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  • Articles  (1,117)
  • maize
  • potato
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plant types on release of mineral potassium from gneiss (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: alfalfa ; gneiss ; Italian ryegrass ; maize ; mineral K ; pak-choi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of plant types to release mineral K from little weathered gneiss for a mixture of particle size fractions of less than 10 mm, as well as for two separated size fractions (2 mm〈D〈5 mm, and 1 mm 〈D〈2 mm) were compared in pot experiments with maize (Zea mays L. cv. ND60), pak-choi (Brassica campestrisL. ssp.chinensis (L.) Mokina. var. cammunis Tsen et Lee, cv. Wuyueman) and two alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L. cv. Asta and Haifei). Release of mineral K was significantly stimulated by maize, pak-choi and ryegrass, implying a direct mobilization of mineral K by plant roots. The net release of mineral K was greatly influenced by plant species. Among these, the more profound release of mineral K was observed with maize and ryegrass. Besides, the mobilization of mineral K was negatively correlated with the particle size of gneiss. The difference in net release of K from gneiss between two size fractions decreased in the order: maize 〉 ryegrass 〉 pak-choi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009826111929
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maize, soybean and sunflower litter dynamics in two physicochemically different soils (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop residue ; decomposition ; maize ; nutrient dynamics ; soybean ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition rates of different plant parts of maize (Zea mays L.; Gramineae), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; Leguminosae] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Compositae) were studied in soils with different physicochemical characteristics, and their contribution to nutrient availability was assessed. Litter decomposition rates were affected by plant species, plant part, and soil characteristics. In site A (SiCL soil), loss of litter mass was highest in soybean followed by sunflower and maize. In site B (Loam soil), loss of litter mass for soybean and sunflower was almost the same, while for maize it was lower. Nutrient release was high when their soil concentration was initially low. The higher the initial concentration of a nutrient in a plant part the greater its release rate. Nutrients, especially N, released from maize litter mass will be available to successive crops for a longer period than for soybean and sunflower, and are unaffected by soil texture. Nutrients are easily removed from sunflower and soybeans and are more likely to be lost through leaching than nutrients from maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009814218516
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokinins in pathogenesis and disease resistance of Pyrenophora teres-barley and Dreschslera maydis-maize interactions during early stages of infection (2000)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 148 (2000), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; barley ; cytokinins ; Dreschslera maydis ; green islands ; HPLC ; maize ; Pyrenophora teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infection of Hordeum vulgare L. by Pyrenophora teresand of Zea mays by Dreschslera maydis were characterized by ‘green island’ formation, higher cytokinin levels and accumulation of metabolites in the infected areas. Higher cytokinin concentrations of the order 6-Y,Y-dimethylallylaminopurine 〉 zeatinriboside 〉 zeatin 〉dihydrozeatinriboside were detected at infection sites of susceptible hosts. By virtue of these cytokinins, infection sites may be acting as metabolic sinks helping proliferation of the pathogen. Existence of translocatory sinks at infection zones was confirmed from autoradiographic studies,where, accumulation of labeled metabolites was prominent at infection sites of susceptible hosts. Upon infection the lower cytokinin levels of resistant hosts decreased further with progress of infection. In the infected resistant hosts the concentrations of zeatin/zeatinriboside were the maximum among the four identified cytokinins. The pathogen is also capable of secreting cytokinins as evident from quantification of cytokinins in culture filtrate extracts using HPLC. Since detached leaves were used in the experiments the increase/decrease of various cytokinin levels may be attributed to pathogen influence. The increase in cytokinin levels in the susceptible host may be aiding the growth of the pathogen on one hand, while the decrease in the infected resistant host may signal the host to activate defenses against a potential pathogen at the early stage of infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007126025955
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erwinia resistance in backcross progenies ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber soft rot ; 2n gametes ; sexual hybridization ; somatic hybridization ; germplasm exploitation ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids and their backcrosses is reported. A number of resistant diploid sexual hybrids and tetraploid/hexaploid somatic hybrids were selected. Backcross progenies were obtained through 2x×4x crosses involving a resistant diploid hybrid and tetraploidS. tuberosum, and through 4x×4x crosses between a resistant somatic hybrid andS. tuberosum. The hybrids showed high variability interms of resistance to tuber soft rot. The resistance of progeny from 2x×4x backcrosses was similar to that of the parental sexual hybrid. By contrast, the resistance of genotypes deriving from 4x×4x backcrosses was reduced compared with the resistant somatic hybrid. In general, tuber characteristics of the backcross hybrids improved considerably as compared with their parents, and tuber yield per plant was good.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357954
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja as a source of resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; wild species ; disease ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones were assessed for resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under field and controlled environmental conditions over two years. In the field, twenty-two of the twenty-three clones ofS. phureja assessed were as resistant to blackleg as the commercial cultivar Ailsa, the most resistant control, and were significantly (P〈0.001) more resistant than the intermediate and susceptible cultivars Wilja and Estima, respectively. Under controlled environmental conditions, resistance in commercial cultivars was more easily overcome. However, 18 of the 21S. phureja clones assessed were significantly more resistant to blackleg than these cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358087
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of full-length bioactive antimicrobial human lactoferrin in potato plants (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: human lactoferrin ; potato ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA fragment encoding human lactoferrin (hLF) linked to a plant microsomal retention signal peptide (SEKDEL) was stably integrated into the Solanum tuberosum genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated leaf disk transformation methods. The lactoferrin gene was expressed under control of both the auxin-inducible manopine synthase (mas) P2 promoter and the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S tandem promoter. The presence of the hLF cDNA in the genome of regenerated transformed potato plants was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification methods. Full-length hLF protein was identified by immunoblot analysis in tuber tissue extracts from the transformed plants by immunoblot analysis. The hLF produced in transgenic plant tissues migrated during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a single band with an approximate molecular mass equal to hLF. Auxin activation of the mas P2 promoter increased lactoferrin expression levels in transformed tuber and leaf tissues to approximately 0.1% of total soluble plant protein. Antimicrobial activity against four different human pathogenic bacterial strains was detected in extracts of lactoferrin-containing potato tuber tissues. This is the first report of synthesis of full length, biologically active hLF in edible plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008977630179
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further characterization of AFLP® data as a tool in genetic diversity assessments among maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP® ; genetic diversity ; methylation AFLP® ; polymorphism information content ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract AFLP® markers generated by CNG methylation sensitive (PstI/MseI) and CNG methylation insensitive (EcoRI/MseI) enzyme combinations and AFLP markers collected from hypomethylated (PstI/MseI) and hypermethylated (m PstI/MseI) regions were compared for their polymorphism information content, sampling variance and patterns of genetic diversity in a representative sample of 33 inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). We demonstrate that the mean polymorphism information content generated by sets of PstI/MseI and m PstI/MseI markers (0.38) is significantly higher than by sets ofEcoRI/MseI markers (0.33). Also the sampling variance highlighted the distinctive nature of the (m) PstI/MseI markers: to achieve a mean standard deviation of 5% in the estimation of genetic distance among the 33 inbreds, the PstI/MseI and m PstI/MseI marker sets (135 and 129 markers, respectively) are clearly smaller than the EcoRI/MseI marker set (173 markers). A further minimizing of the sampling variance of AFLP data in the estimation of genetic similarities was obtained by reducing marker information redundancy by selecting markers evenly distributed over each chromosome: a set of only 106 AFLP markers, sampled conditionally on their genetic map position, was required for a mean standard deviation of 5% in the estimation of genetic distance among the 33 inbreds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009656422272
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic mapping from field tests of qualitative and quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans in a population derived from Solanum tuberosum and Solanum berthaultii (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: late blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistance,Solanum berthaultii ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under controlled field conditions, a Solanum backcross population segregated for resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The population (`BCT') had been derived previously by crossing the Solanum tuberosum dihaploid USW2230 × Solanum berthaultii PI473331 to obtain the hybrid M200-30, and then backcrossing the hybrid to the S. tuberosum dihaploid HH1-9. Resistance was assessed from analyses of epidemics in small plots of each individual genotype, and data were recorded as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The parents of the original cross (USW2230 and a selection from PI473331) were not included in the test, but the hybrid was incompatible and HH1-9 was compatible with the tester strain of P. infestans (US-8 lineage). Somewhat more than half of the progeny also were incompatible with the tester strain, indicating the presence of an R gene. This gene segregated from the S. berthaultii parent and mapped 4.8 cm from the RFLP marker TG63 on chromosome 10. We deduce that the R gene is not R-1, R-2, R-3, R-6, or R-7 and is probably not R-4, R-5, or R-10. Among the remaining, compatible progeny, there was a wide range of quantitative resistance. All were more resistant than the susceptible cultivar Superior, and most individuals were much more resistant than the moderately resistant cultivar Kennebec. AUDPC values among the sub-population of compatible genotypes ranged from about 400 to 1500 units the first year and from 400 to 1760 units the second year. At least five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in this sub-population in both 1997 and 1998, including one detected through segregation of alleles from both the hybrid parent and the recurrent S. tuberosum parent. A model of main and epistatic effects explained 56% and 66% of the variation observed for quantitative resistance to late blight in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Several of the QTLs for late blight resistance were located in regions of the genome to which QTLs for late maturity have previously been mapped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009648408198
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved plant-based production of E1 endoglucanase using potato: expression optimization and tissue targeting (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Acidothermus cellulolyticus ; cellulase ; dual-crop production ; E1 endoglucanase ; expression optimization ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (E1) gene expression in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was examined in this study, where the E1 coding sequence was transcribed under control of a leaf specific promoter (tomato RbcS-3C) or the Mac promoter (a hybrid promoter of mannopine synthase promoter and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enhancer region). Average E1 activity in leaf extracts of potato transformants, in which E1 protein was targeted by a chloroplast signal peptide and an apoplast signal peptide were much higher than those by an E1 native signal peptide and a vacuole signal peptide. E1 protein accumulated up to 2.6% of total leaf soluble protein, where E1 gene was under control of the RbcS-3C promoter, alfalfa mosaic virus 5′-untranslated leader, and RbcS-2A signal peptide. E1 protein production, based on average E1 activity and E1 protein accumulation in leaf extracts, is higher in potato than those measured previously in transgenic tobacco bearing the same transgene constructs. Comparisons of E1 activity, protein accumulation, and relative mRNA levels showed that E1 expression under control of tomato RbcS-3C promoter was specifically localized in leaf tissues, while E1 gene was expressed in both leaf and tuber tissues under control of Mac promoter. This suggests dual-crop applications in which potato vines serve as enzyme production `bioreactors' while tubers are preserved for culinary applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009653011948
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The promoter of rbcS in a C3 plant (rice) directs organ-specific, light-dependent expression in a C4 plant (maize), but does not confer bundle sheath cell-specific expression (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; C4 plant ; maize ; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), encoded by rbcS, is essential for photosynthesis in both C3 and C4 plants, even though the cell specificity of rbcS expression is different between C3 and C4 plants. The C3 rbcS is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells, while the C4 rbcS is expressed in bundle sheath cells, and not mesophyll cells. Two chimeric genes were constructed consisting of the structural gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) controlled by the two promoters from maize (C4) and rice (C3) rbcS genes. These constructs were introduced into a C4 plant, maize. Both chimeric genes were specifically expressed in photosynthetic organs, such as leaf blade, but not in non-photosynthetic organs. The expressions of the genes were also regulated by light. However, the rice promoter drove the GUS activity mainly in mesophyll cells and relatively low in bundle sheath cells, while the maize rbcS promoter induced the activity specifically in bundle sheath cells. These results suggest that the rice promoter contains some cis-acting elements responding in an organ-pecific and light-inducible regulation manner in maize but does not contain element(s) for bundle sheath cell-specific expression, while the maize promoter does contain such element(s). Based on this result, we discuss the similarities and differences between the rice (C3) and maize (C4) rbcS promoter in terms of the evolution of the C4 photosynthetic gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006461812053
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition in tree row agroforestry systems. 1. Distribution and dynamics of fine root length and biomass (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Grevillea robusta ; maize ; root competition ; root length ; Senna spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Complementarity in the distribution of tree and crop root systems is important to minimise competition for resources whilst maximising resource use in agroforestry systems. A field study was conducted on a kaolinitic Oxisol in the sub-humid highlands of western Kenya to compare the distribution and dynamics of root length and biomass of a 3-year-old Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. (grevillea) tree row and a 3-year-old Senna spectabilis DC. (senna) hedgerow grown with Zea mays L. (maize). Tree roots were sampled to a 300 cm depth and 525 cm distance from the tree rows, both before and after maize cropping. Maize roots were sampled at two distances from the tree rows (75–150 cm and 450–525 cm) to a maximum depth of 180 cm, at three developmental stages. The mean root length density (Lrv) of the trees in the upper 15 cm was 0.55 cm cm−3 for grevillea and 1.44 cm cm−3 for senna, at the start of the cropping season. The Lrv of senna decreased at every depth during the cropping season, whereas the Lrv of grevillea only decreased in the crop rooting zone. The fine root length of the trees decreased by about 35% for grevillea and 65% for senna, because of maize competition, manual weeding, seasonal senescence or pruning regime (senna). At anthesis, the Lrv of maize in the upper 15 cm was between 0.8 and 1.5 cm cm−3. Maize root length decreased with greater proximity to the tree rows, potentially reducing its ability to compete for soil resources. However, the specific root length (m g−1) of maize was about twice that of the trees, so may have had a competitive uptake advantage even when tree root length was greater. Differences in maize fine root length and biomass suggest that competition for soil resources and hence fine root length may have been more important for maize grown with senna than grevillea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026551616754
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance gene deployment strategies in cereal hybrids using marker-assisted selection: Gene pyramiding, three-way hybrids, and synthetic parent populations (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 175-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: durable resistance ; hybrids ; maize ; marker-assisted selection ; pearl millet ; resistance gene deployment strategies ; rice ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for resistance genes (R-genes), identified using molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, is now possible in many crops. MAS can be used to pyramid several R-genes into a single host genotype. However, this may not provide durable genetic resistance because the pathogen is exposed to a full homozygous pyramid during hybrid seed production and to a full heterozygous pyramid in the resultant hybrid. Alternative gene deployment strategies that generate genetic variability were analysed, for hybrid cereal cultivars of pearl millet, maize, sorghum and rice, using maintainer lines (B-lines) with two smaller complementary pyramids. An F1 seed parent, produced on two such B-lines, can be used to produce a three-way hybrid. All target loci are heterozygous for resistance alleles in the F1 seed parent, and the pathogen is exposed in the hybrid to a host population that is heterogeneous and heterozygous for alleles at the resistance loci targeted by MAS. Alternatively, single-cross hybrids can be made on seed parents that are maintained by two B-lines that differ for the complementary resistance gene pyramids. In a cross-pollinated crop, the B-lines are allowed to intermate to produce a synthetic B-line. In an inbreeding crop, the B-lines are equivalent to a two-component multiline variety. In inbreeding crops, because there is no intermating between the B-line components, the resultant synthetic seed parents have a higher frequency of genotypes with resistance alleles (R-alleles) at several resistance loci. However, in both cross-pollinated and inbreeding crops the genotypic structure in the hybrids is almost the same. All alternatives to a single-cross hybrid having a full pyramid produce hybrid cultivars having lower frequencies of resistance alleles. The frequency of genotypes having R-alleles at several loci increases greatly in both seed parent and hybrid when the overall frequency of R-alleles in the maintainer lines increases. This is simply done by adding a maintainer line that has a full pyramid or by the component lines having overlapping pyramids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003836132603
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of novel organelle DNA variation and transfer of resistance to frost and Verticillium wilt in Solanum tuberosum through somatic hybridization with 1EBN S. commersonii (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; mitochondria ; potato ; Solanum commersonii ; somatic hybrids ; stress resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Somatic hybridization can be used to induce genetic variability in plastidial and mitochondrial genomes, and transfer multiple uncloned genes across sexual barriers. Somatic hybrids were produced between a dihaploid clone of the common potato, S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum, and the wild sexually incongruent diploid species S. commersonii. Fusion products were selected on the basis of callus growth and regeneration in vitro. Genome composition of putative somatic hybrids was determined by flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content, RAPD analysis, and Southern analysis with probes specific to organellar DNA. All regenerated fusion products proved to be hybrids based on RAPD analysis. Seventy per cent of somatic hybrids were (near) tetraploids, 22% (near) hexaploids and 8%(near) octoploids. A high correlation was found between the nuclear DNA content determined by flow cytometry and the number of chloroplasts in stomata guard cell pairs. Somatic hybrids inherited the parental plastids in a random manner. On the contrary, they preferentially inherited the mitochondrial DNA fragments of S. tuberosum. The majority of them had a rearranged mitochondrial genome with fragments from both parents. Hybrids were highly vigorous and morphologically more similar to the cultivated than to the wild parent, produced tubers on long stolons under long photoperiod conditions, showed a high degree of flowering, but did not produce pollen. In addition, somatic hybrids were generally more resistant to frost and Verticillium wilt than the cultivated parent, indicating the introgression of relevant resistance genes from the wild species into the genetic background of S. tuberosum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003943704037
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloroplast DNA variation in the wild potato species, Solanum acaule and S. albicans (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; intraspecific variation ; potato ; Solanum acaule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA of Solanum acaule (109 accessions) and S. albicans (9 accessions) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis. Unexpectedly, all the accessions analyzed had C type chloroplast DNA in common. This suggested that S. acaule originated from a species with C type chloroplast DNA. DraI restriction digestion revealed further differentiation of C type chloroplast DNA into 8 types. The DraI polymorphism indicated the province of Salta in Argentina and the nearby regions to be a center of diversity for S. acaule. Surprisingly, S. albicans as well as S. acaule both ssp. acaule and ssp. punae, from Peru were virtually indistinguishable, although by morphology and/or cytology all three taxa are easily distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004085805592
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular markers for cytoplasm in potato: male sterility and contribution of different plastid-mitochondrial configurations to starch production (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasm ; male sterility ; plastid ; potato ; somatic hybrids ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distinct parental cytoplasms were combined in symmetric tetraploid hybrids of potato by somatic cell fusion. This allowed, in the presence of nearly isogenic nuclear genomes, to estimate the contribution of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes to starch content. Analysis of mt-cp configurations in the complete gene pool of german potato cultivars [2n=4x], in a reciprocal dihaploid population [2n=2x],in di-haploid fusion parents [2n=2x] and in their respective hybrids [2n=4x] made visible the effects of different cytoplasmic backgrounds and mitochondrial subgenomic rearrangements. Genotypes identified by markers as cytoplasm Wγ were associated with cytoplasmic male sterility. Evaluation of cytoplasmic types leads to the conclusion, that in starch content the ‘wild type’ cytoplasms Wα and Wγ have a significant advantage to other cytoplasmic types(Tβ, Wδ, Sε).This results from the experiments with a reciprocal population, 180 di-haploids, and from cultivar comparisons. In hybrids an interaction between starch content and different mt-cp combinations could be found. In general the highest field performance, measured in starch content and yield was associated with such cytoplasmic configurations which appeared to a high frequency within a population, when the segregation process was completed. This fact is explained by a selection advantage of clones with optimized organellar segregation already during in vitro phase. PCR markers for cytoplasm differentiation are actualized on a website, http://www.flg.tum.de/pbpz/mm/mt/hybrid.html
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004039320227
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of mutations for heat tolerance in potato by using in vitro culture and radiation (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in vitro ; culture ; gamma rays ; heat tolerance ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heat tolerant mutants were obtained in two commercial potato cultivars, `Kufri Jyoti' and `Kufri Chandramukhi' through in vitro mutagenesis of in vitro propagated plantlets. Gamma-irradiated (20 and 40 Gy) shoots were micropropagated for three cycles (M1V3). A large number of the micropropagated shoots produced microtubers at 28 °C. Microtubers induced at high temperature had distorted shape but showed normal germination in field. Under stress conditions of high temperature, the frequency of chlorophyll variants increased in the gamma irradiation-derived material, however, nearly 40% of the plants had normal leaf tissue, whereas control plants showed completely damaged leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Evaluating the potential for farmer and plant breeder collaboration: A case study of farmer maize selection in Oaxaca, Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 41-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: collaborative/participatory plant breeding ; farmer seed selection ; maize ; Mexico ; response to selection ; selection differential ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Formal plant breeders could contribute much to collaboration with farmers for improving crop varieties for local use. To do so outside researchers must have some understanding of local selection practices and their impact on crop populations in terms of the genetic theory underlying plant breeding. In this research we integrated methods from social and biological sciences to better understand selection and its consequences from farmers' perspectives but based on the concepts used by plant breeders. Among the households we worked with, farmers' selection practices were not always effective yet they understood the reasons for this and had no expectations for response to selection in some traits given the methods available to them. Farmers' statements, practices and genetic perceptions regarding selection and the genetic response of their maize populations to their selection indicate selection objectives different than may be typically assumed, suggesting a role for plant breeder collaboration with farmers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004093916939
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    The effect of light on IAA metabolism in different parts of maize seedlings in correlation with their growth (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: IAA metabolism ; IAA-aspartate ; IAA-glucose ; light ; maize ; plant growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory effect of light on the growth of plantscorrelates with a decrease of free IAA content in their tissues andmight be mediated through changes of IAA metabolism. In different partsof Zea mays L. seedlings (roots, mesocotyls and coleoptiles)that respond to light with a different growth rate, the effect of lighton the formation of IAA metabolites was examined in feeding experimentswith 14C-IAA. In all tissues, IAA was taken up andmetabolised mainly into six compounds, four of them were tentativelyidentified as IAA-1-O-glucose (IAGlc), IAA-myo-inositol, indoleacetamide and IAA-aspartate (IAAsp). IAA was metabolised most slowly inthe roots. In coleoptiles and mesocotyls, IAGlc was the most abundantmetabolite, except for mesocotyls in the light. In roots, a relativelylarge amount of IAA was also metabolised into IAAsp. Light stimulatedthe rate of IAA metabolism in all tissues, but its effect on theconversion of IAA was exceptionally high in mesocotyls. In mesocotyltissue the conversion into IAAsp was greatly stimulated by light.Conversely, the content of IAGlc in mesocotyls was decreased by light.Since light inhibited mesocotyl growth significantly and specifically,it is possible that the high capacity of mesocotyls to synthesise IAAspin the light may have caused a depletion of free IAA, which then led toan inhibition of growth. In mesocotyls from the light-grown plants IAAconjugated into IAGlc was probably used for IAAspbiosynthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010719526456
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    The effect of light on metabolism of IAA in maize seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: coleoptiles ; IAA metabolism ; IAA-aspartate ; IAA-glucose ; light ; maize ; mesocotyls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carbon 14-labelled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was fed to segments of shoots of Zea mays seedlings grown in light or dark to find the effect of light on IAA metabolism. The seedling parts coleoptile, with enclosed leaf, and mesocotyl were also used to examine differences in IAA metabolism between tissue types. The rate of metabolite formation as a function of time ranging from 1 to 12 hours was determined. Light did not significantly influence the amount of IAA taken up, but significantly increased its rate of metabolism and greatly increased the content of amide conjugates formed. There were also differences in metabolism depending on tissue type. In all tissues, IAA was metabolized mainly into six compounds. Four were tentatively identified as IAA-glucose (IAGlc), IAA-myo-inositol} (IAInos), indole acetamide (IAAm) and IAA-aspartic acid (IAAsp). 1-O-IAA-D-glucose (1-O-IAGlc) was the first conjugate formed and, except for mesocotyls in the light, it was the most abundant conjugate in maize tissue. In mesocotyl tissue the conversion of IAA into IAAsp was greatly stimulated by light, and the biosynthesis of IAAsp exceeded that of IAGlc. Since light strongly inhibited the growth of the mesocotyl, it is possible that the stimulation of IAAsp synthesis by light causes depletion of free IAA with resultant inhibition of mesocotyl growth.
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    Effect of indole-3-acetic acid and kinetin on tuberisation parameters of different cultivars and transgenic lines of potato in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; kinetin ; sucrose ; potato ; tuberisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of indole-3-acetic acid or kinetin on the weight and numberof microtubers formed was studied on single node cuttings of sevendifferent potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars as well astransgenic lines harbouring rolB or rolC genes undercontrol of the patatin class I (B33) promoter. Plants were cultivatedin vitro in the dark on solidified MS medium containing 1 to8% sucrose with or without phytohormones. Most of thenontransformed potato cultivars and transgenic lines responded tohormone application by an increase in tuber yield. Auxin and cytokininacted differently: IAA increased predominantly the tuber size whilekinetin increased the number of tubers. RolC transformantsdisplayed an altered response to sucrose and especially to auxin. Thedegree of phytohormone effect on tuberisation parameters depended onsucrose content of the medium and potato genotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010771510526
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    RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genebank ; germplasm ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum sucrense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic characterization of germplasm is important for setting objective guidelines for conservation. One common problem found in genebanks is determining the value of populations with insufficient or unreliable data regarding their geographic origin. In this study, a genetic analysis based on RAPD markers was conducted to characterize a `mystery' population of Solanum sucrense, a polysomic tetraploid potato (2n=4x=48), for which adequate documentation was lacking. The comparative analysis of genetic similarities between this mystery population and each one of 30 other S. sucrense populations in the genebank revealed that all populations within this species, including the mystery population, are significantly different from being duplicates, and are therefore worthy of separate conservation. RAPD markers also distinguished the mystery population from closely related tetraploid species S. oplocense, S. gourlayi and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, suggesting that it is also not a duplicate of a population of these species. If RAPDs can clearly differentiate populations within highly heterogeneous tetraploids like S. sucrense, they should be generally useful for determining germplasm organization within potato species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008725121904
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    Regulation of programmed cell death in maize endosperm by abscisic acid (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 397-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; endosperm ; ethylene ; maize ; nucleases ; programmed cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cereal endosperm undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) during its development, a process that is controlled, in part, by ethylene. Whether other hormones influence endosperm PCD has not been investigated. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential role during late seed development that enables an embryo to survive desiccation. To examine whether ABA is also involved in regulating the onset of PCD during endosperm development, we have used genetic and biochemical means to disrupt ABA biosynthesis or perception during maize kernel development. The onset and progression of cell death, as determined by viability staining and the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, was accelerated in developing endosperm of ABA-insensitive vp1 and ABA-deficient vp9 mutants. Ethylene was synthesized in vp1 and vp9 mutant kernels at levels that were 2–4-fold higher than in wild-type kernels. Moreover, the increase and timing of ethylene production correlated with the premature onset and accelerated progression of internucleosomal fragmentation in these mutants. Treatment of developing wild-type endosperm with fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, recapitulated the increase in ethylene production and accelerated execution of the PCD program that was observed in the ABA mutant kernels. These data suggest that a balance between ABA and ethylene establishes the appropriate onset and progression of programmed cell death during maize endosperm development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006333103342
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    Characterization of the potato MADS-box gene STMADS16 and expression analysis in tobacco transgenic plants (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 499-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ectopic expression ; flowering time ; MADS-box ; potato ; transgenic plants ; vegetative development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new MADS-box gene, STMADS16, has been cloned in Solanum tuberosum L. that is expressed in all vegetative tissues of the plant, mainly in the stem, but not in flower organs. STMADS16 expression is established early during vegetative development and is not regulated by light. Sequence similarity besides the spatial and temporal expression patterns allow to define a novel MADS-box subfamily comprising STMADS16 and the gene STMADS11. Expression of the STMADS16 sense cDNA under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter modifies the inflorescence structure by increasing both internode length and flower proliferation of the inflorescence meristems, and confers vegetative features to the flower. Moreover, STMADS16 ectopic expression overcomes the increase in flowering time and node number produced under short-day photoperiod, while the flowering time is not affected in long-day conditions. These results are discussed in terms of a possible role for STMADS16 in promoting vegetative development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006397427894
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    Plant DNA methyltransferases (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; chromatin ; DDM1 ; de novo methylation ; maintenance methylation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA methylation is an important modification of DNA that plays a role in genome management and in regulating gene expression during development. Methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases which catalyse the transfer of a methyl group to bases within the DNA helix. Plants have at least three classes of cytosine methyltransferase which differ in protein structure and function. The METI family, homologues of the mouse Dnmt1 methyltransferase, most likely function as maintenance methyltransferases, but may also play a role in de novo methylation. The chromomethylases, which are unique to plants, may preferentially methylate DNA in heterochromatin; the remaining class, with similarity to Dnmt3 methyltransferases of mammals, are putative de novo methyltransferases. The various classes of methyltransferase may show differential activity on cytosines in different sequence contexts. Chromomethylases may preferentially methylate cytosines in CpNpG sequences while the Arabidopsis METI methyltransferase shows a preference for cytosines in CpG sequences. Additional proteins, for example DDM1, a member of the SNF2/SWI2 family of chromatin remodelling proteins, are also required for methylation of plant DNA.
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    Genomic imprinting in plants: observations and evolutionary implications (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; epigenetic ; genomic imprinting ; maize ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The epigenetic phenomenon of genomic imprinting occurs among both plants and animals. In species where imprinting is observed, there are parent-of-origin effects on the expression of imprinted genes in offspring. This review focuses on imprinting in plants with examples from maize, where gene imprinting was first described, and Arabidopsis. Our current understanding of imprinting in plants is presented in the context of cytosine methylation and imprinting in mammals, where developmentally essential genes are imprinted. Important considerations include the structure and organization of imprinted genes and the role of regional, differential methylation. Imprinting in plants may be related to other epigenetic phenomena including paramutation and transgene silencing. Finally, we discuss the role of gene structure and evolutionary implications of imprinting in plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006419025155
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    Effects of Four Monoterpenes on Germination, Primary Root Growth, and Mitochondrial Respiration of Maize (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 611-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: camphor ; eucaliptol ; limonene ; α-pinene ; maize ; mitochondria ; germination ; respiration ; monoterpene ; allelopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of four monoterpenes—camphor, eucaliptol, limonene, and α-pinene—on the oxidative metabolism of mitochondria isolated from maize root (Zea mays), on maize seed germination, and on primary root growth were investigated. The effects of individual monoterpenes on respiration were variable. α-Pinene concentrations of 0.05–1.0 mM stimulated respiration with a mixture of substrates composed of NADH, L-malate, succinate, and L-glutamate, and in the absence of exogenously added ADP (basal respiration). However, at concentrations higher than 1.0 mM, α-pinene inhibited respiration both in the absence (basal respiration) and presence of ADP (coupled respiration). Limonene at 0.1 mM or above stimulated basal respiration and inhibited in parallel the coupled respiration. Similar effects were promoted by eucaliptol, but at a higher concentration range (1.0 mM or above). Camphor was less active. At 10 mM concentration, it caused stimulation of basal respiration but did not affect coupled respiration. In the concentration range 0.1–10.0 mM, limonene was inactive on seed germination and primary root growth. Camphor and eucaliptol did not inhibit germination but reduced fresh and/or dry weight of roots at 5.0 mM and above. α-Pinene inhibited both seed germination and fresh weight of primary roots at 10.0 mM concentration. The results indicate that intact seeds and primary roots are less sensitive than isolated mitochondria. The relatively more lipophilic monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene had less activity than the more water-soluble oxygenated monoterpenes camphor and eucaliptol in inhibiting seed germination and/or primary root growth, despite the fact that they had a higher activity on the oxidative metabolism of isolated mitochondria. The findings suggest that the solubility of monoterpenes may be the major factor implicated in these differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005467903297
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    Binding of cell type-specific nuclear proteins to the 5′-flanking region of maize C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene confers its differential transcription in mesophyll cells (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 543-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; transgenic plant ; transcription ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C4-type phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4PEPC) acts as a primary carbon assimilatory enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway. The maize C4PEPC gene (C4Ppc1) is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells (MC) of light-grown leaves, but the molecular mechanism responsible for its cell type-specific expression has not been characterized. In this study, we introduced a chimeric maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region/β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene into maize plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Activity assay and histochemical staining showed that GUS is almost exclusively localized in leaf MC of transgenic maize plants. This observation suggests that the introduced 5′ region of maize C4Ppc1 contains the necessary cis element(s) for its specific expression in MC. Next, we investigated whether the 5′ region of the maize gene interacts with nuclear proteins in a cell type-specific manner. By gel shift assays with nuclear extracts prepared from MC or bundle sheath cells (BSC), cell type-specific DNA-protein interactions were detected: nuclear factors PEPIb and PEPIc are specific to MC whereas PEPIa and PEPIIa are specific to BSC. Light alters the binding activity of these factors. These interactions were not detected in the assay with nuclear extract prepared from root, or competed out by oligonucleotides corresponding to the binding sites for the maize nuclear protein, PEP-I, which is known to bind specifically to the promoter region of C4Ppc1. The results suggest that novel cell type-specific positive and negative nuclear factors bind to the maize C4Ppc1 5′-flanking region and regulate its differential transcription in MC in a light-dependent manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026565027772
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    Studies on the improvement in iron nutrition of peanut by intercropping with maize on a calcareous soil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fe nutrition ; intercropping ; maize ; peanut ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both rhizobox and field experiments were conducted to investigate nutritional interactions between peanut and maize in intercropping systems for Fe acquistion. Field observations indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut grown in monoculture were more severe and widespread compared to those of peanuts intercropped with maize. This indicated a marked improvement in the iron nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize in the field and was further studied. In experiments with rhizoboxes, roots of maize and peanut were either allowed to interact with each other or prevented from making contact by inserting a solid plate between the root systems of the two species. A field experiment for four cropping treatments were examined: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping, peanut/maize intercropping with solid plates between the root systems of the two crop species and peanut/maize intercropping with 30 μm nylon nets between the root systems. The results show that the chlorophyll and HCl-extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut in the intercropping system with unrestricted interactions of the roots of both plant species were much higher than those of peanut in monoculture. In the nylon mesh treatment, the beneficial effects of the maize extended to row 3. The improvement of Fe nutrition in the intercropping system got reduced but not diminished completely in the treatment with nylon net. It is suggested that the improvement in the Fe nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize was mainly caused by rhizosphere interactions between peanut and maize.
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    Reduction of QA in the dark: Another cause of fluorescence Fo increases by high temperatures in higher plants (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 63 (2000), S. 23-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlororespiration ; pheophytin a ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; potato ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Increases in the chlorophyll fluorescence Fo (dark level fluorescence) during heat treatments were studied in various higher plants. Besides the dissociation of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes from the reaction center complex of PS II and inactivation of PS II, dark reduction of QA via plastoquinone (PQ) seemed to be related to the Fo increase at high temperatures. In potato leaves or green tobacco cultured cells, a part of the Fo increase was quenched by light, reflecting light-induced oxidation of QA - which had been reduced in the dark at high temperatures. Appearance of the Fo increase due to QA reduction depended on the plant species, and the mechanisms for this are proposed. The reductants seemed to be already present and formed by very brief illumination of the leaves at high temperatures. A ndhB-less mutant of tobacco showed that complex I type NAD(P)H dehydrogenase is not involved in the heat-induced reduction of QA. Quite strong inhibition of the QA reduction by diphenyleneiodonium suggests that a flavoenzyme is one of the electron mediator to PQ from the reductant in the stroma. Reversibility of the heat-induced QA reduction suggests that an enzyme(s) involved is activated at high temperatures and mostly returns to an inactive form at room temperature (25 °C).
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    Assessing the Effects of Atmospheric Ethylene on Epinasty and Tuber Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Near Polyethylene Manufacturing Plants (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: epinasty ethylene ; potato ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A multi-year programme was performed to assess the effects of atmospheric ethylene on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the vicinity of polyethylene manufacturing plants. There was a strong temporal variation of the hourly ethylene concentrations measured close to the sources from 1982 through 1991. Growing seasonal means exceeded 12 μg m−3 ethylene, the threshold for phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. Young test plants of potato showed an epinastic response to enhanced levels of ethylene. This response was reversible and did not occur when atmospheric ethylene was not detected. Based on hourly observations for the growing seasons of 1984 through 1991, epinasty occurred on average during circa 5% of the growing season and varied from circa 1% in 1985 to circa 18% in 1991. At night, ethylene concentrations were higher and epinasty was more frequent than during daylight hours. The intermittent exposures to ethylene did not affect tuber yield for the growing seasons of 1982 through 1990. The occurrence of epinasty indicated that ethylene exposure levels in the vicinity of the industrial sources might be sufficiently high to affect sensitive plants.
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    Activities of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Leaves and Fruit Pericarp Tissue of Different Coffee (Coffea sp.) Genotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 38 (2000), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; enzyme activity ; maize ; Michaelis-Menten constants ; total leaf proteins ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study photosynthetic characteristics, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) activities as well as soluble protein and chlorophyll contents were determined in leaf and fruit pericarp samples from diverse coffee genotypes (Coffea arabica cv. Colombia, Caturra, Caturra Erecta, San Pacho, Tipica, C. stenophylla, C. eugenioides, C. congensis, C. canephora, C. canephora cv. Arabusta, C. arabica cv. Caturra×C. canephora and Hibrido de Timor. We found a slightly higher PEPC activity in fruit pericarp than in leaves, while RuBPCO activity was much lower in pericarp than leaf tissue. Partial purification of PEPC and RuBPCO was carried out from leaves of C. arabica cv. Caturra and Michaelis-Menten kinetics for RuBPCO (Km CO2 = 5.34 µM), (Km RuBP = 9.09 µM) and PEPC (Km PEP = 19.5 µM) were determined. Leaf tissues of Colombia, Hibrido de Timor, and Caturra consistently showed higher content of protein [55.4–64.4 g kg−1 (f.m.)] than San Pacho, C. stenophylla, Tipica, Caturra Erecta, and Caturra×C. canephora [25.6–36.9 g kg−1 (f.m.)] and C. canephora cv. Arabusta, Borbon, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, and C. canephora [16.1–21.1 g kg−1 (f.m.)].
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    Composition of Esterase and Peroxidase Isoenzyme Complex, Zein-2 Protein Fraction, and SDS-Protein Complex of Zea Mays L. × Tripsacum Dactyloides L. Hybrids and Parents (2000)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: chromosome complement ; electrophoresis ; introgression frequency ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of esterase and peroxidase isoenzymes, subunits of zein-2 fraction and protomers of SDS-protein complex of Zea mays L. × Tripsacum dactyloides L. hybrids and their parents were compared. The study has been made to detect specific to Tripsacum isoesterases and isoperoxidases, zein subunits and SDS-protein protomers which could be used as markers for introgression of gene loci encoding these proteins from Tripsacum into hybrids of Tripsacum with Zea mays. Isoesterases and isoperoxidases as well protomers of SDS-protein complex specific to Tripsacum were detected in all hybrids analyzed. Zein subunits, specific to Tripsacum were detected in some of the analyzed hybrids which i that introgression frequency of the loci encoding proteins studied was different. Chromosome counts taken on the examined hybrids showed the addition of 9 – 13 Tripsacum chromosomes to maize chromosome complement.
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    Effect of Different Saccharides on Viability of Isolated Microspores and Androgenic Induction in Zea Mays (2000)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: gametic embryogenesis ; haploid ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and melibiose in different concentrations and combinations in the induction media influenced the viability of the isolated maize microspores and the formation of multinuclear structures. The induction of multinuclear structures on media containing combination of sucrose, fructose and glucose was lower than on media only with sucrose. In media containing melibiose alone or in combination with sucrose, no induction of multinuclear structures was found, however, microspore viability was improved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026571401150
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    Transformation of barley by microinjection into isolated zygote protoplasts (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: human lactoferrin ; potato ; transgenic plants transformation ; zygote ; plant biotechnology ; microinjection ; S-phase ; cell cycle ; resistance genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley zygote protoplasts were mechanically isolated, embedded in agarose droplets, and microinjected with a rice actin promoter Act1–gusA-nos gene construct. On average 62% of the cells survived the injection and of these 55% continued development into embryo-like structures and eventually to plants. PCR screening for the presence of a 307-bp fragment in the middle of the gusA gene showed that on average 21% of the derived structures contained this fragment. However, among the hundreds of injected zygotes, derived structures and regenerants we only found significant GUS expression in two cases (embryo-like structures nine days after injection). Two lines of green plants, derived from zygotes microinjected with linearized plasmid (line A147-1) or an isolated Act1–gusA-nos gene cassette (line A166-h) proved to be transgenic. Line A147-1 appeared to contain a single and intact copy of the expression cassette but a PCR based progeny analysis indicated the presence of additional shorter fragments of the cassette. Line A166-h appeared to contain a single fragment of the gusA gene that was transferred to the progeny as a single Mendelian trait. One additional fragment of the gusA gene was identified in this line. The present data show that transformation of barley by microinjection of DNA into isolated zygotes is feasible but also that gene expression rarely is achieved, possibly due to degradation of the introduced DNA.
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    Occurrence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in Haryana, India (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 148 (1999), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fumonisin B1 ; maize ; poultry feeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 100 maize and 50 poultry feed samples collected in 1998 at random from nine and eight districts of Haryana, respectively, were analysed for fumonisin B1. The samples were collected from poultry farms, feed manufacturers and markets. Ninety one (91%) maize samples and forty two (84%) poultry feed samples were found to contain fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B1 contamination in the maize samples ranged from 0.1–87.0 ppm. Whereas the poultry feed samples contained fumonisin B1 in the range of 0.02–28.0 ppm. It indicated widespread prevalence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in different areas of Haryana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007162113368
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    Yield response and nitrogen utilization efficiency by drip-irrigated potato (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertigation ; trickle-irrigation ; N utilization efficiency ; calcareous soil ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in the Jordan Valley to evaluate potato response to N fertigation. Nitrogen as ammonium sulphate was supplied through irrigation water (fertigation) at rates of 0, 35, 70 and 105 mg N l-1. Soil N application treatment equivalent to the fertigation treatment of 70 mg N l-1 was included. 15N labelled ammonium sulphate was used to evaluate the N recovery and utilization efficiency. Yield increased by the N rate. The soil N application gave higher yield than the zero N and lower than the fertigated treatments. The increase in yield was due to the increase in the size of the tubers. The specific gravity was the highest with the zero N. The index ratios of potato tubers were similar with all treatments. The N derived from fertilizers by both tubers and shoots, increased with the N rate regardless of the method of application. The soil application treatments had fertilizer utilization as high as the fertigation treatments and produced total tuber yield not significantly different from that obtained by the fertigation treatment with similar rate. This might be attributed to the poor fertilizer distribution in the root zone in the fine textured soil. The low value of the fertilizer utilization of the plant receiving the 15N in the preceding season suggested possibilities of rapid transformation and immobilization by the soil microorganisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009855426670
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    Manure and fertilizer contributions to soil mineral nitrogen and the yield of forage maize (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 175-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recommendation ; maize ; soil mineral nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen field trials were conducted to evaluate soil mineral N measurement as a means for quantifying the total N supply to forage maize and so to form the basis for fertilizer recommendations on a crop-specific basis. In every trial, 4 rates of cattle manure N (nominally 0, 80, 160, 240 kg N per ha) and 4 rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N per ha) were factorially combined. Soil mineral N measurements were made before manure application, at the time of maize drilling, 7-10 weeks after drilling and after harvest. Measurements on control treatments which received no manure or ammonium nitrate showed extensive net mineralisation of soil N (mean 140 kg N per ha) in the 7-10 weeks after drilling followed by a decrease due to crop uptake, and probably net immobilisation, of approximately the same amount by harvest. This net mineralisation was probably the reason why only one trial showed a significant dry-matter yield response to ammonium nitrate. Results indicated that , to be useful for N recommendations, soil mineral N measurements should be taken 7-10 weeks after drilling. Only if the amount of mineral N at this time is less than expected crop N offtake should fertilizer N be applied. A mean of around 64% of the N applied in ammonium nitrate could be accounted for in soil mineral N after harvest of the maize, although this was reduced to 24% in the single trial where a dry-matter response to ammonium nitrate was recorded.
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    Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa: legume rotation and fertilizer N (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cover crops ; savanna ; N fertilizer ; maize ; cowpea ; N fertilizer replacement value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Integrated soil management with leguminous cover crops was studied at two sites in the northern Guinea savanna zone of northern Nigeria, Kaduna (190 day growing season) and Bauchi (150 days). One-year planted fallows of mucuna, lablab, and crotalaria were compared with natural grass fallow and cowpea controls. All treatments were followed by a maize test crop in the second year with 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha−1 as urea. Above ground legume residues were not incorporated into the soil and most residues were burned early in the dry season at the Kaduna site. Legume rotation increased soil total N, maize growth in greenhouse pots, and dry matter and N accumulation of maize. Response of maize grain yield to 30 kg N ha−1 as urea was highly significant at both sites and much greater than the response to legume rotation. The mean N fertilizer replacement value from legume rotation was 14 kg N ha−1 at Kaduna and 6 kg N ha−1 at Bauchi. W ith no N applied to the maize test crop, maize grain yield following legume fallow was 365 kg ha−1 higher than natural fallow at Bauchi and 235 kg ha−1 higher at Kaduna. The benefit of specific legume fallows to subsequent maize was mostly related to above ground N of the previous legume at Bauchi, where residues were protected from fire and grazing. At Kaduna, where fallow vegetation was burned, maize yield was related to estimated below ground N. The results show that legume rotation alone results in small maize yield increases in the dry savanna zone.
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    “The Real Point is Control”: The Reception of Barbara McClintock's Controlling Elements (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 133-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: McClintock ; Barbara ; maize ; corn ; genetics ; transposable elements ; controlling elements ; gene expression regulation ; women scientists ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In the standard narrative of her life, Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition in the 1940s but no one believed her. She was ignored until molecular biologists of the 1970s “rediscovered” transposition and vindicated her heretical discovery. New archival documents, as well as interviews and close reading of published papers, belie this narrative. Transposition was accepted immediately by both maize and bacterial geneticists. Maize geneticists confirmed it repeatedly in the early 1950s and by the late 1950s it was considered a classic discovery. But for McClintock, movable elements were part of an elaborate system of genetic control that she hypothesized to explain development and differentiation. This theory was highly speculative and was not widely accepted, even by those who had discovered transposition independently. When Jacob and Monod presented their alternative model for gene regulation, the operon, her controller argument was discarded as incorrect. Transposition, however, was soon discovered in microorganisms and by the late 1970s was recognized as a phenomenon of biomedical importance. For McClintock, the award of the 1983 Nobel Prize to her for the discovery of movable genetic elements, long treated as a legitimation, may well have been bittersweet. This new look at McClintock's experiments and theory has implications for the intellectual history of biology, the social history of American genetics, and McClintock's role in the historiography of women in science.
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    Lipid-transfer proteins from plants: Structure and binding properties (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 192 (1999), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: lipid ; transfer ; binding ; proteins ; plants ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plant cells contain lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) able to transfer phospholipids between membranes in vitro. Plant LTPs share in common structural and functional features. Recent structural studies carried out by NMR and X-ray crystallography on an LTP isolated from maize seeds have showed that this protein involves four helices packed against a C-terminal region and stabilized by four disulfide bridges. A most striking feature of this structure is the existence of an internal hydrophobic cavity running through the whole molecule and able to accomodate acyl chains. It was thus of interest to study the ability of maize LTP to bind hydrophobic ligands such as acyl chains or lysophosphatidylcholine and to determine the effect of this binding on phospholipid transfer. The binding abilities of maize LTP, presented in this paper, are discussed and compared to those of lipid-binding proteins from animal tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006870220172
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    The conservation of potato cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 427-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: germplasm ; potato ; in vitro ; microtuber ; cryo-conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To prevent the loss of important genetic information cultivars are conserved in several collections of gene banks. In principal, there are two options for the medium to long-term storage of potato cultivars: storage as in vitro plantlets or microtubers and storage of meristems or shoot-tips in liquid nitrogen. In the Braunschweig potato cultivar collection, 360 cultivars are maintained under slow-growth conditions. Ten microplantlets of each cultivar are stored in test tubes containing filter paper bridges and 5 ml Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium. The cultures were maintained at 10°C with a light intensity of 2 klux and 16 hours-day and can be stored under these conditions up to three years. Two hundred and forty-five cultivars are cryostored in liquid nitrogen. About 300 trimmed shoot-tips of each cultivar are incubated in MS-Towill-medium and then transferred into the cryoprotective solution. After an incubation time of about 2 hours trimmed shoot-tips fixed on an aluminium foil were put in cryo vials and stored in a container. The survival rate of the thawed, trimmed shoot-tips varies from 55%–100%. More important for a gene bank, however, is the plant regeneration. The average regeneration of all cultivars is about 40%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358159
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    Some sprouting characteristics of microtubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: dormancy ; potato ; losses ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed potato production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microtubers can be stored longer, transported and handled easier than plantlets, but they have some disadvantages related to long dormancy. Dormancy, number of sprouts per tuber and loss of microtubers under different storage temperatures were studied. Microtubers of four genotypes originated from different tuberization treatments (photoperiod combinations) were observed. We found that dormancy depended on cultivar and — in some cases — on the photoperiod treatment applied during tuberization. Generally, the dormacy was long and was greatly elongated by low storage temperature. One of the photoperiod treatments shortened while the other treatment prolonged the rest-period compared to the control, maybe due to a change in temperature accompanying the change in daily light (photoperiod combination). Besides, these treatments affected the number of sprouts per tuber. There was no significant difference in duration of dormancy between different tuber-size groups, but the loss increased significanctly with a decrease in tuber size. Based on this information we can use microtubers more effectively in the seed potato production programme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358179
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    In vitro shoot regeneration ofSolanum tuberosum cultivars: interactions of medium composition and leaf, leaflet, and explant position (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: auxin ; cytokinin ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot regeneration was investigated on explants from different leaves and leaflets of three potato cultivars Posmo, Folva and Oleva. Explants were excised from glasshouse grown plants and grown for 6 days on callus induction medium with indole-3-acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Explants were then transferred to auxin free shoot regeneration medium with gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine or zeatin. By using the optimum combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators and by excision of explants from particular regions of proximal leaflets from newly unfolded leaves, shoot regeneration frequencies of 97.0% were obtained for cv. Posmo and 32.1% for cv. Folva. Shoot regeneration frequency of cv. Oleva was very low and could not be improved by the different treatments.
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    A genetic analysis of quantitative resistance to late blight in potato: towards marker-assisted selection (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; quantitative resistance ; marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most important fungal disease in potato cultivation worldwide. Resistance to late blight is controlled by a few major genes (R genes) which can be easily overcome by new races of P. infestans and/or by an unknown number of genes expressing a quantitative type of resistance which may be more durable. Quantitative resistance of foliage to late blight was evaluated in five F1 hybrid families originating from crosses among seven different diploid potato clones. Tuber resistance was evaluated in four of the families. Two of the families were scored for both foliage maturity and vigour. The five families were genotyped with DNA-based markers and tested for linkage with the traits analysed. QTL (quantitative trait locus) analysis identified at least twelve segments on ten chromosomes of potato having genes that affect reproducibly foliage resistance. Two of those segments also have major R genes for resistance to late blight. The segments are tagged by 21 markers that can be analyzed based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific oligonucleotide primers. One QTL was detected for tuber resistance and one for foliage vigour. Two QTLs were mapped for foliage maturity. Major QTL effects on foliage and tuber resistance to late blight and on foliage maturity and vigour were all linked with marker GP179 on linkage group V of potato. Plants having alleles at this QTL, which increased foliage resistance, exhibited decreased tuber resistance, later maturity and more vigour.
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    Similarity of QTLs detected for in vitro and greenhouse development of potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: QTLs ; tuberization earliness ; in vitro conditions ; sugars in leaf exudate ; marker-assisted selection ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A relationship between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected for in vitro and greenhouse growing conditions was studied in a backcross population of 155 genotypes derived from a haploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) and a diploid wild species (S. berthaultii). Both plant height and tuberization earliness were characterized under two growing conditions. Main-effect QTLs and QTLs identified only through interaction were detected for each of the traits. For traits associated with plant height as well as for traits associated with early tuberization, the most significant QTL detected for greenhouse cultivated plants was also found when the population was grown in vitro. The most significant QTL for earliness of tuberization in vitro, which was located on chromosome 8, coincides with that detected for sucrose concentration in leaf exudate. The absence of a S. berthaultii allele was associated both with a higher amount of sucrose in the exudate and with earlier in vitro tuber formation. Epistasis was found to have a significant effect on all traits investigated. The QTL model that included main-effect QTLs and all significant interactions explained 83–88% of the total genetic variance for each of the developmental traits. The possibility of using an in vitro system combined with marker-assisted selection for preliminary selection of early tuberizing clones is discussed.
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    QTL for field resistance to late blight in potato are strongly correlated with maturity and vigour (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 387-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: potato ; late blight ; QTL ; Linkage mapping ; earliness ; vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of foliage and tuber blight in cultivated potatoes, earliness (maturity) and vigour, were examined in a diploid segregating potato population grown in replicated trials over three consecutive growing seasons. A genetic linkage map of this population was constructed in parallel using PCR-based SSR, AFLP and CAPS markers. Analysis of the trait scores alongside the marker segregation data allowed the identification of regions of the genome which were significantly correlated with components of the respective characters. The most significant associations for all four traits were with marker alleles on potato linkage group V originating from the male (susceptible) parent. In the case of foliage resistance to late blight, the positions of the majority of the effects, which were located on eleven of the twelve potato linkage groups, have been detected in previous [16] and parallel studies [21]. The absence of Solanum demissum-derived R genes for hypersensitive response to late blight and the co-localisation of QTL for resistance, vigour and earliness suggest that developmental and/or physiological factors play a major role in determining the level of foliage resistance in this population. In contrast with previous findings, a negative correlation was found between foliage and tuber blight resistance.
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    Phytophthora infestans Secretes Extracellular Proteases with Necrosis Inducing Activity on Potato (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 753-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: hypersensitive-like response ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; proteases ; Solanum tuberosum ; zoospores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proteolytic activity present in the extracellular preparation (ECP) from suspension media of infective structures of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was partially characterized. The proteolytic activity was analyzed in gelatin-containing SDS-PAGE. A discrete band of digested gelatin was visualized at approximately 45 kDa in ECPs from zoospores and germinating cysts media. Treatment of ECP with the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or incubation at 100°C for 5 min completely abolished the proteolytic activity in the zymograph assay. When microinjected in potato leaves, ECP induce localized necrosis within 24 h post inoculation. This necrosis appeared in potato and was not visible in two non-host plants. Moreover, the necrosis seems to be dependent on active host metabolism. Treatments of ECP with Proteinase K, PMSF and boiling inhibited their ability to induce the necrotic response. These results suggest a correlation between, proteolytic and necrosis-inducing activities in ECP. A preliminary characterization with protease inhibitors suggests that the ECPs contain serine protease(s).
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    Inheritance of Resistance to Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Ear Rot of Maize in the Mid-altitude Zone of Nigeria (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 535-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ear rot ; leaf blight ; mid-altitude ; maize ; Stenocarpella macrospora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) Sutton (syn. Diplodia macrospora Earle) ear rot of maize was studied among selected maize populations in the mid-altitude (1280 m) agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Diallel analysis among the populations showed significant values for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects at 5% and 1% levels respectively. Variance components of GCA and SCA on Stenocarpella ear rot were 0.019 and 0.627 respectively, indicating that non-additive genes play major roles in the inheritance of Stenocarpella ear rot resistance. The GCA and SCA effects were relatively dependent on the materials involved in the evaluations. Generation mean analysis was used on five selected parent inbreds (2 resistance and 3 susceptible crossed to give P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 generations). Estimates of the six parameters on ear rot indicate that dominance gene effects made the major contribution to variation in ear rot of maize in the crosses studied. The magnitude and significance of the estimates for digenic effects in the crosses suggest that epistatic gene effects are present and important in the basic mechanism of Stenocarpella ear rot inheritance in the populations studied. Additive effects have only minor importance in the total variation.
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    A Laboratory Assay for Phytophthora infestans Resistance in Various Solanum Species Reflects the Field Situation (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; wild Solanum spp. ; resistance ; detached leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.
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    Cloning, characterization and expression of a bifunctional fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase from potato (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 709-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carbohydrate metabolism ; fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ; fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated cDNA clones encoding the regulatory enzyme fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase from a potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaf cDNA library. All clones represented transcripts of the same gene (F2KP1). Functionality of the encoded protein was verified by expression of the active enzyme in Escherichia coli. The expressed enzyme had both kinase activity which forms fructose-2,6-bisphosphate from fructose-6-phosphate and ATP, and phosphatase activity which degrade fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. The recombinant potato enzyme was radiolabelled by [2-32P]fructose-2,6-bisphosphate verifying conservation of the phosphatase catalytic mechanism which involves a phospho-protein intermediate. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponding to the catalytic core for F2KP1 is homologous to the fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isolated from animals and yeast, with conservation of amino acids involved in substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms. The sequence for F2KP1 also includes a 102 amino acids long NH2-terminal with no homology to any previously identified enzymes. This NH2 terminal may be even longer since an upstream stop codon has not yet been identified. Northern blot analysis of potato showed that the F2KP1 transcript is present in several tissues including source leaves, sink leaves and flowers, whereas the transcripts were not detectable in developing tubers. Southern blot analysis of Solanum phureja suggest there to be only one copy of the gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006102412693
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    ZmOCL1, an HDGL2 family homeobox gene, is expressed in the outer cell layer throughout maize development (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; protoderm ; epidermis ; homeobox ; HDGL2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of a morphologically distinct outer cell layer or protoderm is one of the first and probably one of the most important steps in patterning of the plant embryo. Here we report the isolation of ZmOCL1 (OCL for outer cell layer), a member of the HDGL2 (also known as HD-ZIP IV) subclass of plant-specific HD-ZIP homeodomain proteins from maize. ZmOCL1 transcripts are detected very early in embryo development, before a morphologically distinct protoderm is visible, and expression then becomes localised to the protoderm of the embryo as it develops. Subsequently, expression is observed in the L1 cell layer of both the developing primary root and shoot meristems, and is maintained in developing leaves and floral organs. We propose that ZMOCL1 may play a role in the specification of protoderm identity within the embryo, the organisation of the primary root primordium or in the maintenance of the L1 cell layer in the shoot apical meristem. We also show that the expression of ZmOCL1 is different from that of another epidermal marker gene, LTP2 (lipid transfer protein) and, in meristems, is complementary to that of Kn1 (Knotted) which is transcribed only in underlying cell layers.
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    Involvement of a maize proline-rich protein in secondary cell wall formation as deduced from its specific mRNA localization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 945-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: lignification ; maize ; proline-rich protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A clone encoding a proline-rich protein (ZmPRP) has been obtained from maize root by differential screening of a maturing elongation root cDNA library. The amino acid sequence deduced from the full-length cDNA contains a putative signal peptide and a highly repetitive sequence containing the PEPK motif, indicating that the ZmPRP mRNA may code for a cell wall protein. The PEPK repeat is also found in a previously reported wheat sequence but differs from the repeated sequences found in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and in dicot proline-rich proteins (PRP). In the maize genome, the ZmPRP protein is encoded by a single gene that is expressed in maturing regions of the root, in the hypocotyl and in the pericarp. In these organs, the ZmPRP mRNA accumulates in the xylem and surrounding cells, and in the epidermis. No ZmPRP mRNA was found in the phloem. The pattern of mRNA accumulation is very similar to the one observed for genes coding for proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis and, like most cell wall proteins, ZmPRP synthesis is also induced by wounding. These data support the hypothesis that ZmPRP is a member of a new class of fibrous proteins involved in the secondary cell wall formation in monocot species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006129703262
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    Constitutive protein-DNA interactions on the abscisic acid-responsive element before and after developmental activation of the rab28 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABRE ; embryogenesis ; G-box ; gene expression ; maize ; protein-DNA interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription of the rab28 gene from maize is induced in late embryo development and in response to abscisic acid. We have studied the regulation of the activity of the rab28 promoter in embryos. Two abscisic acid-responsive elements (ABREs) were necessary for expression in embryos of transgenic Arabidopsis and in transient transformation in maize embryos. In vivo footprinting showed that there was protein binding to the ABREs and to other cis elements in the promoter in young embryos before expression of rab28. This shows that the rab28 promoter is in an open chromatin structure before developmental activation. The ABREs are important for the induction and have protein binding in young embryos. Nuclear proteins extracted from embryos before activation of rab28 bound to the ABREs in band shift assays. A complex with different mobility was formed between nuclear proteins and the ABREs after induction of rab28 suggesting a modification of the ABRE-binding factor or an exchange of proteins. The footprints on the ABREs were unaltered by induction with abscisic acid or during developmental activation of rab28. These results indicate that constitutive binding of transcription factor(s) on the ABRE is central in embryonic regulation of the rab28 gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345113637
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    Characterisation of resistance to potato leafroll virus accumulation in Solanum phureja (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ELISA ; genetic modification ; PLRV ; potato ; Solanum phureja ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strong resistance to accumulation of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was identified in a clone of the diploid potato species Solanum phureja (cv. ‘Egg Yolk’, clone 5010) using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The resistance is expressed very strongly in leaf tissue (virus could not be detected in leaves of some plants although other tissues were infected) but less strongly in petiole and stem tissue of infected plants. The titre of PLRV in leaves of S. phureja (5010) is approximately 2%, or less, of the titre in S. tuberosum cv. Maris Piper. The pattern of virus accumulation in different tissues of S. phureja (5010) and the distribution of virus-infected cells in phloem bundles suggest that this resistance is different to a similar form of resistance to PLRV accumulation previously identified in clones of Solanum tuberosum. Plants of S. phureja (5010) were transformed with the coat protein gene of potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Transgenic lines of S. phureja (5010) expressing transgene RNA transcript were no more resistant to aphid-borne infection with PLRV or to virus accumulation than were non-transgenic lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003668629040
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    The DapA gene encoding the lysine biosynthetic enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Coix lacryma-jobi: cloning, characterization, and expression analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 551-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Coix lacryma jobi ; dihydrodipicolinate synthase ; GCN4 ; lysine ; maize ; opaque2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) is the main enzyme of a specific branch of the aspartate pathway leading to lysine biosynthesis in higher plants. We have cloned and characterized the DHPS-encoding DapA gene from the maize-related grass Coix lacryma-jobi. The DapA open reading frame is interrupted by two introns and encodes the 326 amino acid-long Coix DHPS protein, which is 95% identical to the maize DHPS protein. Coix DNA gel blot analysis with maize DHPS cDNA as a probe showed a single strongly hybridizing band along with faint bands. RNA gel blot analysis showed that DHPS transcripts are present in coleoptiles, embryos, endosperms, and roots but are almost undetectable in blades of young leaves of both Coix and maize. The 5′-flanking region of the DapA gene contains a TGACTC GCN4-like element located 372 bp upstream the putative translation start codon. Steady-state levels of DHPS mRNA were slightly reduced in the endosperms and embryos of the maize lysine-rich opaque2 mutants when compared with those in normal kernels. Selective binding assay with the maize Opaque2 protein (O2) showed that the GCN4-like element is not an O2 binding site, suggesting that the DHPS gene is not under the control of O2.
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    Evidence for factors regulating transfer cell-specific expression in maize endosperm (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: BETL ; endosperm ; maize ; promoter ; transfer cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In maize, a layer of basal endosperm cells adjacent to the pedicel is modified for a function in solute transfer. Three genes specifically expressed in this region, termed the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL-2 to -4), were isolated by differential hybridization. BETL-2 to -4 are coordinately expressed in early and mid-term endosperm development, but are absent at later stages. BETL-2 to -4 coding sequences all predict small (〈100 amino acids), secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides which lack close relatives in current database accessions. BETL-3 and BETL-1 display some sequence similarities with each other and to plant defensins. BETL-2 to -4 promoter regions were isolated and compared, revealing the presence of a promoter-proximal microsatellite repeat as the most highly conserved sequence element in each sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that specific BETL-2 to -4 promoter fragments competed for binding to the same DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts prepared from maize endosperm. Although BETL-2 to -4 are only expressed in basal endosperm cells, the DNA-binding activities detected were of two types: distal endosperm-specific, or present in both basal and distal endosperm extracts. On the basis of these findings, a model to account for the coordinate regulation of BETL genes in endosperm cells is proposed.
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    Root:soil adhesion in the maize rhizosphere: the rheological approach (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; matric water potential ; rhizosphere ; soil:root adhesion ; soil:root contact ; soil surface properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to investigate the strength of attachment of plant seedling roots to the soil in which they were grown. The study also assessed the effects of differing soil textures and differing soil matric potentials upon the strength of the root:soil attachment. A device for growing roots upon a soil surface was designed, and was used to produce roots which were attached to the soil. In order to quantify root:soil adhesion, roots of maize seedlings, grown on the soil surface, were subsequently peeled off using a universal test machine, in conjunction with simultaneous time-lapse video observation. To clarify the partitioning of energy in the root:soil peeling test, separate mechanical tests on roots, and on two adherent remoulded topsoil balls were also carried out. The seedling root was characterised by a low bending stiffness. The energy stored in bending was negligible, compared to the root:soil adhesion energy. The mechanical properties of two adherent remoulded topsoil balls were a decrease of the soil:soil adhesion energy as the soil:soil plastic energy increased. These two parameters were therefore interdependent. Using a video-camera system, it was possible to separate the different processes occurring during the root:soil peeling test, in particular, the seed:soil adhesion and the root:soil soil adhesion. An interpretation of the complex and variable force:displacement curves was thus possible, enabling calculation of the root:soil interfacial rupture energy. At a given suction (10 kPa), the results of the peeling test showed a clear soil texture effect on the value of the root:soil interfacial rupture energy. In contrast, for the same silty topsoil, the effect of the soil water suction on the value of the interfacial rupture energy was very moderate. The root:soil interfacial rupture energy was controlled mainly by a product of microscopic soil specific surface area and the macroscopic contact surface area between the root and the soil. Biological and physical interactions contributing to root:soil adhesion such as root:soil interlocking mechanics were also analysed and discussed.
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    Dynamics of phosphorus in the rhizosphere of maize and rape grown on synthetic, phosphated calcite and goethite (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcite ; goethite ; maize ; phosphate ; H+ release ; Brassica napus L. ; Zea Mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In calcareous soils the dynamics of phosphorus is controlled by calcite and iron oxides such as goethite which strongly retain P and consequently maintain low P concentrations in soil solution. Plants can drastically change chemical conditions in the rhizosphere, in particular by releasing H+ or OH− or by excreting organic anions. By modifying the dissolution/precipitation and desorption/adsorption equilibria, roots can influence the mobility of soil P. The aim of this work was to test whether H+ or OH− release can induce the mobilization of P in the rhizosphere of maize and rape supplied with NO3-N or NH4-N and grown on synthetic phosphated calcite or goethite as sole source of P. With P-calcite, the mobilization of P was generally related to the acidification of the rhizosphere. With P-goethite, rhizosphere acidification induced some increase of DTPA-extractable Fe and hence dissolution of goethite. Rhizosphere P was concomitantly depleted but the mechanisms involved are less clear. The difference in behavior of the two species is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004328815280
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    Soil nitrogen dynamics and relationships with maize yields in a gliricidia–maize intercrop in Malawi (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Gliricidia sepium ; inorganic nitrogen ; maize ; nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many soils of southern Africa are severely N deficient, but inorganic fertilizers are unaffordable for most subsistence farmers. Rotations and intercrops of legumes with crops may alleviate N deficiency through biological N2 fixation and redistribution of subsoil N to the surface. We monitored soil inorganic N dynamics for two seasons in a gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] – maize (Zea mays L.) intercrop in the unimodal rainfall area of southern Malawi. One maize crop per year was grown with or without interplanted gliricidia, in factorial combination with three rates of N (0, 24 or 48 kg N ha-1). Application of gliricidia prunings increased (p 〈 0.001) topsoil (0 to 20 cm) inorganic N at the end of the dry season and during the early rains. Differences between plus and minus gliricidia treatments were less when total inorganic N to 1-m depth was summed. A greater proportion of the total inorganic N to 1-m depth occurred in the topsoil (0 to 20 cm) when gliricidia was present, suggesting that redistribution of subsoil N to the surface accounted for part of the N increase by gliricidia. Gliricidia lowered (p 〈 0.05) subsoil water content during drier periods. Gliricidia plots accumulated more (p 〈 0.01) ammonium-N during the dry season. Nitrate-N remained constant during the dry season but rose rapidly in gliricidia plots after the onset of rains. A 2-factor model including preseason inorganic N and anaerobic N mineralization potential accounted for 84% of the variability in maize yields for the two seasons' data combined. The combination of preseason inorganic N and potential N mineralization appears to provide a good estimate of N supply to maize in systems receiving both organic and inorganic sources of N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004636501488
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    Genetic basis of variation for salt tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L). (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; North Carolina model 2 ; salinity tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of salt tolerance was examined in selected salt tolerant and sensitive material from a sample of accessions previously assessed for variability in salinity tolerance. The North Carolina Model 2 Design and analysis was followed, tolerance being assessed in 10-day-old seedlings grown in salinized solution culture at control (0 mM), 60 mM and 80 mM NaCl concentrations). Salinity tolerance was shown to be under the control of genes with additive and non-additive effects, with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates being approximately 0.7 and 0.4 over all treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003612411293
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    Crossability between cultivated and wild tuber-and non-tuber-bearing Solanums (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum ; crossability ; 2n gametes ; hybridization ; wild species ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cultivated potato has over 200 extant wild relatives many of which contain genes valuable for disease resistance, hardiness, processing and agronomic traits. Crossability of these wild species directly with the cultivated potato is complicated by several reproductive phenomena such as stylar and ploidy barriers and Endosperm Balance Numbers (EBN). However, a systematic analysis of crossability with many of these wild relatives has never fully been examined. Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated potato and over 400 wild potato accessions; stylar barriers and 2n gamete production were examined as was the fertility of many of the putative hybrids. Generally, the seed/fruit ratio increased the more closely related the species were to the cultivated potato. However, a few crosses were successful in spite of predicted failure due to ploidy or EBN differences.
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    Vertical resistance to late blight in wild potato species from Argentina (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; resistancescreening ; Solanum ; vertical resistance ; wild species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible presence of vertical resistance to late blight conferred by R genes in Argentine wild Solanum species, which presumably have not evolved under the pressure of the fungus, was investigated. Solanum microdontum, S. commersonii and S. chacoense clones were tested in the greenhouse and with detached leaves in the laboratory after inoculation with a complex race and a non-virulent race of Phytophthora infestans. Two progeny tests were carried out to assess the performance of contrasting parents in regards to their resistance. A varying frequency of incompatible clones was detected among the species, with S. microdontum having the higher proportion of clones yielding incompatible reactions both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. S. chacoense and S. commersonii showed a small but still considerable frequency of incompatible clones. The progeny tests confirmed the presence of R genes in a S. commersonii cross and their absence in a S. chacoense cross. The unexpected presence of R genes, its evolutionary significance and the consequences on the use of these species in breeding is discussed.
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    Biosynthesis of non-fluorescent chlorophyll of Photosystem II core in greening plant leaves. Effect of etiolated plants growing under heat shock conditions (38 °C) (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 62 (1999), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll a biosynthesis ; etiolated leaves ; heat shock ; maize ; pea ; pea mutants ; Photosystem II core ; protochlorophyllide photoreduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Preliminary dark incubation of etiolated pea and maize plants at 38 °C allowed to observe a new dark reaction of Chl biosynthesis occuring after photoconversion of protochlorophyllide Pchld 655/650 into chlorophyllide Chld 684/676. This reaction was accompanied by chlorophyllide esterification and by the bathochromic shift of pigment spectra: Chld 684/676 → Chl 688/680. After completion of the reaction, a rapid (20–30 s at 26 °C) quenching of Chl 688/680 low-temperature fluorescence was observed. The reaction Chld 684/676 → Chl 688/680 was inhibited under anaerobic conditions as well as in the presence of KCN; the reaction accompanied by Chl fluorescence quenching was inhibited in the leaves of pea mutants with impaired function of Photosystem II reaction centers. The spectra position of newly formed Chl, effects of Chl fluorescence quenching allowed to assume that the new dark reaction is responsible for biosynthesis of P–680, the key pigment of Photosystem II reaction centres.
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    Marker-assisted sampling of the cultivated Andean potato Solanum phureja collection using RAPD markers (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 547-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: core collection ; germplasm ; molecular marker ; potato ; RAPD ; Solanum phureja
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potato crop originated in the Andean highlands where numerous farmer's varieties and non-cultivated wild species exist. An Andean potato collection is held in trust at the International Potato Center (CIP) to preserve the biodiversity of this crop and ensure the supply of germplasm for potato improvement worldwide. A core collection representing the biodiversity of the Andean potato germplasm is under construction using morphological, molecular, and geographic data. One of the eight cultivated potato species, Solanum phureja, has been genotyped using the RAPD technique. A protocol suitable for large germplasm collection genotyping has been developed to process numerous samples at reasonable costs. From 106 RAPD primers evaluated, we have selected 12 primers yielding 102 polymorphic markers, which unambiguously discriminated all 128 accessions but 2 that are possible duplicates. The S. phureja germplasm collected throughout the Andean countries appears to have a homogeneous genetic constitution. There was no clear geographic pattern as indicated by cluster analysis of the RAPD data. A sub-group of 20 accessions has been identified on the basis of the marker data and selected to maximize molecular (RAPD) variance and polymorphism. The probability of capturing equal amounts of marker polymorphism in this sub-group of 20 accessions by random sampling is less than 40%. This set accessions represents our first group of accessions that may constitute a core of the S. phureja collection. This tentative core will be challenged for diversity content by alternate markers and agronomic traits. Hence, the methodology for sampling less than 10% of the base collection, proposed for core collections by Brown (1989), can be based on molecular marker data provided cost-efficient fingerprints are developed.
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    Analysis of hexamer and pentamer motifs within a maize database: the presence of motif ‘signatures’ in functional gene categories (1999)
    Springer
    Genetica 105 (1999), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Ac transposase binding site ; functional gene categories ; genomics ; hexamer ; maize ; motif signatures ; nonrandom distributions ; pentamer ; repeat motifs ; Tourist motif ; transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several transposable elements (TEs) have been reported in association with genes in maize and other plants. In this study we found, based on statistical analyses of 951 DNA sequences within a maize computer database, that short hexamer and pentamer DNA motifs from the Activator (Ac) and from the Tourist TEs, respectively, were also associated with maize genes. Moreover, these two short hexamer and pentamer TE motifs were nonrandomly and nearly nonrandomly distributed, respectively, with respect to particular biochemical functions of those maize genes. To determine whether this distribution may be unique to TE motifs, or may be more widespread among hexamers/pentamers in general, we similarly studied six additional hexamer or pentamer sequences not derived from TEs. These also showed nonrandom distribution with respect to functional gene categories in the maize database. However, each of the total of eight short sequence motifs we studied differed in its pattern of association with distinct sets of functional gene categories; that is, there was a unique ‘signature’ for each of the hexamers and pentameters tested. Potential biological hypotheses to explain these findings are discussed.
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    Effects of Peruvian Maize Extracts on Growth, Development, and Fecundity of the European Corn Borer (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1281-1294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) ; growth ; development ; fecundity ; oviposition ; behavior ; eggs ; DIMBOA ; water extract ; plant extract ; maize ; Peruvian maize ; maize accessions ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve Peruvian maize, Zea mays, accessions were selected because of their relatively high level of field resistance to first-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, larval leaf-feeding. Water extracts of freeze-dried, powdered, leaf tissue were incorporated into a standard ECB diet, fed to larvae, and the effects on larval growth, development, and fecundity were measured. Larval and pupal weights were monitored as were the time elapsed in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Adult fecundity and egg fertility were recorded. The experiment was a randomized block design (larvae and pupae) or a completely randomized design (adults) and analyzed with ANOVA (α = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons were made between groups of insects grown on diets containing extracts from the Peruvian lines, a standard diet, or diets containing extracts of a known susceptible inbred, and a known resistant inbred line. Survival was analyzed with a chi-squared test (α = 0.05). Two Peruvian accessions significantly reduced female larval and pupal weights, extended pupal and adult development time, and decreased survival of pupae and adults. Water extracts also had a pronounced impact on males; two accessions significantly reduced pupal weight and extended the time required to pupate, and one reduced male survival to adults. The results indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, developmental time, and survival of ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize germplasm with insect-resistant traits.
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    Yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to crop residue management on two major soil types Of Alemaya, Eastern Ethiopia: I. Effects of varying rates of applied and residual N and P fertilizers (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: applied N and P ; crop residue ; maize ; Residual N and P ; Typic Pellustert ; Typic Ustorthent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted on two soil types for seven years (1988–1994) to investigate grain yield response of maize to crop residue application as influenced by varying rates of applied and residual N and P fertilizers. Yearly application of N and P fertilizers at both one-half and full recommended rates resulted in grain yield increases of more than 500 and 1100 kg ha-1, respectively over application of only crop residue. Moreover, grain yield responses due to residual N and P fertilizers applied only during the first year were found to be comparable to the yearly applications of these fertilizers. Rainfall and soil type have exerted considerable influences on the grain yield response obtained in this study. Grain yield exhibited a corresponding decrease with decreasing rainfall. Grain yield increases on Typic Pellustert were relatively higher than on Typic Ustorthent.
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    Adoption of mucuna in the farming systems of northern Honduras (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 47 (1999), S. 67-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cover crops ; farmer innovation ; land tenure ; maize ; nutrient cycling ; velvetbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many parts of Central America long fallow periods are no longer feasible due to increasing land pressures. Farmers in northern Honduras have developed and diffused from farmer-to-farmer a maize cropping system using velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) as a short-term fallow. High total annual rainfall in a bimodal distribution is favorable to the system because it allows the completion of two rainfed cropping cycles annually. The first season is dedicated to the production of the mucuna crop and the second season is dedicated to maize. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca were not reduced during a 15-year period of continuous mucuna use. Soil organic matter, infiltration, and porosity increased with continuous mucuna use. Maize yields in fields with continuous rotation of mucuna were on average double those obtained without mucuna. The mucuna system was more profitable than the existing alternative bush-fallow system due to higher returns to land and labor resulting from higher yields, lower weeding and land preparation costs, and reduced risk of drought stress. The relative profitability of the mucuna system was also enhanced by seasonally high maize prices during the second season when maize is harvested in the mucuna system. Relatively easy access to land through inexpensive land ownership and land rental markets has made it possible for even small-scale farmers to dedicate land to the mucuna system. Land-use intensity is increasing in the region, however, as land is converted to pastures for cattle production. The opportunity costs of keeping land in the mucuna system, while also accessing land for first-season maize and other crops, are also increasing. These experiences remind us that a viable livelihood is the primary factor in farmers' decision making about adoption particular components of farming systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006205702691
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    Expression of nonacclimated freezing tolerance and cold acclimation capacity in somatic hybrids between hardy wild Solanum species and cultivated potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: freezing tolerance ; potato ; Solanum brevidens ; Solanum commersonii ; Solanum tuberosum ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The expression of freezing tolerance was characterized in interspecific somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum (tbr) and two cold-hardy wild species, S. brevidens (brd) and S. commersonii (cmm). The nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC, increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperature), two main genetic components of freezing tolerance, were evaluated separately. In contrast to cmm, which exhibited excellent NA and ACC, the freezing tolerance of brd was mainly due to ACC. However, the ACC of brd was only moderately expressed in the somatic hybrids. The NA of cmm was also suppressed in combination with tbr genomes. However, with acclimation, some of the tbr (+) cmm somatic hybrids achieved freezing tolerance comparable to pure hardy species such as brd used in this study. Analysis of chloroplast DNA type by RFLP markers revealed no significant difference in ACC between somatic hybrids carrying chloroplasts from either tbr or cmm. The reasons for the reduced expression of freezing tolerance from either the brd or cmm parent and the utilization of these somatic hybrids in breeding programs are discussed.
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    Expression of tobacco class II catalase gene activates the endogenous homologous gene and is associated with disease resistance in transgenic potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 477-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: arachidonic acid ; catalase ; late blight ; potato ; salicylic acid ; systemic acquired resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have previously shown that healthy potato plants respond poorly to salicylic acid (SA) for activating disease resistance against the late blight fungal pathogen Phytophthora infestans. However, SA is essential for the establishment of potato systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against P. infestans after treatment with the fungal elicitor arachidonic acid (AA). To understand the molecular mechanisms through which AA induces SA-dependent SAR in potato, we have recently studied the expression of potato class II catalase (Cat2St) in comparison with its tobacco homologue, Cat2Nt, which has previously been shown to bind SA. In the present study, we show that tobacco Cat2Nt is expressed at high levels and accounts for almost half of total SA-binding activity detected in tobacco leaves. In contrast, potato Cat2St is not expressed in healthy leaves, which is associated with the low SA responsiveness of potato plants for activation of disease resistance mechanisms. Upon treatment with AA, expression of potato Cat2St is induced not only in AA-treated leaves, but also in the upper untreated parts of the plants, concomitant with the establishment of SA -dependent SAR to P. infestans. Moreover, expression of the tobacco Cat2Nt gene in transgenic potato plants leads to constitutive expression of the endogenous potato Cat2St gene and is associated with enhanced resistance to P. infestans. These results collectively indicate that plant SA-binding class II catalases may play an important role in the development of disease resistance, possibly by serving as biological targets of SA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006180708533
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    A transcript encoding translation initiation factor eIF-5A is stored in unfertilized egg cells of maize (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 1063-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; gene expression ; in vitro fertilization ; maize ; zygote ; embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Differential screening of cDNA libraries of unfertilized egg cells and in vitro zygotes of maize resulted in the isolation of more than 50 different genes whose expression is up- or down-regulated after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Amoung these genes, we identified a cDNA encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF-5A. This highly conserved factor is thought to be necessary for selective mRNA stabilization and translation. It is also the only known protein that contains the unusual amino acid hypusine which is required for biological activity. High transcript amounts are stored in the egg cell, which is, in terms of metabolism, relatively inactive. Upon fertilization transcript amounts decrease, in contrast to metabolically inactive embryos in which the transcript cannot be detected and transcript levels increase upon germination. The expression pattern during the first embryonic cell cycle is also different from that observed during the somatic cell cycle: egg cells in the G0 phase contain high transcript levels, while arrested suspension cells contain few transcripts. In the somatic cell cycle, eif-5A is strongly induced during the G1 phase and transcripts are continuously degraded during the S, G2 and M phases until new induction during the G1 phase of the next cycle. eif-5A, a member of a small gene family in maize, is expressed in most maize tissues investigated. Based on our results, we suggest that the unfertilized egg cell of maize, although relatively inactive regarding its metabolism, is prepared for selective mRNA translation that is quickly triggered after fertilization. We also suggest that the regulation of eif-5A in the first embryonic cell cycle is different from the somatic cell cycle.
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    Mapping and expression of a bifunctional thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase gene from maize (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 733-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bifunctional enzymes ; dihydrofolate reductase ; DNA synthesis ; endoreduplication ; maize ; thymidylate synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bifunctional gene (ZmDHFR-TS) encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) was cloned from a Zea mays cDNA library. Both of these enzymes are involved in nucleotide biosynthesis, specifically in the formation of thymidine monophosphate (TMP). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with DHFR-TS sequences from three other plant sources revealed over 75% similarity and motifs typical of DHFR-TS proteins. Two copies of the gene were mapped to chromosomes 2 and 4. This represents the first DHFR-TS gene cloned from a monocotyledonous plant. Expression of ZmDHFR-TS was examined in developing kernels and various tissues of maize by RNA gel blot hybridization analysis in order to determine the relationship between expression of this gene and DNA synthesis. RNA transcripts for ZmDHFR-TS accumulated to high levels in developing maize kernels when endosperm cells were undergoing endoreduplication and cell division. Meristematic maize tissues had high levels of ZmDHFR-TS mRNA, but transcripts were barely detectable in RNA isolated from the root elongation zone and from mature leaf tissues.
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    The eEFlA gene family is differentially expressed in maize endosperm (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 801-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: eEF1A ; endosperm ; gene family ; maize ; opaque2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract eEF1A appears to be a multifunctional protein in eukaryotes, where it serves as a protein synthesis factor as well as a cytoskeletal protein. In maize endosperm, the eEF1A concentration is highly correlated with lysine content, and eEF1A synthesis is increased in opaque2 mutants compared to wild type. To investigate the basis for the increased synthesis of eEF1A in opaque2, we characterized the genes encoding this protein and measured their relative level of expression in endosperm and other tissues. Maize contains 10 to 15 eEF1A genes that are nearly identical in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. However, these genes can be distinguished based on their 3′ non-coding sequences, which are less conserved. By screening endosperm and seedling cDNA libraries, we show that most of the maize eEF1A genes are expressed, and the relative level of their transcripts varies in different tissues. At least five genes are transcribed in the endosperm, and two account for ca. 80% of the RNA transcripts. The expression of several genes is enhanced in opaque2 endosperm, although the significance of this is unclear.
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    Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum Race 3 (Biovar 2) in Surface Water and Natural Weed Hosts: First Report on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bittersweet ; brown rot ; overwintering ; pathogenicity ; potato ; Solanum dulcamara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The population dynamics of the brown rot bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum in surface water of two selected water-areas were monitored over a two-year period. In some cases during summer, high bacterial numbers (up to 106 cfu l−1) were observed. In a host plant survey a few plants of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) were found to be a natural host of the bacterium when plants were growing with their roots in contaminated water. The significance of U. dioica in the epidemiology of the brown rot bacterium is not yet known and subject to further investigation. Pathogenicity of R. solanacearum to stinging nettle (U. dioica) and bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) was demonstrated in a greenhouse experiment.
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    Detection and Quantification of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea in Soils and on Tubers Using Specific PCR Primers (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 905-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cystosori ; internal transcribed spacer regions ; plasmodiophorids ; potato ; powdery scab ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract PCR-based methods were developed for the detection and quantification of the potato pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (S. subterranea) in peel, tuber washings and soil. A partial sequence was obtained for S. subterranea ribosomal DNA and specific PCR primers (Sps1 and Sps2) were chosen from the internal transcribed spacer regions. These primers amplified a 391 bp product from S. subterranea DNA but did not amplify DNA from potato or a range of soil-borne microbes, including related species. Diluted S. subterranea DNA was detected at a concentration equivalent to 25×10−5 cystosori or 1 zoospore per PCR. Amplification was detected from peel and washings of infected and apparently healthy tubers, but not from peel of Scottish classified seed potatoes or axenically micropropagated potatoes. A rapid method for extracting S. subterranea DNA from soils was developed. This yielded DNA pure enough for PCR within 3 h and facilitated the detection of 1–5 cystosori per gram of soil. A PCR quantification technique was developed involving comparison of product ratios obtained after co-amplification of S. subterranea DNA along with an internal standard (competitor DNA fragment). This quantitative technique was also adapted for use in soil. PCR detection of S. subterranea in soil was considerably more sensitive than previously reported immunoassays and was quicker and easier than conventional bait plant bioassays. Such an assay could be useful for developing disease risk assessments for field soils and seed potato stocks and for future studies on the ecology and control of S. subterranea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008782309333
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    Response of Three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Simulated Acid Rain and Aluminium Stress (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Acaulospora tuberculata ; alkaline phosphatase ; Deschampsia flexuosa ; extraradical mycelium ; Glomus fistulosum ; Glomus mosseae ; maize ; NADH-diaphorase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simulated acid rain (SAR) combined with higher concentration of aluminium (SAR+Al) influenced the ecophysiology of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in both the germination and symbiotic phases of their life cycle. Acaulospora tuberculata, an isolate from the soil with low pH, exhibited a higher tolerance to environmental stress as compared to Glomus mosseae and G. fistulosum. This higher tolerance may be related to the edaphic conditions of soil of the isolate origin. The histochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase and NADH-diaphorase activities in the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of the AMF proved to be more sensitive indication of negative effects of the SAR or SAR+Al stress compared to commonly measured parameters of the AMF such as mycorrhizal colonisation or growth of the ERM.
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    Salt Tolerance of Solanum tuberosum L. Overexpressing an Heterologous Osmotin-like Protein (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: adaptation ; osmoprotectant ; osmotin ; potato ; proline ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) was transformed with a cDNA clone encoding an osmotin-like protein. Transgenic and non-transgenic in vitro plants were subjected to NaCl for 3 weeks. The shoot and root development was slightly affected by salinity indicating that the salt condition used was a mild stress. The endogenous proline content of the osmotin-like transformed clone only raised slightly as compared to the non-transformed genotype, where a marked increase in proline content could be observed as a result to salt stress. These data provide evidence for the involvement of osmotin-like proteins in the mechanisms of salt tolerance in potato plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002131812340
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    A gene controlling biosynthesis of isoorientin, a compound in corn silks antibiotic to the corn earworm (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; Helicoverpa zea ; antibiosis ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T218, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (〈2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non-isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F1, F2, first backcrosses, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The tests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae.
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    Effects of temperature on survival and preimaginal development rates of Colorado potato beetle on potato and horse-nettle: potential role in host range expansion (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: adaptive evolution ; geographic variation ; host plant ; Colorado potato beetle ; horse-nettle ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the ability of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) to use horse-nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) as a host plant was determined for larvae from colonies originating from two geographically separated populations, one adapted to horse-nettle (NC) and the other unadapted to horse-nettle (MA). Survival and developmental rate on horse-nettle and potato were measured for larvae from both colonies over a range of constant temperatures (12–30 °C) and one fluctuating temperature regime (22 °C to 30 °C). The ability of Colorado potato beetles to use horse-nettle as a larval host was strongly influenced by temperature, but the effects of temperature differed greatly between beetles from the two colonies. Survival of adapted larvae on horse-nettle was highest and comparable to that on potato at the constant 30 °C and the fluctuating temperature regime. Below 30 °C, survival of adapted larvae decreased drastically but some larvae survived at all temperatures except the lowest (12 °C). In contrast, survival of unadapted larvae to adult occurred only at 30 °C, and was low (10%). At lower temperatures, all larvae died. On potato, the effect of temperature was less dramatic, and consistent across colonies. At 12 °C, survival to adult was poor (ca. 10%), but at higher temperatures, survival increased sharply and larvae from both colonies survived equally well. On potato, small but statistically significant differences in developmental rates between beetle colonies were detected at the constant but not at the fluctuating temperature regimes. Also, the developmental day degree requirements (DD) and the low temperature development threshold (T0) values for the various developmental stages did not differ between colonies on potato. On horse-nettle, development times for both colonies were always significantly longer and DD requirements were greater than on potato. At 30 °C, the only constant temperature at which larvae from the unadapted colony completed development, the development rate to adult emergence was similar to that of beetles from the adapted colony. Differences between colonies in performance on horse-nettle were not a result of host-independent, genetically based differences in the thermal requirements of the two populations. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation to horse-nettle by Colorado potato beetle may be facilitated by a genotype × environment interaction involving temperature. These findings have important implications for host plant utilization, host range expansion and selection of pest biotypes adapted to plant resistance traits used in crop protection.
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    Studies of the growth, development and reproductive performance of the aphid shape Myzus persicae on artificial diets containing potato glycoalkaloids (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; glycoalkaloids ; solanine ; chaconine ; artificial diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peach potato aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were reared on artificial diets containing the steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) α-solanine and α-chaconine in concentrations lower or similar to those observed in potato leaves. The adults proved to be susceptible to high concentrations (80–160 mg GA /100 ml of diet) showing reduced fecundity, diet uptake and increased mortality in comparison to controls. Ingestion of these artificial diets by nymphs delayed maturity and decreased the intrinsic rate of natural increase. GAs in low concentrations marginally stimulated the reproductive performance and diet acceptability of this aphid. The possibility of GAs exerting a defensive role in potato plants against aphids is discussed.
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    A survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western Romania (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
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    Napier grass strips and livestock: a bioeconomic analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 40 (1998), S. 41-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: hedgerow ; maize ; mulch ; Pennisetum purpureum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Napier grass strips are gaining some acceptance in Southeast Asia as a vegetative means of soil erosion control, due to the relative ease of establishment and management. In addition, the napier grass strips aid productivity of agroforestry systems by providing mulch or by being fed to livestock. In this paper, a bioeconomic comparison of different ways of utilising the napier grass cuttings is undertaken. The three uses examined for the cuttings were: as mulch in the alley areas, sold as fodder, and fed to animals with manure applied back to the system. The analysis linked the soils-oriented SCUAF model with economic and animal component models. SCUAF was parameterized using field data based on farmer interviews and field visits. Farmer interviews and field visits were conducted at Claveria, Misamis Oriental to gather additional data regarding costs and returns associated with animal production, and also to obtain the farm gate price of napier. Predicted biophysical results produced by the SCUAF model showed that application of napier grass cuttings, back into the system, directly as mulch or indirectly as animal manure resulted in higher maize and napier yields, lower soil erosion rates, and less of a reduction in soil mineral nitrogen and soil labile carbon levels. The comparison was made with the case where napier was sold off-farm as fodder. Cost-benefit analysis showed that higher economic returns were gained when napier grass cuttings were fed to animals, rather than applied directly as mulch. This economic benefit was attributed to the draught and transport services rendered by the animal and to a change in the value of the animals. This analysis highlights the value of utilizing animals within a napier grass strip system for control of erosion.
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    Integrated Management Practices for the Control of Maize Grey Leaf Spot (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Cercospora zeae-maydis ; control ; grey leaf spot ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grey leaf spot of maize, (Zea maydis L.) (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Tehon and Daniels, is one of the most destructive leaf diseases of maize. The distribution and severity of grey leaf spot has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. The United States and South Africa are main areas where research on the disease has been concentrated. The research results have provided valuable and significant insight into pathogen epidemiology and allowed an integrated management system to be developed. However, management options are a result of the agricultural system under which maize is produced. The pathogen survives only on maize, so crop rotation and stubble management are major factors in disease management, but resistant hybrids offer the best option for economic control. Many other factors, such as soil fertility, plant density, irrigation and chemical control, can significantly influence a grey leaf spot epidemic, although a single management practice will not control the pathogen effectively.
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    Aspects of fusion combining ability of dihaploidSolanum tuberosum L.: influence of the cytoplasm (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; mitochondria ; chloroplast ; protoplast fusion ; somatic hybridization ; cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Creation from 4x hybrid clones from protoplast fusion of 2x clones of potato was evaluated. Besides combined nuclear genomes, composition of the cytoplasm significantly influenced the phenotypic traits of hybrid clones. To ascertain the influence of parental cytoplasm on the success of protoplast fusion and regeneration of hybrid plants, data from 74 fusion combinations of 50 dihaploid clones were analyzed. The majority of dihaploid breeding clones belonged to the cytoplasm types Wα, Tβ and Wγ. When the closely related mt types α, β and γ were used, fusion combinations had a better combining ability compared with more distantly related cytoplasms δ and ⃛. Fusions containing the same mitochondrial type (homofusions) were not superior to closely related mitochondrial types. However, homofusions of cytoplasm type Wα yielded significantly more hybrids than homofusions of type Tβ. In general, parental cytoplasm types had little impact on the fusion combining behaviour. Thus the cytoplasm type of the fusion parents is not a suitable marker for predicting the combining ability in protoplast fusion experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358438
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    Inheritance of resistance toFusarium spp. and toPhytophthora infestans in crosses between Neotuberosum and Tuberosum potatoes estimated by seedling tests (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; dry rot ; Fusarium coeruleum ; F. sulphureum ; general combining abilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Neotuberosum clones with differing levels of resistance toFusarium coeruleum andFurarium sulphureum, and putative resistance toPhytophthora infestans, were selected and used in crosses with Tuberosum clones. The resulting progenies were assessed for their resistance to each of these pathogens and for breeders' preference. There was little correlation between disease scores for the twoFusarium species (r=0.21 and 0.34 for the Neotuberosum and hybrid clones respectively), indicating that resistance to each species is distinct. Statistical analyses revealed differences between the Neotuberosum parents and between the Tuberosum parents for all traits, but the Neotuberosum differences for late blight were not significant (P=0.10–0.05) when tested against the interaction between the two sets of parents. The interaction was significant forF. coeruleum and breeders' preference, but notF. sulphureum. No reciprocal differences were found. The only statistically significant correlation between traits for the 72 progenies was a small one (r=0.33; P=0.01–0.001) between the twoFusarium species; for all other pairs of traits r was less than 0.10. It is concluded that there are good prospects for combinding resistances to the twoFusarium species from different sources and also for achieving high levels of other desirable characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358196
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  • 86
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    Rate of spread of PVYn by alateMyzus persicae (Sulzer) from infected to healthy plants under laboratory conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: aphid ; epidemiology ; flight ; potato ; mosaic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alate green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tested in a flight chamber during their maiden flight period displayed behaviours ranging from repeated trivial flights to settling on the plants. The interaction of alate vector density and PVYn spread was dichotomous, virus spread was significantly related to vector density in some trials but virus spread was nil or limited and not significantly dependent on vector density in others. The green peach aphid colony used in these experiments provided a mixture of active and highly active alate populations. Results suggest that inactive and active vectors came from the active and highly active alate populations, respectively. Therefore, winged aphids within a species cannot all be attributed the same vector efficiency unless known to originate from the same population. At a 15% inoculum level the intercept for the regression model for the spread of PVYn was 5.03% indicating that there is a significant probability of propagation at aphid densities as low as one. However, over the range of aphid densities tested, the rate of spread per aphid was low, 0.08%, suggesting that reinfection of newly infected plants or movement interference between aphid vectors rapidly became important factors negatively affecting virus spread. Although these results cannot be directly transferred to field conditions they provide confirmation that lowM. persicae numbers can transmit unacceptable levels of mosaic and that low inoculum levels are required to decrease the risk of transmission by the small aphid numbers which cannot be realistically controlled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358966
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  • 87
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    Soft-rot resistance combined with other tuber characters in long day-adaptedSolanum phureja (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; diploid ; Erwinia ; yield ; tuber characters ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Offspring were produced from a cross between two long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones which carried resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica). In tests carried out on the produce of field-grown plants raised from tubers, over fifty per cent of the 173 offspring were found to be highly resistant. Assessments were also carried out of tuber yield, mean tuber weight, tuber number, shape, regularity, flesh colour, texture of the steamed flesh, fry colour, after-cooking blackening, sprout length after storage and overall dormancy. There were statistically significant differences between clones for all characters (P〈0.001). Twelve of the clones were selected on the basis of high resistance, yield, tuber weight, regularity of shape and absence of after-cooking blackening. The value of resistant long-day-adapted diploid material for commercial breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360263
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  • 88
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    Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates ofFusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: post harvest disease ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; resistance ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence of 12Fusarium oxysporum isolates was determined on three potato cultivars Late Harvest, BP1 and Kimberley Choice. The production of fusaric acid by the 12F. oxysporum isolates was also determined. The aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between fusaric acid production and virulence ofF. oxysporum isolates. Late Harvest was the most tolerant and BP1 the most susceptible cultivar. Virulence ranking, order of theF. oxysporum isolates with the different cultivars corresponded with the mean of value of the ranking order for all three cultivars. A correlation was found between virulence of isolates and fusaric acid production except for Late Harvest. Fusaric acid production may play a major role in the development of dry rot in potato tubers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358198
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  • 89
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    Potato tubers as a biofactory for recombinant antibodies (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: antibody ; endoplasmic reticulum ; phytofarming ; potato ; production ; scFv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato tubers have been successfully used for high-level production of a recombinant single-chain Fv (ScFv) antibody. Ubiquitous high-level expression was achieved under control of the CaMV 35S promoter through retention of the scFv protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recombinant antibodies accumulated up to 2% of total soluble tuber protein. After 1.5 years of tuber storage at 4 °C still half of the amount of scFv present in freshly harvested tubers was detectable. Its specific activity did not decrease during tuber storage. Recombinant protein could be efficiently purified from crude extracts by affinity chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676832273
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  • 90
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    Vegetative-compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae from Israel (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cotton ; potato ; vegetative comptability ; Verticillium dahliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among 34 isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton, potato, olive, eggplant, chrysanthemum and tomato from 12 sites in Israel. Based on the formation of complementary heterokaryons, 33 isolates were assigned to two vegetative- compatibility groups (VCGs): one VCG contained 15 isolates from cotton, eggplant, chrysanthemum and olive; and the other VCG contained 18 isolates from potato, olive and cotton. The status of an additional isolate from tomato, which was compatible with both VCGs, remained unclear. In a limited pathogenicity test with 10 isolates, two (from tomato and eggplant) were pathogenic on tomato, eggplant and cotton; most isolates from cotton were pathogenic on cotton and eggplant only; and one from cotton was non-pathogenic. Fewer isolates were pathogenic on tomato than on cotton or eggplant. The diversity of vegetative compatibility found in our V. dahliae collection is comparable to that found in studies of American populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008696312859
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  • 91
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    Functional analysis of the promoter region of a maize (Zea mays L.) H3 histone gene in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; cis-elements ; histone promoter ; maize ; meristems ; transgenic Arabidopsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 1023 bp fragment and truncated derivatives of the maize (Zea mays L.) histone H3C4 gene promoter were fused to the ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and introduced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. GUS activity was found in various meristems of transgenic plants as for other plant histone promoters, but unexplained activity also occurred at branching points of both stems and roots. Deletion of the upstream 558 bp of the promoter reduced its activity to an almost basal expression. Internal deletion of a downstream fragment containing plant histone-specific sequence motifs reduced the promoter activity in all tissues and abolished the expression in meristems. Thus, both the proximal and distal regions of the promoter appear necessary to achieve the final expression pattern in dicotyledonous plant tissues. In mesophyll protoplasts isolated from the transformed Arabidopsis plants, the full-length promoter showed both S phase-dependent and -independent activity, like other plant histone gene promoters. Neither of the 5′-truncated nor the internal-deleted promoters were able to direct S phase-dependent activity, thus revealing necessary cooperation between the proximal and distal parts of the promoter to achieve cell cycle-regulated expression. The involvement of the different regions of the promoter in the different types of expression is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005909703600
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    The ltk gene family encodes novel receptor-like kinases with temporal expression in developing maize endosperm (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 749-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: development ; disease ; endosperm ; kinase ; maize ; receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of maize cDNAs that are transcribed from a small gene family and encode a novel group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). The distinctive extracellular domain of these novel RLKs includes a unique number and arrangement of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a proline-rich region (PRR), a putative protein degradation target sequence (PEST), and a serine-rich region (SRR). The intracellular domain contains a putative serine/threonine protein kinase. To distinguish them from other reported RLKs, these novel RLKs were termed leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinases (LTKs). Based on analysis of available deduced protein sequences, LTK1 and LTK2 were predicted to be 92.1% identical, while LTK2 and LTK3 were predicted to be 97.5% identical. Though the three LTK proteins showed high homology, the region that most distinguished LTK1 from LTK2 and LTK3 was found in the extracellular domain, in the SRR. To differentiate between expression of the individual ltk genes, we used the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction enzyme analysis. While ltk1 transcripts were constantly present in all tissues tested, ltk2 and ltk3 transcripts were only detected in the endosperm. Furthermore, transcript levels for both ltk1 and ltk2 showed modulation during endosperm development, peaking at 20 days after pollination. These results suggest that members of the ltk gene family mediate signals associated with seed development and maturation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006012530241
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    Development patterns of telomerase activity in barley and maize (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 621-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; development ; maize ; telomerase ; TRAP assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic chromosomes terminate with specialized structures called telomeres. Maintenance of chromosomal ends in most eukaryotes studied to date requires a specialized enzyme, telomerase. Telomerase has been shown to be developmentally regulated in man and a few other multicellular organisms, while it is constitutively expressed in unicellular eukaryotes. Recently, we demonstrated telomerase activity in plant extracts using the PCR-based TRAP (Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol) assay developed for human cells. Here we report telomerase activities in two grass species, barley and maize, using a modified, semi-quantitative TRAP assay. Telomerase was highly active in very young immature embryos and gradually declined during embryo development. The endosperm telomerase activity was detectable, but significantly lower than in the embryo and declined during kernel development with no detectable activity in later stages. Telomerase activity in dissected maize embryo axis was several orders of magnitude higher than in the scutellum. Telomerase activity was not detected in a range of differentiated tissues including those with active meristems such as root tips as well as the internode and leaf base. The role of telomerase repression during differentiation and the relationship between chromosome healing and telomerase activity is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005994629814
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    Transcripts of maize RbcS genes accumulate differentially in C3 and C4 tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 593-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; gene family ; maize ; RbcS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RbcS genes exist as multigene families in most plant species examined. In this paper, we report an investigation into the expression patterns of two maize RbcS genes, designated in this report as RbcS1and RbcS2. We present the sequence of RbcS2 and show that the structure of the gene has several features in common with other monocot RbcS genes. To determine whether RbcS1 and RbcS2 fulfil different functional roles with respect to the C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways, we have investigated the expression patterns of the two genes in different maize tissue types. Transcripts of both genes are found at high levels specifically in bundle-sheath cells of maize seedling leaves, indicating that both genes are expressed in the C4-type pattern. However, we show that RbcS1 transcripts are relatively more abundant than RbcS2 transcripts in C3 tissues such as husk leaves. These results are discussed with respect to the evolution of C4 carbon fixation and the mechanisms required for the cell-specific expression of RbcS genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005947306667
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    Isolation and characterization of a functional A-type cyclin from maize (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; complementation ; cyclins ; maize ; root meristem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclins are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in eukaryotes. We have isolated a cyclin cDNA clone, cycZm2w, from maize root tip cells, which fits best into group A2 of current plant cyclin gene classification schemes. The cDNA encodes a protein with a domain homologous to the cyclin box of mitotic cyclins. Complementation studies revealed that cycZm2w was able to rescue a budding yeast cyclin-deficient mutant (BF305–15d#21). As expected, cycZm2w is expressed in organs of the maize plant that possess meristematic activity, but is especially prominent in the proliferating regions of the root apex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005968901298
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    Molecular marker analysis of European Setosphaeria turcica populations (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum ; Johnson grass ; maize ; northern corn leaf blight ; population genetic structure ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008641920356
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  • 97
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    The potential of AFLPs in biosystematics: A first application inSolanum taxonomy(Solanaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 87-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Solanaceae ; Solanum ; AFLP markers ; DNA fingerprinting ; phylogeny ; polyploids ; potato ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the AFLP technique highly informative DNA fingerprints were generated from 19 taxa ofSolanum sect.Petota (potatoes) and three taxa ofSolanum sect.Lycopersicum (tomatoes). Both phenetic and cladistic analyses were conducted from the individual genotypic level to the species level. An AFLP fingerprint, using a combination of suitable AFLP primers, generated 12 to 71 scorable fragments per genotype which was sufficient for taxonomic interpretation. The classifications based on the molecular markers were generally in agreement with current taxonomic opinions. Unexpectedly,S. microdontum was associated with ser.Megistacroloba rather than with ser.Tuberosa, andS. demissum (ser.Demissa) and species of ser.Acaulia appeared closely affiliated. AFLP is an efficient and reliable technique to generate biosystematic data and therefore a promising tool for evolutionary studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984729
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  • 98
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    A ca. 40 kDa maize (Zea mays L.) embryo dehydrin is encoded by the dhn2 locus on chromosome 9 (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Dehydrin ; LEA D11 ; maize ; dhn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dehydrins (LEA D11 proteins) are the products of multigene families in a number of higher plants [5]. To date, however, only one dehydrin locus, dhn1 (a major embryo and drought-induced protein of ca. 18 kDa) has been placed on chromosome 6L of the genetic linkage map of maize. The presence of a larger, ca. 40 kDa embryo protein that is also specifically detected by anti-dehydrin antibodies had been observed in some maize inbreds, including B73, suggesting that other dhn loci may exist. The ca. 22 kDa and ca. 40 kDa immunopositive proteins were purified from B73 and their amino acid compositions determined. The two proteins' amino acid compositions are typical of dehydrins, yet they differ from each other, indicating that they are distinct dhn gene products. Different size alleles for both proteins, or presence/absence in the case of the ca. 40 kDa protein, were evident from comparisons of embryo proteins of various maize inbreds. Analysis of segregating F2 progeny derived from self-pollination of F1 hybrids from four crosses (B73 × OH43, Mo17 × A632, AHO × A632, Latente × A632) revealed that alleles of the two genes assort independently. Map positions of the two dhn loci were then determined using two maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations. The predicted map position of the gene controlling production of the ca. 22 kDa protein confirmed that this protein is the product of the dhn1 gene. The gene encoding the ca. 40 kDa dehydrin-like protein maps to a new locus on chromosome 9S near wx1, which we have named dhn2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006037308167
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    Cloning and characterization of two maize cDNAs encoding Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR) and differential expression of the corresponding genes (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase ; cDNA sequences ; lignins ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR, EC 1.2.1.44) catalyses the first step of the lignin pathway. Two full-length cDNAs identified by sequence analysis as CCR-encoding cDNAs were isolated from a maize root cDNA library. These two cDNAs designated ZmCCR1 and ZmCCR2 exhibit 73% sequence conservation at the nucleotide level for their coding regions and are relatively divergent at their 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions. They both contain a common signature which is thought to be involved in the catalytic site of CCR. Northern blot analysis indicated that ZmCCR2 was expressed at very low levels in roots whereas ZmCCR1 was widely expressed in different organs. The high level of ZmCCR1 gene expression along the stalk suggests that the corresponding enzyme is probably involved in constitutive lignification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006060101866
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  • 100
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    Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 198 (1998), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonization ; crop-rotation ; maize ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We selected three crop production practices; crop rotation, tillage and phosphorus fertilization, all known to affect arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development, to study early AM intraradical colonization in maize. Half of the plots were planted during the first year with either a host (maize, Zea mays L.) or a non-host (canola, Brassica napus L.) crop, and all of them with maize for the second year. Tillage and P fertilization treatments were applied to the plots in the second year. Mycorrhiza development in maize was measured in pot culture bioassays conducted before planting and after harvest of the previous and the subsequent crops, and in the field during the second crop season. Previous cropping of a soil with canola (Brassica napus L.), a non-host plant species, delayed mycorrhiza development of maize in a bioassay conducted with that soil in comparison with a previous cropping cycle with maize (Zea mays L.) or with the original plant species in the field site, bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leys.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The delay in mycorrhiza development after cropping with canola was also observed in samples taken from the field and in a bioassay, both conducted at the beginning of the subsequent cropping cycle. Tillage had, on average, little effect on intraradical colonization either in the field or in the bioassays. Phosphorus fertilization also had little effect on mycorrhiza development in the field. Crop rotation with a non-host had the strongest effect on intraradical mycorrhiza development of the three practices studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004314406653
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