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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: The plant kingdom, with its terrestrial and marine natural products, has been widely explored. Plant-based products have long been used to prevent and treat various ailments. Many natural compounds have been reported to have a variety of interesting and significant biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-atherogenic, and antiproliferative, as well as cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, researchers pay special attention to the bioactive compounds synthesized by plants. Opportunities in functional ingredients and treatment of NCDs (oxidative stress, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc.) are widely explored. However, many therapeutic properties of plants are still to be discovered. This Special Issue reprint intends to substantially contribute to our knowledge of their beneficial properties. Natural products could be a vast resource in respect of human well-being improvement. This Special Issue reprint also aims to disseminate some of the most recent and significant contributions in natural product research on phytochemicals and biological activity.
    Keywords: Sempervivum tectorum L. ; mineral content ; bioavailable fraction ; heavy metals ; open-field plants ; tissue culture plants ; in vitro callus culture ; Rubus subg. Rubus Watson ; Vaccinium corymbosum L. ; phenolics ; radical scavenging activities ; ferric reducing power ; waste peel ; essential oil ; GC-MS ; volatile compounds ; antimicrobial activity ; chemical composition ; antioxidant activity ; fluorescence ; total phenolic content ; Aspergillus flavus ; maize ; peel extracts ; AFB1 ; qRT-PCR ; Opuntia spp. ; phytochemicals ; biological activities ; antioxidant capacity ; chemopreventive effect ; integrated pest management ; Oriental fruit fly ; pomology ; post-harvest disease control ; Sambucus nigra L. ; medicinal plants ; flavonoids ; phenols ; carbohydrates ; amino acids ; Flos Abelmoschus manihot ; medicinal part ; non-medicinal parts ; UFLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS ; metabolite profiling ; multivariate statistical analysis ; juniper ; natural products ; tree ; leaves ; disease ; bioactive compounds ; microbial resistance ; turmeric ; Curcuma aromatica ; Curcuma caesia ; Curcuma longa ; Curcuma zanthorrhiza ; enantiomeric distribution ; chiral ; cultivars ; foliar sprays ; Humulus lupulus ; liming ; phenolic compounds ; plant vigour ; polyphenols ; antimicrobial activity enhancement ; ascorbic acid ; Maillard reaction products ; laccase–mediator system ; horseradish peroxidase–H2O2 system ; tomato pomace ; by-product utilization ; finger millet ; gluten-free ; potato flour ; convenience food ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Food systems are under increasing pressure. They must meet the food requirements of a growing world population, and socio-economic changes also influence the type of foods which are under demand. At the same time, food systems are a major contributor to global environmental change, and environmental changes adversely impact agricultural productivity. This Special Issue explores opportunities and challenges towards achieving more sustainable food systems. Essential changes required in food systems are highlighted, such as more effective food distribution, the avoidance or valorisation of food waste, and less meat consumption. How to actually achieve these required changes across food value chains is also presented. This Special Issue supports solution-oriented approaches towards addressing one of most complex challenges of this century. The reader is invited to study the publications included in this Special Issue in detail.
    Keywords: consumer attitudes ; meat avoiders ; meat reducers ; environmental concerns ; global warming ; climate change ; sustainability ; ecology ; planetary health ; food security ; land ; land use consolidation ; land-use planning ; land tenure ; rural development ; Rwanda ; tenure responsive ; tenure responsive land-use planning ; tenure security ; demographic correlates ; food access ; household ; food insecurity experience scale ; Zanzibar ; sub-Saharan Africa ; vulnerability of food systems ; food neophobia ; environmental concern ; global environmental change ; behavior change ; willingness to pay (WTP) ; organic foods ; China ; Bibliometrics ; food rescue ; convention center ; greenhouse gas emissions ; landfill diversion ; anaerobic digestion ; codigestion ; food waste ; organic waste ; energy and resource recovery ; food waste disposal ; loss aversion ; dead hogs ; policy evaluation ; hog production ; chilli pepper ; organic manure ; application rate ; elevated temperature ; rain-shelter plastic house ; greenhouse ; field ; maize ; agrobiodiversity ; traditional food systems ; local knowledge ; cultural practices ; sustainable agriculture ; supply chain coordination ; supply chain sustainability ; livestock industry ; guanxi ; trust ; dynamic environment ; repeated purchase intention ; agricultural food system ; food policy ; food system sustainability ; urban agriculture ; local development ; food governance ; stakeholder engagement ; food systems ; global food regimes ; innovation ; political–economy ; social–ecological systems ; transformation ; regime shifts ; resilience ; sustainability in the food sector ; food supply chains ; food insecurity ; food waste and loss ; innovation and change ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: Remote sensing is a powerful technique for characterizing and monitoring crop or vegetation properties at reasonable temporal and spatial resolutions. Remote sensing uses airborne and spaceborne platforms to collect various imageries and is widely applied for the vegetation monitoring of local- or large-scale interest concerning the effect of geophysical and climate parameters. The Special Issue highlights vegetation monitoring using remote sensing data acquired from satellite or unmanned aerial vehicle platforms. In addition to the optical data, thermal data is utilized to estimate crop yield or production, orchard water status, chlorophyll content, forest diversity mapping, or vegetation phenology.
    Keywords: rice and wheat ; nitrogen remote sensing ; quantitative retrieval ; research prospect ; vegetation phenology ; snow cover ; vegetation index ; SOS ; Tibetan Plateau ; remote sensing ; forest diversity ; GEDI LiDAR ; Sentinel-2 ; machine Learning ; yield forecasting ; logistic model ; normalization method ; crop canopy temperature ; maize ; broadband vegetation indices ; chlorophyll content ; leaf angle distribution ; WorldView-2 ; RapidEye ; GaoFen-6 ; random forest ; land evaluation ; soil ; biomass ; Hungary ; gross primary productivity ; soil health ; soil quality ; coastal marsh ; continuum removal ; hyperspectral ; spectral signatures ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; vegetation species discrimination ; second derivative transformation ; canopy temperature ; crop water status index ; accuracy assessment ; peach orchard ; stem water potential ; backscatter ; gradient boosting ; machine learning ; NDVI ; precision agriculture ; forest stock volume ; NDVIRE ; Helan mountains ; convolutional neural networks (CNNs) ; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) ; semi-natural grasslands ; plant communities ; time series ; reconstruction algorithm ; smoothing ; optical remote sensing ; cropping intensity ; temporal mixture analysis ; endmember ; unmixing ; time series images ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Plants under natural conditions often face multiple stresses, including drought, salinity, temperature extremes, submergence stress, bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, etc. These biotic and abiotic stresses negatively influence plant growth and productivity. Various approaches have recently been used to overcome stresses in plants. It is necessary to evaluate and explore how diverse molecular techniques can be applied to different biological studies to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This will help reduce production losses and increase crop tolerance to various stresses. It is now the time to make a difference by developing plants that can withstand biotic and abiotic stresses.
    Keywords: antioxidants ; drought ; oxidative stress ; pearl millet ; redox implications ; ROS ; chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency ; photosynthetic responses ; enzyme activity ; sugarcane ; smut ; circadian clock ; reactive oxygen species ; Al-induced PCD ; photoperiodism ; peanut ; phylogenetic ; virus-induced gene silencing ; transgenic lines ; physiological and biochemical analysis ; Glycine max L. ; PR proteins ; chitinase ; genome-wide ; plant stresses ; crop residues ; profitability ; soil fertility ; soil biology ; allelopathy ; heat shock protein 20 ; maize ; abiotic stress ; yeast-one-hybrid ; abiotic stresses ; cotton ; hormones ; signaling pathway ; WRKY ; papaya (Carica papaya) ; brassicales ; late embryogenesis abundant protein ; orthogroup ; expression profile ; artificial light ; auxins ; chicory ; callus cells ; inulin ; plant growth regulators ; milk thistle ; secondary metabolites ; ecotypes ; salinity ; growth attributes ; biotic stress ; phenolic compounds ; seaweed ; Dendrobium catenatum ; lipase ; multi-omics ; expression pattern ; gene family ; bio-fertilizer ; ionic homeostasis ; organic amendments ; vermicompost ; cold stress ; PKS5 ; stomatal aperture ; microbiota ; natural farming ; physical factors ; physiological changes ; signal transduction and stressed conditions ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; PGPR ; Triticum aestivum L. ; cadmium stress ; tolerance ; ascorbate ; glutathione ; malondialdehyde ; chlorophylls ; disease gradient ; disease outbreak ; Puccinia ; wheat stripe rust ; plant epidemic ; dispersal ecology ; alternative plant vitrification solution ; ammonium-free medium ; cytotoxicity ; droplet-vitrification ; endangered species ; liquid overlay ; regrowth medium ; within-plant phenotypic plasticity ; combined stresses ; additive ; antagonistic and synergic effects ; VOCs ; potassium ; soybean ; water logging ; yield ; non-thermal plasma ; plant defense ; glucosinolates ; nitriles ; RNA sequencing ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Bt toxins ; Cry1Ah1 transgenic poplar ; ecology ; environment ; rhizosphere ; candidate genes ; drought tolerance ; crop improvement ; climate change ; adaptation ; Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ; genotypes ; Sahara ; Algeria ; chitosan ; pathogen ; sustainable ; plant protection ; tomato ; melatonin ; photosynthesis ; climate changes ; antioxidant system ; Malus seedlings ; NaCl treatments ; membrane damage ; osmotic regulation ; archives ; botanical collection ; Greece ; landscape ; pre-rebellion period ; wheat ; priming ; Aspergillus niger ; qRT-PCR ; wilting ; TLP ; β-1,3-glucanase ; biostimulants ; biofertilizers ; soil microorganisms ; phytostimulator ; jewel sweet potato ; shoot tip ; axillary bud ; different MS salts concentration ; micropropagation ; plant performance ; C4 species ; heterozygosity ; transient soil salinity ; soil layers ; desertification ; arid regoins ; total flavonoid ; phenolics ; antioxidant activity ; centella ; Na+ content ; molecular markers ; MAS ; oilseeds ; SSRs ; molecular breeding ; dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors ; gene expression ; mosses ; stress tolerance ; common centaury ; salinity stress ; antioxidative protection ; sodium nitroprusside ; proteomic analysis ; drought stress ; sorghum ; RNS ; RSS ; signaling ; post-translational modification ; microorganisms ; stressful conditions ; sustainability ; nutrition ; Brassicaceae ; Cicer arietinum L. ; chlorophyll a fluorescence transient ; physiological and biochemical traits ; high temperature ; chocolate spot disease ; Botrytis fabae ; faba bean ; antioxidant enzymes ; protein banding and anatomy ; actinobacteria ; Streptomyces tuirus ; chilli fruit rot ; Colletotrichum scovillei ; Colletotrichum truncatum ; Fusarium oxysporum ; liquid bio-formulation ; corn smut ; fungus infection ; MDA ; proline ; quality ; halophytes ; Tripolium pannonicum ; hydrogen peroxide ; cell wall extensibility ; cell wall polysaccharide ; coleoptile ; growth inhibition ; lead (Pb) ; rice ; Bactrocera oleae ; spinosad ; kaolin ; organic oliviculture ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; leaf gas exchange ; physiological traits ; BAG (Bcl-2-associated anthanogene) family proteins ; molecular chaperone ; metabolomics ; metabolic responses ; metabolites variation ; surveillance ; Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ; comprehensive control ; distribution ; screen house ; Copper hyperaccumulation ; stress mitigation ; EDTA and IAA ; sunflower ; Fusarium wilt ; conventional breeding ; molecular makers ; QTLs ; genomics ; transcriptomics ; metabolomics and proteomics ; bread wheat ; AMF ; zinc ; growth parameters ; osmolyte ; osmoprotector ; ionic attributes ; PGPBs ; growth-promoting fungi ; crop productivity ; plant tolerance ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; aerobic rice ; soil enzymes ; phosphorus utilization ; P-deficient ; plant growth promotion ; chickpea ; selection indices ; drought tolerant genotypes ; abiotic and biotic stress ; CRISPR ; mega nucleases ; TALEN ; ZFN ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This Special Issue “Innovative Conservation Cropping Systems and Practices” is focused on the development and assessment of innovative conservation cropping systems and practices in determining system productivity and enhancing crop production and soil quality. It covers applied engineering for achieving a sustainable balance between productivity, environmental, and profitability factors, presenting a collection of research articles that cover a broad range of cropping systems and practices from the farmland ecosystem.
    Keywords: straw management ; potassium fertilizer ; rice–oilseed rape rotation ; yield ; bacterial community ; fungal community ; rice ; intercropping ; water mimosa ; pest and disease ; microclimate ; grain quality ; maize ; root system architecture ; nitrogen rates ; cultivars ; phytoremediation ; secondary salinization ; salt tolerance ; microbial diversity ; nutrient accumulation ; conservation tillage ; metabarcoding ; smash ridging ; soil chemical properties ; soil microbial diversity ; sugarcane ; coastal salt-affected soil ; one-crop-per-annum cropping ; fallow mulching ; salt accumulation ; crop growing ; nitrogen rate ; nitrogen ratio ; regenerative ability ; reduced tillage ; no tillage ; side deep fertilizing of machine-transplanted rice ; root function ; photosynthesis ; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ; integrated fertilization regime ; N2O emission factor ; N2O flux ; purple caitai fields ; C:N ratio ; net ecosystem exchange ; soil microbial carbon ; soil microbial nitrogen ; rice production ; CH4 ; N2O ; water productivity ; global warming ; interspecific competition ; land equivalent ratio ; planting pattern ; root length density ; root morphological characteristics ; biochar ; maize–cabbage system ; crop quality ; N utilization efficiency ; soil inorganic N ; straw returning ; soil microbes ; carbon source utilization ; grey relational analysis ; path analysis ; ratoon rice ; nitrogen balance ; reactive nitrogen losses ; nitrogen surplus ; nitrogen-use efficiency ; no-till ; straw return ; soil organic carbon fractions ; soil aggregate ; bacterial diversity ; rice–crayfish coculture ; different rice varieties ; controlled-release fertilizer ; dry matter accumulation ; rice growth characteristics parameters ; apple-ryegrass intercropping ; photosynthetic characteristics ; soil salinity ; soil moisture content ; fruit quality ; lake sediment ; phosphorus ; Chinese cabbage ; phoD gene ; high-throughput sequencing ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This Special Issue contains 28 papers covering a wide range of topics related to plant genomics and genetics. The papers utilize a variety of genomic tools and techniques to explore topics such as identification of quantitative trait loci associated with flax seed yield and oil quality, mucilage and hull content in flax seeds, and genomic prediction for pasmo resistance in flax. Other papers focus on the identification and characterization of specific genes, such as the EXO70 gene family in wheat and related species, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in tea plants, and the WRKY transcription factor GmWRKY12 in soybeans. Several papers examine gene expression and regulation in response to abiotic stress, such as drought and salt tolerance in moso bamboo, and the response to chilling in bell peppers. Other topics include genetic diversity analysis of crested wheatgrass, genome-wide analysis of chitin-binding protein gene family in peppers, and genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of MAPK gene family in kiwifruit. Overall, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive view of the current state of plant genomics research, showcasing the diversity of approaches and tools being used to better understand and improve crop plants.
    Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum ; UGlcAE gene family ; identification ; characterization ; plant hormones ; gene expression ; Jatropha curcas ; Dof gene family ; transcription factor ; phylogenetic analysis ; gene expression analysis ; warming ; BrHSFA2 ; BrHSP18.2s ; transcriptome ; alternative splicing ; Kenshin ; Verbena bonariensis ; drought stress ; transcriptome sequencing ; differentially expressed genes ; analysis ; non-coding RNA ; transcriptomes ; bell pepper ; chilling injury ; longan ; WRKY ; expression analysis ; flower induction ; abiotic stress ; chitin-binding protein ; chitinase ; pepper ; expression ; biotic stress ; flax ; genome-wide association study (GWAS) ; selective sweep ; genotyping by sequencing (GBS) ; bi-parental population ; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; seed yield ; plant height ; maturity ; fatty acid composition ; DNA methylation ; flower color chimera ; bisulfate sequencing ; comparative epigenomes ; transposon ; ornamental Prunus mume ; novel accessions ; PIC ; PCR ; EST-gSSRs ; genes ; genetic distance ; apple ; SAP gene family ; function analysis ; osmotic stress ; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ; kiwifruit ; phylogenetic relationships ; biotic and abiotic stresses ; genotyping-by-sequencing ; Agropyron ; genetic diversity ; genetic structure ; SNP ; flaxseed ; Linum usitatissimum ; GWAS ; seed mucilage content ; seed hull content ; ZmWRKY106 ; drought tolerance ; thermotolerance ; maize ; Pyrus hopeiensis ; cp genome ; IR boundary ; phylogeny ; Betula halophile ; salt stress ; Cleistogenes songorica ; LEA proteins ; abiotic stresses ; flow cytometry ; genome size ; nuclear DNA content ; reference genome assembly ; standardization ; upland cotton ; TCP genes ; miR319 ; target genes ; tea ; hydroxycinnamoyl transferase ; ABA signaling ; hormone ; stress responsive mechanism ; salt tolerance ; transgenic hairy root assay ; soybean ; regulation and efficiency of translation ; genome-wide scale ; experimental approaches ; computational algorithms ; features of plant mRNAs ; EXO70 ; Haynaldia villosa ; gene family ; phylogenetic relationship ; subcellular localization ; expression profiling ; rice ; trihelix transcription factor ; stress response ; light ; genomic selection ; genomic prediction ; genotyping by sequencing ; pasmo resistance ; pasmo severity ; quantitative trait loci ; single nucleotide polymorphism ; Septoria linicola ; Phyllostachys edulis ; Dof transcription factor ; flowering time ; satellite DNA ; genome evolution ; plants ; next-generation sequencing ; high order repeats ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Aflatoxins pose a significant public health risk, decrease productivity and profitability and hamper trade. To minimize aflatoxin contamination a biocontrol technology based on atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus that do not produce aflatoxin is used widely in the United States. The technology, with the generic name Aflasafe, has been improved and adapted for use in Africa. Aflasafe products have been developed or are currently being developed in 20 African countries. Aflatoxin biocontrol is being scaled up for use in several African countries through a mix of public, private, and public-private interventions. Farmers in several countries have commercially treated nearly 400,000 ha of maize and groundnut achieving 〉90% reduction in aflatoxin contamination. This chapter summarizes the biology of aflatoxin-producing fungi and various factors affecting their occurence, including climate change. Various management practices for aflatoxin mitigation are then discussed. These include biological control, which is increasingly being adopted by farmers in several countries. We discuss biocontrol product development and commercialization in various African countries. Subsequently, we highlight some barriers to adoption and other challenges.
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; biological control ; maize ; groundnut ; manufacturing ; commercialization ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVK Agronomy and crop production ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVF Sustainable agriculture ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVP Pest control / plant diseases ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Plant responses to environmental factors are extraordinarily complex. They can be observed at various levels of plant organization, ranging from changes in the intensity of basic biochemical processes, such as respiration, photosynthesis, and transpiration, to morphological and anatomical changes in organs. However, these biochemical changes are preceded by the activation of an efficient signaling system which endures environmental fluctuations. This Special Issue showcases the latest reports on the impact of abiotic factors on plant responses. It contains 3 reviews and 9 original works and is preceded by an editorial summarizing the most important issues discussed in the publications.
    Keywords: abiotic stress ; GWAS ; Oryza sativa L. ; plant omics ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Sorghum bicolor L. ; transcription factors ; Zea mays L. ; Oryza sativa ; Hordeum vulgare ; hypoxia tolerance ; nitric oxide ; imbibition ; reactive oxygen species ; ATP/ADP ratio ; biotic stress ; cereal ; crosstalk ; drought ; heavy metal ; phytohormone ; salinity ; pathogen ; pest ; LBD ; drought stress ; ROS ; stomata ; maize ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; ABI4 ; MAPK ; ABA ; proteasome ; transcription factor ; transcriptional memory ; grazing ; T. mongolicum ; Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings ; photosynthesis ; chloroplast ; salt stress ; Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ; lauric acid ; physiological indicators ; transcriptome ; rice ; water management ; nitrogen metabolism genes ; primary metabolites ; mulberry ; waterlogging ; gene regulation ; bHLH transcription factors ; transcriptional regulation ; post-translational regulation ; ovules ; plant stress ; fertility ; seed formation ; reactive oxygen ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNA Agribusiness and primary industries::KNAL Forestry industry
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Keywords: Laurus nobilis ; medicinal plant ; mobile genomic elements ; germplasm characterization ; Mediterranean region ; chloroplast ; Ipomoea batatas ; simple sequence repeat ; sweet potato ; plant germplasm ; landrace rice ; fat-soluble nutraceuticals ; β-sitosterol ; genetic variability ; cluster analysis ; Solanum melongena ; germplasm ; Greece ; islands ; mainland ; phenotyping ; genotyping ; mineral composition ; landraces ; genetic diversity ; genetic structure ; Panax ginseng ; Triticum turgidum ; HMW glutenins ; LMW glutenins ; gluten quality ; non-allelic interactions ; combined analysis ; evolution ; genetic resources ; Zea mays ; Blumeria graminis ; disomic addition line ; molecular cytogenetics ; wheat ; Psathyrostachys huashanica ; natural variation ; maize ; root length ; domestication selection ; ZmMADS60 gene ; genetic basis ; GWAS ; eating and cooking qualities ; rice ; genetic variation ; eggplant ; cropping condition ; yield ; agro-morphological characterization ; chili pepper ; gene bank ; molecular markers ; morphological descriptor ; DArTseq markers ; GBS ; Triticum aestivum ; starch ; SNP ; InDel ; CAPS ; intron-loss ; NGS ; phosphorus use efficiency ; phosphorus ; proteomics ; grain hardness ; PIN ; kernel texture ; triticum ; SKCS ; Cucumis sativum ; downy mildew ; genetics ; inheritance ; oomycetes ; resistance ; rice genotypes ; blast resistant genotype ; genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ; phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ; heritability values ; DArT SNP markers ; early maturity ; heat and drought tolerance ; salt stress ; nitrogen metabolism ; oxidative stress response ; G6PDH ; GDH ; GS/GOGAT ; Triticum aestivum L. ; γ-gliadins ; Gli-B1 ; polymorphism ; PCR analysis ; ginseng ; genetic composition ; SSR ; fonio ; fonio millet ; white fonio ; Digitaria exilis ; agro morphological descriptors ; phenotypic diversity ; neglected and underutilized species (NUS) ; genetic improvement ; catechin ; phytochemicals ; targeted-oriented core collection ; tea germplasm ; agronomic performance ; correlation analysis ; malawi ; pigeonpea ; yield stability ; bermudagrass ; forage breeding ; genetic parameters ; genotype by harvest interaction ; Tifton 85 ; accessions ; descriptors ; anthracnose ; Colletotrichum lentis ; disease screening ; lentil ; plant resistance ; tall wild pea ; Pisum sativum subsp. elatius ; neoplasm ; pea weevil ; Bruchus pisorum ; expressivity ; Africa ; cowpea ; microsatellites ; Aegilops ; triticale ; leaf rust ; stripe rust ; yellow rust ; Puccinia ; drought ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; plant breeding ; rhizobia ; stress ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Vols 1 and 2 contain 57 papers in the Special Issue of ‘Plant Genomics 2009’ and cover a wide range of topics, highlighting the significant progress that has been made in recent years in our understanding of the genetics and genomics of plants’ growth, development, and stress responses. These studies provide valuable insights into the potential applications of genomic tools and technologies for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture, as well as fundamental questions about the evolution and function of plant genes and genomes.
    Keywords: Aristolochia ; chloroplast genome ; molecular evolution ; compare analysis ; phylogeny ; brassinosteroid-signaling kinase ; gene family ; expression profile ; alternative splicing ; intron retention ; genome-wide analysis ; drought tolerance ; foxtail millet ; LIM genes ; transgenic rice ; protein phosphatase (PP2C) ; cotton ; syntenic relationships ; expression patterns ; evolutionary analysis ; Populus trichocarpa ; multiple organellar RNA editing factor ; drought stress ; RNA editing ; genome ; β-glucosidase ; Brassica rapa ; BrBGLU10 ; pollen development ; co-expression analysis ; VQ genes family ; Eucalyptus grandis ; expression pattern ; plant hormones ; abiotic stress ; calcium-dependent protein kinases ; CDPK-related kinases ; cucurbitaceae ; hst1 ; Na+ accumulation ; SNP ; rapid generation advance ; salt tolerant ; variant annotation ; whole-genome sequencing ; expression ; genome-wide ; identification of peroxidase genes ; duplication pattern ; stress ; cassava ; ABCDE model ; cereals ; evolutionary relationships ; flower organ identity ; floral speciation ; MADS-box genes ; maize ; ZmTCP ; natural variation ; subgroup IId ; CsWRKY7 ; flowering ; Arabidopsis ; Camellia sinensis ; pomegranate ; sequence diversity ; site-specific selection ; tomato ; MADS-box ; floral organ ; fruit development ; polygalacturonase (PGs), pectin methylesterase (PMEs), collinearity analysis ; gene duplications ; expression profiling ; grapevine ; Rehmannia glutinosa L. ; replant disease ; rhizosphere microbes ; NB-LRR ; plant hormone ; apple ; aquaporin ; functional analysis ; stress tolerance ; Salicaceae ; phylogenetic relationship ; plastid genome ; comparative genomics ; repeat sequences ; stress marker genes ; sesame ; gene co-expression ; abiotic stress tolerance ; hub genes ; meta-analysis ; agrobacterium ; transient expression ; virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) ; tobacco rattle virus (TRV) ; cassava (Manihot esculenta) ; chalcone synthase ; chromatin accessibility ; epigenetic inheritance ; genetic engineering ; methylation ; ODNs ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; plant breeding ; multiplex genome editing ; crop improvement ; TALEN ; ZFN ; biotic stress ; avocado ; carotenoid biosynthesis ; mesocarp ; seed ; de novo assembly from short read sequencing ; full-length transcript sequencing ; differentially expressed genes ; gene dosage ; pigment ; turnip ; gene expression ; antioxidant ; nutritional quality ; B3 superfamily ; transcription factor ; ovule abortion ; Vitis vinifera ; expression analysis ; cold response ; Pittosporum tobira ; leaf variegation ; linoleic acid ; ROS scavenging enzyme ; heat shock protein ; invasive weed ; Rhizoctonia solani ; phytohormone signaling ; systemic signal ; plant defense ; calcium signaling ; ABA ; drought ; salinity ; citrulline ; genome-wide association study ; haplotype ; watermelon ; acetolactate synthase ; ferrochelatase ; rice ; large grain gene ; large grain-isogenic Koshihikari ; fine mapping ; NGS ; GW2 ; co-integration ; gene recombination ; semidwarf gene ; d60 ; linkage ; chromosome 2 ; Brachypodium ; comparative chromosome barcoding ; dysploidy ; karyotype structure and evolution ; model grass genus ; molecular cytogenetics ; polyploidy ; plant genome ; artificial microRNA ; gene silencing ; Lagerstroemia indica ; ornamental value ; anthocyanins ; leaf coloration ; directional improvement ; YABBY ; pineapple ; subcellular localization ; oak species identification ; Quercus ; mutation hotspots ; Centranthera grandiflora Benth ; transcriptome ; catalpol biosynthesis ; acteoside biosynthesis ; azafrin biosynthesis ; wheat ; Dasypyrum villosum ; alien substitution line ; GISH ; molecular marker ; marker-assisted selection ; regulation ; RNA-seq ; biosynthesis pathway ; chalcones ; stilbenes ; common bean ; Fusarium oxysproum ; plant–pathogen interaction ; metabolome ; evolution ; genome fractionation ; ABC transporters ; transcription factors ; transposable elements ; whole-genome duplication ; RNA-sequencing ; ChIP-sequencing ; transcriptional regulatory mechanism ; data integration ; karyopherin ; solanum tuberosum ; chemical fungicide ; disease control ; Neoscytalidium dimidiatum ; royal poinciana ; stem canker ; UAE ; bioinformatics ; VvGAST ; GASR ; Cis-elements ; wheat genome ; kernel hardness ; Puroindoline ; Puroindoline b-2 variants ; genotype-to-phenotype association ; synteny ; phylogenetic analysis ; genomic selection ; missing data ; minor allele frequency ; GDSL lipase ; GPAT6 ; cutin ; habaneros ; Capsicum chinense ; fruit ; RNA-Seq ; flax ; genome-wide association study (GWAS) ; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; prediction accuracy ; quantitative trait loci (QTL) ; quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) ; Fabaceae ; Lupinus ; glutamine synthetase (GS) ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) ; gene families ; duplication/triplication ; structural genomics ; genome organization ; genome evolution ; microRNA ; miRNA156 ; seed development ; fatty acid synthesis ; linseed flax ; anthocyanin biosynthetic genes ; cis-regulatory motifs ; DEGs ; network analysis ; qRT-PCR ; reddish purple Chinese cabbage ; abscisic acid ; flavonolignans ; metabolite profiling ; Silybum marianum ; silymarin ; aquaporins ; bright yellow-2 suspension cells ; Nicotiana tabacum ; substrate specificity ; TaCKX1 ; TaCKX expression ; grain yield ; cytokinins ; phytohormones ; RNAi ; wheat spikes ; genome-wide identification ; 2OGD family ; hormone biosynthetic and metabolism genes ; tomato fruit ripening ; DNA methylation ; phenomics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Fast, non-destructive detection technology and equipment for food quality and safety is a powerful technical support tool to ensure the development of food industry informatization and intelligence, with the advantages of fast speed, convenient operation, and easy online inspection. During the past two decades, such technologies have found numerous successful applications for food and agricultural product detection and processing. Owing to improvements in the manufacturing of photoelectric sensor pieces and progress in artificial intelligence and software algorithms, fast non-destructive detection technologies are able to provide more accurate, reliable, and stable solutions for food quality and safety detection and processing. They are closely integrated with the Internet of Things and intelligent manufacturing, promoting a new wave of innovation in intelligent manufacturing in the food industry. The application of new sensing technology and equipment in the fast, non-destructive detection of food has always been at the forefront of scientific and technological research. This Special Issue aims to focus on the latest research progress of this application and jointly discuss the focus of development of this research direction.
    Keywords: maize ; moldy level ; catalase activity ; hyperspectral image ; data fusion ; feature selection ; fruit quality monitoring ; room-temperature ethylene sensor ; density functional theory ; adsorption energy ; band energy alignment ; apple ; NIR ; size correction ; extinction coefficient ; fruit diameter difference ; acceptability ; benchtop NMR ; mandarins ; NMR ; successive projective algorithm ; uninformative variable elimination ; support vector regression ; Korla fragrant pear ; stone cell content ; intelligent evaluation ; cultivation ; visible/near infrared spectrum ; fresh jujube ; model update ; variable fusion ; defective apples ; apple grading ; deep learning ; object detection ; semantic segmentation ; shrimp ; hot air drying ; quality change ; hyperspectral images ; low field magnetic resonance ; micro Raman ; microfluidic chip ; fungal spores ; crop disease ; numerical simulation ; degree of milling ; multi-scale information fusion ; residual network model ; Bayesian optimization algorithm ; hyperspectral imaging ; maize seeds ; defect detection ; convolutional neural network ; tomato ; leaf mildew ; terahertz time-domain spectroscopy ; near infrared hyperspectral technology ; multi-source information fusion ; YOLOv5 ; walnut kernels ; impurities detection ; small object detection ; liposomes ; high stability ; freshness ; bi-layer indicator ; light penetration depth ; spatial-frequency domain imaging ; depth-resolved ; bruise ; scattering ; near infrared spectroscopy ; vegetables ; anthocyanidins ; fast determination ; Curcumae Longae Rhizoma ; volatile oil ; 60Co ; GC–IMS ; SERS detection ; chromium contamination ; tea sample ; carbimazole hydrolysate ; Au@Ag nanoparticles ; PAEs ; Raman ; DFT ; HF ; theoretical study ; gas sensor ; spoilage monitoring ; early warning ; logistics control ; simulated annealing ; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy ; flexible substrate ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; in situ detection ; common carp ; texture ; machine learning ; visualization ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Plants under natural conditions often face multiple stresses, including drought, salinity, temperature extremes, submergence stress, bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, etc. These biotic and abiotic stresses negatively influence plant growth and productivity. Various approaches have recently been used to overcome stresses in plants. It is necessary to evaluate and explore how diverse molecular techniques can be applied to different biological studies to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This will help reduce production losses and increase crop tolerance to various stresses. It is now the time to make a difference by developing plants that can withstand biotic and abiotic stresses.
    Keywords: antioxidants ; drought ; oxidative stress ; pearl millet ; redox implications ; ROS ; chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency ; photosynthetic responses ; enzyme activity ; sugarcane ; smut ; circadian clock ; reactive oxygen species ; Al-induced PCD ; photoperiodism ; peanut ; phylogenetic ; virus-induced gene silencing ; transgenic lines ; physiological and biochemical analysis ; Glycine max L. ; PR proteins ; chitinase ; genome-wide ; plant stresses ; crop residues ; profitability ; soil fertility ; soil biology ; allelopathy ; heat shock protein 20 ; maize ; abiotic stress ; yeast-one-hybrid ; abiotic stresses ; cotton ; hormones ; signaling pathway ; WRKY ; papaya (Carica papaya) ; brassicales ; late embryogenesis abundant protein ; orthogroup ; expression profile ; artificial light ; auxins ; chicory ; callus cells ; inulin ; plant growth regulators ; milk thistle ; secondary metabolites ; ecotypes ; salinity ; growth attributes ; biotic stress ; phenolic compounds ; seaweed ; Dendrobium catenatum ; lipase ; multi-omics ; expression pattern ; gene family ; bio-fertilizer ; ionic homeostasis ; organic amendments ; vermicompost ; cold stress ; PKS5 ; stomatal aperture ; microbiota ; natural farming ; physical factors ; physiological changes ; signal transduction and stressed conditions ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; PGPR ; Triticum aestivum L. ; cadmium stress ; tolerance ; ascorbate ; glutathione ; malondialdehyde ; chlorophylls ; disease gradient ; disease outbreak ; Puccinia ; wheat stripe rust ; plant epidemic ; dispersal ecology ; alternative plant vitrification solution ; ammonium-free medium ; cytotoxicity ; droplet-vitrification ; endangered species ; liquid overlay ; regrowth medium ; within-plant phenotypic plasticity ; combined stresses ; additive ; antagonistic and synergic effects ; VOCs ; potassium ; soybean ; water logging ; yield ; non-thermal plasma ; plant defense ; glucosinolates ; nitriles ; RNA sequencing ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Bt toxins ; Cry1Ah1 transgenic poplar ; ecology ; environment ; rhizosphere ; candidate genes ; drought tolerance ; crop improvement ; climate change ; adaptation ; Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ; genotypes ; Sahara ; Algeria ; chitosan ; pathogen ; sustainable ; plant protection ; tomato ; melatonin ; photosynthesis ; climate changes ; antioxidant system ; Malus seedlings ; NaCl treatments ; membrane damage ; osmotic regulation ; archives ; botanical collection ; Greece ; landscape ; pre-rebellion period ; wheat ; priming ; Aspergillus niger ; qRT-PCR ; wilting ; TLP ; β-1,3-glucanase ; biostimulants ; biofertilizers ; soil microorganisms ; phytostimulator ; jewel sweet potato ; shoot tip ; axillary bud ; different MS salts concentration ; micropropagation ; plant performance ; C4 species ; heterozygosity ; transient soil salinity ; soil layers ; desertification ; arid regoins ; total flavonoid ; phenolics ; antioxidant activity ; centella ; Na+ content ; molecular markers ; MAS ; oilseeds ; SSRs ; molecular breeding ; dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors ; gene expression ; mosses ; stress tolerance ; common centaury ; salinity stress ; antioxidative protection ; sodium nitroprusside ; proteomic analysis ; drought stress ; sorghum ; RNS ; RSS ; signaling ; post-translational modification ; microorganisms ; stressful conditions ; sustainability ; nutrition ; Brassicaceae ; Cicer arietinum L. ; chlorophyll a fluorescence transient ; physiological and biochemical traits ; high temperature ; chocolate spot disease ; Botrytis fabae ; faba bean ; antioxidant enzymes ; protein banding and anatomy ; actinobacteria ; Streptomyces tuirus ; chilli fruit rot ; Colletotrichum scovillei ; Colletotrichum truncatum ; Fusarium oxysporum ; liquid bio-formulation ; corn smut ; fungus infection ; MDA ; proline ; quality ; halophytes ; Tripolium pannonicum ; hydrogen peroxide ; cell wall extensibility ; cell wall polysaccharide ; coleoptile ; growth inhibition ; lead (Pb) ; rice ; Bactrocera oleae ; spinosad ; kaolin ; organic oliviculture ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; leaf gas exchange ; physiological traits ; BAG (Bcl-2-associated anthanogene) family proteins ; molecular chaperone ; metabolomics ; metabolic responses ; metabolites variation ; surveillance ; Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ; comprehensive control ; distribution ; screen house ; Copper hyperaccumulation ; stress mitigation ; EDTA and IAA ; sunflower ; Fusarium wilt ; conventional breeding ; molecular makers ; QTLs ; genomics ; transcriptomics ; metabolomics and proteomics ; bread wheat ; AMF ; zinc ; growth parameters ; osmolyte ; osmoprotector ; ionic attributes ; PGPBs ; growth-promoting fungi ; crop productivity ; plant tolerance ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; aerobic rice ; soil enzymes ; phosphorus utilization ; P-deficient ; plant growth promotion ; chickpea ; selection indices ; drought tolerant genotypes ; abiotic and biotic stress ; CRISPR ; mega nucleases ; TALEN ; ZFN ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Due to increasing concern about the use of pesticides and its potential side effects, this book considers the development and application of alternative, environmental-friendly, plant protection methods for the control of weeds, disease, and pests (predators, parasitoids, competitors, plant-plant interactions, microelements, biopesticides). Some of the main advantages of the measures presented in papers are the absence of toxicity to humans and vertebrates, beneficial organisms, and the environment, as well as the absence of pest resistance. In order to provide sustainable and eco-friendly food production, those are important subjects, both in conventional, organic and integrated agricultural farming. Through reviews and original research articles, this reprint covers all aspects of alternative measures in plant protection.
    Keywords: biopesticides ; agriculture ; food supply ; microorganisms ; antifungal ; Botryosphaeriaceae ; chitosan ; GTDs ; madder ; stevioside ; Vitis vinifera ; biocontrol ; Heterorhabditis ; pest and pathogen management ; Photorhabdus ; marketing ; fungi ; Fusarium ; selenium ; micronutrient ; inhibition ; bioactivity ; biologically active compounds ; fungistatic effects ; quercetin ; red alga ; rosmarinic acid ; basal stem rot (BSR) ; phenolic compounds ; lignin ; cellulose ; hemicellulose ; silica body ; crystalline cellulose ; biodegradation ; nematode management ; biological control ; mechanisms ; host plant resistance ; synthetic nematicide ; botanicals ; optimizing strategies ; allelopathy ; oxidative stress ; maize ; soybean ; sunflower ; entomopathogenic fungi ; Tenebrio molitor ; virulence ; pathogenicity ; growth stimulation ; plant–microbe–pest interactions ; rhizosphere competence ; gallic acid ; catechin ; epicatechin ; fungal diseases ; grape berry ; hybrids ; Penicillium ; Botrytis ; Colletotrichum ; Alternaria ; Monilinia ; post-harvest diseases ; Tetranychus urticae ; Euseius stipulatus ; Typhlodromus sp. ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; citrus orchard ; monitoring ; predators ; pest ; treatments ; aphid ; conservation biocontrol ; parasitoid ; Aphidius colemani ; floral resource plant ; field margin ; Erysiphe alphitoides ; the shoot-biomass amount ; Compu Eye, Leaf & Symptom Area ; antifungal endophytes ; secondary metabolites ; volatile compounds ; anti-oomycete ; Phytophthora infestans ; sporangia germination ; Solanum lycopersicum ; integrated disease management ; plant extracts ; defense inducers ; incidence ; AUDPC ; germination ; biopesticide ; plant–nematode interactions ; nematode effectors and control ; plant resistance ; amino acids ; biostimulant ; glutathione ; herbicide ; safener ; organic waste ; formulation ; improvement ; antifungal activity ; marine ; saline ; wetland ; post-harvest ; antifungal effect ; chloroxylenol ; phenic ; phenol ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; tomato plants ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: Modernization in the agriculture sector is important to ensure food security and poverty alleviation, which are the primary themes of UN-SDGs. There are many challenges in developing advanced agricultural techniques, tools, and systems, by which sustainable agriculture and food security can be satisfied. Worldwide, agricultural mechanization and modernization can be attained with advancements in agricultural engineering technologies and their associated applications. The concept is directly linked to the technological advancements in agricultural automation and robotics; precision agriculture; high-efficiency irrigation systems; farm energy systems; handling, storage, and processing of agricultural products; livestock and poultry sheds; farm water/wastewater management; biomass, biogas, and biochar; remote sensing and geographical studies; societal aspects in agriculture; and the associated bioenvironment. Such advances in agricultural engineering technologies and applications are the need of the 21st century, particularly from the viewpoint of the agricultural water–energy–food security nexus. Therefore, this Special Issue comprises original research and review studies in the abovementioned research areas.
    Keywords: wet rice ; adhesion ; hot airflow ; dispersion characteristic ; minimum suspension speed ; surface water content ; pipe diameter ; operation frequency ; genetic algorithm ; rotation irrigation sectoring ; irrigation cost ; energy cost ; network cost ; pick-up device ; stretchable style ; kinematical analysis ; seedling picking test ; cropping pattern ; water stress ; LCC area ; surface water availability ; CROPWAT ; Ananas comosus ; somatic embryogenesis ; micropropagation ; organogenesis ; SSR markers ; ISSR markers ; pineapple ; cantaloupe bowl seedlings transplanting ; mechanical equipment ; institutional design ; field test ; data analysis and discussion ; up-cut rotary blade ; edge curve ; Cyperus esculentus plant ; flexible model ; arch shed ; automatic cuttage ; force feedback ; simulation design ; trajectory planning ; Chrysanthemum indicum L. ; maximum shear force ; finite element ; calibration ; single-bud ; billet planter ; planting uniformity ; numerical simulation ; seed-filling ; single-bud billet ; seed-metering ; EDEM ; wheel-track high clearance chassis ; walking performance ; climbing angle ; simulation ; rape windrower ; longitudinal axial flow ; flexible ; millet threshing device ; staggered threshing element ; micro rotary tubular concave screen ; machine learning ; deep learning ; plant leaf diseases ; photovoltaic module ; LED lighting system ; power grid ; step-up converter ; efficient power take-off ; monitoring system ; Codonopsis planting ; ditching device ; working parameters ; EDEM simulation ; orthogonal test ; air-blast sprayer ; precision spraying ; spray control parameter ; three-factor regression analysis ; highly efficient soil return ; liquid fertilizer deep application technique ; DEM ; soil bin test ; combine harvester ; differential inverse gearbox ; order analysis ; fault diagnosis method ; fatigue test ; tractor ; diesel engine ; emission ; artificial neural network ; improved particle swarm algorithm ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; eave height ; natural ventilation ; venlo greenhouse ; fertilization uniformity ; closed-loop control ; single-chip microcomputer ; fuzzy PID ; solid-fertilizer-dissolving device ; precision fertilizer application ; BP neural network ; PSO optimization algorithm ; PID control ; watermelon ; sonication ; microwave ; synergistic effects ; quality characteristics ; electro-hydraulic hitch system ; tillage depth adjustment ; tillage depth control algorithm ; key components ; maize ; soil ; cavity planter ; interaction mechanism ; verification ; ultrasonic sensor ; canopy leaf area density ; ultrasonic echo signal ; verification experiment ; potato planter ; soil cultivation ; mechanization ; seed metering device ; intelligent seeding ; broiler house ; building energy simulation ; forecasting system ; heat stress index ; temperature humidity index (THI) ; smart agriculture ; greenhouse technologies ; artificial intelligence ; agricultural waste ; nano-activated carbon ; adsorption ; wastewater treatment ; modification ; agricultural engineering ; irrigation and drainage system ; pumping station ; sump ; hydraulic characteristics ; entropy production ; onion ; transplanting ; air-feeding seed discharge system ; seed tube ; gas-solid two-phase flow ; computer simulation ; discrete element method ; cotton stalk particles ; contact parameters ; response surface methodology ; image classification ; lightweight neural networks ; zea mays ; ECA attention ; CycleGAN ; tangential threshing ; vibration analysis ; FFT demodulation ; random vibration analysis ; bearing fault ; machine condition ; sustainable development goals ; agri-food security ; equality ; information and communication technologies ; technology 4.0 ; uplift resistance ; continuous pipe foundation ; single-span plastic greenhouse ; pipe connector ; vegetable greenhouses ; multi-arch greenhouses ; arch cross type ; resistance to the typhoon ; online non-destructive detection ; structure of plant stems ; ultrasonic feature ; feature extraction ; feature contribution ; backyard farming ; self-assembly ; vertical expansion ; factory in a box ; automated farming ; vertical farming ; sustainable farm ; aerogels ; porous materials ; agricultural activated carbon ; fine-grained ; attention mechanism ; maturity classification ; open-world ; solar air heater (SAH) ; computational fluid dynamics ; performance optimization ; milk powder ; agricultural drying ; post-harvest losses ; spices ; paneer ; storage ; proximate ; composition ; sensory evaluation ; antioxidant potential ; environmental monitoring ; imputation ; pig house ; recurrent neural network ; agriculture advancement ; large scale solar ; natural cooling ; agrivoltaic ; sustainability ; tractor-trailer ; trajectory tracking ; prescribed performance ; model predictive control ; robust sliding mode control ; stubble-crushing ; plain straight blade ; DEM-CFD ; dynamic motion ; seedbed preparation ; strip tillage ; energy saving ; F-ASHP model ; nursery pig ; storage pen ; Simulink ; industrial hemp ; bionic blade ; cutting energy consumption ; parameter optimization ; conservation tillage technology ; adoption of time persistence ; nonparametric K-M survival analysis method ; discrete duration model ; cavitation ; pretreatment ; jet-driven Helmholtz oscillator ; anaerobic digestion ; tea bud detection ; YOLOv5 ; depth camera ; pose estimation ; CAM ; OPVSM ; prediction models ; hyperspectral image ; PLSR model ; AdaBoost ; XGBoost ; LightGBM ; agricultural sensor network ; EMP-ZBR ; network topology ; routing transmission algorithm ; UV-A LED ; laser fly control ; light trap ; fungus gnats ; mushroom pests ; corn seeds ; collision recovery coefficient ; static friction coefficient ; multi-point collision ; sound waveform ; characteristic dimensions ; bulb tubular pump ; bulb form ; optimization design ; hydraulic performance ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Vols 1 and 2 contain 57 papers in the Special Issue of ‘Plant Genomics 2009’ and cover a wide range of topics, highlighting the significant progress that has been made in recent years in our understanding of the genetics and genomics of plants’ growth, development, and stress responses. These studies provide valuable insights into the potential applications of genomic tools and technologies for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture, as well as fundamental questions about the evolution and function of plant genes and genomes.
    Keywords: Aristolochia ; chloroplast genome ; molecular evolution ; compare analysis ; phylogeny ; brassinosteroid-signaling kinase ; gene family ; expression profile ; alternative splicing ; intron retention ; genome-wide analysis ; drought tolerance ; foxtail millet ; LIM genes ; transgenic rice ; protein phosphatase (PP2C) ; cotton ; syntenic relationships ; expression patterns ; evolutionary analysis ; Populus trichocarpa ; multiple organellar RNA editing factor ; drought stress ; RNA editing ; genome ; β-glucosidase ; Brassica rapa ; BrBGLU10 ; pollen development ; co-expression analysis ; VQ genes family ; Eucalyptus grandis ; expression pattern ; plant hormones ; abiotic stress ; calcium-dependent protein kinases ; CDPK-related kinases ; cucurbitaceae ; hst1 ; Na+ accumulation ; SNP ; rapid generation advance ; salt tolerant ; variant annotation ; whole-genome sequencing ; expression ; genome-wide ; identification of peroxidase genes ; duplication pattern ; stress ; cassava ; ABCDE model ; cereals ; evolutionary relationships ; flower organ identity ; floral speciation ; MADS-box genes ; maize ; ZmTCP ; natural variation ; subgroup IId ; CsWRKY7 ; flowering ; Arabidopsis ; Camellia sinensis ; pomegranate ; sequence diversity ; site-specific selection ; tomato ; MADS-box ; floral organ ; fruit development ; polygalacturonase (PGs), pectin methylesterase (PMEs), collinearity analysis ; gene duplications ; expression profiling ; grapevine ; Rehmannia glutinosa L. ; replant disease ; rhizosphere microbes ; NB-LRR ; plant hormone ; apple ; aquaporin ; functional analysis ; stress tolerance ; Salicaceae ; phylogenetic relationship ; plastid genome ; comparative genomics ; repeat sequences ; stress marker genes ; sesame ; gene co-expression ; abiotic stress tolerance ; hub genes ; meta-analysis ; agrobacterium ; transient expression ; virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) ; tobacco rattle virus (TRV) ; cassava (Manihot esculenta) ; chalcone synthase ; chromatin accessibility ; epigenetic inheritance ; genetic engineering ; methylation ; ODNs ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; plant breeding ; multiplex genome editing ; crop improvement ; TALEN ; ZFN ; biotic stress ; avocado ; carotenoid biosynthesis ; mesocarp ; seed ; de novo assembly from short read sequencing ; full-length transcript sequencing ; differentially expressed genes ; gene dosage ; pigment ; turnip ; gene expression ; antioxidant ; nutritional quality ; B3 superfamily ; transcription factor ; ovule abortion ; Vitis vinifera ; expression analysis ; cold response ; Pittosporum tobira ; leaf variegation ; linoleic acid ; ROS scavenging enzyme ; heat shock protein ; invasive weed ; Rhizoctonia solani ; phytohormone signaling ; systemic signal ; plant defense ; calcium signaling ; ABA ; drought ; salinity ; citrulline ; genome-wide association study ; haplotype ; watermelon ; acetolactate synthase ; ferrochelatase ; rice ; large grain gene ; large grain-isogenic Koshihikari ; fine mapping ; NGS ; GW2 ; co-integration ; gene recombination ; semidwarf gene ; d60 ; linkage ; chromosome 2 ; Brachypodium ; comparative chromosome barcoding ; dysploidy ; karyotype structure and evolution ; model grass genus ; molecular cytogenetics ; polyploidy ; plant genome ; artificial microRNA ; gene silencing ; Lagerstroemia indica ; ornamental value ; anthocyanins ; leaf coloration ; directional improvement ; YABBY ; pineapple ; subcellular localization ; oak species identification ; Quercus ; mutation hotspots ; Centranthera grandiflora Benth ; transcriptome ; catalpol biosynthesis ; acteoside biosynthesis ; azafrin biosynthesis ; wheat ; Dasypyrum villosum ; alien substitution line ; GISH ; molecular marker ; marker-assisted selection ; regulation ; RNA-seq ; biosynthesis pathway ; chalcones ; stilbenes ; common bean ; Fusarium oxysproum ; plant–pathogen interaction ; metabolome ; evolution ; genome fractionation ; ABC transporters ; transcription factors ; transposable elements ; whole-genome duplication ; RNA-sequencing ; ChIP-sequencing ; transcriptional regulatory mechanism ; data integration ; karyopherin ; solanum tuberosum ; chemical fungicide ; disease control ; Neoscytalidium dimidiatum ; royal poinciana ; stem canker ; UAE ; bioinformatics ; VvGAST ; GASR ; Cis-elements ; wheat genome ; kernel hardness ; Puroindoline ; Puroindoline b-2 variants ; genotype-to-phenotype association ; synteny ; phylogenetic analysis ; genomic selection ; missing data ; minor allele frequency ; GDSL lipase ; GPAT6 ; cutin ; habaneros ; Capsicum chinense ; fruit ; RNA-Seq ; flax ; genome-wide association study (GWAS) ; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; prediction accuracy ; quantitative trait loci (QTL) ; quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) ; Fabaceae ; Lupinus ; glutamine synthetase (GS) ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) ; gene families ; duplication/triplication ; structural genomics ; genome organization ; genome evolution ; microRNA ; miRNA156 ; seed development ; fatty acid synthesis ; linseed flax ; anthocyanin biosynthetic genes ; cis-regulatory motifs ; DEGs ; network analysis ; qRT-PCR ; reddish purple Chinese cabbage ; abscisic acid ; flavonolignans ; metabolite profiling ; Silybum marianum ; silymarin ; aquaporins ; bright yellow-2 suspension cells ; Nicotiana tabacum ; substrate specificity ; TaCKX1 ; TaCKX expression ; grain yield ; cytokinins ; phytohormones ; RNAi ; wheat spikes ; genome-wide identification ; 2OGD family ; hormone biosynthetic and metabolism genes ; tomato fruit ripening ; DNA methylation ; phenomics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Modernization in the agriculture sector is important to ensure food security and poverty alleviation, which are the primary themes of UN-SDGs. There are many challenges in developing advanced agricultural techniques, tools, and systems, by which sustainable agriculture and food security can be satisfied. Worldwide, agricultural mechanization and modernization can be attained with advancements in agricultural engineering technologies and their associated applications. The concept is directly linked to the technological advancements in agricultural automation and robotics; precision agriculture; high-efficiency irrigation systems; farm energy systems; handling, storage, and processing of agricultural products; livestock and poultry sheds; farm water/wastewater management; biomass, biogas, and biochar; remote sensing and geographical studies; societal aspects in agriculture; and the associated bioenvironment. Such advances in agricultural engineering technologies and applications are the need of the 21st century, particularly from the viewpoint of the agricultural water–energy–food security nexus. Therefore, this Special Issue comprises original research and review studies in the abovementioned research areas.
    Keywords: wet rice ; adhesion ; hot airflow ; dispersion characteristic ; minimum suspension speed ; surface water content ; pipe diameter ; operation frequency ; genetic algorithm ; rotation irrigation sectoring ; irrigation cost ; energy cost ; network cost ; pick-up device ; stretchable style ; kinematical analysis ; seedling picking test ; cropping pattern ; water stress ; LCC area ; surface water availability ; CROPWAT ; Ananas comosus ; somatic embryogenesis ; micropropagation ; organogenesis ; SSR markers ; ISSR markers ; pineapple ; cantaloupe bowl seedlings transplanting ; mechanical equipment ; institutional design ; field test ; data analysis and discussion ; up-cut rotary blade ; edge curve ; Cyperus esculentus plant ; flexible model ; arch shed ; automatic cuttage ; force feedback ; simulation design ; trajectory planning ; Chrysanthemum indicum L. ; maximum shear force ; finite element ; calibration ; single-bud ; billet planter ; planting uniformity ; numerical simulation ; seed-filling ; single-bud billet ; seed-metering ; EDEM ; wheel-track high clearance chassis ; walking performance ; climbing angle ; simulation ; rape windrower ; longitudinal axial flow ; flexible ; millet threshing device ; staggered threshing element ; micro rotary tubular concave screen ; machine learning ; deep learning ; plant leaf diseases ; photovoltaic module ; LED lighting system ; power grid ; step-up converter ; efficient power take-off ; monitoring system ; Codonopsis planting ; ditching device ; working parameters ; EDEM simulation ; orthogonal test ; air-blast sprayer ; precision spraying ; spray control parameter ; three-factor regression analysis ; highly efficient soil return ; liquid fertilizer deep application technique ; DEM ; soil bin test ; combine harvester ; differential inverse gearbox ; order analysis ; fault diagnosis method ; fatigue test ; tractor ; diesel engine ; emission ; artificial neural network ; improved particle swarm algorithm ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; eave height ; natural ventilation ; venlo greenhouse ; fertilization uniformity ; closed-loop control ; single-chip microcomputer ; fuzzy PID ; solid-fertilizer-dissolving device ; precision fertilizer application ; BP neural network ; PSO optimization algorithm ; PID control ; watermelon ; sonication ; microwave ; synergistic effects ; quality characteristics ; electro-hydraulic hitch system ; tillage depth adjustment ; tillage depth control algorithm ; key components ; maize ; soil ; cavity planter ; interaction mechanism ; verification ; ultrasonic sensor ; canopy leaf area density ; ultrasonic echo signal ; verification experiment ; potato planter ; soil cultivation ; mechanization ; seed metering device ; intelligent seeding ; broiler house ; building energy simulation ; forecasting system ; heat stress index ; temperature humidity index (THI) ; smart agriculture ; greenhouse technologies ; artificial intelligence ; agricultural waste ; nano-activated carbon ; adsorption ; wastewater treatment ; modification ; agricultural engineering ; irrigation and drainage system ; pumping station ; sump ; hydraulic characteristics ; entropy production ; onion ; transplanting ; air-feeding seed discharge system ; seed tube ; gas-solid two-phase flow ; computer simulation ; discrete element method ; cotton stalk particles ; contact parameters ; response surface methodology ; image classification ; lightweight neural networks ; zea mays ; ECA attention ; CycleGAN ; tangential threshing ; vibration analysis ; FFT demodulation ; random vibration analysis ; bearing fault ; machine condition ; sustainable development goals ; agri-food security ; equality ; information and communication technologies ; technology 4.0 ; uplift resistance ; continuous pipe foundation ; single-span plastic greenhouse ; pipe connector ; vegetable greenhouses ; multi-arch greenhouses ; arch cross type ; resistance to the typhoon ; online non-destructive detection ; structure of plant stems ; ultrasonic feature ; feature extraction ; feature contribution ; backyard farming ; self-assembly ; vertical expansion ; factory in a box ; automated farming ; vertical farming ; sustainable farm ; aerogels ; porous materials ; agricultural activated carbon ; fine-grained ; attention mechanism ; maturity classification ; open-world ; solar air heater (SAH) ; computational fluid dynamics ; performance optimization ; milk powder ; agricultural drying ; post-harvest losses ; spices ; paneer ; storage ; proximate ; composition ; sensory evaluation ; antioxidant potential ; environmental monitoring ; imputation ; pig house ; recurrent neural network ; agriculture advancement ; large scale solar ; natural cooling ; agrivoltaic ; sustainability ; tractor-trailer ; trajectory tracking ; prescribed performance ; model predictive control ; robust sliding mode control ; stubble-crushing ; plain straight blade ; DEM-CFD ; dynamic motion ; seedbed preparation ; strip tillage ; energy saving ; F-ASHP model ; nursery pig ; storage pen ; Simulink ; industrial hemp ; bionic blade ; cutting energy consumption ; parameter optimization ; conservation tillage technology ; adoption of time persistence ; nonparametric K-M survival analysis method ; discrete duration model ; cavitation ; pretreatment ; jet-driven Helmholtz oscillator ; anaerobic digestion ; tea bud detection ; YOLOv5 ; depth camera ; pose estimation ; CAM ; OPVSM ; prediction models ; hyperspectral image ; PLSR model ; AdaBoost ; XGBoost ; LightGBM ; agricultural sensor network ; EMP-ZBR ; network topology ; routing transmission algorithm ; UV-A LED ; laser fly control ; light trap ; fungus gnats ; mushroom pests ; corn seeds ; collision recovery coefficient ; static friction coefficient ; multi-point collision ; sound waveform ; characteristic dimensions ; bulb tubular pump ; bulb form ; optimization design ; hydraulic performance ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Silica and silicon-based nanostructures are now well-understood materials for which the technologies are mature. The most obvious applications, such as electronic devices, have been widely explored over the last two decades. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together the state of the art in the field and to enable the emergence of new ideas and concepts for silicon and silica-based nanostructures.
    Keywords: maize ; NPK ; SiO2-NPs ; productivity ; fertilizer ; mineral ; weevils ; LC50 ; toxicity ; mesoporous silica ; nanomaterials ; desulfurization ; fuel ; JP-8 ; black silicon ; light absorption enhanced ; micro-nano manufacturing ; nanometer surface ; nano-silica ; tricalcium aluminate ; pozzolanic reaction ; C-A-S-H gel ; silicon nanoparticles ; silicon nanowires ; synthesis ; high energy density ; lithium-ion batteries ; high-capacity anode ; VLS ; laser pyrolysis ; size effect ; shape effect ; biomass rice husk ; silicon ; nanocrystals ; luminescence ; high porosity ; pH sensor ; temperature sensor ; dual sensor ; metal-assisted chemical etching ; Si nanostructures ; high aspect ratio ; zone plate ; silicon nanowire ; nanowire array ; silicon anode ; n-type silicon anode ; Li-ion battery ; nanowires ; nanonets ; transistor ; integration process ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: This book focuses on the up-to-date studies on the sustainability with changing climate and extremes. The main contributors discussed the changing climate and extreme events, as well as their impacts on natural and human dimension sustainability, including the incorporated social–ecologic and socioeconomic processes. Special attention is given to four main sections: natural disasters in agriculture; urban/rural ecosystem, tourism, and ecosystem service; extreme climate indices, and newly created dataset for climate change.
    Keywords: trade conflict ; carbon emissions ; import and export trade ; cooperative emission reduction ; meteorological hazards ; risk assessment ; spatial pattern ; population exposure ; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ; climate change ; slope geohazards ; new geohazard clusters ; extreme cooling events ; Arctic Oscillation ; winter in China ; atmospheric circulation ; GPP ; CMIP6 ; ESM ; STA ; China ; warm days ; cold days ; warm nights ; cold nights ; hot days ; frost days ; compound drought and heatwave events ; complex network ; event synchronization ; atmospheric circulation patterns ; urban agglomeration ; drought ; heat wave ; flood ; GM (1, 1) ; Arctic ; universal thermal climate index (UTCI) ; spatial-temporal changes ; 1979–2019 ; ecosystem services trade-offs ; land-use change ; soil conservation ; carbon storage ; water yield ; precipitation gradient ; Loess Plateau ; climate hazards ; geospatial analysis ; urban adaptation ; risk management ; snow disaster ; risk zoning ; Heilongjiang Province ; precipitation ; model resolutions ; cold region of China ; spatiotemporal distribution ; spatiotemporal variation ; 1961–2019 ; high-resolution and high-quality precipitation data ; independent and non-independent test ; the 0.01° multi-source fusion precipitation product ; extreme precipitation event ; forest types ; NDVI ; AVHRR GIMMS ; temperature range ; precipitation range ; snow cover ; black carbon concentration ; radiative forcing ; northeast China ; high temperature ; mobile phone data ; impact factor ; Zhuhai City ; WRF model ; projection ; short-lived heatwave event ; long-lived heatwave event ; Yangtze River Basin ; central and western Pacific ; thermocline ; yellowfin tuna ; CPUE ; El Niño ; La Niña ; GAM model ; spring soil moisture ; impact mechanism ; Songnen Plain ; Sanjiang Plain ; maize ; diurnal temperature range ; fresh air index ; natural microclimate comfort index ; fresh air–natural microclimate comfort index ; scenic spots ; Fujian province ; extreme climate indices ; temporal and spatial dynamics ; linear trend ; climate abrupt change ; central China ; peanut drought ; Shandong Province ; natural disaster risk assessment principles ; dry-hot wind disaster ; Shandong province ; natural disaster risk assessment principle ; summer maize ; inter- and mixed cropping ; flowering period ; yield ; potato climatic productivity potential ; Inner Mongolia ; effect ; human mobility ; rainfall ; taxi GPS data ; community ; Zhuhai central areas ; citrus ; quality ; future projection ; state-owned forest farms ; human resource allocation ; industrial structure ; coordination and adaptation ; personal structure ; contiguous poverty-stricken areas ; rainstorms and droughts ; direct economic losses ; disaster-affected population ; drought and flood ; vulnerability ; risk prediction ; agroecosystem ; heatwaves ; population exposure change ; global warming ; 1.5 °C warming scenario ; 2.0 °C warming scenario ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Agricultural practices involving the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose major risks to the environment and to human health. The development and adoption of sustainable ecofriendly agricultural management to preserve and enhance the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and improve agroecosystem functions is a challenge for both scientists and farmers. The Special Issue entitled “Sustainable Agricultural Practices—Impact on Soil Quality and Plant Health” is a collection of 10 original contributions addressing the state of the art of sustainable agriculture and its positive impact on soil quality. The content of this Special Issue covers a wide range of topics, including the use of beneficial soil microbes, intercropping, organic farming and its effects on soil bacteria and nutrient stocks, application of plant-based nematicides and zeolite amendments, sustainability in CH4 emissions, and the effect of irrigation, fertilization, and environmental conditions as well as land suitability on crop production.
    Keywords: natural substances ; nematicidal ; root-knot nematodes ; oregano ; soil amendments ; basic substances ; PCA ; land capability ; crop suitability ; GIS ; NWCE ; Egypt ; microbial inoculants ; soil enzyme activities ; soil microbes ; 16S rRNA ; planting pattern ; soil chemical properties ; soil microbial community ; genotype × environment interaction ; maize ; yield ; soil amelioration ; resource use efficiency ; water conservation ; nutrient retention ; heavy metal toxicity ; Cucumis melo L. ; chemical composition ; cultivar ; drip irrigation ; fruit quality ; long term field experiment ; sustainable crop production ; nutrient balances ; legume nutrition ; drained peat ; greenhouse gas ; global warming ; organic soil ; pineapple ; water table ; AMF ; enzyme activity ; microbial communities ; PGPR ; plant growth ; PLFAs ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a plant production system that involves planting two or more species (or cultivars) in the same field in a variable order—row or rowless—simultaneously. Mixed cropping plays an important role in sustainable agriculture by adding value to crop rotations and agroecosystems. Scientific investigations on environmentally friendly mixed cropping should be supported by studies on the direct costs and long-term benefits that are the most relevant to farmers. Meeting the need to strengthen the scientific basis for mixed crops, the papers in this Special Issue enhance our understanding of the following: The selection of species and cultivars for a mixed crop system as well as the choice of agricultural treatments that will secure a stable yield of mixtures; Inter- and intra- species competition of plants in a canopy; Ecological intensification approaches and opportunities for maximizing crop performance and yield in mixtures; The effects of mixed crops on crop rotations; The short- and long-term ecosystem benefits of mixtures; The effects on pests and the biodiversity of agroecosystems provided by mixtures; The economic aspects of adopting the mixtures in farms; The nutritive value of mixtures for livestock; Other topics related to the mixed cropping.
    Keywords: barley ; oats ; triticale ; yield ; leaf area index ; land equivalent ratio ; standard gross margin ; brachiaria ; cereal-livestock production ; perception ; push-pull technology ; smallholder farmers ; proximity effect ; border effect ; neighbor effect ; strip intercropping ; legume ; cereals ; Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium multiflorum ; phosphorus ; water stress ; competition indices ; plant development stages ; spring cereal mixtures ; grain yield ; protein yield ; metabolic energy yield ; differentiations of cereal mixture ; sustainable agriculture ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; biodiversity ; intercropping ; silage ; growth ; quality ; non-legume ; mixed crop ; herbivores ; pest population ; natural enemy ; cereal–legume mixture ; common vetch ; cultivar ; soil quality ; cereal-legume mixture ; organic farming ; conventional farming ; leaf greenness index ; seed yield ; yield components ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: The papers included in this Special Issue address a variety of important aspects of plant biodiversity and genetic resources, including definitions, descriptions, and illustrations of different components and their value for food and nutrition security, breeding, and environmental services. Furthermore, comprehensive information is provided regarding conservation approaches and techniques for plant genetic resources, policy aspects, and results of biological, genetic, morphological, economic, social, and breeding-related research activities. The complexity and vulnerability of (plant) biodiversity and its inherent genetic resources, as an integral part of the contextual ecosystem and the human web of life, are clearly demonstrated in this Special Issue, and for several encountered problems and constraints, possible approaches or solutions are presented to overcome these.
    Keywords: climate change ; combined drought and heat stress ; drought ; heat ; landraces ; maize ; Rhododendron ; conservation strategies ; genetic differentiation ; gene flow ; populations contraction ; AFLP ; genetic diversity ; invasive ; Poaceae ; population genetics ; range expansion ; genebanks ; forage germplasm ; grasses ; legumes ; seed storage ; conservation ; seed longevity ; seed germination ; monitoring ; regeneration ; pea landraces ; Amorgos ; Schinoussa ; DNA Barcoding ; ISSR genotyping ; HRM analysis ; powdery mildew ; ex situ conservation ; germination ; longevity ; plant genetic resources ; agrobiodiversity ; genebank ; genebank management ; seed physiology ; seed quality management ; Carthamus tinctorius ; genotyping by sequencing ; germplasm characterization ; GWAS ; oilseed crop ; DArT markers ; macadamia ; dendrogram ; principal coordinate analysis ; population structure ; wild species ; malnutrition ; food security ; vegetables ; genetic resources ; home gardens ; community seedbanks ; variety introduction ; vegetable breeding ; high-throughput phenotyping ; statistical modelling ; phenotypic breeding ; genomic selection ; Solanum chacoense ; stress tolerance ; Brassica oleracea ; diversity ; SNP ; atolls ; leafy vegetables ; non-communicable diseases (NCD) ; nutrition security ; mineral nutrients ; natural biofortification ; crop wild relatives ; biological features ; use ; local ; national and global efforts ; policy ; gene donors ; pre-breeding ; breeding ; cross-sectoral collaboration ; crop wild relatives (CWR) ; drylands ; Kitui county ; wild food plants ; Cyprus ; domestication ; microsatellites ; Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa ; Vitis vinifera subsp. Sylvestris ; Fraxinus spp. ; manna ; local varieties nSSR ; cpSSR ; cytometry ; morphological traits ; documentation ; agricultural biodiversity ; wheat ; genome-wide association studies ; association mapping ; stripe rust ; anti-inflammatory activity ; antioxidants ; catechin ; Erodium crassifolium ; underutilized species ; agro-biodiversity ; centres of origin ; geographic distribution ; phylogenetic diversity ; useful plants ; Vavilov centres ; plant breeding ; climate change adaptation ; developing countries ; Punica protopunica Balf. ; Punica granatum L. ; Punica genera ; Lythraceae ; nitrogen fixation ; symbiosis ; bean ; landrace ; PPB ; participatory breeding ; climate resilient ; Honduras ; banana ; desiccation tolerance ; Musa ; Papua New Guinea ; seed conservation ; seed storage behaviour ; crop diversity ; drought tolerance ; genetic approaches ; neglected and underutilized species ; plant genetic resources for food and agriculture ; access and benefit sharing ; multilateral system ; CGIAR ; nutrition data ; multi-sectoral collaboration ; payment for ecosystem services ; payment for environmental services ; agrobiodiversity conservation ; agricultural adaptation ; clonal crops ; collection management ; cryobiotechnology ; cryopreservation ; field collections ; field maintenance ; germplasm storage ; in vitro conservation ; recalcitrant seeds ; genetic erosion ; ex situ and in situ conservation ; diversification ; sustainability ; food and nutrition security ; crop genetic resources ; diagnostics ; germplasm ; crop breeding ; pathogen ; pest ; Plant Treaty ; phytosanitary regulations ; transboundary pests ; invasive species ; prevention ; quarantine ; seed ; seed health ; virus indexing ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Developing sustainable organic agriculture and resilient agribusiness sector is fundamental, keeping in mind the value of the opportunity presented by the growing demand for healthy and safe food globally, with the expectation for the global population to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, and 11 billion by 2100.Lately, the main threats in Europe, and worldwide, are the increasingly dynamic climate change and economic factors related to currency fluctuations. While the current environmental policy provides several mechanisms to support agribusinesses in mitigating organic food for daily increasing human population and stability of the currency, it does not contemplate the relative readiness of individuals and businesses to act correctly.Organic farming is the practice that relies more on using sustainable methods to cultivate crops and produce food animals, avoiding chemicals and dietary synthetic drug inputs that do not belong to the natural ecosystem. Organic agriculture can also contribute to meaningful socioeconomic, ecologically sustainable development, and significantly in the development of the agribusiness sector, especially in developing countries.
    Keywords: Moringa oleifera ; Japanese quail ; fertility ; egg production ; livestock ; agriculture ; organic production ; land ; taxation ; tax incentives ; income ; revenue ; property ; medicinal plants ; sustainable ; poultry ; organic ; eggs ; fatty acids ; organic farming ; production structure ; production intensity ; Ukraine ; meat ; biotic ; natural ; economic efficiency ; costs ; willingness to pay ; honey ; local ; Serbia ; bank ; job satisfaction ; team ; rural ; urban ; the Republic of Serbia ; biomass ; crop residue ; crop production ; energy purposes ; sustainability ; apiculture investment ; research and development ; beekeepers ; geographical origin ; food ; label ; Apis mellifera ; Nosema spp. ; Protofil® ; biochemical analysis ; sustainable livestock production ; added value ; buffalo milk ; dairy products ; chemical composition ; nutritional properties ; kids ; Garganica ; Maltese ; Derivata di Siria ; meat quality ; biodiversity ; marketing in higher education ; marketing mix instruments in higher education ; higher education institutions ; students’ satisfaction ; Republic of Serbia ; Spain ; dyslipidemia ; sea buckthorn ; grape ; high-fat diet ; rats ; phytotherapy ; atorvastatin ; sustainable development ; sustainable tourism development ; rural tourism ; image of a rural tourism destination ; cognitive component ; dimensions of the cognitive component ; farm development ; farm machinery ; labor ; farm investment ; productivity ; sustainable public procurement (SPP) ; green public procurement (GPP) ; consumer behavior ; GPP barriers ; green Romanian agriculture ; consumption ; green marketing ; organic consumer ; cost-effectiveness ; flame weeding ; maize ; organic agricultural production ; plant protection product residues ; organic and conventional agriculture ; LC-MS/MS ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue on ‘Advances in Cereal Crops Breeding’ comprises 10 papers covering a wide range of subjects, including the expression-level investigation of genes in terms of salinity stress adaptations and their relationships with proteomics in rice, the use of genetic analysis to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in promising hybrids of maize, the use of DNA markers based on PCR in rice, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in wheat and simple sequence repeats (SSR) in rice, the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cereals, and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing of related with LTR RNA retrotransposon in triticale prior to the genomic selection of heterotic maize hybrids.
    Keywords: maize ; density tolerance ; combining ability ; gene effects ; genetic diversity ; rice ; salinity ; submergence tolerance ; blast ; SSR markers ; PCR analysis ; long non-coding RNAs ; seed development ; Nanopore sequencing ; retrotransposons ; triticale ; prediction accuracy ; mixed linear and Bayesian models ; machine learning algorithms ; training set size and composition ; parametric and nonparametric models ; drought stress ; dendrogram ; barley ; breeding ; marker-assisted selection ; genes ; genetic resources ; genome editing ; health benefits ; metabolomics ; oat ; QTL ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; QMrl-7B ; root traits ; grain yield ; nitrogen use efficiency ; GWAS ; salinity tolerance ; Vietnamese landraces ; abiotic stress ; root ; auxin ; YUCCA ; PIN ; proteomics ; mass spectrometry ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Sustainable development in the agriculture sector is crucial to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN). There are lots of challenges to developing modern and intelligent agricultural techniques, tools, and systems, by which sustainable agriculture and food security can be satisfied. In addition, carbon-neutral development and clean energy utilization are also associated with the UN-SDGs. Such agricultural, biological, and environmental engineering studies are needed in the 21st century, particularly from the viewpoint of the agricultural water–energy–food security nexus. This book focuses on the recent proliferation and technological advancements in these engineering applications. This book aims to share recent updates on agricultural, biological, and environmental engineering, and the application of these engineering techniques in the agriculture sector. It presents such engineering technologies and applications in seven categories that include energy system applications in agriculture (three studies); irrigation and drainage (four studies); biomass, biogas, and biochar (three studies); farm mechanization and soil science (three studies); remote sensing and geographical studies (two studies); wastewater and biological studies (two studies); and case studies and societal aspects in agriculture (five studies). The editors believe that this book will be useful for agricultural scientists, researchers, and students.
    Keywords: air heat pump ; carbon dioxide ; formaldehyde ; electricity consumption ; ultra-fine dust ; municipal waste ; biological fertilizer ; phytopathogens ; sustainable agriculture ; organic waste treatment ; optical remote sensing ; microwave remote sensing ; phenology-based method ; forest conservation ; forest management ; rural residents ; economic incentives ; Pakistan ; less-favoured areas ; agricultural policy ; farm profitability ; traction ; soil ; sinkage ; single-track shoe ; penetration ; cohesion ; adhesion ; ANOVA ; Brassica chinensis ; coefficient of variation ; double-row ; metering device ; pneumatic ; greenhouse ; computational fluid dynamics ; airflow ; temperature ; humidity ; horticulture ; Zagazig ; Egypt ; willingness to accept ; gross margin ; mixed cropping ; ordered logistic regression ; bioresources ; circular bioeconomy ; economic analysis ; Nitrification inhibitor ; smog ; Wheat straw ; poultry farms ; air-conditioning ; evaporative cooling systems ; temperature-humidity index ; temperature-humidity-velocity index ; soil erosion ; sediment yield ; RUSLE ; sediment transport modeling ; Gomal River ; arid regions ; surface drain system ; design ; drainage effluent ; GF-6 ; maize ; straw ; support vector machine ; random forest ; red-edge wavelength ; biomass ; furnace ; efficiency ; economics ; carbon nanotubes ; surface modification ; heavy metals ; adsorption ; water and wastewater treatment ; renewable energy ; biogas production ; livestock manure ; anaerobic digestion ; COVID-19 ; Iran ; food security ; economic crisis ; agriculture ; food supply chain ; agricultural economy ; drip irrigation system ; net revenue ; small landholders ; sustainable irrigation ; agroforestry ; allometric equations ; carbon stock ; organic carbon ; potassium ; zinc ; physiological attributes ; climate change ; environment ; human health ; resources ; wastewater ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: Many agricultural crops worldwide suffer from zinc (Zn) deficiency. Despite widespread interest in Zn, plant professionals often lack current information on this indispensable essential mineral nutrient. G. Hacisalihoglu, PhD, in Unraveling the Mechanisms of Zinc Efficiency in Crop Plants, and a host of recognized experts address this gap with the up-to-date importance of Zn nutrition. This book examines research aimed at understanding how plants uptake and utilize Zn. It has been peer-reviewed and multi-authored by expert plant biology scientists with related expertise. The editor provides a comprehensive overview of zinc (Zn) nutrition in plants, seeds, roots, and soil, which renders this book a good reference for plant biology professionals. Agricultural sustainability in the time of the growing world population will be one of the major challenges in the next 30 plus years. Zn is one of the most important essential mineral nutrients required for metabolic processes, so a shortage of Zn constrains crop yield and quality worldwide. Zinc efficiency and higher growth and yield under low Zn supply make it a promising sustainable solution for developing cultivars that are zinc efficient. Several articles are included in this book that provide an overview of current developments and trends in the times of high-throughput genomics and phenomics data analysis. Furthermore, this book presents research findings in various experimental models and areas ranging from maize to alfalfa, flax, and sorghum.Unraveling the Mechanisms of Zinc Efficiency in Crop Plants is a must read for researchers and plant biology professionals.
    Keywords: zinc ; sustainability ; food security ; seed quality ; zinc efficiency ; staple foods ; crops ; functional genomics ; homeostasis ; hormonal regulation ; iron ; maize ; malnutrition ; photosynthesis ; Adsorption ; desorption ; landscape position ; isotherm ; plant available Zn ; bioindication ; bryophytes ; moss ; cell shape ; particulate matter ; biofortification ; micronutrients ; nutrient uptake ; plant nutrition ; ZIP transporters ; nicotianamine ; metal tolerance protein (MTP) ; yellow stripe-like protein (YSL) ; zinc-induced facilitators (ZIF) ; heavy metal transporters (HMA) ; sodium selenate ; zinc sulfate ; cereal ; rainfed conditions ; forage yield ; 65Zn ; soil ; soil solution ; barley ; lability ; specific activity ; potential buffer capacity ; forms ; labile zinc pool ; silicon ; Zn-deficiency ; Zn-sufficiency ; Zn re-fertilization ; n/a ; nutrient dense ; superfood ; multi minerals ; health benefits ; gluten free ; percent daily value ; elevated CO2 ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Soil degradation is one of the most topical environmental threats. A number of processes causing soil degradation, specifically erosion, compaction, salinization, pollution, and loss of both organic matter and soil biodiversity, are also strictly connected to agricultural activity and its intensification. The development and adoption of sustainable agronomic practices able to preserve and enhance the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and improve agroecosystem functions is a challenge for both scientists and farmers. The Special Issue entitled “Sustainable Agriculture and Soil Conservation” collects 12 original contributions addressing the state of the art of sustainable agriculture and soil conservation. The papers cover a wide range of topics, including organic agriculture, soil amendment and soil organic carbon (SOC) management, the impact of SOC on soil water repellency, the effects of soil tillage on the quantity of SOC associated with several fractions of soil particles and depth, and SOC prediction, using visible and near-infrared spectra and multivariate modeling. Moreover, the effects of some soil contaminants (e.g., crude oil, tungsten, copper, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are discussed or reviewed in light of the recent literature. The collection of the manuscripts presented in this Special Issue provides a relevant knowledge contribution for improving our understanding on sustainable agriculture and soil conservation, thus stimulating new views on this main topic.
    Keywords: Tungsten ; corn uptake ; soil characteristics ; Freundlich model ; Biolog® ; community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) ; functional diversity indices ; metabolic bacterial diversity ; olive ; soil fertility ; soil quality ; maize ; stomata ; soil ; phenanthrene ; remediation ; qualitative multi-attribute model ; total energy output ; agro-ecological service crops ; ex-post sustainability ; organic systems ; amendment ; biochar ; brewers’ spent grain ; hop ; image analysis ; plant growth ; Beerkan method ; infiltration ; forest restoration ; soil water repellency ; tillage ; fertilization ; soil depth ; organic carbon ; clay minerals ; diffuse reflectance ; infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; composting ; PAHs ; organic co-substrates ; mulching ; flattening ; irrigation ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; water stress integral ; fruit growth ; water use efficiency ; productivity ; soil organic matter ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; spatial heterogeneity ; multivariate adaptive regression splines ; partial least squares regression ; anaerobic digestion residues ; soil amendment ; soil fertilization ; soil organic C ; soil porosity ; soil microbial community ; copper ; rhizosphere ; smart agriculture ; microbes ; vineyard ; organic agriculture ; soil organic carbon ; soil management ; soil contamination ; soil remediation ; sustainable fruit growing ; water conservation practices ; multivariate statistical models for SOC prediction ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: As everyone knows, cereal and oil are still the main part of our diet and provide essential nutrients and energy every day. With the progress of food processing technology, the quality of cereal and oil food is also improved significantly. Behind this, major nutrients of grain and oil, including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and functional components, have experienced a variety of physical, chemical, and biological reactions during food processing. Moreover, research in this field also covers the multi-scale structural changes of characteristic components, such as component interaction and formation of key domains, which is essential for the quality enhancement of cereal and oil food. Based on the increasing consumer demand for nourishing, healthy, and delicious cereal and oil food, it might be interesting to report the latest research on the application of novel technology in food processing, multi-scale structural changes of characteristic components in food processing, structure-activity mechanism of food functional components. This book aimed to provide useful reference and guidance for the processing and utilization of cereal and oil food so as to provide technical support for the healthy development of cereal a oil food processing industry wordwide.
    Keywords: macadamia oil ; cultivars ; minor components ; antioxidant capacity ; triacylglycerols ; tofu ; protein ; structure ; mechanism ; sesame oil ; gelation ; oleogels ; controlled volatile release ; adzuki bean ; acrylamide ; volatile ; microwave baking ; drum roasting ; peanut ; high-oleic ; peanut oil ; volatiles ; precursors ; tree peony seed oil ; heating pretreatment ; microstructure ; volatile compounds ; bioactive compounds ; oxidative stability ; natural repose angle ; point source ; velocity characteristics ; mechanical characteristics ; distribution ; peanut protein ; hydrothermal cooking ; combined modification ; low pH ; physicochemical properties ; protein structure ; ultrasonic ; maize ; germination ; physiological and biochemical indicators ; γ–aminobutyric acid ; instant flavor peanut powder ; heat treatment ; flavor ; MR ; functional properties ; peanut meal ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment.
    Keywords: UAS ; multiple sensors ; vegetation index ; leaf nitrogen accumulation ; plant nitrogen accumulation ; pasture quality ; airborne hyperspectral imaging ; random forest regression ; sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) ; SIF yield indices ; upward ; downward ; leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ; laser-induced fluorescence ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; back-propagation neural network ; principal component analysis ; fluorescence characteristics ; canopy nitrogen density ; radiative transfer model ; hyperspectral ; winter wheat ; flooded rice ; pig slurry ; aerial remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; N recommendation approach ; Mediterranean conditions ; nitrogen ; vertical distribution ; plant geometry ; remote sensing ; maize ; UAV ; multispectral imagery ; LNC ; non-parametric regression ; red-edge ; NDRE ; dynamic change model ; sigmoid curve ; grain yield prediction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; red-edge reflectance ; spectral index ; precision N fertilization ; chlorophyll meter ; NDVI ; NNI ; canopy reflectance sensing ; N mineralization ; farmyard manures ; Triticum aestivum ; discrete wavelet transform ; partial least squares ; hyper-spectra ; rice ; nitrogen management ; reflectance index ; multiple variable linear regression ; Lasso model ; Multiplex®3 sensor ; nitrogen balance index ; nitrogen nutrition index ; nitrogen status diagnosis ; precision nitrogen management ; terrestrial laser scanning ; spectrometer ; plant height ; biomass ; nitrogen concentration ; precision agriculture ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; digital camera ; leaf chlorophyll concentration ; portable chlorophyll meter ; crop ; PROSPECT-D ; sensitivity analysis ; UAV multispectral imagery ; spectral vegetation indices ; machine learning ; plant nutrition ; canopy spectrum ; non-destructive nitrogen status diagnosis ; drone ; multispectral camera ; SPAD ; smartphone photography ; fixed-wing UAV remote sensing ; random forest ; canopy reflectance ; crop N status ; Capsicum annuum ; proximal optical sensors ; Dualex sensor ; leaf position ; proximal sensing ; cross-validation ; feature selection ; hyperparameter tuning ; image processing ; image segmentation ; nitrogen fertilizer recommendation ; supervised regression ; RapidSCAN sensor ; nitrogen recommendation algorithm ; in-season nitrogen management ; nitrogen use efficiency ; yield potential ; yield responsiveness ; standard normal variate (SNV) ; continuous wavelet transform (CWT) ; wavelet features optimization ; competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) ; partial least square (PLS) ; grapevine ; hyperparameter optimization ; multispectral imaging ; precision viticulture ; RGB ; multispectral ; coverage adjusted spectral index ; vegetation coverage ; random frog algorithm ; active canopy sensing ; integrated sensing system ; discrete NIR spectral band data ; soil total nitrogen concentration ; moisture absorption correction index ; particle size correction index ; coupled elimination ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.
    Keywords: fruit size ; Manzanilla ; olive ; regulated deficit irrigation ; water potential ; water relation ; leaf area ; Manihot esculenta ; photosynthesis ; tuber ; water status ; antioxidant capacity ; bioactive compounds ; growth ; hydroxycinnamic acids ; hydroponics ; preformed plastic mulch film ; crop water productivity ; biodegradation ; crop productivity ; spray-on mulch ; water use efficiency ; almond cultivars ; crop physiological response ; irrigation water productivity ; nut yield ; drip irrigation ; silicon ; mineral nutrients ; oxidative stress ; osmolytes ; yield ; Zea mays ; ERP ; GIS ; internet of things ; precision agriculture ; quality ; environment ; water ; software ; platform ; web application ; crop coefficient ; drought stress ; evapotranspiration ; maize ; water productivity ; Prunus dulcis ; Vairo ; water stress ; sustained deficit irrigation ; quality markers ; leaf greenness index ; root morphology ; almond quality ; sustainability ; marketability ; semiarid Mediterranean environment ; root components ; yield components ; fruit quality ; deficit irrigation ; leaf area index ; harvest index ; photosynthetic rate ; transpiration rate ; greenhouse ; in vitro culture ; apple ; cherries ; midday stem water potential ; sap flow ; stomatal conductance ; FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation ; abiotic stress ; Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. ; morphological properties ; phenology ; pigments ; diversity ; root length density ; root weight density ; root-shoot relationships ; benefit-cost ratio ; nitrogen ; root growth ; tomato ; water saving ; Jerusalem artichoke ; mineral fertilization ; irrigation ; diseases ; fungi ; crop suitability ; remote sensing ; ALES-Arid ; SEBAL ; landsat ; crop-water requirements ; smart farming ; crop-production functions ; food quality ; crop physiological response to drought scenarios ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 30
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The exploitation of biodiversity is essential to select resilient genotypes for sustainable cropping systems as one of the main challenges for plant breeding. Mapping traits of agronomic interest in specific genomic regions appears as another pivotal effort for the future development of novel cultivars. For this purpose, there is evidence that MAGIC and other exotic populations will play a major role in the coming years in allowing for impressive gains in plant breeding for developing new generations of improved cultivars. This Special Issue focused on the application of advanced technologies devoted to crop improvement and exploit the available biodiversity in crops. In detail, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies supported the development of high-density genotyping arrays for different plants included in this issue.
    Keywords: natural variation ; maize ; nucleotide diversity ; domestication selection ; ZmPGP1 gene ; Ipomoea batatas ; genetic diversity ; SSR markers ; qualitative traits ; pure lines ; F1 hybrids ; microsatellite markers ; marker-assisted breeding ; crop improvement ; varieties ; Fragaria ; Rubus ; microsatellites ; transferability ; polymorphism ; introns ; exons ; flavonoid biosynthesis pathway ; transcription factor genes ; chitinase ; multiple population ; linkage mapping ; JLAM ; QTL ; validation ; genomic prediction ; maize lethal necrosis ; herbaceous peony ; molecular marker ; next-generation sequencing ; pedigree ; Vicia faba L., genetic diversity ; in situ conservation ; Olea europaea L. ; olive ; cpSSR ; nuSSR ; population structure ; Mediterranean Region ; GWAS ; drought ; barley ; spikelet development ; candidate gene ; linkage map ; RAD ; Solanum melongena ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 31
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The global food supply chain relies on engineered systems, operational practices, and logistics to preserve, protect, process, and deliver agricultural crops along complex supply lines from farmers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries to markets around the world. Food and nutrition security is compromised by post-harvest losses (and food waste) that have been estimated to be as high as 20% in durable and 40% in perishable crops. Preserving crops using technologies and practices such as timely harvesting, evaporative cooling, cold and frozen storage, drying, and dehydrating, and protecting crops using technologies and practices such as damage-less handling, controlled and modified atmosphere storage, non-chemical heat and gas treatment, plant-derived protective films for individual fruits and vegetables, and improved packaging containers are critical to preserving nutrients, improving livelihoods, and realizing an efficient food system. This Special Issue aims to cover recent progress and innovations in science, technology, engineering, operational practices, and logistics related to post-harvest preservation and protection of durable and perishable agricultural crops. It seeks contributions that improve effectiveness, efficiency, reliability and sustainability in post-harvest handling of crops from field to end use that preserve product quality and result in foods and feeds which are nutritious and safe for human and animal consumption.
    Keywords: cold storage ; fresh arils ; dried methods ; total soluble solids ; total phenolic content ; storage stability ; maize ; storage systems ; financial profitability ; aeration ; finite element modeling ; stored products ; temperature sensors ; chlorophyll ; fluorescence ; storage atmosphere ; superficial scald ; rootstock ; 1-MCP ; cost-effectiveness of technology ; controlled atmosphere ; ORAC ; TSS ; acidity ; firmness ; biomass utilization ; economic analysis ; grain dryer ; maize drying ; technical performance ; postharvest technologies ; mango postharvest loss ; Yieldwise Initiative ; IRIV ; LS-SVM ; Korla fragrant pear ; quality parameter ; evaluation ; maize grain storage ; hermetic storage bags ; polypropylene storage bags ; quality attributes ; pesticide residues ; grapes ; cluster fruits ; packaging materials ; transportation and placing ; excitation ; vibration ; signals ; postharvest loss ; shelf stable ; nutrition ; bioactive ; byproducts ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 32
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book provides a collection of research and review articles useful for researchers, engineers, students and industry experts in the bioenergy field. The practical and valuable information can be utilized for developing and implementing renewable energy projects, selecting different waste feedstocks, technologies, and products. A detailed insight into advanced technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, torrefaction, and supercritical CO2 extraction for making sustainable biofuels and chemicals is provided. A case study on food waste-to-energy valorization processes in Latin America provides experts’ insights to promote a circular economy.
    Keywords: Koelreuteria paniculata biodiesel ; non-edible feedstock ; transesterification ; physicochemical characterization ; optimization ; phenol ; hydrogenation ; Ni/CNT ; cyclohexanol ; transfer hydrogenation ; microalga ; fatty acid ; Vietnam ; Nannochloropsis ; Desmodesmus ; lignocellulosic ; bio-oil ; biocrude ; upgrading ; supercritical extraction ; supercritical CO2 ; hydrotreatment ; biorefinery ; pyrolysis ; hydrothermal liquefaction ; torrefaction ; oats ; maize ; straw ; biochar ; centralized waste valorization ; lifecycle thinking ; AHP ; side flow ; anaerobic digestion ; composting ; rice straw ; bio-crude ; methanol ; phenols ; esters ; energy-consumption ratio ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Integrative omics of plants in response to stress conditions play more crucial roles in the post-genomic era. High-quality genomic data provide more deeper understanding of how plants to survive under environmental stresses. This book is focused on concluding the recent progress in the Protein and Proteome Atlas in plants under different stresses. It covers various aspects of plant protein ranging from agricultural proteomics, structure and function of proteins, and approaches for protein identification and quantification.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; phosphoproteomics ; GLU1 ; somatic embryogenesis ; CHA-SQ-1 ; nitrogen fertilizer ; chilling stress ; differentially abundant proteins ; ATP synthase ; photosynthetic parameters ; photosynthesis ; constitutive splicing ; phosphorylation ; Jatropha curcas ; plants under stress ; postharvest freshness ; Alternanthera philoxeroides ; rubber latex ; Millettia pinnata ; molecular and biochemical basis ; filling kernel ; drought stress ; comparative proteomic analysis ; domain ; micro-exons ; phylogeny ; phos-tagTM ; E. angustifolia ; root cell elongation ; ABA ; pollen abortion ; lncRNA ; transcriptome ; radish ; redox homeostasis ; Nelumbo nucifera ; sugar beet ; shotgun proteomics ; proteomes ; high-temperature stress ; post-genomics era ; model plant ; salt tolerance ; miRNA ; wheat ; physiological response ; stress ; visual proteome map ; transcriptional dynamics ; leaf ; maize ; Dunaliella salina ; phosphatidylinositol ; S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ; Gossypium hirsutum ; flavonoid biosynthesis ; phosphatase ; wood vinegar ; heat shock proteins ; silicate limitation ; purine metabolism ; natural rubber biosynthesis ; ancient genes ; cotton ; rubber grass ; abiotic stress ; heat stress ; maturation ; low-temperature stress ; molecular basis ; transcriptome sequencing ; ROS scavenging ; widely targeted metabolomics ; transdifferentiation ; seed development ; alternative splicing ; cultivars ; inositol ; salt stress ; chlorophyll fluorescence parameters ; proteome ; carbon fixation ; AGPase ; transcript-metabolite network ; molecular mechanisms ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Zea mays L. ; ROS ; label-free quantification ; woody oilseed plants ; heat-sensitive spinach variety ; MIPS ; quantitative proteomics ; regulated mechanism ; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ; potassium ; glutathione ; Salinity stress ; integrated omics ; diatom ; ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunit (chloroplast) ; root ; proteome atlas ; brittle-2 ; mass spectrometry ; genomics ; Taraxacum kok-saghyz ; cytomorphology ; proteomics ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; signaling pathway ; proteomic ; loss-of-function mutant ; rice ; seedling ; wucai ; leaf sheath ; root and shoot ; antioxidant enzyme ; exon-intron structure diversity ; isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation ; regulation and metabolism ; concerted network ; drought ; heat response ; VIGS ; iTRAQ ; nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) ; stem ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 34
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed that was published in Toxins
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RA1190-1270 ; Trichoderma ; n/a ; photodegradation product ; physical decontamination ; growth performance ; toxigenic Fusarium ; curcumin ; mitigation ; Aspergillus flavus ; food and beverage ; ascladiol ; biological control ; antioxidant capability ; trichothecene ; bioprospecting ; turkey ; processing ; chicks ; Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 ; mycotoxins ; epimer ; Tri101 ; enzymes ; neutral electrolyzed water ; antioxidant function ; purification ; ameliorating effects ; aflatoxin-degrading enzyme ; chemical decontamination ; desoxypatulinic acid ; furan rings ; maize ; atmospheric pressure ; biotransformation ; estrogen receptor (ER) ; oxidative stress ; decontamination ; Bacillus shackletonii ; hyssop ; DBD ; degradation ; TQEF-MS/MS ; CYP450 ; enzymatic detoxification ; low temperature plasma ; Fusarium ; AFBO–DNA ; modified mycotoxin ; Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 ; polarity ; thermal treatment ; serum hormones ; mycotoxins mitigation ; mycotoxin ; zearalenone (ZEA) ; cell viability ; detoxification ; patulin ; biodegradation ; interactions ; intracellular and extracellular enzymes ; Bacillus licheniformis CK1 ; deoxynivalenol ; aflatoxins ; aflatoxin B1 ; biological decontamination ; Corylus avellana ; molecular ; Pichia caribbica ; mild technologies ; microbial patulin degradation ; enzyme ; proteomics ; fatty acids ; spores of Ganoderma lucidum ; inhibition ; residue ; food safety ; cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology ; application ; post-weaning female piglets ; laccase ; aflatoxin biodegradation preparation ; Aflatoxin B1 ; microorganism identification ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Fertilizer Application on Crop Yield that was published in Agronomy
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; organic N ; ammonia ; NPK amendments ; corn–soybean rotation ; soil acidity ; phosphorous ; maize yield response to K ; biofertilizer ; agroforestry system ; Copper ; organic farming ; soil nitrogen pools ; net returns ; mineral N ; grain quality ; fertilizer management ; nutrient expert for maize ; sustainability ; organic nutrients ; conservation agriculture ; agronomic response ; S fertilization ; global food demand ; Zea mays L. ; N fertilizer ; nitrogen recovery efficiency ; Bacillus pumilus ; Orychophragmus violaceus L. ; soil erosion ; soil health ; saline tract ; soil K supply ; soil N mineralization ; soil biota ; potassium ; production system ; nitrate reductase activity ; site-specific K management ; Value Cost Ratio ; durum wheat ; conventional farming ; nitrate ; soil organic matter ; grain yield ; integrated nutrient management ; K use efficiency ; rice-wheat system ; forage legume ; nitrogen physiological recovery ; NADH ; chemical fertilizers ; evergreen agriculture ; green manure ; N fertilization ; yield ; NADH-dehydrogenase ; wheat ; site-specific nutrient management ; hybrid rice ; NUE ; balanced use of fertilizers ; growth promotion ; calcium ; humid Mediterranean climate ; Complex I ; rice ; maize ; Zinc ; potentially mineralizable N ; Agrotain® urea ; economics ; nitrate assimilation ; management ; nitrogen uptake ; wheat yields ; nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) ; soil N supply ; maize crop manager ; long-term productivity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 36
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: International trade is highly affected by mycotoxin contaminations, which result in an annual 5% to 10% loss of global crop production. In the last decade, the mycotoxin scenario has been complicated by the progressive understanding—alongside emerging mycotoxins—of the parallel presence of modified (masked and conjugated) forms, in addition to the previously free known ones. The present Toxins Special Issue presents original research papers and reviews that deal with the fates of all these forms of mycotoxins with respect to aspects that cover traditional and industrial food processing, yearly grain campaign peculiar conditions and management, novel analytical solutions, consumer exposure, and biomarker-assessment directions. It gives a taste of an exciting scientific field that has several implications for our daily life because (i) it covers our diet practically and from every point of view, (ii) it intersects with our culinary uses and customs, but also industrial production processes, and (iii) it involves a careful evaluation of costs and benefits and a constant and continuous improvement of mycotoxin mitigation strategies.
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; milling ; bran ; semolina ; cooking ; dietary exposure ; aflatoxins ; alkaline ; hydrolyzed fumonisins ; fumonisins ; food processing ; maize ; masa ; matrix-associated mycotoxins ; modified mycotoxins ; tortillas ; mycotoxins ; trichothecenes ; thermal degradation ; decontamination ; mass spectrometry ; detoxification ; design of experiment ; LC-MS/MS ; Ochratoxin A ; 2′R-ochratoxin A ; 14(R)-ochratoxin A ; coffee ; degradation ; processing ; roasting ; masked mycotoxins ; emerging mycotoxins ; Fusarium ; Serbia ; fluorescence polarization immunoassay ; T-2 toxin ; HT-2 toxin ; T-2 glucoside ; HT-2 glucoside ; wheat ; validation study ; screening method ; deoxynivalenol ; children ; adolescents ; pregnant women ; vegetarians ; biomonitoring ; acrylamide ; multiple mitigation strategies ; design of experiments ; bakery food processing ; biscuits ; Fusarium toxins ; beer ; malt ; risk assessment ; deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside ; conversion ; Chinese steamed bread ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 37
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RA1190-1270 ; n/a ; decontamination ; superheated steam ; quercetin glycosides ; antagonism ; mode of action ; corn ; Botrytis sp. ; AITC ; binding ; degradation ; brine shrimp bioassay ; apple pomace ; nanoparticles ; enzymatic detoxification ; Bacillus ; estrogen response element ; Fusarium ; biological detoxification ; abiotic factors ; stability ; fumonisin esterase FumD ; mycotoxigenic fungi ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aflatoxin M1 ; Fusarium graminearum ; milk ; Penicillium digitatum ; biocontrol agents ; biological control ; dry-cured ham ; mycotoxin reduction ; Fusarium sp. ; enzyme kinetics ; Penicillium nordicum ; Satureja montana ; roasted coffee ; fermentation ; crisp biscuit ; detoxification ; essential oils ; gene expression ; probiotics ; zearalenone ; mycotoxins ; degradation products ; Geothrichum citri-aurantii ; garlic-derived extracts ; Zearalenone ; biodegradation ; EU limits ; storage ; Origanum virens ; aflatoxin ; fungal growth reduction ; green chemistry ; Penicillium italicum ; deoxynivalenol ; ?-Fe2O3 ; ochratoxin A (OTA) ; wheat ; cell-free extracts of Aspergillus oryzae ; photocatalysis ; wheat quality ; post-harvest phytopathogen ; cold plasma ; pinnatifidanoside D ; ochratoxin A ; oats ; cell proliferation ; estrogen receptor ; Penicillium verrucosum ; pig production performance ; phloridzin ; maize ; biotransformation ; fumonisin ; fungi ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 38
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Advancements in high-throughput “Omics” techniques have revolutionized plant molecular biology research. Proteomics offers one of the best options for the functional analysis of translated regions of the genome, generating a wealth of detailed information regarding the intrinsic mechanisms of plant stress responses. Various proteomic approaches are being exploited extensively for elucidating master regulator proteins which play key roles in stress perception and signaling, and these approaches largely involve gel-based and gel-free techniques, including both label-based and label-free protein quantification. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, and protein–protein interactions provide deeper insight into protein molecular function. Their diverse applications contribute to the revelation of new insights into plant molecular responses to various biotic and abiotic stressors.
    Keywords: SB1-1110 ; QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; 14-3-3 proteins ; n/a ; targeted two-dimensional electrophoresis ; somatic embryogenesis ; nitrogen metabolism ; subtilase ; Sporisorium scitamineum ; non-orthodox seed ; antioxidant activity ; sweet potato plants infected by SPFMV ; photosynthesis ; B. acuminata petals ; chlorophyll deficiency ; seed proteomics ; imbibition ; pollination ; Sarpo Mira ; qRT-PCR ; holm oak ; tuber phosphoproteome ; isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) ; Quercus ilex ; nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase ; lettuce ; ?-subunit ; protein phosphatase ; germination ; drought stress ; pyruvate biosynthesis ; weakening of carbon metabolism ; differential proteins ; heterotrimeric G protein ; organ ; LC-MS-based proteomics ; potato proteomics ; smut ; gel-free/label-free proteomics ; ? subunit ; shotgun proteomics ; 2D ; chloroplast ; proteome functional annotation ; Phalaenopsis ; Clematis terniflora DC. ; wheat ; Dn1-1 ; carbon metabolism ; physiological responses ; Zea mays ; phenylpropanoid biosynthesis ; ISR ; mass spectrometric analysis ; patatin ; leaf ; pea (Pisum sativum L.) ; maize ; ergosterol ; Camellia sinensis ; seed storage proteins ; silver nanoparticles ; elevated CO2 ; metacaspase ; SPV2 and SPVG ; SnRK1 ; MALDI-TOF/TOF ; (phospho)-proteomics ; leaf spot ; rice isogenic line ; wheat leaf rust ; pathway analysis ; phosphoproteome ; sugarcane ; senescence ; Oryza sativa L. ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; heat stress ; gene ontology ; innate immunity ; Pseudomonas syringae ; bolting ; chlorophylls ; shoot ; Simmondsia chinensis ; RT-qPCR ; stresses responses ; Solanum tuberosum ; seeds ; GC-TOF-MS ; sucrose ; proteome ; Puccinia recondita ; cultivar ; Zea mays L. ; secondary metabolism ; ROS ; Ricinus communis L. ; after-ripening ; cadmium ; Stagonospora nodorum ; virus induced gene silencing ; quantitative proteomics ; sweet potato plants non-infected by SPFMV ; affinity chromatography ; population variability ; GS3 ; fungal perception ; ammonium ; transcriptome profiling ; mass spectrometry analysis ; papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) ; cold stress ; nitrate ; late blight disease ; early and late disease stages ; seed imbibition ; lesion mimic mutant ; protease ; proteome map ; seed dormancy ; petal ; 2-DE proteomics ; 2D DIGE ; root ; Phytophthora infestans ; differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) ; polyphenol oxidase ; degradome ; flavonoid ; 14-3-3 ; caspase-like ; proteomics ; RGG4 ; co-infection ; plasma membrane ; chlorotic mutation ; Medicago sativa ; RGG3 ; glycolysis ; barley ; 2-DE ; protein phosphorylation ; western blotting ; N utilization efficiency ; rice ; plant pathogenesis responses ; high temperature ; data-independent acquisition ; pattern recognition receptors ; vegetative storage proteins ; leaf cell wall proteome ; plant-derived smoke ; iTRAQ ; starch ; proteome profiling ; Morus
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  • 39
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles are the core of integrated approaches to solve this critical challenge. This special issue provides an international basis for revealing the underlying mechanisms of sustainable cropping systems to drive agronomic innovations. It includes review and original research articles that report novel scientific findings on improvement in cropping systems related to crop yields and their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, resource use efficiency, environmental impact, sustainability, and ecosystem services.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient use efficiency ; organic fertilization ; system approach ; Helianthus annuus L. ; catch crop ; Texas High Plains ; forage yield and quality ; living mulch ; nutrient cycling ; quality ; leguminous cover crop ; conservation ; light ; sustainable crop production ; crop rotation ; WHCNS ; stemborer ; complexity ; perennial ; manure ; maize production ; SOC and STN stocks ; cover crops ; forage pea ; yield ; SDS-PAGE analysis ; vineyard system ; double cropping ; wheat ; partial returns ; soybean ; vetch ; nitrogen use efficiency ; enzyme activities ; agrobiodiversity ; gross margin ; residue C and N release ; systematic review ; maize ; protein crops ; no-tillage ; environmental quality ; fall grazing ; kura clover ; cover crop ; organization ; scenario analyses ; cropping system design ; irrigation ; sustainable yield index ; multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) ; Acidic soil ; Europe ; Zea mais L. ; shade ; up-scaling ; water ; conservation agriculture ; water use efficiency ; Triticum aestivum L. ; forage sorghum ; N use efficiency ; nutrient balance ; organic cropping system ; forage ; durum wheat ; cropping systems ; nitrate ; grain yield ; nitrogen nutrition ; conventionalization ; crop residue incorporation ; cereal rye ; green manure ; straw decomposition ; hierarchical patch dynamics ; N uptake ; farmer’s perception ; pearl millet ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; agroecology ; harvesting strategies ; rice ; gluten fractions ; weed suppression ; economics ; mineral N fertilization ; push-pull technology ; growth ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The bioeconomy concept aims to add sustainability to the production, transformation, and trade of biological goods. Though implemented around the world, the development of national bioeconomies is uneven, especially in the global South, where major challenges exist in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this context, the international BiomassWeb project aimed to underpin the bioeconomy concept by applying the value web approach, which seeks to uncover complex interlinked value webs instead of linear value chains. The project also aimed to develop intervention options to strengthen and optimize the synergies and trade-offs among different value chains. The Special Issue “Advances in Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Basis for a Regional Bioeconomy"" compiles 23 articles produced in this framework. The articles are grouped in four sections: the value web approach; the production side; processing, transformation and trade; and global views.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; value addition ; cassava variants ; Biomass ; pollution ; welfare ; biomass scenarios ; equity ; bio-based ; husk ; bioproductivity ; transdisciplinary research ; groundnut ; land-use ; mucilage ; fiber ; corncob ; neighborhoods ; mixed methods ; crop residue ; impact ; Ghana ; germination ; bamboo ; rural development ; multipurpose tree on farmland ; knowledge-based bioeconomy ; multi-functionality ; access ; value chain ; availability ; development policy ; biomass utilization ; homegarden ; adoption ; primary sector ; cluster analysis ; Nigeria ; food bearing ; innovation ; CGE ; value web ; biomass ; bioenergy ; comparative advantage ; maize ; Policy Analysis Matrix ; basic needs ; multistorey coffee system ; collaboration ; solid waste ; traditional agroforestry ; amylose ; edible ; pulp ; governance ; intensification options ; parchment ; green economy ; farmland ; value-added ; renewable energy ; endogenous switching regression ; smallholders ; food and non-food benefit ; crop model ; carotenoids retention ; family farming ; contract farming ; contract design ; richness ; development ; biological goods ; soil amendment ; Biomass-based value web ; sustainability ; deforestation ; sustainable development ; typology ; cassava smallholders ; push–pull technology ; circular economy ; methane ; Ethiopia ; willingness to pay ; cassava farmers ; biochar ; Yayu Biosphere Reserve ; bioeconomy ; bio-based economy ; food and non-food ; self-purging pyrolysis ; productivity ; demand-driven research ; cassava ; leadership ; probit ; intragenerational justice ; fairness ; productivity differentials ; technology ; high-tech bioeconomy ; cassava processors ; intensity ; phytotoxicity ; global biomass ; food security ; cassava processing ; yellow cassava ; plantain residues ; fertilizer-yield-response ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 41
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book focuses on the utilization of biomass for energy applications and mainly covers the original research and studies related to thermochemical conversion, biological conversion and physical conversion. It contains a summary the current scientific knowledge in the field of biomass utilization, which is the first of its kind in the literature. Energy potentials and different principles of energy transformation from various renewable energy sources (bamboo, wood residue, straw, sorrel, hay, pines, sunflower stalks, hazelnut husks, quinoa, camelina, crambe, safflower, muscantus and municipal sewage sludge, among others) are described in detail in this book. Different types of pyrolysis or torrefaction processing, combustion, thermal degradation, mechanical properties affecting processing, pre-treatment or treatment processes, or other processes based on thermochemical methods are described as well. The integral part of this book is the bibliometric analysis of worldwide publication trends on biomass and bioenergy with respect to the research evolution with the possibility of predicting future scenarios and the participation of stakeholders in the sector.
    Keywords: pyrolysis ; catalyst ; wood ; waste ; energy ; biogas ; biomass ; cropping system ; establishment ; intercropping ; low-input ; maize ; miscanthus ; methane yield ; perennial crop ; solid biofuel ; waste management ; Coffea spp. ; waste biomass ; calorific value ; mechanical durability ; Pinus pseudostrobus ; Pinus leiophylla ; Pinus montezumae ; pyrolysis kinetics ; TGA-DTG ; Friedman-OFW-KAS models ; FT-IR ; deposit ; biomass industrial boiler ; alkali metal ; circulating fluidized bed ; olive mill solid wastes ; natural binder ; densification ; compressive strength ; Physico-chemical properties ; kinetic parameters ; hydrogen ; reactor headspace ; product inhibition ; kinetic modelling ; clostridium acetobutylicum ; biomass analysis ; alternative biofuels ; emissions ; sewage sludge ; biofuels ; combustion ; grate furnace ; emission ; ash deposition ; biomass densification ; mechanical compaction ; processing factors ; briquette durability ; multivariate tests of significance ; renewable energy ; bioenergy scenario ; biomasses ; systematic review ; pressure torrefaction ; pellet ; renewable energy sources ; energy consumption ; grinding ; thermogravimetric analysis ; proximate analysis ; high heating value ; torrefied biomass ; biochar ; one-pot fractionation with acidic 1,4-dioxane ; Moso bamboo ; furfural ; phenolated lignin ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; high-efficiency fractionation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Dietary trace minerals are pivotal and hold a key role in numerous metabolic processes. Trace mineral deficiencies (except for iodine, iron, and zinc) do not often develop spontaneously in adults on ordinary diets; infants are more vulnerable because their growth is rapid and their intake varies. Trace mineral imbalances can result from hereditary disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis, Wilson disease), kidney dialysis, parenteral nutrition, restrictive diets prescribed for people with inborn errors of metabolism, or various popular diet plans. The Special Issue “Dietary Trace Minerals” comprised 13 peer-reviewed papers on the most recent evidence regarding the dietary intake of trace minerals, as well as their effect on the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Original contributions and literature reviews further demonstrated the crucial and central part that dietary trace minerals play in human health and development. This editorial provides a brief and concise overview of the content of the Dietary Trace Minerals Special Issue.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; serum iron ; polyphenols ; Caco-2 cell bioassay ; copper metabolic system ; phytate ; copper/silver transport ; international nutrition ; body composition ; children ; healthy food ; biofilm ; yellow bean ; iron deficiency ; iron bioavailability ; stress sentinel ; zinc ; zinc deficiency ; Gallus gallus ; vitamin D supplements ; adolescents ; germ ; Arab ; anemia ; metagenome ; bioavailability ; Langerhans cells ; iron absorption ; magnesium ions ; ferritin ; ascorbic acid ; adults ; cell membrane ; cooking time ; dietary trace minerals ; gut microbiome ; kaempferol 3-glucoside ; selenium ; Caco-2 ; Nrf2 ; beans ; Biofortification ; epicatechin ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; copper ; intestinal morphometry ; biotin deficiency ; diet ; in vitro digestion ; biofortification ; vitamin D ; microbial development ; dairy food ; bioimpedance ; bioassay ; acrodermatitis enteropathica ; iron transport and metabolism ; maize ; iron deficiency anemia ; homeostasis ; silicon ; silver nanoparticles ; deficiency ; hemochromatosis ; adenosine triphosphate ; iron ; Mexico ; plasma ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Water Footprint Assessment is a young research field that considers how freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution relate to consumption, production, and trade patterns. This book presents a wide range of studies within this new field. It is argued that collective and coordinated action - at different scale levels and along all stages of commodity supply chains - is necessary to bring about more sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use. The presented studies range from farm to catchment and country level, and show how different actors along the supply chain of final commodities can contribute to more sustainable water use in the chain.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; TA170-171 ; effective rain ; cabbage ; urban area ; water footprint benchmarks ; value addition ; threshold ; Haihe River Basin ; land footprint ; irrigation intensity ; environmental sustainability ; water resources ; virtual water trade ; land use change ; blue water footprint ; embedded resource accounting ; multi-level governance ; soil type ; cattle ; crop water demand ; lettuce ; modelling ; sustainability ; water scarcity footprint ; water scarcity ; green water availability ; root water uptake ; water footprint ; water productivity ; South Africa ; economic land productivity ; crop trade ; Amazon ; Cerrado ; wheat-bread ; international trade ; life cycle analysis ; broccoli ; value chain ; oil palm (Eleasis guineensis) ; crop choice ; water accounting ; retail ; Malawi ; river basin management ; Steenkoppies Aquifer ; carrots ; consumers ; wheat ; silk ; soybean ; water footprint assessment ; CSR ; sericulture ; food self-sufficiency ; water management ; water footprint accounting ; packhouse ; economic water productivities ; groundwater ; consumption ; Central Europe ; maize ; beetroot ; economic water productivity ; Mato Grosso ; regulation ; food security ; water saving ; crop ages ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungi of different species (mainly Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium), with toxic effects for humans and animals. These mycotoxins can contaminate food and feed. The European Union (EU) has established the maximum permitted or recommended levels for well-known mycotoxins in different foodstuffs. However, there are other mycotoxins that are not included in the regulations: the “emerging mycotoxins” (whose toxicity is still not clear), and the “modified or masked mycotoxins” (produced as a consequence of a detoxification strategy of the host plant of the fungus or during food processing). These mycotoxins could pose a risk and should also be taken into account. In order to assure consumers’ health, analytical methods for the accurate determination of mycotoxins in different food matrices and feeds are required. In this sense, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is a powerful tool for their unique identification and quantification. Moreover, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows one to identify novel mycotoxins and targeted/untargeted approaches for study. This Special Issue compiles recent applications of LC–MS/MS in mycotoxin studies, as well as the development and validation of new analytical methods for their identification and quantification in different food matrices and feed, occurrence studies, and the biomonitoring of mycotoxins and their metabolites in biological fluids.
    Keywords: cereals ; mycotoxigenic fungi ; phylogeny ; deoxynivalenol ; zearalenone ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; aflatoxins ; mycotoxins ; total diet study ; food contaminants ; LC-MS/MS ; Alternaria toxins ; grape ; modified QuEChERS ; UHPLC-MS/MS ; n/a ; traditional sorghum malts ; Aspergillus ; LC/MS/MS ; Biomarkers ; exposure ; LC-HRMS ; pig ; broiler chicken ; multi-mycotoxin ; stability ; malting ; brewing ; beer ; feed ; liquid chromatography ; fluorescence detection ; mass spectrometry ; solid-liquid extraction ; co-occurrence ; metabolism ; high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) ; microsomal incubation ; glucuronidation ; human ; biomonitoring ; UPLC-MS/MS ; rumen fluid ; maize silage ; matrix-matched ; moniliformin ; lanthanide complexes ; LC-UV ; collaborative study ; isotopic dilution ; compliance ; infant food ; emergent mycotoxins ; urine ; dispersive solid-phase extraction ; magnetic carbon nanotube composite ; pesticides ; Q-Exactive Orbitrap ; CBD capsule ; nutraceutical ; Fusarium ; maize ; masked mycotoxins ; agricultural regions ; South Africa ; Mycotoxins ; exposure assessment ; Algeria ; mixed feed rations ; QuEChERS ; dispersive solid phase extraction ; high-resolution mass spectrometry ; data independent SWATH ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 45
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    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: - Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.
    Keywords: Precipitation ; Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) ; Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) ; Upper Indus Basin (UIB) ; Himalaya ; streamflow ; extreme rainfall ; watershed ; dynamics of saline lakes ; extremely changing points ; extreme weather ; temporal trend ; climate change ; salinization ; water resources management ; drinking water ; debris ; water balance ; climatic change ; dam capacity ; simulation of sediment transport ; Athabasca River ; climate projection ; hydrologic modelling ; peak-flow ; return period ; stationary analysis ; non-stationary analysis ; global ; temperature ; precipitation ; Net Irrigation Water Requirement ; maize ; hydrologic modeling ; reanalysis gridded datasets ; ERA-Interim ; Balkan Peninsula ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 46
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Quantitative land remote sensing has recently advanced dramatically, particularly in China. It has been largely driven by vast governmental investment, the availability of a huge amount of Chinese satellite data, geospatial information requirements for addressing pressing environmental issues and other societal benefits. Many individuals have also fostered and made great contributions to its development, and Prof. Xiaowen Li was one of these leading figures. This book is published in memory of Prof. Li. The papers collected in this book cover topics from surface reflectance simulation, inversion algorithm and estimation of variables, to applications in optical, thermal, Lidar and microwave remote sensing. The wide range of variables include directional reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence, aerosol optical depth, incident solar radiation, albedo, surface temperature, upward longwave radiation, leaf area index, fractional vegetation cover, forest biomass, precipitation, evapotranspiration, freeze/thaw snow cover, vegetation productivity, phenology and biodiversity indicators. They clearly reflect the current level of research in this area. This book constitutes an excellent reference suitable for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students and professionals in remote sensing.
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; gross primary production (GPP) ; interference filter ; Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ; cost-efficient ; precipitation ; topographic effects ; land surface temperature ; Land surface emissivity ; scale effects ; spatial-temporal variations ; statistics methods ; inter-annual variation ; spatial representativeness ; FY-3C/MERSI ; sunphotometer ; PROSPECT ; passive microwave ; flux measurements ; urban scale ; vegetation dust-retention ; multiple ecological factors ; leaf age ; standard error of the mean ; LUT method ; spectra ; SURFRAD ; Land surface temperature ; aboveground biomass ; uncertainty ; land surface variables ; copper ; Northeast China ; forest disturbance ; end of growing season (EOS) ; random forest model ; probability density function ; downward shortwave radiation ; machine learning ; MODIS products ; composite slope ; daily average value ; canopy reflectance ; spatiotemporal representative ; light use efficiency ; hybrid method ; disturbance index ; quantitative remote sensing inversion ; SCOPE ; GPP ; South China’s ; anisotropic reflectance ; vertical structure ; snow cover ; land cover change ; start of growing season (SOS) ; MS–PT algorithm ; aerosol ; pixel unmixing ; HiWATER ; algorithmic assessment ; surface radiation budget ; latitudinal pattern ; ICESat GLAS ; vegetation phenology ; SIF ; metric comparison ; Antarctica ; spatial heterogeneity ; comprehensive field experiment ; reflectance model ; sinusoidal method ; NDVI ; BRDF ; cloud fraction ; NPP ; VPM ; China ; dense forest ; vegetation remote sensing ; 〈i〉Cunninghamia〈/i〉 ; high resolution ; geometric-optical model ; phenology ; LiDAR ; ZY-3 MUX ; point cloud ; multi-scale validation ; Fraunhofer Line Discrimination (FLD) ; rice ; fractional vegetation cover (FVC) ; interpolation ; high-resolution freeze/thaw ; drought ; Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ; controlling factors ; sampling design ; downscaling ; n/a ; Chinese fir ; MRT-based model ; RADARSAT-2 ; northern China ; leaf area density ; potential evapotranspiration ; black-sky albedo (BSA) ; decision tree ; CMA ; fluorescence quantum efficiency in dark-adapted conditions (FQE) ; surface solar irradiance ; validation ; geographical detector model ; vertical vegetation stratification ; spatiotemporal distribution and variation ; gap fraction ; phenological parameters ; spatio-temporal ; albedometer ; variability ; GLASS ; gross primary productivity (GPP) ; EVI2 ; machine learning algorithms ; latent heat ; GLASS LAI time series ; boreal forest ; leaf ; maize ; heterogeneity ; temperature profiles ; crop-growing regions ; satellite observations ; rugged terrain ; species richness ; voxel ; LAI ; TMI data ; GF-1 WFV ; spectral ; HJ-1 CCD ; leaf area index ; evapotranspiration ; land-surface temperature products (LSTs) ; SPI ; AVHRR ; Tibetan Plateau ; snow-free albedo ; PROSPECT-5B+SAILH (PROSAIL) model ; MCD43A3 C6 ; 3D reconstruction ; photoelectric detector ; multi-data set ; BEPS ; aerosol retrieval ; plant functional type ; multisource data fusion ; remote sensing ; leaf spectral properties ; solo slope ; land surface albedo ; longwave upwelling radiation (LWUP) ; terrestrial LiDAR ; AMSR2 ; geometric optical radiative transfer (GORT) model ; MuSyQ-GPP algorithm ; tree canopy ; FY-3C/MWRI ; meteorological factors ; solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence ; metric integration ; observations ; polar orbiting satellite ; arid/semiarid ; homogeneous and pure pixel filter ; thermal radiation directionality ; biodiversity ; gradient boosting regression tree ; forest canopy height ; Landsat ; subpixel information ; MODIS ; humidity profiles ; NIR ; geostationary satellite ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
    Language: English
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  • 47
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Quantitative land remote sensing has recently advanced dramatically, particularly in China. It has been largely driven by vast governmental investment, the availability of a huge amount of Chinese satellite data, geospatial information requirements for addressing pressing environmental issues and other societal benefits. Many individuals have also fostered and made great contributions to its development, and Prof. Xiaowen Li was one of these leading figures. This book is published in memory of Prof. Li. The papers collected in this book cover topics from surface reflectance simulation, inversion algorithm and estimation of variables, to applications in optical, thermal, Lidar and microwave remote sensing. The wide range of variables include directional reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence, aerosol optical depth, incident solar radiation, albedo, surface temperature, upward longwave radiation, leaf area index, fractional vegetation cover, forest biomass, precipitation, evapotranspiration, freeze/thaw snow cover, vegetation productivity, phenology and biodiversity indicators. They clearly reflect the current level of research in this area. This book constitutes an excellent reference suitable for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students and professionals in remote sensing.
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; gross primary production (GPP) ; interference filter ; Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ; cost-efficient ; precipitation ; topographic effects ; land surface temperature ; Land surface emissivity ; scale effects ; spatial-temporal variations ; statistics methods ; inter-annual variation ; spatial representativeness ; FY-3C/MERSI ; sunphotometer ; PROSPECT ; passive microwave ; flux measurements ; urban scale ; vegetation dust-retention ; multiple ecological factors ; leaf age ; standard error of the mean ; LUT method ; spectra ; SURFRAD ; Land surface temperature ; aboveground biomass ; uncertainty ; land surface variables ; copper ; Northeast China ; forest disturbance ; end of growing season (EOS) ; random forest model ; probability density function ; downward shortwave radiation ; machine learning ; MODIS products ; composite slope ; daily average value ; canopy reflectance ; spatiotemporal representative ; light use efficiency ; hybrid method ; disturbance index ; quantitative remote sensing inversion ; SCOPE ; GPP ; South China’s ; anisotropic reflectance ; vertical structure ; snow cover ; land cover change ; start of growing season (SOS) ; MS–PT algorithm ; aerosol ; pixel unmixing ; HiWATER ; algorithmic assessment ; surface radiation budget ; latitudinal pattern ; ICESat GLAS ; vegetation phenology ; SIF ; metric comparison ; Antarctica ; spatial heterogeneity ; comprehensive field experiment ; reflectance model ; sinusoidal method ; NDVI ; BRDF ; cloud fraction ; NPP ; VPM ; China ; dense forest ; vegetation remote sensing ; 〈i〉Cunninghamia〈/i〉 ; high resolution ; geometric-optical model ; phenology ; LiDAR ; ZY-3 MUX ; point cloud ; multi-scale validation ; Fraunhofer Line Discrimination (FLD) ; rice ; fractional vegetation cover (FVC) ; interpolation ; high-resolution freeze/thaw ; drought ; Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ; controlling factors ; sampling design ; downscaling ; n/a ; Chinese fir ; MRT-based model ; RADARSAT-2 ; northern China ; leaf area density ; potential evapotranspiration ; black-sky albedo (BSA) ; decision tree ; CMA ; fluorescence quantum efficiency in dark-adapted conditions (FQE) ; surface solar irradiance ; validation ; geographical detector model ; vertical vegetation stratification ; spatiotemporal distribution and variation ; gap fraction ; phenological parameters ; spatio-temporal ; albedometer ; variability ; GLASS ; gross primary productivity (GPP) ; EVI2 ; machine learning algorithms ; latent heat ; GLASS LAI time series ; boreal forest ; leaf ; maize ; heterogeneity ; temperature profiles ; crop-growing regions ; satellite observations ; rugged terrain ; species richness ; voxel ; LAI ; TMI data ; GF-1 WFV ; spectral ; HJ-1 CCD ; leaf area index ; evapotranspiration ; land-surface temperature products (LSTs) ; SPI ; AVHRR ; Tibetan Plateau ; snow-free albedo ; PROSPECT-5B+SAILH (PROSAIL) model ; MCD43A3 C6 ; 3D reconstruction ; photoelectric detector ; multi-data set ; BEPS ; aerosol retrieval ; plant functional type ; multisource data fusion ; remote sensing ; leaf spectral properties ; solo slope ; land surface albedo ; longwave upwelling radiation (LWUP) ; terrestrial LiDAR ; AMSR2 ; geometric optical radiative transfer (GORT) model ; MuSyQ-GPP algorithm ; tree canopy ; FY-3C/MWRI ; meteorological factors ; solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence ; metric integration ; observations ; polar orbiting satellite ; arid/semiarid ; homogeneous and pure pixel filter ; thermal radiation directionality ; biodiversity ; gradient boosting regression tree ; forest canopy height ; Landsat ; subpixel information ; MODIS ; humidity profiles ; NIR ; geostationary satellite ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: alfalfa ; gneiss ; Italian ryegrass ; maize ; mineral K ; pak-choi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of plant types to release mineral K from little weathered gneiss for a mixture of particle size fractions of less than 10 mm, as well as for two separated size fractions (2 mm〈D〈5 mm, and 1 mm 〈D〈2 mm) were compared in pot experiments with maize (Zea mays L. cv. ND60), pak-choi (Brassica campestrisL. ssp.chinensis (L.) Mokina. var. cammunis Tsen et Lee, cv. Wuyueman) and two alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L. cv. Asta and Haifei). Release of mineral K was significantly stimulated by maize, pak-choi and ryegrass, implying a direct mobilization of mineral K by plant roots. The net release of mineral K was greatly influenced by plant species. Among these, the more profound release of mineral K was observed with maize and ryegrass. Besides, the mobilization of mineral K was negatively correlated with the particle size of gneiss. The difference in net release of K from gneiss between two size fractions decreased in the order: maize 〉 ryegrass 〉 pak-choi.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop residue ; decomposition ; maize ; nutrient dynamics ; soybean ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition rates of different plant parts of maize (Zea mays L.; Gramineae), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; Leguminosae] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Compositae) were studied in soils with different physicochemical characteristics, and their contribution to nutrient availability was assessed. Litter decomposition rates were affected by plant species, plant part, and soil characteristics. In site A (SiCL soil), loss of litter mass was highest in soybean followed by sunflower and maize. In site B (Loam soil), loss of litter mass for soybean and sunflower was almost the same, while for maize it was lower. Nutrient release was high when their soil concentration was initially low. The higher the initial concentration of a nutrient in a plant part the greater its release rate. Nutrients, especially N, released from maize litter mass will be available to successive crops for a longer period than for soybean and sunflower, and are unaffected by soil texture. Nutrients are easily removed from sunflower and soybeans and are more likely to be lost through leaching than nutrients from maize.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; barley ; cytokinins ; Dreschslera maydis ; green islands ; HPLC ; maize ; Pyrenophora teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infection of Hordeum vulgare L. by Pyrenophora teresand of Zea mays by Dreschslera maydis were characterized by ‘green island’ formation, higher cytokinin levels and accumulation of metabolites in the infected areas. Higher cytokinin concentrations of the order 6-Y,Y-dimethylallylaminopurine 〉 zeatinriboside 〉 zeatin 〉dihydrozeatinriboside were detected at infection sites of susceptible hosts. By virtue of these cytokinins, infection sites may be acting as metabolic sinks helping proliferation of the pathogen. Existence of translocatory sinks at infection zones was confirmed from autoradiographic studies,where, accumulation of labeled metabolites was prominent at infection sites of susceptible hosts. Upon infection the lower cytokinin levels of resistant hosts decreased further with progress of infection. In the infected resistant hosts the concentrations of zeatin/zeatinriboside were the maximum among the four identified cytokinins. The pathogen is also capable of secreting cytokinins as evident from quantification of cytokinins in culture filtrate extracts using HPLC. Since detached leaves were used in the experiments the increase/decrease of various cytokinin levels may be attributed to pathogen influence. The increase in cytokinin levels in the susceptible host may be aiding the growth of the pathogen on one hand, while the decrease in the infected resistant host may signal the host to activate defenses against a potential pathogen at the early stage of infection.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP® ; genetic diversity ; methylation AFLP® ; polymorphism information content ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract AFLP® markers generated by CNG methylation sensitive (PstI/MseI) and CNG methylation insensitive (EcoRI/MseI) enzyme combinations and AFLP markers collected from hypomethylated (PstI/MseI) and hypermethylated (m PstI/MseI) regions were compared for their polymorphism information content, sampling variance and patterns of genetic diversity in a representative sample of 33 inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). We demonstrate that the mean polymorphism information content generated by sets of PstI/MseI and m PstI/MseI markers (0.38) is significantly higher than by sets ofEcoRI/MseI markers (0.33). Also the sampling variance highlighted the distinctive nature of the (m) PstI/MseI markers: to achieve a mean standard deviation of 5% in the estimation of genetic distance among the 33 inbreds, the PstI/MseI and m PstI/MseI marker sets (135 and 129 markers, respectively) are clearly smaller than the EcoRI/MseI marker set (173 markers). A further minimizing of the sampling variance of AFLP data in the estimation of genetic similarities was obtained by reducing marker information redundancy by selecting markers evenly distributed over each chromosome: a set of only 106 AFLP markers, sampled conditionally on their genetic map position, was required for a mean standard deviation of 5% in the estimation of genetic distance among the 33 inbreds.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; C4 plant ; maize ; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), encoded by rbcS, is essential for photosynthesis in both C3 and C4 plants, even though the cell specificity of rbcS expression is different between C3 and C4 plants. The C3 rbcS is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells, while the C4 rbcS is expressed in bundle sheath cells, and not mesophyll cells. Two chimeric genes were constructed consisting of the structural gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) controlled by the two promoters from maize (C4) and rice (C3) rbcS genes. These constructs were introduced into a C4 plant, maize. Both chimeric genes were specifically expressed in photosynthetic organs, such as leaf blade, but not in non-photosynthetic organs. The expressions of the genes were also regulated by light. However, the rice promoter drove the GUS activity mainly in mesophyll cells and relatively low in bundle sheath cells, while the maize rbcS promoter induced the activity specifically in bundle sheath cells. These results suggest that the rice promoter contains some cis-acting elements responding in an organ-pecific and light-inducible regulation manner in maize but does not contain element(s) for bundle sheath cell-specific expression, while the maize promoter does contain such element(s). Based on this result, we discuss the similarities and differences between the rice (C3) and maize (C4) rbcS promoter in terms of the evolution of the C4 photosynthetic gene.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Grevillea robusta ; maize ; root competition ; root length ; Senna spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Complementarity in the distribution of tree and crop root systems is important to minimise competition for resources whilst maximising resource use in agroforestry systems. A field study was conducted on a kaolinitic Oxisol in the sub-humid highlands of western Kenya to compare the distribution and dynamics of root length and biomass of a 3-year-old Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. (grevillea) tree row and a 3-year-old Senna spectabilis DC. (senna) hedgerow grown with Zea mays L. (maize). Tree roots were sampled to a 300 cm depth and 525 cm distance from the tree rows, both before and after maize cropping. Maize roots were sampled at two distances from the tree rows (75–150 cm and 450–525 cm) to a maximum depth of 180 cm, at three developmental stages. The mean root length density (Lrv) of the trees in the upper 15 cm was 0.55 cm cm−3 for grevillea and 1.44 cm cm−3 for senna, at the start of the cropping season. The Lrv of senna decreased at every depth during the cropping season, whereas the Lrv of grevillea only decreased in the crop rooting zone. The fine root length of the trees decreased by about 35% for grevillea and 65% for senna, because of maize competition, manual weeding, seasonal senescence or pruning regime (senna). At anthesis, the Lrv of maize in the upper 15 cm was between 0.8 and 1.5 cm cm−3. Maize root length decreased with greater proximity to the tree rows, potentially reducing its ability to compete for soil resources. However, the specific root length (m g−1) of maize was about twice that of the trees, so may have had a competitive uptake advantage even when tree root length was greater. Differences in maize fine root length and biomass suggest that competition for soil resources and hence fine root length may have been more important for maize grown with senna than grevillea.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: durable resistance ; hybrids ; maize ; marker-assisted selection ; pearl millet ; resistance gene deployment strategies ; rice ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for resistance genes (R-genes), identified using molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, is now possible in many crops. MAS can be used to pyramid several R-genes into a single host genotype. However, this may not provide durable genetic resistance because the pathogen is exposed to a full homozygous pyramid during hybrid seed production and to a full heterozygous pyramid in the resultant hybrid. Alternative gene deployment strategies that generate genetic variability were analysed, for hybrid cereal cultivars of pearl millet, maize, sorghum and rice, using maintainer lines (B-lines) with two smaller complementary pyramids. An F1 seed parent, produced on two such B-lines, can be used to produce a three-way hybrid. All target loci are heterozygous for resistance alleles in the F1 seed parent, and the pathogen is exposed in the hybrid to a host population that is heterogeneous and heterozygous for alleles at the resistance loci targeted by MAS. Alternatively, single-cross hybrids can be made on seed parents that are maintained by two B-lines that differ for the complementary resistance gene pyramids. In a cross-pollinated crop, the B-lines are allowed to intermate to produce a synthetic B-line. In an inbreeding crop, the B-lines are equivalent to a two-component multiline variety. In inbreeding crops, because there is no intermating between the B-line components, the resultant synthetic seed parents have a higher frequency of genotypes with resistance alleles (R-alleles) at several resistance loci. However, in both cross-pollinated and inbreeding crops the genotypic structure in the hybrids is almost the same. All alternatives to a single-cross hybrid having a full pyramid produce hybrid cultivars having lower frequencies of resistance alleles. The frequency of genotypes having R-alleles at several loci increases greatly in both seed parent and hybrid when the overall frequency of R-alleles in the maintainer lines increases. This is simply done by adding a maintainer line that has a full pyramid or by the component lines having overlapping pyramids.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: collaborative/participatory plant breeding ; farmer seed selection ; maize ; Mexico ; response to selection ; selection differential ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Formal plant breeders could contribute much to collaboration with farmers for improving crop varieties for local use. To do so outside researchers must have some understanding of local selection practices and their impact on crop populations in terms of the genetic theory underlying plant breeding. In this research we integrated methods from social and biological sciences to better understand selection and its consequences from farmers' perspectives but based on the concepts used by plant breeders. Among the households we worked with, farmers' selection practices were not always effective yet they understood the reasons for this and had no expectations for response to selection in some traits given the methods available to them. Farmers' statements, practices and genetic perceptions regarding selection and the genetic response of their maize populations to their selection indicate selection objectives different than may be typically assumed, suggesting a role for plant breeder collaboration with farmers.
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
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    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: IAA metabolism ; IAA-aspartate ; IAA-glucose ; light ; maize ; plant growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory effect of light on the growth of plantscorrelates with a decrease of free IAA content in their tissues andmight be mediated through changes of IAA metabolism. In different partsof Zea mays L. seedlings (roots, mesocotyls and coleoptiles)that respond to light with a different growth rate, the effect of lighton the formation of IAA metabolites was examined in feeding experimentswith 14C-IAA. In all tissues, IAA was taken up andmetabolised mainly into six compounds, four of them were tentativelyidentified as IAA-1-O-glucose (IAGlc), IAA-myo-inositol, indoleacetamide and IAA-aspartate (IAAsp). IAA was metabolised most slowly inthe roots. In coleoptiles and mesocotyls, IAGlc was the most abundantmetabolite, except for mesocotyls in the light. In roots, a relativelylarge amount of IAA was also metabolised into IAAsp. Light stimulatedthe rate of IAA metabolism in all tissues, but its effect on theconversion of IAA was exceptionally high in mesocotyls. In mesocotyltissue the conversion into IAAsp was greatly stimulated by light.Conversely, the content of IAGlc in mesocotyls was decreased by light.Since light inhibited mesocotyl growth significantly and specifically,it is possible that the high capacity of mesocotyls to synthesise IAAspin the light may have caused a depletion of free IAA, which then led toan inhibition of growth. In mesocotyls from the light-grown plants IAAconjugated into IAGlc was probably used for IAAspbiosynthesis.
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  • 57
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    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: coleoptiles ; IAA metabolism ; IAA-aspartate ; IAA-glucose ; light ; maize ; mesocotyls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carbon 14-labelled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was fed to segments of shoots of Zea mays seedlings grown in light or dark to find the effect of light on IAA metabolism. The seedling parts coleoptile, with enclosed leaf, and mesocotyl were also used to examine differences in IAA metabolism between tissue types. The rate of metabolite formation as a function of time ranging from 1 to 12 hours was determined. Light did not significantly influence the amount of IAA taken up, but significantly increased its rate of metabolism and greatly increased the content of amide conjugates formed. There were also differences in metabolism depending on tissue type. In all tissues, IAA was metabolized mainly into six compounds. Four were tentatively identified as IAA-glucose (IAGlc), IAA-myo-inositol} (IAInos), indole acetamide (IAAm) and IAA-aspartic acid (IAAsp). 1-O-IAA-D-glucose (1-O-IAGlc) was the first conjugate formed and, except for mesocotyls in the light, it was the most abundant conjugate in maize tissue. In mesocotyl tissue the conversion of IAA into IAAsp was greatly stimulated by light, and the biosynthesis of IAAsp exceeded that of IAGlc. Since light strongly inhibited the growth of the mesocotyl, it is possible that the stimulation of IAAsp synthesis by light causes depletion of free IAA with resultant inhibition of mesocotyl growth.
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  • 58
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    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 397-414 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; endosperm ; ethylene ; maize ; nucleases ; programmed cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cereal endosperm undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) during its development, a process that is controlled, in part, by ethylene. Whether other hormones influence endosperm PCD has not been investigated. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential role during late seed development that enables an embryo to survive desiccation. To examine whether ABA is also involved in regulating the onset of PCD during endosperm development, we have used genetic and biochemical means to disrupt ABA biosynthesis or perception during maize kernel development. The onset and progression of cell death, as determined by viability staining and the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, was accelerated in developing endosperm of ABA-insensitive vp1 and ABA-deficient vp9 mutants. Ethylene was synthesized in vp1 and vp9 mutant kernels at levels that were 2–4-fold higher than in wild-type kernels. Moreover, the increase and timing of ethylene production correlated with the premature onset and accelerated progression of internucleosomal fragmentation in these mutants. Treatment of developing wild-type endosperm with fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, recapitulated the increase in ethylene production and accelerated execution of the PCD program that was observed in the ABA mutant kernels. These data suggest that a balance between ABA and ethylene establishes the appropriate onset and progression of programmed cell death during maize endosperm development.
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  • 59
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    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 189-201 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; chromatin ; DDM1 ; de novo methylation ; maintenance methylation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA methylation is an important modification of DNA that plays a role in genome management and in regulating gene expression during development. Methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases which catalyse the transfer of a methyl group to bases within the DNA helix. Plants have at least three classes of cytosine methyltransferase which differ in protein structure and function. The METI family, homologues of the mouse Dnmt1 methyltransferase, most likely function as maintenance methyltransferases, but may also play a role in de novo methylation. The chromomethylases, which are unique to plants, may preferentially methylate DNA in heterochromatin; the remaining class, with similarity to Dnmt3 methyltransferases of mammals, are putative de novo methyltransferases. The various classes of methyltransferase may show differential activity on cytosines in different sequence contexts. Chromomethylases may preferentially methylate cytosines in CpNpG sequences while the Arabidopsis METI methyltransferase shows a preference for cytosines in CpG sequences. Additional proteins, for example DDM1, a member of the SNF2/SWI2 family of chromatin remodelling proteins, are also required for methylation of plant DNA.
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  • 60
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    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; epigenetic ; genomic imprinting ; maize ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The epigenetic phenomenon of genomic imprinting occurs among both plants and animals. In species where imprinting is observed, there are parent-of-origin effects on the expression of imprinted genes in offspring. This review focuses on imprinting in plants with examples from maize, where gene imprinting was first described, and Arabidopsis. Our current understanding of imprinting in plants is presented in the context of cytosine methylation and imprinting in mammals, where developmentally essential genes are imprinted. Important considerations include the structure and organization of imprinted genes and the role of regional, differential methylation. Imprinting in plants may be related to other epigenetic phenomena including paramutation and transgene silencing. Finally, we discuss the role of gene structure and evolutionary implications of imprinting in plants.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: camphor ; eucaliptol ; limonene ; α-pinene ; maize ; mitochondria ; germination ; respiration ; monoterpene ; allelopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of four monoterpenes—camphor, eucaliptol, limonene, and α-pinene—on the oxidative metabolism of mitochondria isolated from maize root (Zea mays), on maize seed germination, and on primary root growth were investigated. The effects of individual monoterpenes on respiration were variable. α-Pinene concentrations of 0.05–1.0 mM stimulated respiration with a mixture of substrates composed of NADH, L-malate, succinate, and L-glutamate, and in the absence of exogenously added ADP (basal respiration). However, at concentrations higher than 1.0 mM, α-pinene inhibited respiration both in the absence (basal respiration) and presence of ADP (coupled respiration). Limonene at 0.1 mM or above stimulated basal respiration and inhibited in parallel the coupled respiration. Similar effects were promoted by eucaliptol, but at a higher concentration range (1.0 mM or above). Camphor was less active. At 10 mM concentration, it caused stimulation of basal respiration but did not affect coupled respiration. In the concentration range 0.1–10.0 mM, limonene was inactive on seed germination and primary root growth. Camphor and eucaliptol did not inhibit germination but reduced fresh and/or dry weight of roots at 5.0 mM and above. α-Pinene inhibited both seed germination and fresh weight of primary roots at 10.0 mM concentration. The results indicate that intact seeds and primary roots are less sensitive than isolated mitochondria. The relatively more lipophilic monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene had less activity than the more water-soluble oxygenated monoterpenes camphor and eucaliptol in inhibiting seed germination and/or primary root growth, despite the fact that they had a higher activity on the oxidative metabolism of isolated mitochondria. The findings suggest that the solubility of monoterpenes may be the major factor implicated in these differences.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; transgenic plant ; transcription ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C4-type phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4PEPC) acts as a primary carbon assimilatory enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway. The maize C4PEPC gene (C4Ppc1) is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells (MC) of light-grown leaves, but the molecular mechanism responsible for its cell type-specific expression has not been characterized. In this study, we introduced a chimeric maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region/β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene into maize plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Activity assay and histochemical staining showed that GUS is almost exclusively localized in leaf MC of transgenic maize plants. This observation suggests that the introduced 5′ region of maize C4Ppc1 contains the necessary cis element(s) for its specific expression in MC. Next, we investigated whether the 5′ region of the maize gene interacts with nuclear proteins in a cell type-specific manner. By gel shift assays with nuclear extracts prepared from MC or bundle sheath cells (BSC), cell type-specific DNA-protein interactions were detected: nuclear factors PEPIb and PEPIc are specific to MC whereas PEPIa and PEPIIa are specific to BSC. Light alters the binding activity of these factors. These interactions were not detected in the assay with nuclear extract prepared from root, or competed out by oligonucleotides corresponding to the binding sites for the maize nuclear protein, PEP-I, which is known to bind specifically to the promoter region of C4Ppc1. The results suggest that novel cell type-specific positive and negative nuclear factors bind to the maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region and regulate its differential transcription in MC in a light-dependent manner.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fe nutrition ; intercropping ; maize ; peanut ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both rhizobox and field experiments were conducted to investigate nutritional interactions between peanut and maize in intercropping systems for Fe acquistion. Field observations indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut grown in monoculture were more severe and widespread compared to those of peanuts intercropped with maize. This indicated a marked improvement in the iron nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize in the field and was further studied. In experiments with rhizoboxes, roots of maize and peanut were either allowed to interact with each other or prevented from making contact by inserting a solid plate between the root systems of the two species. A field experiment for four cropping treatments were examined: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping, peanut/maize intercropping with solid plates between the root systems of the two crop species and peanut/maize intercropping with 30 μm nylon nets between the root systems. The results show that the chlorophyll and HCl-extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut in the intercropping system with unrestricted interactions of the roots of both plant species were much higher than those of peanut in monoculture. In the nylon mesh treatment, the beneficial effects of the maize extended to row 3. The improvement of Fe nutrition in the intercropping system got reduced but not diminished completely in the treatment with nylon net. It is suggested that the improvement in the Fe nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize was mainly caused by rhizosphere interactions between peanut and maize.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; enzyme activity ; maize ; Michaelis-Menten constants ; total leaf proteins ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study photosynthetic characteristics, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) activities as well as soluble protein and chlorophyll contents were determined in leaf and fruit pericarp samples from diverse coffee genotypes (Coffea arabica cv. Colombia, Caturra, Caturra Erecta, San Pacho, Tipica, C. stenophylla, C. eugenioides, C. congensis, C. canephora, C. canephora cv. Arabusta, C. arabica cv. Caturra×C. canephora and Hibrido de Timor. We found a slightly higher PEPC activity in fruit pericarp than in leaves, while RuBPCO activity was much lower in pericarp than leaf tissue. Partial purification of PEPC and RuBPCO was carried out from leaves of C. arabica cv. Caturra and Michaelis-Menten kinetics for RuBPCO (Km CO2 = 5.34 µM), (Km RuBP = 9.09 µM) and PEPC (Km PEP = 19.5 µM) were determined. Leaf tissues of Colombia, Hibrido de Timor, and Caturra consistently showed higher content of protein [55.4–64.4 g kg−1 (f.m.)] than San Pacho, C. stenophylla, Tipica, Caturra Erecta, and Caturra×C. canephora [25.6–36.9 g kg−1 (f.m.)] and C. canephora cv. Arabusta, Borbon, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, and C. canephora [16.1–21.1 g kg−1 (f.m.)].
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: chromosome complement ; electrophoresis ; introgression frequency ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of esterase and peroxidase isoenzymes, subunits of zein-2 fraction and protomers of SDS-protein complex of Zea mays L. × Tripsacum dactyloides L. hybrids and their parents were compared. The study has been made to detect specific to Tripsacum isoesterases and isoperoxidases, zein subunits and SDS-protein protomers which could be used as markers for introgression of gene loci encoding these proteins from Tripsacum into hybrids of Tripsacum with Zea mays. Isoesterases and isoperoxidases as well protomers of SDS-protein complex specific to Tripsacum were detected in all hybrids analyzed. Zein subunits, specific to Tripsacum were detected in some of the analyzed hybrids which i that introgression frequency of the loci encoding proteins studied was different. Chromosome counts taken on the examined hybrids showed the addition of 9 – 13 Tripsacum chromosomes to maize chromosome complement.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: gametic embryogenesis ; haploid ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and melibiose in different concentrations and combinations in the induction media influenced the viability of the isolated maize microspores and the formation of multinuclear structures. The induction of multinuclear structures on media containing combination of sucrose, fructose and glucose was lower than on media only with sucrose. In media containing melibiose alone or in combination with sucrose, no induction of multinuclear structures was found, however, microspore viability was improved.
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  • 67
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    Mycopathologia 148 (1999), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fumonisin B1 ; maize ; poultry feeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 100 maize and 50 poultry feed samples collected in 1998 at random from nine and eight districts of Haryana, respectively, were analysed for fumonisin B1. The samples were collected from poultry farms, feed manufacturers and markets. Ninety one (91%) maize samples and forty two (84%) poultry feed samples were found to contain fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B1 contamination in the maize samples ranged from 0.1–87.0 ppm. Whereas the poultry feed samples contained fumonisin B1 in the range of 0.02–28.0 ppm. It indicated widespread prevalence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in different areas of Haryana.
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  • 68
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recommendation ; maize ; soil mineral nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen field trials were conducted to evaluate soil mineral N measurement as a means for quantifying the total N supply to forage maize and so to form the basis for fertilizer recommendations on a crop-specific basis. In every trial, 4 rates of cattle manure N (nominally 0, 80, 160, 240 kg N per ha) and 4 rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N per ha) were factorially combined. Soil mineral N measurements were made before manure application, at the time of maize drilling, 7-10 weeks after drilling and after harvest. Measurements on control treatments which received no manure or ammonium nitrate showed extensive net mineralisation of soil N (mean 140 kg N per ha) in the 7-10 weeks after drilling followed by a decrease due to crop uptake, and probably net immobilisation, of approximately the same amount by harvest. This net mineralisation was probably the reason why only one trial showed a significant dry-matter yield response to ammonium nitrate. Results indicated that , to be useful for N recommendations, soil mineral N measurements should be taken 7-10 weeks after drilling. Only if the amount of mineral N at this time is less than expected crop N offtake should fertilizer N be applied. A mean of around 64% of the N applied in ammonium nitrate could be accounted for in soil mineral N after harvest of the maize, although this was reduced to 24% in the single trial where a dry-matter response to ammonium nitrate was recorded.
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  • 69
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cover crops ; savanna ; N fertilizer ; maize ; cowpea ; N fertilizer replacement value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Integrated soil management with leguminous cover crops was studied at two sites in the northern Guinea savanna zone of northern Nigeria, Kaduna (190 day growing season) and Bauchi (150 days). One-year planted fallows of mucuna, lablab, and crotalaria were compared with natural grass fallow and cowpea controls. All treatments were followed by a maize test crop in the second year with 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha−1 as urea. Above ground legume residues were not incorporated into the soil and most residues were burned early in the dry season at the Kaduna site. Legume rotation increased soil total N, maize growth in greenhouse pots, and dry matter and N accumulation of maize. Response of maize grain yield to 30 kg N ha−1 as urea was highly significant at both sites and much greater than the response to legume rotation. The mean N fertilizer replacement value from legume rotation was 14 kg N ha−1 at Kaduna and 6 kg N ha−1 at Bauchi. W ith no N applied to the maize test crop, maize grain yield following legume fallow was 365 kg ha−1 higher than natural fallow at Bauchi and 235 kg ha−1 higher at Kaduna. The benefit of specific legume fallows to subsequent maize was mostly related to above ground N of the previous legume at Bauchi, where residues were protected from fire and grazing. At Kaduna, where fallow vegetation was burned, maize yield was related to estimated below ground N. The results show that legume rotation alone results in small maize yield increases in the dry savanna zone.
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  • 70
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    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 133-162 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: McClintock ; Barbara ; maize ; corn ; genetics ; transposable elements ; controlling elements ; gene expression regulation ; women scientists ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In the standard narrative of her life, Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition in the 1940s but no one believed her. She was ignored until molecular biologists of the 1970s “rediscovered” transposition and vindicated her heretical discovery. New archival documents, as well as interviews and close reading of published papers, belie this narrative. Transposition was accepted immediately by both maize and bacterial geneticists. Maize geneticists confirmed it repeatedly in the early 1950s and by the late 1950s it was considered a classic discovery. But for McClintock, movable elements were part of an elaborate system of genetic control that she hypothesized to explain development and differentiation. This theory was highly speculative and was not widely accepted, even by those who had discovered transposition independently. When Jacob and Monod presented their alternative model for gene regulation, the operon, her controller argument was discarded as incorrect. Transposition, however, was soon discovered in microorganisms and by the late 1970s was recognized as a phenomenon of biomedical importance. For McClintock, the award of the 1983 Nobel Prize to her for the discovery of movable genetic elements, long treated as a legitimation, may well have been bittersweet. This new look at McClintock's experiments and theory has implications for the intellectual history of biology, the social history of American genetics, and McClintock's role in the historiography of women in science.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: lipid ; transfer ; binding ; proteins ; plants ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plant cells contain lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) able to transfer phospholipids between membranes in vitro. Plant LTPs share in common structural and functional features. Recent structural studies carried out by NMR and X-ray crystallography on an LTP isolated from maize seeds have showed that this protein involves four helices packed against a C-terminal region and stabilized by four disulfide bridges. A most striking feature of this structure is the existence of an internal hydrophobic cavity running through the whole molecule and able to accomodate acyl chains. It was thus of interest to study the ability of maize LTP to bind hydrophobic ligands such as acyl chains or lysophosphatidylcholine and to determine the effect of this binding on phospholipid transfer. The binding abilities of maize LTP, presented in this paper, are discussed and compared to those of lipid-binding proteins from animal tissues.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ear rot ; leaf blight ; mid-altitude ; maize ; Stenocarpella macrospora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton (syn. Diplodia macrospora Earle) ear rot of maize was studied among selected maize populations in the mid-altitude (1280 m) agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Diallel analysis among the populations showed significant values for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects at 5% and 1% levels respectively. Variance components of GCA and SCA on Stenocarpella ear rot were 0.019 and 0.627 respectively, indicating that non-additive genes play major roles in the inheritance of Stenocarpella ear rot resistance. The GCA and SCA effects were relatively dependent on the materials involved in the evaluations. Generation mean analysis was used on five selected parent inbreds (2 resistance and 3 susceptible crossed to give P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 generations). Estimates of the six parameters on ear rot indicate that dominance gene effects made the major contribution to variation in ear rot of maize in the crosses studied. The magnitude and significance of the estimates for digenic effects in the crosses suggest that epistatic gene effects are present and important in the basic mechanism of Stenocarpella ear rot inheritance in the populations studied. Additive effects have only minor importance in the total variation.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; protoderm ; epidermis ; homeobox ; HDGL2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of a morphologically distinct outer cell layer or protoderm is one of the first and probably one of the most important steps in patterning of the plant embryo. Here we report the isolation of ZmOCL1 (OCL for outer cell layer), a member of the HDGL2 (also known as HD-ZIP IV) subclass of plant-specific HD-ZIP homeodomain proteins from maize. ZmOCL1 transcripts are detected very early in embryo development, before a morphologically distinct protoderm is visible, and expression then becomes localised to the protoderm of the embryo as it develops. Subsequently, expression is observed in the L1 cell layer of both the developing primary root and shoot meristems, and is maintained in developing leaves and floral organs. We propose that ZMOCL1 may play a role in the specification of protoderm identity within the embryo, the organisation of the primary root primordium or in the maintenance of the L1 cell layer in the shoot apical meristem. We also show that the expression of ZmOCL1 is different from that of another epidermal marker gene, LTP2 (lipid transfer protein) and, in meristems, is complementary to that of Kn1 (Knotted) which is transcribed only in underlying cell layers.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: lignification ; maize ; proline-rich protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A clone encoding a proline-rich protein (ZmPRP) has been obtained from maize root by differential screening of a maturing elongation root cDNA library. The amino acid sequence deduced from the full-length cDNA contains a putative signal peptide and a highly repetitive sequence containing the PEPK motif, indicating that the ZmPRP mRNA may code for a cell wall protein. The PEPK repeat is also found in a previously reported wheat sequence but differs from the repeated sequences found in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and in dicot proline-rich proteins (PRP). In the maize genome, the ZmPRP protein is encoded by a single gene that is expressed in maturing regions of the root, in the hypocotyl and in the pericarp. In these organs, the ZmPRP mRNA accumulates in the xylem and surrounding cells, and in the epidermis. No ZmPRP mRNA was found in the phloem. The pattern of mRNA accumulation is very similar to the one observed for genes coding for proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis and, like most cell wall proteins, ZmPRP synthesis is also induced by wounding. These data support the hypothesis that ZmPRP is a member of a new class of fibrous proteins involved in the secondary cell wall formation in monocot species.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABRE ; embryogenesis ; G-box ; gene expression ; maize ; protein-DNA interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription of the rab28 gene from maize is induced in late embryo development and in response to abscisic acid. We have studied the regulation of the activity of the rab28 promoter in embryos. Two abscisic acid-responsive elements (ABREs) were necessary for expression in embryos of transgenic Arabidopsis and in transient transformation in maize embryos. In vivo footprinting showed that there was protein binding to the ABREs and to other cis elements in the promoter in young embryos before expression of rab28. This shows that the rab28 promoter is in an open chromatin structure before developmental activation. The ABREs are important for the induction and have protein binding in young embryos. Nuclear proteins extracted from embryos before activation of rab28 bound to the ABREs in band shift assays. A complex with different mobility was formed between nuclear proteins and the ABREs after induction of rab28 suggesting a modification of the ABRE-binding factor or an exchange of proteins. The footprints on the ABREs were unaltered by induction with abscisic acid or during developmental activation of rab28. These results indicate that constitutive binding of transcription factor(s) on the ABRE is central in embryonic regulation of the rab28 gene.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Coix lacryma jobi ; dihydrodipicolinate synthase ; GCN4 ; lysine ; maize ; opaque2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) is the main enzyme of a specific branch of the aspartate pathway leading to lysine biosynthesis in higher plants. We have cloned and characterized the DHPS-encoding DapA gene from the maize-related grass Coix lacryma-jobi. The DapA open reading frame is interrupted by two introns and encodes the 326 amino acid-long Coix DHPS protein, which is 95% identical to the maize DHPS protein. Coix DNA gel blot analysis with maize DHPS cDNA as a probe showed a single strongly hybridizing band along with faint bands. RNA gel blot analysis showed that DHPS transcripts are present in coleoptiles, embryos, endosperms, and roots but are almost undetectable in blades of young leaves of both Coix and maize. The 5′-flanking region of the DapA gene contains a TGACTC GCN4-like element located 372 bp upstream the putative translation start codon. Steady-state levels of DHPS mRNA were slightly reduced in the endosperms and embryos of the maize lysine-rich opaque2 mutants when compared with those in normal kernels. Selective binding assay with the maize Opaque2 protein (O2) showed that the GCN4-like element is not an O2 binding site, suggesting that the DHPS gene is not under the control of O2.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: BETL ; endosperm ; maize ; promoter ; transfer cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In maize, a layer of basal endosperm cells adjacent to the pedicel is modified for a function in solute transfer. Three genes specifically expressed in this region, termed the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL-2 to -4), were isolated by differential hybridization. BETL-2 to -4 are coordinately expressed in early and mid-term endosperm development, but are absent at later stages. BETL-2 to -4 coding sequences all predict small (〈100 amino acids), secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides which lack close relatives in current database accessions. BETL-3 and BETL-1 display some sequence similarities with each other and to plant defensins. BETL-2 to -4 promoter regions were isolated and compared, revealing the presence of a promoter-proximal microsatellite repeat as the most highly conserved sequence element in each sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that specific BETL-2 to -4 promoter fragments competed for binding to the same DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts prepared from maize endosperm. Although BETL-2 to -4 are only expressed in basal endosperm cells, the DNA-binding activities detected were of two types: distal endosperm-specific, or present in both basal and distal endosperm extracts. On the basis of these findings, a model to account for the coordinate regulation of BETL genes in endosperm cells is proposed.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; matric water potential ; rhizosphere ; soil:root adhesion ; soil:root contact ; soil surface properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to investigate the strength of attachment of plant seedling roots to the soil in which they were grown. The study also assessed the effects of differing soil textures and differing soil matric potentials upon the strength of the root:soil attachment. A device for growing roots upon a soil surface was designed, and was used to produce roots which were attached to the soil. In order to quantify root:soil adhesion, roots of maize seedlings, grown on the soil surface, were subsequently peeled off using a universal test machine, in conjunction with simultaneous time-lapse video observation. To clarify the partitioning of energy in the root:soil peeling test, separate mechanical tests on roots, and on two adherent remoulded topsoil balls were also carried out. The seedling root was characterised by a low bending stiffness. The energy stored in bending was negligible, compared to the root:soil adhesion energy. The mechanical properties of two adherent remoulded topsoil balls were a decrease of the soil:soil adhesion energy as the soil:soil plastic energy increased. These two parameters were therefore interdependent. Using a video-camera system, it was possible to separate the different processes occurring during the root:soil peeling test, in particular, the seed:soil adhesion and the root:soil soil adhesion. An interpretation of the complex and variable force:displacement curves was thus possible, enabling calculation of the root:soil interfacial rupture energy. At a given suction (10 kPa), the results of the peeling test showed a clear soil texture effect on the value of the root:soil interfacial rupture energy. In contrast, for the same silty topsoil, the effect of the soil water suction on the value of the interfacial rupture energy was very moderate. The root:soil interfacial rupture energy was controlled mainly by a product of microscopic soil specific surface area and the macroscopic contact surface area between the root and the soil. Biological and physical interactions contributing to root:soil adhesion such as root:soil interlocking mechanics were also analysed and discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcite ; goethite ; maize ; phosphate ; H+ release ; Brassica napus L. ; Zea Mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In calcareous soils the dynamics of phosphorus is controlled by calcite and iron oxides such as goethite which strongly retain P and consequently maintain low P concentrations in soil solution. Plants can drastically change chemical conditions in the rhizosphere, in particular by releasing H+ or OH− or by excreting organic anions. By modifying the dissolution/precipitation and desorption/adsorption equilibria, roots can influence the mobility of soil P. The aim of this work was to test whether H+ or OH− release can induce the mobilization of P in the rhizosphere of maize and rape supplied with NO3-N or NH4-N and grown on synthetic phosphated calcite or goethite as sole source of P. With P-calcite, the mobilization of P was generally related to the acidification of the rhizosphere. With P-goethite, rhizosphere acidification induced some increase of DTPA-extractable Fe and hence dissolution of goethite. Rhizosphere P was concomitantly depleted but the mechanisms involved are less clear. The difference in behavior of the two species is discussed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Gliricidia sepium ; inorganic nitrogen ; maize ; nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many soils of southern Africa are severely N deficient, but inorganic fertilizers are unaffordable for most subsistence farmers. Rotations and intercrops of legumes with crops may alleviate N deficiency through biological N2 fixation and redistribution of subsoil N to the surface. We monitored soil inorganic N dynamics for two seasons in a gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] – maize (Zea mays L.) intercrop in the unimodal rainfall area of southern Malawi. One maize crop per year was grown with or without interplanted gliricidia, in factorial combination with three rates of N (0, 24 or 48 kg N ha-1). Application of gliricidia prunings increased (p 〈 0.001) topsoil (0 to 20 cm) inorganic N at the end of the dry season and during the early rains. Differences between plus and minus gliricidia treatments were less when total inorganic N to 1-m depth was summed. A greater proportion of the total inorganic N to 1-m depth occurred in the topsoil (0 to 20 cm) when gliricidia was present, suggesting that redistribution of subsoil N to the surface accounted for part of the N increase by gliricidia. Gliricidia lowered (p 〈 0.05) subsoil water content during drier periods. Gliricidia plots accumulated more (p 〈 0.01) ammonium-N during the dry season. Nitrate-N remained constant during the dry season but rose rapidly in gliricidia plots after the onset of rains. A 2-factor model including preseason inorganic N and anaerobic N mineralization potential accounted for 84% of the variability in maize yields for the two seasons' data combined. The combination of preseason inorganic N and potential N mineralization appears to provide a good estimate of N supply to maize in systems receiving both organic and inorganic sources of N.
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  • 81
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    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; North Carolina model 2 ; salinity tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of salt tolerance was examined in selected salt tolerant and sensitive material from a sample of accessions previously assessed for variability in salinity tolerance. The North Carolina Model 2 Design and analysis was followed, tolerance being assessed in 10-day-old seedlings grown in salinized solution culture at control (0 mM), 60 mM and 80 mM NaCl concentrations). Salinity tolerance was shown to be under the control of genes with additive and non-additive effects, with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates being approximately 0.7 and 0.4 over all treatments.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll a biosynthesis ; etiolated leaves ; heat shock ; maize ; pea ; pea mutants ; Photosystem II core ; protochlorophyllide photoreduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Preliminary dark incubation of etiolated pea and maize plants at 38 °C allowed to observe a new dark reaction of Chl biosynthesis occuring after photoconversion of protochlorophyllide Pchld 655/650 into chlorophyllide Chld 684/676. This reaction was accompanied by chlorophyllide esterification and by the bathochromic shift of pigment spectra: Chld 684/676 → Chl 688/680. After completion of the reaction, a rapid (20–30 s at 26 °C) quenching of Chl 688/680 low-temperature fluorescence was observed. The reaction Chld 684/676 → Chl 688/680 was inhibited under anaerobic conditions as well as in the presence of KCN; the reaction accompanied by Chl fluorescence quenching was inhibited in the leaves of pea mutants with impaired function of Photosystem II reaction centers. The spectra position of newly formed Chl, effects of Chl fluorescence quenching allowed to assume that the new dark reaction is responsible for biosynthesis of P–680, the key pigment of Photosystem II reaction centres.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Ac transposase binding site ; functional gene categories ; genomics ; hexamer ; maize ; motif signatures ; nonrandom distributions ; pentamer ; repeat motifs ; Tourist motif ; transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several transposable elements (TEs) have been reported in association with genes in maize and other plants. In this study we found, based on statistical analyses of 951 DNA sequences within a maize computer database, that short hexamer and pentamer DNA motifs from the Activator (Ac) and from the Tourist TEs, respectively, were also associated with maize genes. Moreover, these two short hexamer and pentamer TE motifs were nonrandomly and nearly nonrandomly distributed, respectively, with respect to particular biochemical functions of those maize genes. To determine whether this distribution may be unique to TE motifs, or may be more widespread among hexamers/pentamers in general, we similarly studied six additional hexamer or pentamer sequences not derived from TEs. These also showed nonrandom distribution with respect to functional gene categories in the maize database. However, each of the total of eight short sequence motifs we studied differed in its pattern of association with distinct sets of functional gene categories; that is, there was a unique ‘signature’ for each of the hexamers and pentameters tested. Potential biological hypotheses to explain these findings are discussed.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) ; growth ; development ; fecundity ; oviposition ; behavior ; eggs ; DIMBOA ; water extract ; plant extract ; maize ; Peruvian maize ; maize accessions ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve Peruvian maize, Zea mays, accessions were selected because of their relatively high level of field resistance to first-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, larval leaf-feeding. Water extracts of freeze-dried, powdered, leaf tissue were incorporated into a standard ECB diet, fed to larvae, and the effects on larval growth, development, and fecundity were measured. Larval and pupal weights were monitored as were the time elapsed in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Adult fecundity and egg fertility were recorded. The experiment was a randomized block design (larvae and pupae) or a completely randomized design (adults) and analyzed with ANOVA (α = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons were made between groups of insects grown on diets containing extracts from the Peruvian lines, a standard diet, or diets containing extracts of a known susceptible inbred, and a known resistant inbred line. Survival was analyzed with a chi-squared test (α = 0.05). Two Peruvian accessions significantly reduced female larval and pupal weights, extended pupal and adult development time, and decreased survival of pupae and adults. Water extracts also had a pronounced impact on males; two accessions significantly reduced pupal weight and extended the time required to pupate, and one reduced male survival to adults. The results indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, developmental time, and survival of ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize germplasm with insect-resistant traits.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: applied N and P ; crop residue ; maize ; Residual N and P ; Typic Pellustert ; Typic Ustorthent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted on two soil types for seven years (1988–1994) to investigate grain yield response of maize to crop residue application as influenced by varying rates of applied and residual N and P fertilizers. Yearly application of N and P fertilizers at both one-half and full recommended rates resulted in grain yield increases of more than 500 and 1100 kg ha-1, respectively over application of only crop residue. Moreover, grain yield responses due to residual N and P fertilizers applied only during the first year were found to be comparable to the yearly applications of these fertilizers. Rainfall and soil type have exerted considerable influences on the grain yield response obtained in this study. Grain yield exhibited a corresponding decrease with decreasing rainfall. Grain yield increases on Typic Pellustert were relatively higher than on Typic Ustorthent.
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  • 86
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    Agroforestry systems 47 (1999), S. 67-91 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cover crops ; farmer innovation ; land tenure ; maize ; nutrient cycling ; velvetbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many parts of Central America long fallow periods are no longer feasible due to increasing land pressures. Farmers in northern Honduras have developed and diffused from farmer-to-farmer a maize cropping system using velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) as a short-term fallow. High total annual rainfall in a bimodal distribution is favorable to the system because it allows the completion of two rainfed cropping cycles annually. The first season is dedicated to the production of the mucuna crop and the second season is dedicated to maize. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca were not reduced during a 15-year period of continuous mucuna use. Soil organic matter, infiltration, and porosity increased with continuous mucuna use. Maize yields in fields with continuous rotation of mucuna were on average double those obtained without mucuna. The mucuna system was more profitable than the existing alternative bush-fallow system due to higher returns to land and labor resulting from higher yields, lower weeding and land preparation costs, and reduced risk of drought stress. The relative profitability of the mucuna system was also enhanced by seasonally high maize prices during the second season when maize is harvested in the mucuna system. Relatively easy access to land through inexpensive land ownership and land rental markets has made it possible for even small-scale farmers to dedicate land to the mucuna system. Land-use intensity is increasing in the region, however, as land is converted to pastures for cattle production. The opportunity costs of keeping land in the mucuna system, while also accessing land for first-season maize and other crops, are also increasing. These experiences remind us that a viable livelihood is the primary factor in farmers' decision making about adoption particular components of farming systems.
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  • 87
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    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 1063-1071 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; gene expression ; in vitro fertilization ; maize ; zygote ; embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Differential screening of cDNA libraries of unfertilized egg cells and in vitro zygotes of maize resulted in the isolation of more than 50 different genes whose expression is up- or down-regulated after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Amoung these genes, we identified a cDNA encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF-5A. This highly conserved factor is thought to be necessary for selective mRNA stabilization and translation. It is also the only known protein that contains the unusual amino acid hypusine which is required for biological activity. High transcript amounts are stored in the egg cell, which is, in terms of metabolism, relatively inactive. Upon fertilization transcript amounts decrease, in contrast to metabolically inactive embryos in which the transcript cannot be detected and transcript levels increase upon germination. The expression pattern during the first embryonic cell cycle is also different from that observed during the somatic cell cycle: egg cells in the G0 phase contain high transcript levels, while arrested suspension cells contain few transcripts. In the somatic cell cycle, eif-5A is strongly induced during the G1 phase and transcripts are continuously degraded during the S, G2 and M phases until new induction during the G1 phase of the next cycle. eif-5A, a member of a small gene family in maize, is expressed in most maize tissues investigated. Based on our results, we suggest that the unfertilized egg cell of maize, although relatively inactive regarding its metabolism, is prepared for selective mRNA translation that is quickly triggered after fertilization. We also suggest that the regulation of eif-5A in the first embryonic cell cycle is different from the somatic cell cycle.
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  • 88
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    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 733-739 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bifunctional enzymes ; dihydrofolate reductase ; DNA synthesis ; endoreduplication ; maize ; thymidylate synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bifunctional gene (ZmDHFR-TS) encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) was cloned from a Zea mays cDNA library. Both of these enzymes are involved in nucleotide biosynthesis, specifically in the formation of thymidine monophosphate (TMP). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with DHFR-TS sequences from three other plant sources revealed over 75% similarity and motifs typical of DHFR-TS proteins. Two copies of the gene were mapped to chromosomes 2 and 4. This represents the first DHFR-TS gene cloned from a monocotyledonous plant. Expression of ZmDHFR-TS was examined in developing kernels and various tissues of maize by RNA gel blot hybridization analysis in order to determine the relationship between expression of this gene and DNA synthesis. RNA transcripts for ZmDHFR-TS accumulated to high levels in developing maize kernels when endosperm cells were undergoing endoreduplication and cell division. Meristematic maize tissues had high levels of ZmDHFR-TS mRNA, but transcripts were barely detectable in RNA isolated from the root elongation zone and from mature leaf tissues.
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  • 89
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    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 801-814 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: eEF1A ; endosperm ; gene family ; maize ; opaque2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract eEF1A appears to be a multifunctional protein in eukaryotes, where it serves as a protein synthesis factor as well as a cytoskeletal protein. In maize endosperm, the eEF1A concentration is highly correlated with lysine content, and eEF1A synthesis is increased in opaque2 mutants compared to wild type. To investigate the basis for the increased synthesis of eEF1A in opaque2, we characterized the genes encoding this protein and measured their relative level of expression in endosperm and other tissues. Maize contains 10 to 15 eEF1A genes that are nearly identical in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. However, these genes can be distinguished based on their 3′ non-coding sequences, which are less conserved. By screening endosperm and seedling cDNA libraries, we show that most of the maize eEF1A genes are expressed, and the relative level of their transcripts varies in different tissues. At least five genes are transcribed in the endosperm, and two account for ca. 80% of the RNA transcripts. The expression of several genes is enhanced in opaque2 endosperm, although the significance of this is unclear.
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  • 90
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    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Acaulospora tuberculata ; alkaline phosphatase ; Deschampsia flexuosa ; extraradical mycelium ; Glomus fistulosum ; Glomus mosseae ; maize ; NADH-diaphorase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simulated acid rain (SAR) combined with higher concentration of aluminium (SAR+Al) influenced the ecophysiology of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in both the germination and symbiotic phases of their life cycle. Acaulospora tuberculata, an isolate from the soil with low pH, exhibited a higher tolerance to environmental stress as compared to Glomus mosseae and G. fistulosum. This higher tolerance may be related to the edaphic conditions of soil of the isolate origin. The histochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase and NADH-diaphorase activities in the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of the AMF proved to be more sensitive indication of negative effects of the SAR or SAR+Al stress compared to commonly measured parameters of the AMF such as mycorrhizal colonisation or growth of the ERM.
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  • 91
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; Helicoverpa zea ; antibiosis ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T218, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (〈2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non-isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F1, F2, first backcrosses, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The tests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
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  • 93
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    Agroforestry systems 40 (1998), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: hedgerow ; maize ; mulch ; Pennisetum purpureum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Napier grass strips are gaining some acceptance in Southeast Asia as a vegetative means of soil erosion control, due to the relative ease of establishment and management. In addition, the napier grass strips aid productivity of agroforestry systems by providing mulch or by being fed to livestock. In this paper, a bioeconomic comparison of different ways of utilising the napier grass cuttings is undertaken. The three uses examined for the cuttings were: as mulch in the alley areas, sold as fodder, and fed to animals with manure applied back to the system. The analysis linked the soils-oriented SCUAF model with economic and animal component models. SCUAF was parameterized using field data based on farmer interviews and field visits. Farmer interviews and field visits were conducted at Claveria, Misamis Oriental to gather additional data regarding costs and returns associated with animal production, and also to obtain the farm gate price of napier. Predicted biophysical results produced by the SCUAF model showed that application of napier grass cuttings, back into the system, directly as mulch or indirectly as animal manure resulted in higher maize and napier yields, lower soil erosion rates, and less of a reduction in soil mineral nitrogen and soil labile carbon levels. The comparison was made with the case where napier was sold off-farm as fodder. Cost-benefit analysis showed that higher economic returns were gained when napier grass cuttings were fed to animals, rather than applied directly as mulch. This economic benefit was attributed to the draught and transport services rendered by the animal and to a change in the value of the animals. This analysis highlights the value of utilizing animals within a napier grass strip system for control of erosion.
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  • 94
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    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Cercospora zeae-maydis ; control ; grey leaf spot ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grey leaf spot of maize, (Zea maydis L.) (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Tehon and Daniels, is one of the most destructive leaf diseases of maize. The distribution and severity of grey leaf spot has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. The United States and South Africa are main areas where research on the disease has been concentrated. The research results have provided valuable and significant insight into pathogen epidemiology and allowed an integrated management system to be developed. However, management options are a result of the agricultural system under which maize is produced. The pathogen survives only on maize, so crop rotation and stubble management are major factors in disease management, but resistant hybrids offer the best option for economic control. Many other factors, such as soil fertility, plant density, irrigation and chemical control, can significantly influence a grey leaf spot epidemic, although a single management practice will not control the pathogen effectively.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; cis-elements ; histone promoter ; maize ; meristems ; transgenic Arabidopsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 1023 bp fragment and truncated derivatives of the maize (Zea mays L.) histone H3C4 gene promoter were fused to the ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and introduced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. GUS activity was found in various meristems of transgenic plants as for other plant histone promoters, but unexplained activity also occurred at branching points of both stems and roots. Deletion of the upstream 558 bp of the promoter reduced its activity to an almost basal expression. Internal deletion of a downstream fragment containing plant histone-specific sequence motifs reduced the promoter activity in all tissues and abolished the expression in meristems. Thus, both the proximal and distal regions of the promoter appear necessary to achieve the final expression pattern in dicotyledonous plant tissues. In mesophyll protoplasts isolated from the transformed Arabidopsis plants, the full-length promoter showed both S phase-dependent and -independent activity, like other plant histone gene promoters. Neither of the 5′-truncated nor the internal-deleted promoters were able to direct S phase-dependent activity, thus revealing necessary cooperation between the proximal and distal parts of the promoter to achieve cell cycle-regulated expression. The involvement of the different regions of the promoter in the different types of expression is discussed.
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    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 749-761 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: development ; disease ; endosperm ; kinase ; maize ; receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of maize cDNAs that are transcribed from a small gene family and encode a novel group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). The distinctive extracellular domain of these novel RLKs includes a unique number and arrangement of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a proline-rich region (PRR), a putative protein degradation target sequence (PEST), and a serine-rich region (SRR). The intracellular domain contains a putative serine/threonine protein kinase. To distinguish them from other reported RLKs, these novel RLKs were termed leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinases (LTKs). Based on analysis of available deduced protein sequences, LTK1 and LTK2 were predicted to be 92.1% identical, while LTK2 and LTK3 were predicted to be 97.5% identical. Though the three LTK proteins showed high homology, the region that most distinguished LTK1 from LTK2 and LTK3 was found in the extracellular domain, in the SRR. To differentiate between expression of the individual ltk genes, we used the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction enzyme analysis. While ltk1 transcripts were constantly present in all tissues tested, ltk2 and ltk3 transcripts were only detected in the endosperm. Furthermore, transcript levels for both ltk1 and ltk2 showed modulation during endosperm development, peaking at 20 days after pollination. These results suggest that members of the ltk gene family mediate signals associated with seed development and maturation.
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  • 97
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    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 621-628 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; development ; maize ; telomerase ; TRAP assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic chromosomes terminate with specialized structures called telomeres. Maintenance of chromosomal ends in most eukaryotes studied to date requires a specialized enzyme, telomerase. Telomerase has been shown to be developmentally regulated in man and a few other multicellular organisms, while it is constitutively expressed in unicellular eukaryotes. Recently, we demonstrated telomerase activity in plant extracts using the PCR-based TRAP (Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol) assay developed for human cells. Here we report telomerase activities in two grass species, barley and maize, using a modified, semi-quantitative TRAP assay. Telomerase was highly active in very young immature embryos and gradually declined during embryo development. The endosperm telomerase activity was detectable, but significantly lower than in the embryo and declined during kernel development with no detectable activity in later stages. Telomerase activity in dissected maize embryo axis was several orders of magnitude higher than in the scutellum. Telomerase activity was not detected in a range of differentiated tissues including those with active meristems such as root tips as well as the internode and leaf base. The role of telomerase repression during differentiation and the relationship between chromosome healing and telomerase activity is discussed.
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    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; gene family ; maize ; RbcS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RbcS genes exist as multigene families in most plant species examined. In this paper, we report an investigation into the expression patterns of two maize RbcS genes, designated in this report as RbcS1and RbcS2. We present the sequence of RbcS2 and show that the structure of the gene has several features in common with other monocot RbcS genes. To determine whether RbcS1 and RbcS2 fulfil different functional roles with respect to the C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways, we have investigated the expression patterns of the two genes in different maize tissue types. Transcripts of both genes are found at high levels specifically in bundle-sheath cells of maize seedling leaves, indicating that both genes are expressed in the C4-type pattern. However, we show that RbcS1 transcripts are relatively more abundant than RbcS2 transcripts in C3 tissues such as husk leaves. These results are discussed with respect to the evolution of C4 carbon fixation and the mechanisms required for the cell-specific expression of RbcS genes.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; complementation ; cyclins ; maize ; root meristem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclins are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in eukaryotes. We have isolated a cyclin cDNA clone, cycZm2w, from maize root tip cells, which fits best into group A2 of current plant cyclin gene classification schemes. The cDNA encodes a protein with a domain homologous to the cyclin box of mitotic cyclins. Complementation studies revealed that cycZm2w was able to rescue a budding yeast cyclin-deficient mutant (BF305–15d#21). As expected, cycZm2w is expressed in organs of the maize plant that possess meristematic activity, but is especially prominent in the proliferating regions of the root apex.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum ; Johnson grass ; maize ; northern corn leaf blight ; population genetic structure ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.
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