ALBERT

Description: The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland, comparing it with synthetic β-carotene, and measuring its economic value. One treatment had β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland through the alkaline hydrolysis method in the summer of 2014. Treatments were kept at 4°C for one year. Synthetic β-carotene was used as the control. The quality of the treatments was assessed by applying some chemical tests, including the measurement of the content and quality of β-carotene, colorimetry using the Hunter-LAB method, determination of the purity and vitamin A employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), estimation of the dwell-time duration at 5°C, and measurement of the solubility of β-carotene in water. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to alkaline hydrolysis was11853 mg/kg, in summer was 9935mg/kg, in autumn was 11256 mg/kg and in winter was 11245 mg /kg. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to organic solvent was 8347 mg/kg, in summer was 6648 mg/kg, in autumn was 7543 mg/kg and in winter was 7539 mg/kg. The amount of beta-carotene is extracted using organic solvents and alkaline hydrolysis in the summer compared to other seasons showed a significant reduction (P〈0.05). The amount of beta-carotene in the spring were significantly increased compared to the other seasons (P〈0.05). This factor (organic solvent and alkaline hydrolysis) in autumn and winter showed no significant difference (P〉0.05). The extracted amounts of beta-carotene in organic solvents compared to alkaline hydrolysis method in seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter was difference significant (P〈0.05). The results of tests included determining the purity, concentration, colorimetry, compounds soluble vitamins and beta-carotene in organic solvents compared to alkaline hydrolysis significant reduction (P〈0.05). During the shelf life of one year at 5°C, these factors had no significant difference between treatments alkaline hydrolysis and organic solvents (P〉0.05). According to the harvesting Azolla of wetland is not requires special equipment and in terms of time a lot of Azolla can be harvested in a short time and also for the extraction of beta-carotene from Azolla Anzali Lagoon is not requires special equipment, too, have no economic value of raw material, does not require special conditions for growing, doubling in three days, Azolla is rich in beta-carotene, beta-carotene extraction of large quantities of small amounts of starting material, the cost of chemical materials, labor, fuel, Laboratory equipment required and the cost of importing small packages beta-carotene, beta-carotene into the country in terms of economic cost compared to the cost of imported Sigma beta carotene is economical. As shown in Table 5 in the samples prepared by alkaline hydrolysis in comparison with synthetic chemical manufactured by Sigma in terms of colorimetric tests, purity, composition and solubility of vitamins significant difference was not observed (P〉0.05). But, in samples prepared by organic solvents in comparison with synthetic chemical manufactured by Sigma in terms of colorimetric tests, purity, composition and solubility of vitamins significant difference was observed (P〈0.05). According to significant differences between the amount of betacarotene extracted from Azoula wetland compared to other seasons in spring and autumn and winter plant growth in spring Azoula alkaline hydrolysis method for the extraction of beta-carotene wetland and wetland Azolla is recommended.

Description: The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland, comparing it with synthetic β-carotene, and measuring its economic value. One treatment had β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland through the alkaline hydrolysis method in the summer of 2014. Treatments were kept at 4 °C for one year. Synthetic β-carotene was used as the control. The quality of the treatments was assessed by applying some chemical tests, including the measurement of the content and quality of β-carotene, colorimetry using the Hunter-LAB method, determination of the purity and vitamin A employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), estimation of the dwell-time duration at 5°C, and measurement of the solubility of β-carotene in water. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to alkaline hydrolysis was11853 mg/kg, in summer was 9935mg/kg, in autumn was 11256 mg/kg and in winter was 11245 mg /kg. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to organic solvent was 8347 mg/kg, in summer was 6648 mg/kg, in autumn was 7543 mg/kg and in winter was 7539 mg/kg. The amount of beta-carotene is extracted using organic solvents and alkaline hydrolysis in the summer compared to other seasons showed a significant reduction (P〈0.05). The amount of beta-carotene in the spring were significantly increased compared to the other seasons (P〈0.05). This factor (organic solvent and alkaline hydrolysis) in autumn and winter showed no significant difference (P〉0.05). The extracted amounts of beta-carotene in organic solvents compared to alkaline hydrolysis method in seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter was difference significant (P〈0.05). The results of tests included determining the purity, concentration, colorimetry, compounds soluble vitamins and beta-carotene in organic solvents compared to alkaline hydrolysis significant reduction (P〈0.05). During the shelf life of one year at 5°C, these factors had no significant difference between treatments alkaline hydrolysis and organic solvents (P〉0.05). According to the harvesting Azolla of wetland is not requires special equipment and in terms of time a lot of Azolla can be harvested in a short time and also for the extraction of beta-carotene from Azolla Anzali Lagoon is not requires special equipment, too, have no economic value of raw material, does not require special conditions for growing, doubling in three days, Azolla is rich in beta-carotene, beta-carotene extraction of large quantities of small amounts of starting material, the cost of chemical materials, labor, fuel, Laboratory equipment required and the cost of importing small packages beta-carotene, beta-carotene into the country in terms of economic cost compared to the cost of imported Sigma beta carotene is economical. As shown in Table 5 in the samples prepared by alkaline hydrolysis in comparison with synthetic chemical manufactured by Sigma in terms of colorimetric tests, purity, composition and solubility of vitamins significant difference was not observed (P〉0.05). But, in samples prepared by organic solvents in comparison with synthetic chemical manufactured by Sigma in terms of colorimetric tests, purity, composition and solubility of vitamins significant difference was observed (P〈0.05). According to significant differences between the amount of betacarotene extracted from Azoula wetland compared to other seasons in spring and autumn and winter plant growth in spring Azoula alkaline hydrolysis method for the extraction of beta-carotene wetland and wetland Azolla is recommended.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Economical achievement of optimal growth in developing countries may lead to sustainable poverty reduction .Agricultural activities plays an important role in economy and human being welfare which leads to establishment of food security and quality. Aquaculture products in developing countries share 51.4 percent of total agricultural production and 24.7 percent in developed countries. Therefore undoutedly food production by means of quality and quantity has to be increased .The history of shirmp production goes back to 500 years ago. Today 50 countries of the world produce shirmp .In Islamic Republic of Iran shrimp production started since 1992 in the coastal region of persian Gulf. The shrimp culture farms canbe classified in to 4 different categories ; Extensive, semi-extensive , intensive and super instensive. Global ecological manitenanc is one of the major conern of authorities Human manipulation of nature is the most destructive activity. Industrial swage leakage in to the rivers and water sources is a big issue that cause reduction in the aquatic population. Heavey metals has an inhibitory effect in the production and growth of sealife. Human intake of food treated with anti microbial causes allergy , hypersensitivity and develop microbial resistance. Organochlorine compounds contamination may found in hepato pancreatic tissues of aquatic products, Aresnic may transfer to man via plant & animal product contamination . In 1991 during persian gulf war 700 oil well set ablazed. Approximately 50 million tons of crude oil leaked to gulf. Aflatoxins may cause cancer in man. Drug residue investigation for the first time started in 2000 with cooperation of AFSSA food agency france sampling frame according to EEC 96/23 has been designed. One sample per each 100 tons of shrimp selected randomly. Study has conducted in two consequent years (2000-2001) each year 42 sample from shrimp farms collected for laboratory monitoring of group A and B list of drugs, 35.7% and 64.3% respectively for each group. All samples were collected under field condition into a suitable containers for the laboratory analysis of each group. Only one sample is positive to aflatoxin B1 which has been isolated from the muscle of the shrimp samples.All the samples for detection of velexinary drug and residue delection has been conducted according to EU 96/23 directives. For analysis screening test by microbial inhibition test high performance liquid chromatography peformed. Confirmatory tests based on LC/MS utilization to detect different analytes. Mycotoxins detection test is validated and followingly hgih performance liquid chromatography has been used. In conclusion antibiotic and heavy metals results were negative throughout analysis , only one positive sample for aflatoxin B1 has been detected. Estabishment of further investingation for determination of residue in shrimp food is suggested. A and B group druges of all samples were sent to AFSSA france mycotoxin analysis conduted in a private labotory of IR.Iran. the samples were analized according to E.U recommendation screening performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Due to importance of the color for caviar quality and its export , in this project it has been attempted to identify elements which yield caviar color . In this respect. Some samples of caviar grade 1A and 1B were taken from A.guldenstadti and A. persicus species and a complementary sample of A. Stellatus Species grade 2 , the caviar pigment amounts were measured through HPLC method. To do this , the required materials were collected Simultaneously, Some Samples were taken from southern coast of the Caspian sea in Golestan Province were taken to food Industry institute Laboratory in Tehran Subjected to Axote gas and under darkness . Only a little amount of A. Guldenstadti Caviar grade 1A sample was gained from cold Storage of Shilat Trading Corp. The tests are done with standards of the of the pigments with high purity Such as B- Carotene Lutein , Astazantin,Etc. The chemical Substances and solvents used were obtained from merk and Fluka Companies. Therefore it was Stated that color variety among avarious caviear grads has a meaningful relationship with the quantities of these pigments in various types of caviar.The quantity of B- caroten , Astaxantin and Lutein Pigments were found to be more in A. Guldenstadti caviar than in A. persicus Caviar ,and similarly they are more in caviar 1 A than in 1B in A. persicus and A. Guldenstadti species. As a result , it could be said that there is a significant relation ship between the amount of the pigments and the light yellowish color of the distinct caviar samples analyzed.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1986

Description: The artificial radionuclide Plutonium (Pu) has been introduced into the environment primarily as fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing during the 1950's and 1960's. Earlier studies of Pu geochemistry are generally based upon the measurement of the combined activities of 239Pu and 249Pu (detected by alpha-counting and written as 239,240Pu) and assume an identical geochemical behavior for Pu from any of its fallout sources. A major focus of this thesis is the development of a mass spectrometric (m.s.) technique for the analysis of Pu in marine sediments, pore waters, sediment trap material and sea water from the North Atlantic. With the m.s. technique, not only is the detection limit for 239,240Pu increased by over an order-of-magnitude, but the 240Pu and 239Pu isotopes can be separated as well. The increased sensitivity for Pu provided by m.s. allowed me to measure Pu in deep-sea pore waters for the first time. Pore water studies are sensitive indicators of early diagenetic reactions, and can be used to examine the unresolved question of the extent of Pu remobilization out of marine sediments. Along a transect of cores ranging from highly reducing muddy sediments on the shelf to more oxic and carbonate-rich sediments in the deep-sea, I have found that the solubility of Pu is predominantly controlled by the distribution of Pu in the solid phase. The calculated 239,240Pu distribution coefficients (Kd = dpm per kg on solids/dpm per kg in solution) range from 0.2-23 x l04, with some suggestion of a trend towards lower values in the deeper cores (Kd's 〈104 in cores from water depths 〉2500m). Diffusive flux calculations based upon the observed Pu pore water gradients suggest that since its introduction, negligible Pu has been remobilized out of the sediments at all of the sites. On a time scale of 102 -103 years however, Pu remobilization may be significant. A large suite of sedimentary Pu and 210Pbex inventory data are also examined from the Northwest Atlantic shelf, slope and deep-sea sediments. Comparisons between Pu and 210Pb are of interest since both isotopes are predominantly supplied by atmospheric delivery to coastal waters, and since both isotopes are used to study recent accumulation and mixing processes in marine sediments. Inventories of these tracers will reflect their source function, removal efficiencies, and lateral transport in water and particles. A major conclusion is that the sediment inventories decrease with increasing water depth, reflecting a decrease in the net scavenging of these elements off-shore. Pu sediment inventories drop-off with increasing water depth much more rapidly than 210Pbex inventories, due to either the shorter residence time of 210Pb compared to Pu with respect to water column removal processes, or due to comparisons between the naturally occurring 210Pb steady-state scenario and the more recently introduced fallout Pu. When Pu and 210Pbex inventories are summed over water depths out to 4000 m in the Northwest Atlantic, the sediments can account for roughly 24 ± 8% of the expected Pu and 83 ± 15% of the expected 210Pbex inputs. The 240Pu/239Pu ratio data provided by the m.s. provide a unique insight into the relationship between the specific sources of fallout Pu and its geochemical behavior in the oceans. I find a systematic decrease in the 240Pu/239Pu ratio in sediments from 0.18 on the shelf to 0.10 in deep-sea (4500- 5000 m) sediments from the Northwest Atlantic. This trend is consistent with a model whereby Pu from surface based testing at the Nevada Test Site (240Pu/239Pu = 0.035) is carried by tropospheric fallout particles of a distinct physical/chemical form which are rapidly removed from the water column at all depths, in contrast to global stratospheric fallout (240Pu/239Pu = 0.18) which is only efficiently deposited to the sediments in the shallower cores where scavenging is more intense. This two source model was chosen since there is no evidence for the present day fractionation of 239Pu from 240Pu in the water column and sediment trap data. This two source model is supported by the analysis of 240Pu/239Pu ratios in marine sediments from the 1950's and 1960's which show lower or equivalent 240Pu/239Pu ratios than present day samples from the same locations (Nevada fallout was confined to 1951-1958 while global fallout inputs peaked in 1961/62). Also, while all of the North Atlantic deep-sea sediments show some evidence of the Nevada inputs (i.e. 240Pu/239P 〈 0.18), the net inventory of Pu from the Nevada source can be shown to decrease with increasing distance away from the Nevada source. Using the observed sediment 240Pu/239Pu ratios and a two end-member mixing model, the Pu supplied by the Nevada source in deep Northwest Atlantic sediments (〉4500 m) is shown to account for roughly 40% of the total sediment 239,240Pu inventory. The very low inventories of 239,240Pu in the deep-sea sediments in general serves to accentuate the Nevada fallout signal at these sites. A pronounced dis-equilibrium is observed between the solid phase 240Pu/239Pu ratios (which range from 0.10-0.18) and the pore water 240Pu/23pPu ratios (which are constant at ≈ 0.18 ) at all sites. The low ratio Nevada fallout Pu is apparently more tightly bound by its solid phase carrier than Pu from global fallout sources and is therefore not participating in the general solid/solution exchange reactions. Within an individual sediment profile, the 240Pu/239Pu ratios are relatively constant from core top to core bottom. Using a sediment mixing model which combines the Pu activity data and the resulting 240Pu/239Pu ratios given the two Pu sources, I have been able to constrain the input function of Pu to the slope and deep ocean sediments. The data are consistent with a model which suggests that the bulk of the Pu deposited to the deep ocean sediments arrived early-on in the fallout record.

Description: Financial support was provided primarily by the Education Office of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, by Department of Energy contract DE-FG02-85ER60358, and by the Oak Ridge Associated Universities program for travel support to the Savannah River Laboratory.