Golgi-impregnated neurons can be expanded to elucidate activity-dependent structural alterations in their cytoarchitecture. These structural alterations can then be correlated under different physiological conditions with changes in the functional efficacy of the subcellular neuronal components. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Intermediate filaments in sertoli cells (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 50-72 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Vimentin ; Cytokeratin ; Testis ; Cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Using immunohistochemical techniques both at light and electron microscopic levels, the arrangement and distribution of intermediate filaments in Sertoli cells of normal testis (in rat and human), during pre- and postnatal development (in rabbit, rat, and mouse) and under experimental and pathological conditions (human, rat), have been studied and related to the pertinent literature. Intermediate filaments are centered around the nucleus, where they apparently terminate in the nuclear envelope providing a perinuclear stable core area. From this area they radiate to the plasma membranes; apically often a close association with microtubules is seen. Basally, direct contacts of the filaments with focal adhesions occur, while the relationship to the different junctions of Sertoli cells is only incompletely elucidated. In the rat (not in human) a group of filaments is closely associated with the ectoplasmic specializations surrounding the head of elongating spermatids. Both in rat and human, changes in cell shape during the spermatogenic cycle are associated with a redistribution of intermediate filaments. As inferred from in vitro studies reported in the literature, these changes are at least partly hormone-dependent (vimentin phosphorylation subsequent to FSH stimulation) and influenced by local factors (basal lamina, germ cells). Intermediate filaments, therefore, are suggested to be involved in the hormone-dependent mechanical integration of exogenous and endogenous cell shaping forces. They permit a cycledependent compartmentation of the Sertoli cell into a perinuclear stable zone and a peripheral trafficking zone with fluctuating shape. The latter is important with respect to the germ cell-supporting surface of the cell which seems to limit the spermatogenetic potential of the male gonad.
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    Comparison of Alcian blue and ruthenium red effects on preservation of outer envelope ultrastructure in methanotrophic bacteria (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Bacterial cell envelope ; Cell wall ; Bacterial glycocalyx ; Methanotroph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Alcian blue (AB) and ruthenium red (RR) effects on ultrastructural preservation of the bacterial cell envelope of methanotrophs are compared. A previous successful method with RR that enhanced preservation of outer envelope layers in two representative methanotroph species is applied to other genera and species of methanotropic bacteria. Alcian blue is substituted for RR in this en bloc protocol. The effect of AB on preservation of these layers is assessed at the ultrastructural level and compared to RR for all species examined. Further, comparison with freeze etch and a fixation in the absence of either RR or AB is made. Both RR and AB are found to aid preservation and help visualize additional components of the cell envelope which are lost or minimized in a standard fixation not employing these cationic reagents. For some species, images obtained are similar between RR and AB procedures and agree with images seen by freeze etch. For other species, AB preserves extended filamentous material that is partially condensed even with the use of RR. Thus, use of AB improves the preservation of outer envelope structure in these organisms equally or more effectively than use of RR.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200201
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    Ultrastructural diagnosis of human pituitary adenomas (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 107-135 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Endocrine neoplasm ; Pituitary adenomas ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Electron microscopy, which has been instrumental in the characterization of normal pituitary cell types, has also played a crucial role in the mirphologic classification pituitary adenomas arising in the presently known 5 cell types, and in the recognition of 3 adenoma types with yet undisclosed cell derivation. This review deals with the application of electron microscopy for study of pituitary adenomas in order to provide specific pathological diagnosis and aid the clinician in selecting appropriate postoperative treatment. In addition to the ultrastructural appearance and diagnostic features of 15 adenoma types, the morphology of hyperplastic proliferations and that of known normal counterparts of various adenoma types are also discussed. Specific morphologic diagnosis of pituitary lesions is important not only for adequate postoperative management of patient, but is also a prerequisite for study of the natural history and biological behaviour of various adenoma types.
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    Ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 177-186 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Neurosecretion ; Pituitary ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This review summarizes our current knowledge of the ultrastructure of the human neurohypophysis and includes comments on its anatomy, physiology, and embryology. The neurohypophysis represents a unique tissue having neural and endocrine characteristics and possessing ultrastructural features distinct from those of conventional endocrine organs such as the anterior pituitary, thyroid, pancreatic islets, etc. In contrast to these glands, the neurohypophysis is composed of the processes of mature neurons. As such, it is not capable of synthesizing hormones but only of their storage and release. Neurosecretion is one of the most exciting areas of neuroendocrinology and, although spectacular progress has been achieved in elucidating the process, a number of aspects are incompletely understood. Recent evidence indicates that the magnocellular nuclei of the hypothalemus, the anatomic origin and functional basis of the neurohypophysis, produce not only vasopressin and oxytocin, the so-called “neurohypophyseal hormones,” but a number of other biologically active peptides as well. The physiologic function of these substances is largely unknown but they may be of profound importance in endocrine homeostasis. Based on these novel findings, the role of the neurohypophysis in endocrine regulation has to be re-evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200206
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200301
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    Cytoskeletal elements in mammalian spermiogenesis and spermatozoa (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 232-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Spermatozoa ; Mammals ; Cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Identification of the cytoskeletal elements and their role in the formation as well as the maintenance of head membrane compartmentalization is a much debated issue in mammalian spermatozoa. Data which have emerged during the last ten years are summarized. Those which have converged in a common opinion, such as the distribution of actin in mammalian spermiogenesis, are distinguished from those which have to be confirmed, such as the role of actin related proteins and actin in mature spermatozoa.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200303
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    Species-specific localization of actin in mammalian spermatozoa: Factor artifact? (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Spermatids ; Spermatozoa ; Actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Actin has been characterized and localized in sperm cells of many mammals. Nevertheless, the reported localizations obtained by different methods and/or antibodies varied from species to species and even for the same species. To clarify the question, sperm actin distribution was reinvestigated under uniform technical conditions. Immunogold post-embedding procedures were performed using a polyclonal and two monoclonal antibodies of known specificity to localize actin in spermatids and spermatozoa of rabbit, mouse, rat, monkey, and human. In these species, actin (F-actin) was detected with the three antibodies between the nucleus and the acrosome of round and elongating spermatids. Species-specific changes occurred in maturing spermatids. In the rabbit, actin labeling decreased and disappeared from the tip to the base of the subacrosomal layer. In testicular and epididymal spermatozoa actin was detected only with a monoclonal antibody (Amersham) successively in the neck, postacrosomal area, and subacrosomal bulges. In mouse late spermatids a transitory labeling of the neck was detected only with the polyclonal antiactin. In testicular and epididymal spermatozoa an actin labeling was observed in the principal piece of the tail. In rat, monkey, and human sperm cells actin remained undetected. These results suggest that there is a redistribution of actin in late spermatids and spermatozoa which is a species-specific process but not an artifact of methodological origin. Thus, a function for actin in sperm, if any, remains to be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200304
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  • 91
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    Effect of a 2-month light cycle regimen on testicular parameters of adult Ile-de-France rams (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 268-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Light ; Testis ; Ram ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This experiment was conducted in Ile-de-France adult rams to examine the target point of a 2-month light cycle regimen on seminiferous tubule functions, on intertubular compartment and on Leydig cell parameters. Eight rams were subjected to a 2-month light cycle regimen and were compared to sexually active or inactive rams. In light-treated rams, testis weight was maintained equal or was higher than that of sexually active rams. Both tubular and intertubular tissues were found significantly higher in light-treated than in sexually active rams. The mean ratio of basement membrane area of the seminiferous tubules per Sertoli cells and the daily productions of A1 spermatogonia and of leptotene primary spermatocytes were significantly increased in light-treated rams as compared with sexually active or inactive rams. Meanwhile, the dairy productions of diplotene primary spermatocytes, of round spermatids, of spermatozoa and of the rete testis fluid were not significantly increased in light-treated as compared with sexually active rams but significantly greater than those of sexually inactive rams. Total volume, total numbers, and individual volumes of Leydig cells were at least equal or higher in light-treated than in sexually active rams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200306
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    Medium temperature epoxy resin for immunocytochemistry: Quetol 651 with water (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 274-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Epoxy resin ; Acrylate and methacrylate resins ; Protein A-Gold ; Stereology ; Labeling intensity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The addition of 1% water to the epoxy resin Quetol increased the labeling intensity of the sample. The significant decrease of the curing temperature of the epoxy resin may assist in preservation of antigens. Water may also reduce the cross-linkage of the resin allowing more antigen to be available to the antibodies. The modified Quetol resin is an option for use in immunocytochemistry studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200307
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    Atypical cells in the normal guinea pig organ of Corti as revealed by micromanipuiation in SEM (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 288-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: SEM ; TEM ; Guinea pig ; Cochlea ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Inner ear tissue of the normal guinea pig was conductively stained (OTOTO-method) for SEM investigations. The Hensen's cells of the organ of Corti were removed using a micromanipulator inside the SEM. By this method atypical bodies of sensory and supporting cells were revealed in the apical turns of the cochlea. Atypical sensory cells showed great variations in size and shape. Several had no contact to Deiter's cells and no or only one nerve supply at their basal end. Atypical Deiter's cells showed alterations in shape and in the form of their phalangeal processes.Additionally altered parts of the organ of Corti were isolated by micromanipulation and embedded for correlative TEM-investigations.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200309
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    Preparation of individual electrically and video-recorded eggs for integrated temporal and electron microscopic analyses (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 298-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Sperm-egg interaction ; Gamete fusion ; Egg activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A method for correlative studies of early fertilization events that integrates techniques of intracellular electrophysiological recording, video-imaging, and electron microscopy is described. A key feature of the method is its ability to identify the fertilizing sperm and to record the moment of egg excitation. Since the site of gamete interaction is recognizable throughout all stages of preparation, difficulties associated with locating the site of fertilization and determining specimen orientation for microtomy and electron microscopic examination are eliminated. Virtually all samples yield useful information. An example of interacting gametes fixed 4 sec after initiation of the fertilization potential and serial sectioned is described. The method is applicable to systems other than fertilizing eggs when functional, temporal, and spatial relationships of individual cells need to be correlated with changes in ultrastructure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200310
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    The ultrstructure of neuronal-pinealocytic interconnections in the monkey pineal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 124-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Pinealocyte ; Pineal-neuron ; Synapses ; Ribbon synapse ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Recent ultrastructural studies of neuronal-pinealocytic interconnections in the monkey pineal are reviewed. The pinealocytes in the adult monkey show almost all of the cytological specializations known in subprimate mammals. Adjacent pinealocytes are functionally coupled through ribbon synapses on cell bodies and gap junctions on cell bodies and cell processes. The pinealocytes receive direct synaptic contacts of nerve fibers with cholinergic terminal morphology. Nerve cells restricted to the central portion of the pineal receive synaptic contacts with more than three different morphologically defined types of nerve terminals. In addition to nerve terminals containing small clear vesicles or vesicles of pleomorphic morphology, a pinealocyte's terminal process containing the synaptic ribbon forms a true synaptic contact on the nerve cell body. The diversity of synapses on these nerve cells strongly suggests multiple origins of these neurons rather than a single peripheral parasympathetic origin. The possible involvement of pineal neurons in an intrinsic circuit that regulates the function of pinealocytes and integrates the neural input from the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210205
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    The ultrastructure of mammalian pinealocytes: A systematic investigation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 85-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Bats ; Chiroptera ; Pinealocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Pinealocytes are not only the principal cellular components of the pineal gland, but they are also the principal synthetic machinery of this enigmatical gland with highly diverse and often questionable empyreal roles assigned to it. Ultrastructural descriptions of pinealocytes belonging to some 70 species of mammals (a mere 2% or less of the over 4,200 mammalian species) have been summarized from the available literature with new observations on 12 species of chiropterans. Space limitation precluded any treatment of the supporting glia, neural elements, and the perivascular spaces. A detailed table lists nearly all mammalian species whose pineal ultrastructure has been investigated. Blanks in this table point to the necessity of studies on those particular groups. A tabular listing of unusual structures reported within the pinealocyte cytoplasm points out the impending experimental work on these species. Such studies using the latest techniques might provide clearer insights into the functional role of the pineal gland as an important and integral component of the neuroendocrine axis. Whereas sufficient structural information now exists on cytoplasmic organelles such as synaptic ribbons and spherules, annulate lamellae, subsurface cisterns, and the several types of synaptic arrangements seen in relation to the pinealocyte soma and its processes, the functional role of these structures in pineal synthetic processes remains to be elucidated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210203
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    The human primary olfactory pathway: Fine structural and cytochemical aspects during development and in adults (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 76-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Surface heterogeneity ; Schwann cell ; S-100 ; Synaptogenesis ; Bulb laminae ; N-cadherin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Despite increasing knowledge about the biophysiology of the human olfactory system, understanding of the development of this pathway in humans lags considerably behind that of other vertebrates. Development studies have largely concentradted on the generation of cell types in the olfactory epithelium during the first trimester, while detailed ultrastructural observations usually describe the adult morphologh. In this review, we have shown that contrary to what has been generally assumed, the surface of the human olfactory epithelium is heterogeneous and that its olfactory nerves differ ultrastructurally from those of other vertebrates studied. The development of the human primary olfactory pathwayis discussed in terms of the appearance of olfactory bulb laminae, synaptogenesis and the expression of specific cell markers, such as the S-100 protein and olfactory marker protein (OMP). Positive immunohistochemical staining for N-cadherin in human fetuses suggests that growth ofolfactory axons to their target may be mediated by cell adhesion molecules. The overall data presented here indicate that this pathway develops more precociously in humans than in rodents. Whether this translates also to earlier functional maturity remains to be elecidated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230107
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    Fine structure of the vomeronasal and septal olfactory epithelia and of glandular structures (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 86-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Accessory olfactory ; Nasal glands ; Odorant binding protein ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The vomeronasal and septal olfactory organs are two neurosensory structures in the mammalian nasal septum which are poorly understood relative to the main olfactory system. The vomeronasal organ is a paired, blind-ending tubular structure that opens rostrally into the nasal cavity in some species and into the incisive ducts in others. When present in mammals, the septal olfactory organ is an island of olfactory mucosa positioned such that it is in the primary air pathway in the caudal portion of the nasal cavity. Mammalian nasal glands, with a diverse histochemical and ultrastructural morphology, secrete a variety of substances onto the mucosal surface. One of these substances, odorant binding protein, localized in bovine nasal glands and lateral nasal glands of rodents may be important in the capture and conveyance of odorant molecules to olfactory receptors. The objectives of this paper are to present original data while reviewing the literature on the ultrastructure of vomeronasal and septal olfactory neuroepithelia, and of vomeronasal, bovine nasal, and lateral nasal glands. Nasal tissues from pigs, calves, and hamsters were prepared for electron microscopy. Neurosensory epithelia of the porcine vomeronasal organ and the hamster septal olfactory organ are similar to that described for the vomeronasal and septal olfactory organs of other mammals. Bovine nasal and rodent lateral nasal glands consist of subregions which differ morphologically; the most abundant acinar cell type in the bovine nasal gland contains lightly electron dense secretory granules while that of the rodent lateral nasal gland contains both small electron dense and large, electron lucent granules. The porcine vomeronasal gland contains numerous small, dense granules of a diverse morphology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230108
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230201
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    Ultrastructural histopathology of human olfactory dysfunction (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Anosmia ; Pathology ; Nose ; Smell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper presents electron-microscopic observations on biopsies of the olfactory mucosae of several classes of patients with smell disorders: 1) patients with loss of smell function following head injury (post-traumatic anosmics or hyposmics); 2) patients with loss of smell function following severe head colds and/or sinus infections (post-viral olfactory dysfunction, or PVOD); and 3) patients that have lacked smell function since birth (congenital anosmics). Of these, the traumatic anosmics' olfactory epithelia were quite disorganized; the orderly arrangement of supporting cells, ciliated olfactory receptor neurons, microvillar cells, and basal cells was disrupted. Although many somata of ciliated olfactory receptors were present, few of their dendrites reached the epithelial surface. The few olfactory vesicles present usually lacked olfactory cilia. The postviral anosmics, too, had a greatly reduced number of intact ciliated olfactory receptor neurons, and most of those present were aciliate. The post-viral hyposmics had a larger population of intact, ciliated olfactory receptor cells. In the seven cases of congenital anosmia studied, no biopsies of olfactory epithelium were obtained, indicating the olfactory epithelium is either absent - or greatly reduced in area - in these individuals. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230202
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