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  • Articles  (60)
  • simulation  (60)
  • Economics  (39)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (21)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a Core Switch for an Optical Transparent Packet Network (2000)
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: photonic switching ; packet switching ; Clos architecture ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design guidelines are given to dimension large switches in the optical packet network environment developed in the framework of the ACTS project KEOPS (KEys to Optical Packet Switching). Different possible choices in the architecture and operation of the switch are proposed according to the photonic technology availability. Simulation and analytical tools are used to evaluate switch performance and they have been applied to find out suitable switch configurations that meet packet loss requirements. Results and application examples are given to show the feasibility of a packet switch for high-speed photonic transport with the available technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010032322062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper deposition on micropatterned electrodes from an industrial acid copper plating bath (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper deposition ; current distributions ; microvias ; patterned electrodes ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Copper was deposited on micropatterned electrodes in a parallel plate reactor (PPR) using an industrial acid copper plating bath, and the deposit thickness distributions were measured. The plating bath contained, besides copper sulfate and sulfuric acid as main components, small amounts of sodium chloride and an organic additive LP-1TM. Copper deposition was carried out under various flow conditions (laminar and turbulent) and applied current densities. Three patterns, each of them consisting of a series of parallel copper microtracks, were manufactured on the electrode surface. The pattern position was chosen to be parallel or perpendicular to the flow direction, corresponding to the two extreme positions for the industrial plating process of patterned electrodes, in casu the round pattern tracks of minicoils. A multi-ion model was used to simulate copper deposition from sulphuric acid solutions, taking into account flow phenomena controlling the mass transfer rate, and the deposition kinetics. The differential equations were solved numerically by use of the multidimensional upwinding method (MDUM). Copper deposition on plane electrodes was investigated and compared to cd distributions obtained from MDUM-simulations. For the case of perpendicular pattern position in laminar flow, the deposit growth in the vias was also modelled and simulated numerically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003847219784
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of influences of layer thicknesses in an alkaline fuel cell (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1023-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alkaline fuel cell ; mathematical modelling ; simulation ; single cell ; thickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computational simulation was conducted by using a one-dimensional isothermal model for an alkaline fuel cell (AFC) single cell to investigate influences of the thicknesses of the separator, catalyst layer, and gas-diffusion layer in an AFC. The cell polarizations were predicted at various thicknesses and their influences were also analysed. Thickening the separator layer decreased the limiting current density and increased the slope of the ohmic polarization region. Investigation on the thickness of the anode catalyst layer showed that the optimum thickness varied between 0.04–0.15 mm according to the cell voltage. The thickness of the cathode catalyst layer significantly influenced the cell performance. Also, a limitation of thickness effect in the cathode catalyst layer was observed. This limitation was considered to be caused by the mass transfer resistance of the electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004046721157
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHADOC: a multi‐agent model to tackle viability of irrigated systems (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 94 (2000), S. 139-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: irrigated system ; modeling ; multi‐agent system ; simulation ; social networks ; coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The viability of irrigated systems in the Senegal River Valley is being brought into question today due to their under‐utilization. We assume that their viability depends largely on the way their different components behave and interact. We therefore sought to examine in greater depth today's knowledge of the structure of these systems and activities performed within them. This led to the development of a multi‐agent system model, a kind of virtual irrigated system, with a special focus on rules in use for access to credit, water allocation and cropping season assessment as well as organization and coordination of farmers. The purpose of this paper is to show how this kind of tool is relevant to the study of irrigated systems' viability. As an example it is used to examine the influence of existing social networks on the viability of irrigated systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018908931155
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detecting Abnormal Bid-Ask Spread: A Comparison of Event Study Methods (2000)
    Springer
    Review of quantitative finance and accounting 14 (2000), S. 45-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7179
    Keywords: bid-ask spread ; event study methods ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examines empirical issues associated with the use of bid-ask spreads in event studies. The simulation results indicate that the distribution of average standardized abnormal spread shows little deviation from normality. Simulation results also indicate that the widely used percent spread metric results in test statistics with low power. In contrast, use of a standardized raw spread metric and a simple mean-adjusted expectation model results in well specified and reasonably powerful Patell and Brown-Warner type test statistics. As the abnormal spread series is characterized by high first order serial correlation, it is important to adjust for this serial correlation when using multi-day event windows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008328107489
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verification Simulation Acceleration Using Code-Perturbation (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 16 (2000), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: verification ; simulation ; code-perturbation ; coverage ; fault
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We propose a simulation approach that can take a large design and swiftly cover its valid code-level operating states. The approach perturbs the program-control flow during the simulation to dynamically exhaust all branching possibilities in a verification code/program. The heuristic uses the program branching information from preprocessing the test/verification code. Using the branching information the simulation allows automatic run-time forced branching to make possible a full coverage of the instruction space spanned by the verification code/program. The aim is (1) to improve the verification simulation speed and (2) to get higher coverage rate for large core-base designs such as microprocessors or digital-signal-processing (DSP) products. A case study of a 32-bit RISC processor, used in a network system, is conducted. The application code for the processor (MCP, Myrinet control program) is used as a verification program. Despite the deviation from the valid “software-reachable state” of the system due to forced branching, a significant number of hard-to-reach hardware states (that can be reached only through the right mix of codes, often the code segments of an application software) are covered. Using the MCP program over 30% additional coverage is achieved with the proposed approach over ordinary code-based simulation for a fixed verification time. Further, compared to the conventional simulation approach, the proposed heuristic takes about 43% less compute-cycles to achieve same state coverage level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008396907842
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal aspects of designing CW-operated nitride VCSELs (1999)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 31 (1999), S. 1179-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Keywords: CW operation ; nitride lasers ; simulation ; VCSELs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A room-temperature (RT) continuous-wave (CW) operation of possible nitride vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is considered in the present paper using a simple VCSEL simulation to give some essential guidelines for their proper designing. It is revealed that a substrate material has a critical influence on a possibility of reaching RT CW thresholds which practically excludes currently used sapphire substrates of relatively low thermal conductivity from this application. SQW nitride VCSELs are found to be very sensitive to an increase in temperature, which is followed by their inappropriate CW-operation characteristics. A moderate increase in a number of quantum wells in VCSEL active regions significantly improves their CW achievements, i.e. decreases RT CW thresholds as well as considerably widens their CW threshold ranges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007011009768
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-power edge emitting red laser diode optimisation using optical simulation (1999)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 31 (1999), S. 1009-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Keywords: all-solid-source MBE ; high-power ; red ; simulation ; transverse structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser diode structures reported up to now in literature for the red wavelength range are still far from optimal – mostly because many of the desired characteristics are contradictory coupled. Some of the contradictory coupled laser diode characteristics are investigated and a novel transverse layer structure is proposed. Both optical simulation and a fully self-consistent model are used in a design optimization methodology and simple evaluation and optimization criteria are derived. A number of the analyzed high-power edge-emitting GazIn1−zP/(AlxGa1−x)yIn1−yP/GaAs quantum well laser structures were prepared using all-solid-source molecular beam epitaxy for layer growth and remarkable performances were obtained (continuous wave output powers of 3 W at 670 nm, 2 W at 650 nm, and 1 W at 630 nm; threshold current densities of 350–450 A/cm2 for 670 nm, 500–540 A/cm2 for 650 nm, and less than 700 A/cm2 for 630 nm). The good agreement between measurements and simulations for the prepared structures indicate that significant performance improvements – predicted by the simulations – are still possible. The presented novel structure and design optimisation procedure can also be applied to laser diode structure optimisation in other emission ranges – like, for example, in the case of 800 nm-range edge emitting AlxGa1−xAsyP1−y/GazIn1−zAswP1−w/GaAs laser diodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007076928803
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teletraffic Analysis of SDMA-Systems with Inhomogeneous MS Location Distribution and Mobility (1999)
    Springer
    Wireless personal communications 11 (1999), S. 45-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-834X
    Keywords: SDMA ; smart antenna systems ; capacity ; traffic models ; mobility models ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the most widely used buzzwords in mobile communications of the recent years is Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The introduction of an additional space domain multiple access component is likely to boost system capacity, due to the spatial reuse of physical channels within one cell. While early approaches of SDMA system modelling show capacity to be gained in the order of 300 to 400%, there remains some more in depth system analysis to be done, as inhomogeneities in the user distribution are expected to likely cause dramatic drops in the additional capacity gained by SDMA. The spatial distribution of terminals directly influences the number of channels to be gained by spatial multiplexing. Therefore, it is not until detailed models for user distribution, user mobility and the traffic load generated by users are combined with a model of the SDMA radio subsystem, that realistic approximations for these capacity gains are possible. In this paper, we discuss the issues in modelling and simulation of SDMA systems. We present an approach for integrated SDMA system modelling, discuss analytic teletraffic dimensioning methods for macro- and microcellular environments and their relevance to SDMA systems, and present some early simulation results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018657911851
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Layered Cylindrical Structures Using Axially Symmetric Waves (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 18 (1999), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Nondestructive evaluation ; layered cylindrical structures ; cylindrical waves ; simulation ; inverse problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For the characterization of the unknown material properties of a layered cylindrical structure, axially symmetric wave signals transmitted and reflected by the structure have been used. Since only a single wave mode propagates in the structure, the measurement and analysis of the transmitted and reflected signals can be simplified significantly. The evaluation of the material properties of the layers can be achieved with great accuracy. In this paper, we first derive the transmission and reflection coefficients for the layered cylindrical structure sonified axisymmetrically by an incident cylindrical wave. We then relate the spectra of the transmitted and reflected wave signals to the transmission and reflection coefficients as ratio functions. The time-domain signals transmitted and reflected by the structure can then be reconstructed from a routine application of the Fourier integrals. A three-layered aluminum/epoxy/aluminum tube is used to illustrate the application of the expressions for both the forward and inverse problems. The results show that the technique developed in this study can be used very effectively for the characterization of layered cylindrical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022638103852
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Tradeoff Between Computational Simplicity and Asymptotic Properties in Multivariate Probit (1999)
    Springer
    Computational economics 13 (1999), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: efficiency ; multivariate probit ; quasi maximum likelihood ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the most efficient estimator among Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimators using at most two levels of numerical integration, for the multivariate probit model. Simulations show that this estimator is more efficient but not more costly than the second-best alternative. However, its added efficiency depends on the correlation structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008649923740
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of Controlled Financial Statements (1999)
    Springer
    Review of quantitative finance and accounting 13 (1999), S. 189-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7179
    Keywords: simulation ; financial statement ; monthly statement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Many accounting and finance studies investigate the time-series properties of historical accounting records from corporate financial statements. Some of them have recognized the potential benefits of using disaggregated monthly accounting records. Disaggregated data are beneficial because one can use more data points within a relatively short period of time, thus reducing the chance of structural change. The added data points and reduction of the number of variables needed to accommodate potential structural changes can enhance the statistical power of any subsequent analysis. The use of disaggregated data may also improve the predictive ability of time-series analytic approaches. In order to systematically assess various financial indicators and investigate the effects of different organizational characteristics, a large number of monthly statements with certain predetermined characteristics are desirable. However, such statements are not readily available. At best, monthly statements can be obtained from a few volunteer companies. Under this circumstance, simulation of controlled financial statements seems to be a reasonable solution. This research explores a methodology for simulating complete monthly financial statements based on actual company quarterly financial statements. The methodology incorporates the interrelationships among accounting numbers and the effects of exogenous variables. To test the empirical validity and whether the monthly results derived from the quarterly data can accurately track the real monthly figures, we compare the results simulated by the proposed method and those generated by a naive random walk model. We test both complete financial statements for three companies and sales statistics from the retail industry. The results of both tests demonstrate the superiority of the method proposed by this study over a naive random walk model. The proposed simulation method provides an opportunity for researchers to examine the time-series properties of financial statement elements by using the monthly data of a large number of companies. In addition, the simulation approach allows researchers to perform cross sectional comparisons on companies with different characteristics (e.g., sales behavior patterns and degrees of stability) in their financial and economic activities. Moreover, it enables the researchers to manipulate some of these characteristics to test various hypotheses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008304127780
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  • 13
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    Technology Road Map to Methodologies for Mixed-Signal System Design & Simulation (1999)
    Springer
    Analog integrated circuits and signal processing 20 (1999), S. 213-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1979
    Keywords: design ; simulation ; mixed-signal ; VHDL-AMS ; dimensional analysis ; microwave design & quantitative feedback theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Unfortunately, the best solution for one mixed-signal design, is not the best solution for all mixed-signal designs. This is especially true in light of today’s microwave applications that span the range from low-power, low-performance type of devices, through high-power, high-frequency and high-performance applications. Digital designs are automated through the use of the VHDL hardware description language, while the mixed-signal counterparts are automated using the newly developed VHDL-AMS extension. The essential ingredients for mixed-signal design fall into the methodologies of scalable functionality, robust design and feedback techniques. Scalable functionality refers to the non-conventional methodology of dimensional analysis for establishing magnitude relationships between mixed-signal system variables. Robust design of a mixed-signal system, involves the blending of the z-domain (digital) and the s-domain (continuous), resulting in the wp-domain. Robust feedback involves the inherit feedback nature of mixed-signal systems, by providing a methodology of design that emphasizes the use of feedback for achieving the desired robust system performance tolerances despite device parameter uncertainty and noise disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008318516897
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impedance Spectra for a 2-D Conductor-Insulator Composite by Computer Simulation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of electroceramics 2 (1998), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8663
    Keywords: percolation ; impedance ; geometrical arrangement ; conductivity ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Using a computational methodology, ac impedance spectra of macroscopic mixtures of conducting and insulating hard spheres which have random or regular arrangements of the components are studied. These simulations can be used to calculate the ac electrical properties of a multi-component composite using a personal computer. It is shown in this study that ac impedance spectra are sensitive functions of the filling fraction and the geometrical arrangement of the components, and especially, the impedance spectra of the composite show the abnormal arc originated from the isolated clusters in the composite. From the simulated impedance patterns of the isolated clusters with various length, the abnormal arcs are shown to appear more distinctly when the elongated clusters are arranged along the preferred current line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009979310927
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Look ahead job demanding for improving job shop performance (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Job shop scheduling ; dispatching rules ; coordination ; look ahead information ; simulation ; Werkstattsteuerung ; Steuerungsregeln ; Koordination ; Vorausschauende Informationen ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Koordination dezentraler Werkstattsteuerungsregeln vorgestellt und mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie analysiert. Die Koordination basiert auf vorausschauenden Informationen und enthält einen Auftragsnachfrage-/-angebotsmechanismus. Die Simulations-experimente zeigen, daß durch den Einsatz des Koordinationsmechanismus die Leistung herkömmlicher Steuerungsregeln signifikant verbessert wird.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a new coordination approach for decentralized job shop scheduling rules is presented and analyzed in a simulation study. The coordination is based on look ahead information and contains a mechanism for demanding and supplying jobs. The simulation experiments show that the performance of conventional scheduling rules is significantly improved using the coordination mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539802
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Look ahead job demanding for improving job shop performance (1997)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 19 (1997), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Key words: Job shop scheduling ; dispatching rules ; coordination ; look ahead information ; simulation ; Schlüsselwörter: Werkstattsteuerung ; Steuerungsregeln ; Koordination ; Vorausschauende Informationen ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neu-artiger Ansatz zur Koordination dezentraler Werkstattsteuerungsregeln vorgestellt und mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie analysiert. Die Koordination basiert auf vorausschauenden Informationen und enthält einen Auftragsnachfrage-/-angebotsmechanismus. Die Simulations- experimente zeigen, daß durch den Einsatz des Koordinationsmechanismus die Leistung herkömmlicher Steuerungsregeln signifikant verbessert wird.
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper a new coordination approach for decentralized job shop scheduling rules is presented and analyzed in a simulation study. The coordination is based on look ahead information and contains a mechanism for demanding and supplying jobs. The simulation experiments show that the performance of conventional scheduling rules is significantly improved using the coordination mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539802
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Simulation of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1254-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: PEFC ; simulation ; gas diffusion electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed one dimensional dynamic model of a gas diffusion electrode as part of a complete fuel cell model is presented. Various effects of parameter changes are considered. Comparison of experimental results and simulation is performed and a new approach to simulation of a complete current voltage curve is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018488021355
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  • 18
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    Experimental evaluation of the classificatory performance of mathematical programming approaches to the three-group discriminant problem: The case of small samples (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 74 (1997), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: integer programming ; discriminant analysis ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Although there have been several journal articles on the classificatory performance of mathematical programming approaches to the two-group discriminant problem, there has been no simulation study on the classificatory performance of mathematical programming approaches to the multiple-group problem reported in the literature. This study reports the results of a simulation experiment on the classificatory performance of a single-function and a multiple-function mathematical programming model relative to that of the standard parametric procedures for the three-group problem with small training samples. The effect of second-order terms on the classificatory performance of the mathematical programming models for the three-group problem is also investigated. Furthermore, this study theoretically examines the range of parameter values of a multiple-function mathematical programming model for which its number of misclassifications in the training sample cannot exceed that of a single-function model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018918320541
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  • 19
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    Enhancing graphical simulation output using cluster analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 74 (1997), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: simulation ; modeling ; aerospace ; air route structure ; free flight ; clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent work performed for the Federal Aviation Administration to support the development of future concepts of air traffic management has involved simulation modeling of patterns of airspace usage by commercial and business air traffic. The objective of these efforts has been to investigate the impacts of a pattern of airspace usage known as "free flight", whereby pilots and flight dispatchers have much more freedom to choose, say, direct or wind-optimal routing through airspace. One of the figures of merit investigated is a count of "convergence pairs" as a measure of the complexity of various traffic patterns. These are cases when aircraft in the simulation model fly close to each other. Interestingly, geographic plots of convergence pairs accumulated over time bring out certain features or patterns of congested air traffic flows or flight alignments. However, these plots are also thick with "noise" or extraneous convergence pairs, whose presence detracts from the ability to perceive congested air traffic flows. Cluster analysis has been found to be an effective method of filtering these displays so that the congested flow features are discernible. The process developed for this purpose is based on a two-pass clustering approach. The process has worked well for the simulation modeling performed to date. Classification of the locations of convergence pairs into congested flow corridors is visually appealing, and has helped distinguish differences in contrasting scenarios of airspace usage. The paper presents graphical results and describes the clustering algorithms employed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018986808246
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  • 20
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    Estimation and testing in least absolute value regression with serially correlated disturbances (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 74 (1997), S. 239-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: autocorrelation ; L 1 regression ; least absolute deviations ; robust regression ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Least absolute value (LAV) regression provides a robust alternative to least squares, particularly when the disturbances follow distributions that are nonnormal and subject to outliers. While inference in least squares estimation is well-understood, inferential procedures in the context of LAV estimation have not been studied as extensively, particularly in the presence of non-independent disturbances. In this work, we study three alternative significance test procedures in LAV regression, along with two approaches used to correct for serial correlation. The study is based on large-scale Monte Carlo simulations, and comparisons are made based on both observed significance levels and power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018974405520
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  • 21
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    Model misspecification in Data Envelopment Analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 73 (1997), S. 233-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis ; model specification ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The use of Data Envelopment Analysis for estimating comparative efficiency has become widespread, and there has been considerable academic attention paid to the development of variants of the basic DEA model. However, one of the principal weaknesses of DEA is that - unlike statistically based methods - it yields no diagnostics to help the user determine whether or not the chosen model is appropriate. In particular, the choice of inputs and out-puts depends solely on the judgement of the user. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications for efficiency scores of using a misspecified model. A simple production process is set up. Simulation models are then used to explore the effects of applying misspecified DEA models to this process. The phenomena investigated are: the omission of significant variables; the inclusion of irrelevant variables; and the adoption of an inappropriate variable returns to scale assumption. The robustness of the results is investigated in relation to sample size; variations in the number of inputs; correlation between inputs; and variations in the importance of inputs. The paper concludes that the dangers of misspecification are most serious when simple models are used and sample sizes are small. In such circumstances, it is concluded that it will usually be to the modeller's advantage to err on the side of including possibly irrelevant variables rather than run the risk of excluding a potentially important variable from the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018981212364
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    Pitfalls of Normal-Gamma Stochastic Frontier Models (1997)
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 167-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: Identifiability ; least squares ; likelihood ; profile ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Although conceptually pleasing, normal-gamma frontier models lead to difficult estimation problems. It is shown here that unless the sample size reaches several thousands of observations the shape parameter of the gamma density is hard to estimate, and that this carries over to estimates of the stochastic frontier, the individual inefficiencies, and the allocation of the overall variance to the stochastic frontier and to the inefficiencies.
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    Visualisation in the Simulation and Control of Economic Models (1997)
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    Computational economics 10 (1997), S. 107-118 
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    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: visualisation ; simulation ; linear quadratic control ; observer ; Kalmanfilter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of economic models is frequently used in the investigation of economic policy. Yet one of the problems with simulation is that it can be difficult to appreciate the model properties due to the nature of the simulation process. Stochastic simulation, for example, can produce large quantities of output which can be difficult to comprehend. Further, when mathematically sophisticated techniques such as the use of optimal control and Kalman Filtering are applied to models, the simulation process can become even more complex. Visualisation techniques in model building, simulation, and analysis of simulation output can help reduce the complexity. This is especially the case with interactive simulation. In this paper we investigate the use of visualisation in simulation by examining the application of optimal control techniques to a stochastic forward looking analytic economic model. We also use interactive object oriented simulation software where objects, such as components of models or graphs of outputs, can be visually manipulated to form simulation systems. We find that the use of visualisation can make the investigation of policy analysis issues with such models more comprehensible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008631912069
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    Using Computer-Based Simulation Exercises to Teach Business Ethics (1997)
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 163-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ; computer ; ethics ; experiential ; simulation ; teaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses how to introduce ethical dilemmas into computer-based business simulation exercise to teach business ethics. Simulations have an inherent advantage over other pedagogies for teaching ethics because simulations provide students with both an intellectual and a behavioral exposure to the topic. Issues addressed include considerations before writing ethical dilemmas, the writing of ethical dilemmas, and process issues for introducing ethical dilemmas. An example is developed and discussed. Through the process described, instructors can better prepare students for a lifetime of tough business decisions.
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    Simulation Techniques for the Manufacturing Test of MCMs (1997)
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    Journal of electronic testing 10 (1997), S. 137-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: simulation ; yield ; SMT ; MCM ; board ; test ; DFT ; DFM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simulation techniques used in the Manufacturing Test SIMulator(MTSIM) are described. MTSIM is a Concurrent Engineering tool used tosimulate the manufacturing test andrepair aspects of boards and MCMs from design concept through manufacturing release. MTSIM helps designers select assemblyprocess, specify Design For Test (DFT) features, select board testcoverage, specify ASIC defect level goals, establish productfeasibility, and predict manufacturing quality and cost goals. A newyield model for boards and MCMs which accounts for theclustering of solder defects is introduced and used topredict the yield at each test step. In addition, MTSIMestimates the average number of defects per board detected at eachtest step, and estimates costs incurred in test execution, faultisolation and repair. MTSIM models were validated withhigh performance assemblies at Hewlett-Packard (HP).
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    Simulation modeling for emergency bed requirement planning (1996)
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    Annals of operations research 67 (1996), S. 183-210 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Capacity planning ; emergency services ; health care ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Due to its highly stochastic nature and complex interaction between services involved, health care has been a demanding area of application for computer simulation. This paper includes details and results of a simulation study realized in the Surgical Emergency Department at Istanbul University School of Medicine. The purpose is to suggest new bed capacities to improve the current system, and also to provide the management with guidelines for their expansion plans. For this aim, arrival rates, treatment procedures, inpatient admittance, and service durations have been carefully analyzed and modeled. The model, coded in SLAM-II simulation language, has been run under several bed capacity scenarios, and resulting queueing and waiting patterns have been discussed in detail.
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    Consumer inventory sensitivity and the postpromotion dip (1996)
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    Marketing letters 7 (1996), S. 77-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: promotion ; scanner data ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We summarize and critique seven theories that might explain the lack of a postpromotion dip in sales in the weeks following a promotion. We then propose and provide empirical support for a new explanation. We argue that in markets where the consumer category purchase decision is not strongly influenced by inventory levels, the displacement effect of accelerated sales will tend to be distributed fairly uniformly into the future such that clearly defined dips are not observed. We utilize a simulation based on real data to investigate this explanation. The simulation shows that given the degree to which inventory influences the purchase decision, we would not expect to see postpromotion dips, even though promotion influences the purchase decision. However, the simulation shows that if inventory had a greater influence on the purchase decision, we would expect to see postpromotion dips. We conclude with implications for both researchers and managers.
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    A hyperbolic diffusion model for stock prices (1996)
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    Finance and stochastics 1 (1996), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-1122
    Keywords: Key words: Martingale estimating function ; option pricing ; quasi-likelihood ; simulation ; stochastic differential equation ; volatility. ; JEL classification: G12 ; Mathematics Subject Classification (1991): 62M05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. In the present paper we consider a model for stock prices which is a generalization of the model behind the Black–Scholes formula for pricing European call options. We model the log-price as a deterministic linear trend plus a diffusion process with drift zero and with a diffusion coefficient (volatility) which depends in a particular way on the instantaneous stock price. It is shown that the model possesses a number of properties encountered in empirical studies of stock prices. In particular the distribution of the adjusted log-price is hyperbolic rather than normal. The model is rather successfully fitted to two different stock price data sets. Finally, the question of option pricing based on our model is discussed and comparison to the Black–Scholes formula is made. The paper also introduces a simple general way of constructing a zero-drift diffusion with a given marginal distribution, by which other models that are potentially useful in mathematical finance can be developed.
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    Time diversification and security preferences: A stochastic dominance analysis (1996)
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    Review of quantitative finance and accounting 7 (1996), S. 289-298 
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    ISSN: 1573-7179
    Keywords: time diversification ; stochastic dominance ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We use stochastic dominance to test whether investor should prefer riskier securities as the investment horizon lengthens. Return distributions for stocks, bonds, and U.S. Treasury bills are generated for holding periods of one to 25 years by simulation. For each holding period, stochastic dominance tests are run to establish preferences between the alternative security classes. Contrary to previous mean-variance based studies, we find no evidence that high-risk securities (stocks) dominate low-risk securities (bonds, Treasury bills) as the investment horizon lengthens. However, we do find that corporate bonds systematically dominate government bonds.
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    An advanced diagnostic method for delay faults in combinational faulty circuits (1995)
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    Journal of electronic testing 6 (1995), S. 277-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: delay fault ; diagnosis ; critical path tracing ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Due to physical defects or process variations, a logic circuit may fail to operate at the desired clock speed. So, verifying the timing behavior of digital circuits is always necessary, and needs to test for delay faults. When a delay fault has been detected, a specific diagnostic method is required to locate the site of the fault in the circuit. So, a reliable method for delay fault diagnosis is proposed in this paper. Firstly, we present the basic diagnostic method for delay faults, which is based on multivalued simulation and critical path tracing. Next, heuristics are given that decrease the number of critical paths and improve diagnosis results. In the second part of this paper, we provide an approximate method to refine the results obtained with the basic diagnostic process. We compute the detection threshold of the potential delay faults, and use statistical studies to classify the faults from the most likely to be the cause of failure to the less likely. Finally, results obtained with ISCAS'85 circuits are presented to show the effectiveness of the method.
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    Risk analysis and asset valution: A Monte Carlo Simulation using stochastic rents (1995)
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    The journal of real estate finance and economics 11 (1995), S. 177-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-045X
    Keywords: asset valuation ; simulation ; risk ; stochastic rent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Introduction of the Present Value Distribution Model (PVD) offers an alternative method for the valuation of projects yielding intertemporal stochastic rents. A combination of concepts from many areas of the literature yields the given model. The base procedure relies on Monte Carlo Simulation with the application of recently established theories on stochastic rents, path dependent cash flow trajectories, and period dependent discount rates. Among the benefits of the (PVD) are exogenous risk discounting and consistent distribution determination. Risk discounting is applied to the resultant of the distribution model rather than within the model. Furthermore, the present value distributions are independent of analyst's perceptions yielding an objective single period gamble.
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    Efficiency improvement techniques (1994)
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    Annals of operations research 53 (1994), S. 175-197 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Variance reduction ; simulation ; control variates ; importance sampling ; common random numbers ; stratification ; conditioning ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an overview of the five most commonly used statistical techniques for improving the efficiency of stochastic simulations: control variates, common random numbers, importance sampling, conditional Monte Carlo, and stratification. The paper also describes a mathematical framework for discussion of efficiency issues that quantifies the trade-off between lower variance and higher computational time per observation.
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    Autoregressive-output-analysis methods revisited (1994)
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    Annals of operations research 53 (1994), S. 391-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Autoregressive process ; confidence interval ; output analysis ; simulation ; statistics ; time series
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We revisit and update the autoregressive-output-analysis method for constructing a confidence interval for the steady-state mean of a simulated process by using Rissanen's predictive least-squares criterion to estimate the autoregressive order of the process. This order estimator is strongly consistent when the output is autoregressive. The order estimator is combined with the standard autoregressive-output-analysis method to form a confidence-interval procedure. Alternatives for estimating the degrees of freedom for the procedure are investigated. The main result is an asymptotically valid confidence-interval procedure that, empirically, has good small-sample properties.
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    SIMULEX — a multiattribute DSS to solve rescheduling problems (1994)
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    Annals of operations research 52 (1994), S. 107-129 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: DSS ; intelligent front-ends ; knowledge-based systems ; MADM ; outranking ; Scheduling ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge-based systems (KBS) can help to make simulation available to a large group of users. We want to exemplify this by describing a decision support system (DSS) for short term rescheduling in manufacturing called SIMULEX. It couples expert systems, simulation, and a multiattribute decision making (MADM) procedure to assist the production manager. After an introduction to simulation as a problem solving tool, the current problems in production control and the goals of the project are described. Then, the various components of SIMULEX are explained in some detail. Some results and a short outlook conclude the article.
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    Advances in random utility models report of the workshop on advances in random utility models duke invitational symposium on choice modeling behavior (1994)
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    Marketing letters 5 (1994), S. 311-322 
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    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: multinomial probit ; semiparametric estimation ; Bayesian estimation ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, major advances have taken place in three areas of random utility modeling: (1) semiparametric estimation, (2) computational methods for multinomial probit models, and (3) computational methods for Bayesian estimation. This paper summarizes these developments and discusses their implications for practice.
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    Analysis, modeling, and the management of international negotiations (1993)
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    Theory and decision 34 (1993), S. 275-291 
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    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Negotiation modeling ; simulation ; fairness ; consensus rules ; statistical analysis ; information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Negotiation management, a framework for practical implementation of computer-based support to negotiators and their staffs, is defined and described in this paper. In particular, three integrated tools and their underlying methodologies, are illustrated. The collaborative use of computers and information techniques in complex negotiation is framed in terms of a ‘discovery and design’ paradigm in which parties engage in dialogue, learn, and develop trust that can support the negotiation itself through a process of joint analysis and modeling.
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    Functional versus random test generation for sequential circuits (1993)
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    Journal of electronic testing 4 (1993), S. 33-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Finite state machine ; functional testing ; graph traversal ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a test generation method for sequential circuits based on their synthesis specifications as finite state machines (FSM) and provides comparison with random test generation. The finite state machines are represented by their state transition graph (STG). The test generation method is performed in two phases. The first phase is functional. It generates a test sequence which is one of the shortest input sequences going through all the transitions of the state transition graph machine. This sequence provides a high fault coverage of stuck-at faults on the synthesized circuit compared to a randomly generated test sequence. This fault coverage is very close to the ones of other sequences derived by fault-oriented test generation approaches [9], [10], although these latter sequences are much longer. The trend of the fault coverage curve for different test sequences including progressively the transitions of the test sequence defined in the first phase is similar to the one of the fault coverage curve of a random sequence but for same lengths the first curve gives larger fault coverage. Both curves grow rapidly until a given ratio of faults is detected then continue to grow very slowly exhibiting low efficiency. The second phase of the test generation method is fault-oriented. It uses a fault simulation based approach in order to compute the test sequence for the remaining faults not detected by the first phase. At the end of this phase the test sequence for all the nonredundant faults is derived and, the combinationally redundant faults and the sequentially redundant faults are distinguished.
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    Models of stochastic geometry — A survey (1993)
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 38 (1993), S. 235-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Boolean model ; damaged forests ; mark correlation function ; marked point process ; M/G/∞ ; random compact set ; simulation ; spatial correlation ; spatial statistics ; stochastic model ; tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses some models of stochastic geometry which are of potential interest for operations research. These are the Boolean model, a certain model for random compact sets and marked point processes. The Boolean model is a generalization of the well-known queueing systemM/G/∞. The random compact set model may be useful for modelling spatial spreading processes such as fires, cancers or holes in the Earth's surface. Marked point processes are used here as models of forests and used for a statistical study of the spatial distribution of damaged trees.
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    Conditioning for variance reduction in estimating the sensitivity of simulations (1992)
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    Annals of operations research 39 (1992), S. 157-172 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Score function method ; likelihood ratio ; sensitivity analysis ; simulation ; Monte Carlo methods ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We consider first a discrete event static system that is to be simulated at values of a parameter or vector of parametersθ. The system is assumed driven by an inputX, where typicallyX is a vector of variables whose densityf θ (x) depends on the parameterθ. For the purpose of optimizing, finding roots, or graphing the expected performanceE θ L(X) for performance measureL, it is useful to estimate not only the expected value but also its gradient. An unbiased estimator for the latter is the score function estimator $$L(X)S(\theta ) = L(X)\frac{\partial }{{\partial \theta }}\ln f_\theta (x).$$ This estimator and likelihood ratio analogues typically require variance reduction, and we consider conditioning on the value of the score function for this purpose. The efficiency gains due to performing the Monte Carlo conditionally can be very large. Extension to discrete event dynamic systems such as theM/G/1 queue and other more complicated systems is considered.
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    Stochastic quasigradient methods for optimization of discrete event systems (1992)
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    Annals of operations research 39 (1992), S. 1-39 
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    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Stochastic programming ; stochastic quasigradient methods ; discrete event systems ; simulation ; concurrent approximation and optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, stochastic programming techniques are adapted and further developed for applications to discrete event systems. We consider cases where the sample path of the system depends discontinuously on control parameters (e.g. modeling of failures, several competing processes), which could make the computation of estimates of the gradient difficult. Methods which use only samples of the performance criterion are developed, in particular finite differences with reduced variance and concurrent approximation and optimization algorithms. Optimization of the stationary behavior is also considered. Results of numerical experiments and convergence results are reported.
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    A comparison of heuristic algorithms for cost-oriented assembly line balancing (1992)
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 36 (1992), S. 477-495 
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    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Cost-oriented assembly line balancing ; heuristic algorithms ; worst-case analysis ; simulation ; NP-completeness ; time complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Two new heuristic algorithms for solving cost-oriented assembly line balancing problems -the Wage-Rate-Method (WR) and the Wage-Rate-Smoothing-Method (WRS) — are presented and compared with two known heuristics — the Positional-Weight-Method (PW) and the Positional-Weight-Wage-Rate-Difference-Method (PWWD) with respect to their solution qualities. Firstly, the heuristics are outlined and their computational effort is stated. Then, a theoretical worst-case bound for the solution quality is given and the results of an extensive performance study are reported. In the study the heuristics were investigated with respect to their solution quality by solving randomly generated line balancing problems and problems from literature. It can be concluded that PWWD and WRS are generally superior to PW and WR.
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    An application of ESL to a stochastic dynamic market model with free entry and exit (1992)
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    Computational economics 5 (1992), S. 105-118 
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    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Economic models ; simulation ; simulation language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The application of a new simulation language (ESL) is demonstrated through a stochastic dynamic market model with free entry and exit. Since ESL allows us to specify single economic units and to coordinate all their activities, the details of a microeconomic process can be described. The market model consists of different types of producers and consumers, whose actions can be simulated under changing structural conditions.
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    The problem of locating facilities causing airborne pollution revisited (1991)
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    OR spectrum 13 (1991), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Facility location for obnoxious facilities ; Gaussian model ; simulation ; Standortplanung für umweltbelastende Anlagen ; Gauß-Modell ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden zunächst die in neuerer Zeit entwickelten wind-diskreten Modelle und Verfahren zur Standortplanung für unerwünschte, umweltbelastende Anlagen analysiert und die Grenzen dieser Ansätze für die Lösung praktischer Problemstellungen aufgezeigt. Basierend auf diesen Erkenntnissen wird ein simulations-basiertes Verfahren für ein neues wind-stetiges Modell vorgestellt, das diese Schwachstellen überwindet. Abschließend wird das Basis-Standortmodell durch Einbeziehung der Emissionshöhe als Entscheidungsvariable erweitert.
    Notes: Summary The present paper regards the location of obnoxious facilities in the context of a realistic environment. Efforts have been made in the past towards this direction, without much success as fas as the modeling is concerned. The prevailing meteorological conditions of the area under consideration, that evidently play an important role in the dispersion of pollution, either were completely ignored or inadequately considered. In this work, the most recent wind-discrete models and solution methods are presented and analyzed and their limitations are identified. A new simulation-aided wind-continuous model is introduced capable of remedying the above limitations. Finally, a generalization is proposed and discussed, regarding the introduction of the stack height as a decision variable in the relative model.
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    A methodology for testability enhancement at layout level (1991)
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    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1991), S. 287-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: fault modeling ; physical design rules for testability ; simulation ; testability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to make possible the production of cost-effective electronic systems, integrated circuits (ICs) need to be designed for testability. The purpose of this article is to present a methodology for testability enhancement at the lower levels of the design (i.e., at circuit and layout levels). The proposed strategy uses both hardware refinement and software improvement. The main areas of low-cost software improvement are test generation based on a logic description closely related to the physical design, test-vector sequencing, and the introduction of circuit knowledge in fault simulation. The strategy for hardware improvement is based on realistic fault list generation, fault classification (according to fault impact on circuit behavior), and layout-level DFT (design for testability) rules derivation. A preliminary fault classification is proposed, which uncovers the types of realistic faults in MOS digital ICs that are hard to detect, paving the way to derive layout rules for hard-fault avoidance. Simulation examples are presented ascertaining that specific subsets of line-open and bridging faults (according to their topological characteristics) are hard to detect by logic testing using test patterns derived for line stuck-at fault detection.
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    Computer simulation of ultrasonics and its applications (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 9 (1990), S. 81-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; visualization ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical calculations have been carried out for about 20 years, and the results are demonstrated graphically by vector or lattice representations. These results are now being used mainly for clarifying the mechanisms of ultrasonic interaction with material and defects and checking and improving the experimental results. Parts of this paper review results, many involving cracktip diffraction in various geometries, which have been published mainly in conference proceedings and have not appeared in journals. Other parts, dealing with focused fields, focal lenses, and radiation in an anisotropic medium are new, and have not appeared even as conference papers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566386
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    Structuring and simulating negotiation: An approach and an example (1990)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 28 (1990), S. 243-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Negotiation ; structuring ; simulation ; rule-based model ; decision support ; knowledge representation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Negotiation is a complex and dynamic decision process during which parties perceptions, preferences, and roles may change. Modelling such a process requires flexible and powerful tools. The use of rule-based formalism is therefore expanded from its traditional expert system type technique, to structuring and restructuring non-trivial processes like negotiation. Using rules we build a model of a negotiation problem. Some rules are used to infer positions and reactions of the parties, other rules are used to modify problem representation when such a modification is necessary. We illustrate the approach with a contract negotiation case between two large companies. We also show how this approach could help one party to realize that negotiations are being carried on against their assumptions and expectations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162700
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    Integrated production scheduling in large-scale flexible electronic parts manufacturing (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 269-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Production scheduling ; integer programming ; simulation ; flexible manufacturing ; hierarchical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study reports the development of a production scheduling system for the integrated management of production in large-scale, high-volume electronic assembly lines. The development of the system incorporates control and planning considerations by addressing the interaction of various subsystems. Stochastic and deterministic aspects of the problem environment are appropriately handled via relevant simulation and analytic models. By effecting a hierarchical breakdown of the problem environment, the system produces information used in practical decision making for production planning and scheduling. Procedures used encompass and address considerations for management of work-in-process, optimization of the various subsystems' performance, minimization of setup time effect, and inventory carrying costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186799
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    Machine utilizations achieved using balanced FMS production ratios in a simulated setting (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 227-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: FMS ; production ratios ; mathematical programming ; levels of detail in modeling ; balanced machine workloads ; machine utilizations ; dispatching rules ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Stecke [21] has developed mathematical programming approaches for determining, from a set of part type requirements, the production ratios (part types to be produced next, and their proportions) which maximize overall machine utilizations by balancing machine workloads in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). These mathematical programming (MP) approaches are aggregate in the sense that they do not take into account such things as contention for transportation resources, travel time for work-in-process, contention for machines, finite buffer space, and dispatching rules. In the current study, the sensitivity of machine utilizations to these aggregations is investigated through simulation modeling. For the situation examined, it is found that achieved machine utilizations are a strong function of some of the factors ignored in the MP methodology, ranging from 9.1% to 22.9% less than those theoretically attainable under the mathematical programming assumptions. The 9.1% degradation results from modeling with nonzero work-in-process travel times (i.e. 2 minutes per transfer) and using only central work-in-process buffers. Resource levels (e.g. the number of automated guided vehicles; the amount of work-in-process; the number of slack buffers) needed to limit the degradation to 9.1% correspond to FMS operating conditions which are feasible in practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186798
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    Probability theory versus simulation of petroleum potential in play analysis (1987)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 363-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Probability ; simulation ; petroleum ; resources ; appraisal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract An analytic probabilistic methodology for resource appraisal of undiscovered oil and gas resources in play analysis is presented. This play-analysis methodology is a geostochastic system for petroleum resource appraisal in explored as well as frontier areas. An objective was to replace an existing Monte Carlo simulation method in order to increase the efficiency of the appraisal process. Underlying the two methods is a single geologic model which considers both the uncertainty of the presence of the assessed hydrocarbon and its amount if present. The results of the model are resource estimates of crude oil, nonassociated gas, dissolved gas, and gas for a geologic play in terms of probability distributions. The analytic method is based upon conditional probability theory and a closed form solution of all means and standard deviations, along with the probabilities of occurrence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187102
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    Monte carlo estimation of the sampling distribution of nonlinear model parameter estimators (1987)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 243-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Control variates ; Monte Carlo ; nonlinear estimation ; simulation ; variance reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The sampling distribution of parameter estimators can be summarized by moments, fractiles or quantiles. For nonlinear models, these quantities are often approximated by power series, approximated by transformed systems, or estimated by Monte Carlo sampling. A control variate approach based on a linear approximation of the nonlinear model is introduced here to reduce the Monte Carlo sampling necessary to achieve a given accuracy. The particular linear approximation chosen has several advantages: its moments and other properties are known, it is easy to implement, and there is a correspondence to asymptotic results that permits assessment of control variate effectiveness prior to sampling via measures of nonlinearity. Empirical results for several nonlinear problems are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187095
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    Response surface methodology as a means for efficient data storage and retrieval (1987)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 8 (1987), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Response surface methodology ; simulation ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Managing the volume of experimental and/or simulation data required for large-scale design studies can be a significant problem. This paper describes a method for dealing with this problem, using response surface methodology. The method involves (1) determining a summary parameterization of the response of the underlying process mechanism generating the data, in order to characterize this response in terms of a manageable set of performance measures, and (2) deriving a model of the data, in order to summarize the dependence of the performance measures on selected predictor or design variables. The method is illustrated by its application to a problem in vehicle collision research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187101
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    Experimental investigation of real-time scheduling in flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 355-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; simulation ; computer integrated manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new two-phase (TP) approximate method for real-time scheduling in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). This method combines a reduced enumeration schedule generation algorithm with a 0–1 optimization algorithm. In order to make the combined algorithm practicable, heuristic rules are introduced for the selection of jobs to be scheduled. The relative performance of the TP method vis-a-vis conventional heuristic dispatching rules such as SPT, LPT, FCFS, MWKR, and LWKR is investigated using combined process-interaction/discrete-event simulation models. An efficient experimental procedure is designed and implemented using these models, and the statistical analysis of the results is presented. For the particular case investigated, the conclusions are very encouraging. In terms of mean flow time, the TP method performs significantly better than any other tested heuristic dispatching rules. Also, the experimental results show that using global information significantly improves the FMS performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023749
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    An overview of evaluative models for flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; queueing models ; simulation ; performance evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) are a class of automated systems which can be used to improve productivity in discrete parts manufacturing. Due to the complexity of these systems, it is useful to have models that can aid in the design and operation of FMSs. We specifically differentiate here betweengenerative (or prescriptive) models, whichfind candidate decisions, andevaluative (or descriptive) models, whichevaluate a given set of decisions. We briefly cover, in a practical context, the pros and cons of these two classes of models. Then we focus on the latter class of models. Evaluative models for FMSs fall into five main classes, based on the technique used, namely: static allocation, queueing network theory, simulation, perturbation analysis, and Petri nets. Each of these approaches is briefly described, advantages and disadvantages mentioned, and references given to more detailed papers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023766
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    A technique for on-line sensitivity analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; discrete event systems ; real-time systems ; monitoring ; simulation ; performance evaluation ; perturbation analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The recent perturbation analysis approach to discrete event systems is applied to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). While analytic (queueing) models are useful in preliminary design of such systems, they are not accurate enough at the detailed design/operation stage. Thus, experimentation on detailed simulations or on the actual system has been the way to optimize system performance. Perturbation analysis allows us to derive the sensitivity of system performance, with respect to several design/operating parameters, by observing a single experiment (and without having to actually alter the parameters — often a costly operation). Thus, observation of one experiment can give accurate directions for the improvement of several parameter values. Here we give a simulation example illustrating how perturbation analysis could be used on-line on an FMS to improve its performance, including reducing its operating cost. Experimental results are also presented validating the estimates obtained from this technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023776
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    Simulation of proximity printing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 10 (1990), S. 127-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Keywords: Lithography ; diffraction ; proximity printing ; refraction ; simulation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(90)90005-E
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    The simulation of contrast-enhanced lithography
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 14 (1991), S. 299-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Keywords: N-dimethylaniline chloride zinc chloride ; contrast enhancement ; modelling ; p-Diazo-N ; poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) ; poly(dihexylsilane) ; simulation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(91)90014-5
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    A versatile two-dimensional ion implantation simulator incorporated in an integrated process simulation system
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 14 (1991), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Keywords: Ion implantation ; LSS theory ; simulation ; two-dimensional
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(91)90163-8
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    Three-dimensional simulation of proximity printing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 14 (1991), S. 41-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Keywords: Photolithography ; microlithography ; near-contact printing ; proximity printing ; shadow printing ; simulation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(91)90165-A
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    Three-dimensional simulation of ion-enhanced dry-etch processes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 14 (1991), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Keywords: Cell model ; Monte-Carlo methods ; dry etching ; microloading ; simulation ; surface processes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(91)90012-3
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    A simulation model of the Dutch tourism market
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Annals of Tourism Research 21 (1994), S. 812-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 0160-7383
    Keywords: demande touristique ; demanded for tourism ; econometric model ; forecasting ; modele econometrique ; offre touristique ; prevision ; simulation ; supply of tourism
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90085-X
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