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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 43-66 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multiple-level model ; finite element method ; open boundary condition ; tidal current analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of a research project to verify the newly improved multiple- level model for 3D tidal current analysis in Tokyo Bay are presented. The improved multiple-level model includes additional effects due to Coriolis force, river inflows and wind shear stresses. Furthermore, a new numerical treatment of the open boundary condition was applied which effectively eliminated the spurious reflective waves often generated by various numerical methods simulating free surface flows. The mean (time-averaged or residual) and tidal currents in Tokyo Bay were simulated as examples to demonstrate the validity and capability of the newly improved multiple-level model. A series of numerical experiments was conducted to carefully examine the tidal circulations affected by the forcing factors of Coriolis force, river inflows and wind shears, both individually and combined. The numerical results demonstrated that the effects of each forcing term are physically reasonable, with the wind shear effect being the most significant and the case including all forcing terms being in best overall agreement with the field data collected in Tokyo Bay by the Ministry of Transportation. This study has contributed not only to the verification of the newly improved multiple-level model but also to the enhancement of the accuracy of numerical simulations of three-dimensional flow in coastal waters by this model.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 11-27 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite elements ; liquid crystal ; nematic ; anisotropic ; electro rheological ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The orientation tensor L is introduced to construct a modified Leslie-Ericksen model for the viscous, incompressible flow of anisotropic suspensions (including electric field effects). This is then utilized to develop a weak variational formulation and finite element scheme for computing the flow and orientation fields. Numerical results are presented for exploratory test problems.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 137-148 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: validation ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Taylor-Galerkin approach ; finite elements ; laser Doppler anemometry ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the validation of a finite element solver for an axisymmetric compressible flow with experimental values, especially velocities measured with a laser Doppler anemometer in the near wake of a circular cylinder. The equations under consideration are the Navier-Stokes equations with turbulent terms. A time-stepping scheme for the solution of these equations can be produced by applying a forward-time Taylor series expansion including time derivatives of second order. These time derivatives are evaluated in terms of space derivatives in the Lax-Wendroff fashion. The method is based on unstructured triangular grids with a high resolution in the radial direction. In order to predict the measured turbulent intensites more exactly, a modification of the Baldwin-Lomax model is necessary.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 175-194 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: free-surface flow ; viscous incompressible fluid ; finite element method ; marker particle method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method based on the finite element method is presented for simulating the two-dimensional transient motion of a viscous liquid with free surfaces. For ease of numerical treatment of the free surface expressed by a multiple-valued function, the marker particle method is employed. Numerous virtual particles are spread over all regions occupied by liquid. They move about on a fixed finite element mesh with the liquid velocity at their positions. These particles contribute nothing to the dynamics of the liquid and only serve as markers of liquid regions. The velocity field within liquid regions is calculated by solving the Navier- Stokes equations and the equation of continuity by the finite element method based on quadrilateral elements. A detailed discussion is given of the methodological problems arising in the implementation of the marker particle method on an unstructured finite element mesh and of the solutions to these problems. The proposed method is demonstrated on three sample problems: the broken dam problem, the impact of a falling liquid drop on a still liquid and the entry of a rigid block into water. Good agreement has been obtained in the comparison of the present numerical results with available experimental data.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 353-373 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; finite differences ; unsymmetric linear systems ; Krylov subspace methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In many popular solution algorithms for the incompressible Navier-Stoke equations the coupling between the momentum equations is neglected when the linearized momentum equations are solved to update the velocities. This is known to lead to poor convergence in highly swirling flows where coupling between the radial and tangential momentum equations is strong. Here we propose a coupled solution algorithm in which the linearized momentum and continuity equations are solved simultaneously. Comparisons between the new method and the well-known SIMPLEC method are presented.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 411-428 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: composite grids ; adaptive grids ; multigrid parallelization ; Euler ; implicit scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method capable of solving very fast and robust complex non-linear systems of equations is presented. The block adaptive multigrid (BAM) method combines mesh adaptive techniques with multigrid and domain decomposition methods. The overall method is based on the FAS multigrid, but instead of using global grids, locally enriched subgrids are also employed in regions where excessive solution errors are encountered. The final mesh is a composite grid with uniform rectangular subgrids of various mesh densities. The regions where finer grid resolution is necessary are detected using an estimation of the solution error by comparing solutions between grid levels. Furthermore, an alternative domain decomposition strategy has been developed to take advantage of parallel computing machines. The proposed method has been applied to an implicit upwind Euler code (EuFlex) for the solution of complex transonic flows around aerofoils. The efficiency and robustness of the BAM method are demonstrated for two popular inviscid test cases. Up to 19-fold acceleration with respect to the single-grid solution has been achieved, but a further twofold speed-up is possible on four-processor parallel computers.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 151-173 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: free surface flow ; spillways ; critical flow ; finite element ; sensitivity analysis ; variable domain method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new method for the computation of two-dimensional critical flows over spillways is presented. The premise of the method is that at a critical value of the discharge coefficient that free boundary has no upstream waves. For the chosen spillway geometry without a toe section this requirement is equivalent to negative curvature of the free boundary. The method consists of two levels: at the inner level the corresponding free boundary value problem is solved for a fixed value of Q and at the outer level a critical value of Q is sought by minimization of the oscillation of the free boundary. An invaluable part of the method is the sensitivity anlaysis of the finite element stiffness matrix. The correctness of the numerical results is proved by scrutinizing the convergence rate by mesh refinement. Good agreement of the computed results with experimental data is achieved.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 549-565 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: parallel computing ; multigrid method ; finite volume method ; block-structured grids ; incompressible flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a parallel multigrid finite volume solver for the prediction of steady and unsteady flows in complex geometries is presented. For the handling of the complexity of the geometry and for the parallelization a unified approach connected with the concept of block-structured grids is employed. The parallel implementation is based on grid partitioning with automatic load balancing and follows the message-passing concept, ensuring a high degree of portability. A high numerical efficiency is obtained by a non-linear multigrid method with a pressure correction scheme as smoother.By a number of numerical experiments on various parallel computers the method is investigated with respect to its numerical and parallel efficiency. The results illustrate that the high performance of the underlying sequential multigrid algorithm can largely be retained in the parallel implementation and that the proposed method is well suited for solving complex flow problems on parallel computers with high efficiency.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 603-618 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: shallow water equations ; wave continuity equation ; boundary conditions ; finite elements ; generalized functions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element solution of the shallow water wave equations has found increasing use by researchers and practitioners in the modelling of oceans and coastal areas. Wave equation models, most of which use equal-orderC0 interpolants for both the velocity and the surface elevation, do not introduce spurious oscillation modes, hence avoiding the need for artificial or numerical damping. An important question for both primitive equation and wave equation models is the interpretation of boundary conditions. Analysis of the characteristics of the governing equations shows that for most geophysical flows a single condition at each boundary is sufficient, yet there is not a consensus in the literature as to what that boundary condition must be or how it should be implemented in a finite element code. Traditionally (partly because of limited data), surface elevation is specified at open ocean boundaries while the normal flux is specified as zero at land boundaries. In most finite element wave equation models both of these boundary conditions are implemented as essential conditions. Our recent work focuses on alternative ways to numerically implement normal flow boundary conditions with an eye towards improving the mass-conserving properties of wave equation models. A unique finite element formulation using generalized functions demonstrates that boundary conditions should be implemented by treating normal fluxes as natural conditions with the flux interpreted as external to the computational domain. Results from extensive numerical experiments show that the scheme does conserve mass for all parameter values. Furthermore, convergence studies demonstrate that the algorithm is consistent, as residual errors at the boundary diminish as the grid is refined.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: lattice gas ; cellular automata ; wave modelling ; standing waves ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The lattice gas model for simulating two-phase flow, proposed by Appert and Zaleski, has been modified by the introduction of gravitational interactions and the new model has been used to simulate standing wave patterns on the free surface of a fluid. The results compare well with linear theory.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 325-352 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; artificial boundary conditions ; flux and pressure conditions ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fluid dynamical problems are often conceptualized in unbounded domains. However, most methods of numerical simulation then require a truncation of the conceptual domain to a bounded one, thereby introducing artificial boundaries. Here we analyse our experience in choosing artificial boundary conditions implicitly through the choice of variational formulations. We deal particularly with a class of problems that involve the prescription of pressure drops and/or net flux conditions.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 445-446 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 449-465 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: aeroacoustic ; vortex shedding ; solid rocket motor ; implicit or explicit method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present work is devoted to the numerical simulation of two important phenomena in the field of solid propellant rocket motors: the first is acoustic boundary layers that develop above the burning propellant; the other is a periodic vortex-shedding phenomenon which is the result of a strong coupling between the instability of mean flow shear layers and acoustic motions in the chamber. To predict the acoustic boundary layer, computations were performed for the lower half of a rectangular chamber with bottom-side injection. The outflow pressure is sinusoidally perturbed at a given frequency. For the highest CFL numbers the implicit scheme is not able to compute the unsteadiness in the acoustic boundary layer. With very low CFL numbers or with the explicit scheme the main features of the acoustic field are captured. To simulate the vortex-shedding mechanismin a segmented solid rocket motor, the explicit version is used. This computation shows a mechanism for ‘self-excited’ vortex shedding close to the second axial mode frequency. The use of the flux-splitting technique reduces substantially the amplitude of the oscillations. A few iterations are done with flux splitting, then the computation is performed without this technique. In this case both the frequency and the intensity are well predicted. A geometry more representative of the solid rocket motor is also computed. In this case the vortex-shedding process is more complex and pairing is observed.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 495-513 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: hydrodynamic planing ; vortex lattice ; jet modelling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensional numerical model using vortex lattice methods (VLMs) is developed to solve the steady planning problem. Planing hydrodynamics have similarities to the aerodynamic swept wing problem - the fundamental difference being the existence of a free surface. Details of the solution scheme are discussed, including the special features of the VLM used here in obtaining accurate flows at the leading and side edges. Computational results are presented and compared with existing theories and experiments.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 961-978 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: planar liquid sheets ; perturbation methods ; film casting ; film coating ; plane stagnation flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Asymptotic methods are employed to derive the leading-order equations which govern the fluid dynamics of time-dependent, incompressible, planar liquid sheets at low Reynolds numbers using as small parameter the slenderness ratio. Analytical and numerical solutions of relevance to both steady film casting processes and plane stagnation flows are obtained with the leading-order equations. It is shown that for steady film casting processes the model which accounts for both gravity and low-Reynolds-number effects predicts thicker and slower planar liquid sheets than those which neglect a surface curvature term or assume that Reynolds number is zero, because the neglect of the curvature term and the assumption of zero Reynolds number are not justified at high take-up velocities owing to the large velocity gradients that occur at the take-up point. It is also shown that for Reynolds number/Froude number ratios larger than one, models which neglect the surface curvature or assume a zero Reynolds number predict velocity profiles which are either concave or exhibit an inflection point, whereas the model which accounts for both curvature and low-Reynolds-number effects predicts convex velocity profiles. For plane stagnation flows it is shown that models which account for both low-Reynolds-number and curvature effects predict nearly identical results to those of models which assume zero Reynolds number. These two models also predict a faster thickening of the planar liquid sheet than models which account for low- Reynolds-number effects but neglect the surface curvature. This curvature term is very large near the stagnation point and cannot be neglected there. It is also shown that the thickening of the sheet occurs closer to the stagnation point as the Reynolds number/Froude number ratio is increased, i.e. as the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration is increased. In addition it is shown that large surface tension introduces a third-order spatial derivative in the axial momentum equation at leading order.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1013-1022 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: potential flow ; panel method ; superposition technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the superposition technique for a potential flow around an aerofoil is investigated in the complex plane. The control of the circulation around the aerofoil by satisfying the Kutta condition at the flow field points is described.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1089-1102 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: piecewise-linearized methods ; two-point boundary value problems ; singular perturbations ; finite differences ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Piecewise-linearized methods for the solution of two-point boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations are presented. These problems are approximated by piecewise linear ones which have analytical solutions and reduced to finding the slope of the solution at the left boundary so that the boundary conditions at the right end of the interval are satisfied. This results in a rather complex system of non-linear algebraic equations which may be reduced to a single non-linear equation whose unknown is the slope of the solution at the left boundary of the interval and whose solution may be obtained by means of the Newton-Raphson method. This is equivalent to solving the boundary value problem as an initial value one using the piecewise-linearized technique and a shooting method. It is shown that for problems characterized by a linear operator a technique based on the superposition principle and the piecewise-linearized method may be employed. For these problems the accuracy of piecewise-linearized methods is of second order. It is also shown that for linear problems the accuracy of the piecewise-linearized method is superior to that of fourth-order-accurate techniques. For the linear singular perturbation problems considered in this paper the accuracy of global piecewise linearizat ion is higher than that of finite difference and finite element methods. For non-linear problems the accuracy of piecewise-linearized methods is in most cases lower than that of fourth-order methods but comparable with that of second-order techniques owing to the linearization of the non-linear terms.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 799-810 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: jets ; jet impingement ; turbulence ; k-ε model ; finite volume method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports numerical modelling of impinging jet flows using Rodi and Malin corrections to the k-ε turbulence model, carried out using the PHOENICS finite volume code. Axisymmetric calculations were performed on single round free jets and impinging jets and the effects of pressure ratio, height and nozzle exit velocity profile were investigated numerically. It was found that both the Rodi and Malin corrections tend to improve the prediction of the hydrodynamic field of free and impinging jets but still leave significant errors in the predicted wall jet growth. These numerical experiments suggest that conditions before impingement significantly affect radial wall jet development, primarily by changing the wall jet's initial thickness.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 921-935 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: two-phase flow ; multilevel ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A time-dependent numerical algorithm is developed for the two-fluid model Euler of TLNS (thin layer Navier-Stokes) equations. The analysis is based on a MUSCL (monotone upstream central scheme for conservation laws)-type flux-vector-splitting scheme with the multi-level technique. This algorithm is applied to investigate JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) nozzle flow. Calculated results for both one- and two-phase flows are given to show the accuracy, the computational efficiency and the particle influence on the flow field.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 987-1011 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: non-stationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ; time-stepping schemes ; projection methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present a numerical comparison of some time-stepping schemes for the discretization and solution of the non-stationary incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. The spatial discretization is by non-conforming quadrilateral finite elements which satisfy the LBB condition. The major focus is on the differences in accuracy and efficiency between the backward Euler, Crank-Nicolson and fractional-step Θ schemes used in discretizing the momentum equations. Further, the differences between fully coupled solvers and operator-splitting techniques (projection methods) and the influence of the treatment of the nonlinear advection term are considered. The combination of both discrete projection schemesand non-conforming finite elementsallows the comparison of schemes which are representative for many methods used in practice. On Cartesian grids this approach encompasses some well-known staggered grid finite difference discretizations too. The results which are obtained for several typical flow problems are thought to be representative and should be helpful for a fair rating of solution schemes, particularly in long-time simulations.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1041-1059 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: grid generation ; tri-tree ; unstructured grid ; multigrid ; finite element ; mixed formulation ; analytic integration ; adaptive solver ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An iterative adaptive equation multigrid solver for solving the implicit Navier-Stokes equations simultaneously with tri-tree grid generation is developed. The tri-tree grid generator builds a hierarchical grid structur e which is mapped to a finite element grid at each hierarchical level. For each hierarchical finite element multigrid the Navier-Stokes equations are solved approximately. The solution at each level is projected onto the next finer grid and used as a start vector for the iterative equation solver at the finer level. When the finest grid is reached, the equation solver is iterated until a tolerated solution is reached. The iterative multigrid equation solver is preconditioned by incomplete LU factorization with coupled node fill-in.The non-linear Navier-Stokes equations are linearized by both the Newton method and grid adaption. The efficiency and behaviour of the present adaptive method are compared with those of the previously developed iterative equation solver which is preconditioned by incomplete LU factorization with coupled node fill-in.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1125-1134 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: bubble dynamics ; fluid-structure interaction ; boundary integral method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical method for predicting the motion of a spherical bubble close to a rigid structure. The velocity potential in the fluid due to the motin of the bubble is represented by a source and a dipole located at the centroid of the bubble. This leads to a coupled system of differential equations for the bubbble radius and the location of its centroid. This system of equations can be solved using an appropriate numerical scheme.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1149-1151 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: shallow water equations ; entropy variables ; streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin ; symmetric formulations ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new symmetric formulation of the two-dimensional shallow water equations and a streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) scheme are developed and tested. The symmetric formulation is constructed by means of a transformation of dependent variables derived from the relation for the total energy of the water column. This symmetric form is well suited to the SUPG approach as seen in analogous treatments of gas dynamics problems based on entropy variables. Particulars related to the construction of the upwind test functions and an appropriate discontinuity-capturing operator are included. A formal extension to the viscous, dissipative problem and a stability analysis are also presented. Numerical results for shallow water flow in a channel with (a) a step transition, (b) a curved wall transition and (c) a straight wall transition are compared with experimental and other computational results from the literature.
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 485-501 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: shallow recirculating flow ; multilayer model ; turbulence model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A quasi-three-dimensional multilayer k- ∊ model has been developed to simulate turbulent recirculating flows behind a sudden expansion in shallow waters. The model accounts for the vertical variation in the flow quantities and eliminates the problem of closure for the effective stresses resulting from the depth integration of the non-linear convective accelerations found in the widely used depth- integrated models. The governing equations are split into three parts in the finite difference solution: advection, dispersion and propagation. The advection part is solved using the four-node minimax-characteristics method. The dispersion and propagation parts are treated by the central difference method, the former being solved explicitly and the latter implicitly using the Gauss-Seidel iteration method. The relative effect of bed-generated turbulence and transverse shear-generated turbulence on the recirculating flow has been studied in detail. In comparison with the results computed by the depth-integrated k-∊ model, the results computed by the present model are found to be closer to the reported data.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 607-631 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unsteady flow ; implicit methods ; mesh generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An unfactored implicit time-marching method for the solution of the unsteady two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged thin layer Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The linear system arising from each implicit step is solved by the conjugate gradient squared (CGS) method with preconditioning based on an ADI factorization. The time-marching procedure has been used with a fast transfinite interpolation method to regenerate the mesh at each time step in response to the motion of the aerofoil. The main test cases examined are from the AGARD aeroelastic configurations and involve aerofoils oscillating rigidly in pitch. These test cases have been used to investigate the effect of various parameters, such as CGS tolerance and laminar/turbulent transition location, on the accuracy and efficiency of the method. Comparisons with available experimental data have been made for these cases. In order to illustrate the application of the mesh generator and flow solver to more general flows where the aerofoil deforms, results for an NACA 0012 aerofoil with an oscillating trailing edge flap are also shown.
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 711-732 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite difference scheme ; prowake co-ordinates ; vorticity conditioning ; high-order upwinding ; semi-explicit time marching ; bluff object ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A semi-explicit finite difference scheme is proposed to study unsteady two-dimensional, incompressible flow past a bluff object at high Reynolds number. The bluff object comes from a class of elliptical cylinders in which the aspect ratio and the angle of attack are two controlled parameters. Associated with the streamfunction-vorticity formulation, the interior vorticity, streamfunction and wall vorticity are updated in turn for each time step. The streamfunction and wall vorticity are solved by means of a multigrid method and a projection method respectively. In regard to the vorticity transport equation, implicitness is merely associated with the diffusion operator, which can be made semi-explicit via approximate factorization. Low-diffusive upwinding is devised to handle the convection part. Numerical results are reported for Reynolds numbers up to 40,000. Comparisons with other numerical or physical experiments are included.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 733-733 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 847-858 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; hyperbolic ; initial boundary value problem ; natural co-ordinate system ; random choice method ; Riemann problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The random choice method has now been shown to be successfully extendible from the original one-dimensional unsteady formulation to inert high-speed flow fields which are steady and two-dimensional using Cartesian, axisymmetric and Lagrangian formulations. This paper deals with the description of a new implementation of the random choice method formulated for natural co-ordinates based on streamlines and normals. Comparisons between theoretical and computed results for several different physical configurations are presented.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 861-863 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 897-921 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; unsteady flow ; laminar flow ; turbulent flow ; projection method ; approximate factorization technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an implicit projection method for the solution of the two-dimensional, time-dependent, incompressible Navier- Stokes equations is presented. The basic principle of this method is that the evaluation of the time evolution is split into intermediate steps. The computational method is based on the approximate factorization technique. The coupled approach is used to link the equations of motion and the turbulence model equations. The standard k-∊ turbulence model is used. The current methodology, which has been tested extensively for steady problems, is now applied for the numerical simulation of unsteady flows. Several cases were tested, such as plane or axisymmetric channels, a backward-facing step, a square cavity and an axisymmetric stenosis.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 953-983 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: transient pipeflow ; non-ideal gas ; subgrid modelling ; transient dispersion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem investigated is the break of a high-pressure pipeline carrying natural single-phase gas which may condensate (retrograde) when the pressure drops. Single-phase non-ideal gas is assumed using a general- ized equation of state. Taking advantage of the choked massflow condition, the break is split into a pipe flow problem and a dispersion flow problem, both solved using a finite difference control volume scheme.The transient flow field from the pipeline break location is expanded analytically, using an approximation of the governing equations, until ambient pressure is reached and matched to the corresponding gas dispersion flow field using as subgrid model a jet box with a time-varying equivalent nozzle area as an internal boundary of the dispersion domain. The turbulence models used for the pipe and dispersion flow fields are an empirical model of Reichard and the k-∊ model for buoyant flow respectively.The pipe flow simulations indicate that the flow from the pipeline might include dispersed condensate which will affect quantitatively the mass flow rate from the pipeline and qualitatively the gas dispersion if the condensate rains out.The transient dispersion simulation shows that an entrainment flow field develops and mixes supersaturated gas with ambient warmer air to an unsaturated mixture. Because of the inertia of the ambient air, it takes time to develop the entrainment flow field. As a consequence of this and the decay of the mass flow with time, the lower flammability limit of the gas-air mixture reaches its most remote downstream position relatively early in the simulation (about 15 s) and withdraws closer to the break location.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1043-1072 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: lee-waves ; seamount ; turbulence-energy ; mixing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensional, primitive equation, baroclinic numerical model incorporating a range of turbulence energy submodels is used to study the generation of internal lee waves over an isolated seamount. Attention is given to the turbulence mixing enhanced by the internal lee waves. The results show that regions of strong turbulence energy appear over the lee side of the seamount associated with the production of the lee waves. The computed vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity using turbulence models can be as large as 1 m2s-1.A comparison of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the internal lee waves does not reveal any major differences in results computed using different turbulence energy models or mixing determined from a Richards on number formulation. However, the magnitude of the vertical mixing is sensitive to the form of turbulence energy submodel. Also, a study of the relevant importance of the various terms in the turbulence energy equation shows that the term representing the advection of turbulence needs to be retained in order to accurately reproduce the mixing produced by the internal lee waves. Calculations using a range of seamount profiles show that the magnitude of near-bed turbulence is sensitive to the shape of the seamount.The magnitude and spatial distribution of the lee waves and associated flow field are affected by the parametrization of horizontal diffusion, with significant differences between the use of Laplacian and biharmonic forms of horizontal diffusion. The application of biharmonic horizontal diffusion is recommended.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1111-1111 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1145-1161 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: pseudospectral method ; thermohydrodynamic lubrication ; spectral method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The pseudospectral method is used for the first time to solve the thermohydrodynamic lubrication equations for a slider bearing. The orthogonal polynomials used in the series expansions are Lagrangian interpola nts derived from a Legendre basis. Exponential convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated and favourable comparisons with previous work are made.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1223-1233 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite difference method ; heat transfer augmentation ; eddy viscosity model ; low-Re k-∊ model streamline curvature correction ; ribbed channel ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical computations are performed on the fully developed flow and heat transfer in a periodically ribbed channel with oscillatory throughflow. A uniform heat flux is imposed at the lower plate of the channel. An externally sustained pressure gradient varies sinusoidally in time. A low-turbulent-Reynolds-number version of the k-∊ two-equation model of turbulence is invoked, together with a preferential dissipation modification, to predict the complex turbulent flow field. Computed results indicate that much heat transfer enhancement is expected by increasing the Womersley number, which measures the relative strength of the oscillatory motion to the viscous effects.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1327-1345 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unsteady flows ; incompressible viscous flows ; onset of asymmetry ; Navier-Stokes equations ; finite difference method ; bluff bodies ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational study of the development of two- dimensional unsteady viscous incompressible flow around a circular cylinder and elliptic cylinders is undertaken at a Reynolds number of 10,000. A higher- order upwind scheme is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations by the finite difference method in order to study the onset of computed asymmetry around bluff bodies. For the computed cases the ellipses develop asymmetry much earlier than the circular cylinder. The receptivity of the computed flows in the presence of discrete roughness and surface vibration is studied. Finally, the role of discrete roughness in triggering asymmetry for flow past a circular cylinder is studied and compared with flow visualization experiments at Re=10,000
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1347-1347 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 503-524 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: flow of gases ; porous media ; landfill ; BEM numerical simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A two-dimensional numerical model for convection-diffusion flow of a multigas mixture through a multilayer porous medium was developed with the aim to be used for evaluation of emissions of gases from landfills. The proposed model is based on the boundary element-dual reciprocity method. Time-independent one-dimensional analytical solutions for a multilayer domain were found for the cases of a single gas and a two-gas mixture and used to verify the accuracy of the model. Although the proposed technique is a simple one, consisting only of boundary integrals, it was found that the technique can be applied with satisfactory accuracy to the problem at which it was initially aimed.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 567-588 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multiblock ; turbulent flow ; computational modelling ; parallel computing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A multiblock algorithm for general 2D and 3D turbulent flows is introduced and applied to three cases: a compressor cascade passage, a two-element high-lift aerofoil and a round-to-square transition duct. The method is a generalization of a single-block scheme which is based on a non-orthogonal, fully collocated finite volume framework, applicable to incompressible and compressible flows and incorporating a range of turbulence transport models, including second-moment closure. The multiblock implementation is essentially block-unstructured, each block having its own local co-ordinate system unrelated to those of its neighbours. Any one block may interface with more than one neighbour along any one block face. Interblock communication is handled by connectivity matrices and effected via a two-cell overlap region along block boundaries in which ‘halo data’ reside. The algorithm and the associated data communication are explained in detail, and its effectiveness is verified, with particular reference to improved numerical resolution and parallel computing.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 635-635 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 673-690 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; directionally adaptive meshes ; edge-based error estimate ; structured grids ; mesh movement ; finite element method ; high-speed flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper describes a directionally adaptive finite element method for high-speed flows, using an edge-based error estimate on quadrilateral grids. The error of the numerical solution is estimated through its second derivatives and the resulting Hessian tensor is used to define a Riemannian metric. An improved mesh movement strategy, based on a spring analogy, but with no orthogonality constraints, is introduced to equidistribute the lengths of the edges of the elements in the defined metric. The grid adaptation procedure is validated on an analytical test case and the efficiency of the overall methodology is investigated on supersonic and hypersonic benchmarks.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 691-710 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: viscoelastic ; extensional flow ; wirecoating ; Taylor-Galerkin ; finite elements ; pressure-correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numerical simulation of three model viscoelastic extensional flows is considered: sink flow, model draw-down and conical section draw-down. A transient finite element scheme with a pressure correction method is employed to analyse the numerical treatment of such problems for Oldroyd- Band Phan-Thien/Tanner constitutive models. Both decoupled and coupled formulations are compared for these highly convective flows and effective mechanisms are proposed for removing numerical oscillations in the temporally developing solution. In pure viscoelastic extensional flow from an initial stress-free state, the maximum stress level attained decreases with increase in material relaxation time. When this is followed by stress relaxation, as in conical section draw-down, increasing the relaxation time inhibits stress decay.
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 811-817 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: SIMPLE-like algorithms ; average correction technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This note develops an average correction technique for accelerating the rate of convergence of the SIMPLE-like algorithm by implementing the average pressure correction method as proposed by Wen and Ingham (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 17, 385-400 (1993); 19, 889-903 (1994)) with an average velocity correction. The technique is illustrated by considering the classical problem of fluid flow over a backward-facing step using (i) no average correction, (ii) an average velocity correction, (iii) an average pressure correction and (iv) both average velocity and pressure corrections. When both average velocity and pressure corrections are employed, it is found that the number of iterations required for convergence is almost independent of the initial guessed values of fluid velocity and pressure and the fastest rate of convergence may be achieved.
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 47-64 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite element ; thermal turbulence ; thermal eddy energy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents laminar and turbulent mixed convection solutions of a driven cavity flow using the finite element method. For the laminar flow, distributions of velocity and temperature with and without the effect of buoyancy force are presented and compared. For the turbulent flow, governing partial differential equations of the thermal turbulence two-equati on model and kinetic turbulence two-equation model are used. Corresponding results such as kinetic eddy diffusivity, kinetic eddy energy, thermal eddy energy and their dissipations are presented.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 143-161 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite element ; incompressible ; Navier-Stokes ; free surface flows ; shallow water ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to simulate flows in the shallow water limit, the full incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with free boundaries are solved using a single layer of finite elements. This implies a polynomial approximation of the velocity profile in the vertical direction, which in turn distorts the wave speed. This fact is verified by numerical results: the wave speed depends on the vertical discretization. When at least two layers of finite elements are used, the boundary layer at the bottom can be simulated and the correct solution for the shallow water limit is recovered. Then this algorithm is applied to the prediction of Tsunami event.
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 241-269 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: fully discrete ; high-order ; conservative ; upwind ; shock-capturing ; TVD ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper is a sequel to a previous one by the same authors in which a family of up to fourth-order fully discrete (FD) upwind numerical schemes was presented. In this paper we extend those high-order FD schemes to solutions with discontinuities, e.g. shocks. A rigorous anlaysis of the total variation diminishing (TVD) constraint for the high-order FD schemes is carried out. For non-linear systems the TVD constraint is, as usual, applied empirically. These schemes are validated by solving a test problem for the time-dependent shallow water equations.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: impinging jet ; turbulence ; heat transfer ; k-ε model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The standard k-ε eddy viscosity model of turbulence in conjunction with the logarithmic law of the wall has been applied to the prediction of a fully developed turbulent axisymmetric jet impinging within a semi-confined space. A single geometry with a Reynolds number of 20,000 and a nozzle-to-plate spacing of two diameters has been considered with inlet boundary conditions based on measured profiles of velocity and turbulence. Velocity, turbulence and heat transfer data have been obtained using laser-Doppler anemometry and liquid crystal thermography respectively. In the developing wall jet, numerical results of heat transfer compare to within 20% of experiment where isotropy prevails and the trends in turbulent kinetic energy are predicted. However, stagnation point heat transfer is overpredicted by about 300%, which is attributed directly to the turbulence model and inapplicability of the wall function.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 347-366 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes ; collocated grid ; curvilinear co-ordinates ; flux difference splitting ; defect correction ; multigrid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A collocated discretization of the 3D steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations based on a flux-difference-splitting formulation is presented. The discretization employs primitive variables of Cartesian velocity components and pressure. The splitting used here is a polynomial splitting introduced by Dick and Linden of Roe type. Second-order accuracy is obtained with the defect correction approach in which the state vector is inter-polated with van Leer's κ-scheme. The underlying solution technique to solve the discretized equations is a parallel multiblock multigrid method. Several 2D and 3D test problems such as driven cavity and channel flows are solved.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 397-411 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: GMRES ; mild slope equation ; iterative solvers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The mild slope equation in its linear and non-linear forms is used for the modelling of nearshore wave propagation. The finite difference method is used to descretize the governing elliptic equations and the resulting system of equations is solved using GMRES-based iterative method. The original GMRES solution technique of Saad and Schultz is not directly applicable to the present case owing to the complex coefficient matrix. The simpler GMRES algorithm of Walker and Zhou is used as the core solver, making the upper Hessenberg factorization unneccessary when solving the least squares problem. Several preconditioning-based acceleration strategies are tested and the results show that the GMRES-based iteration scheme performs very well and leads to monotonic convergence for all the test-cases considered.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: boundary element method ; unsteady aerodynamic force ; relative motion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a numerical analysis was made to investigate the aerodynamic forces surrounding two bodies in relative motion in a fluid at rest in three dimensions. The unsteady boundary element method was employed in the numerical calculations. This method is very convenient for obtaining an approximate expression of the velocity potential, especially for practical use. The passing-by of two spheres in an incompressible perfect fluid which extends to infinity is treated by the present method. The resultant pressure coefficients on two spheres passing each other in opposite directions are calculated and discussed numerically. Numerical examples are presented to show the validity of the present method. The method is also applied to the calculation of the passing-by of two trains in an open area in order to investigate its applicability.
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 735-737 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 61
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 787-809 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: operator-splitting ; general algorithm ; characteristic-Galerkin ; laminar/turbulent ; incompressible ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In an earlier paper, Zienkiewicz and Codina (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 20, 869-885 (1995)) presented a general algorithm for the solution of both compressible and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The algorithm, based on operator splitting, permits arbitrary interpolation functions to be used while avoiding the Babŭska-Brezzi restriction. In addition, its characteristic based approach introduces a form of rational dissipation. Zienkiewicz et al. (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 20, 887-913 (1995)) presented the application of this algorithm in its fully explicit form to various inviscid compressible flow problems. They also presented two incompressible flow problems solved by the fully explicit form, employing a pseudo compressibility. The present work deals with the application of the above algorithm it its semi-implicit form to some incompressible flow benchmark problems. Further, it extends the methodology to turbulent flows by employing both one, and two equation turbulence models. A comparison of results with earlier investigations is presented. Other issues addressed in this study include the effect of additional diffusion terms present in the scheme for both laminar and turbulent flow problems and some practical difficulties associated with local time stepping.
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 859-859 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: 2D Navier- ; Stokes equations ; convergence under highRe ; homotopy ; BEM ; FDM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the high-order formulations described by Liao (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 15, 595-612 (1992)) are proved to be stable for viscous flow under high Reynolds number. As an example, results for shear-driven flow in a square cavity at Reynolds numbers up to 10,000 are given.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Karhunen-Loéve decomposition ; turbulent thermal convection ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Karhunen-Loéve (K-L) procedure is applied to a turbulent thermal convection database which is generated numerically through integration of the Boussinesq equation in a periodic box with stress-free boundary conditions using a Fourier collocation spectral method. This procedure generates a complete set of mutually orthogonal functions in terms of which the turbulent flow fluctuation field is represented optimally in the mean square sense. A study is performed ranging from the direct projection of the database onto the set, resulting in a considerable data compression, to developing a system of dynamical equations employing the set as a basis for approximating the Boussinesq equation. In the latter a new strategy is proposed and tested for the treatment of the mean component of the turbulent flow. Finally, the direct projection and the dynamical equations are used to study the effects of truncation on the representation of the turbulent flow.
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  • 65
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 85-101 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; time-dependent, separated flow ; unstructured, adaptive, dynamic grids ; local time-stepping scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An adaptive finite volume method for the simulation of time-dependent, viscous flow is presented. The Navier-Stokes equations are discretized by central schemes on unstructured grids and solved by an explicit Runge-Kutta method. The essential topics of the present study are a new concept for a local Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme, called multisequence Runge-Kutta, which reduces the severe stability restriction in unsteady problems, a common grid generation and adaptation procedure and the application of dynamic grids for capturing moving flow structures. Results are presented for laminar, separated flow around an aerofoil with a flap.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ; non-symmetric linear system ; preconditioning ; vector computer ; iterative solver ; GMRESR ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper some iterative solution methods of the GMRES type for the discretized Navier-Stokes equations are treated. The discretization combined with a pressure correction scheme leads to two different types of systems of linear equations: the momentum system and the pressure system. These systems may be coupled to one or more transport equations. For every system we specify a particular ILU-type preconditioner and show how to vectorize these preconditions. Finally, some numerical experiments to show the efficiency of the proposed methods are presented.
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  • 67
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: centrifugal pump ; multidomain calculation ; unsteady flow ; finite volume method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is developed for calculating the two-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible and turbulent flow within the rotating impeller and stationary volute of an industrial centrifugal pump. The objective is the investigation and comprehension of the instantaneous behaviour of centrifugal pumps, aiming at the reduction of vibrations, radial forces and hydraulic noise. The computation is performed within a blade-to-blade streamtube for the impeller and a tube normal to the axis of rotation for the volute. The equations to be solved are the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the continuity equation and the unsteady κ-ε equations for turbulence modelling. The finite volume method is applied for space discretization and an implicit scheme for time discretization. A multidomain overlapping grid technique is used for matching together the relative flow field calculated within the rotating impeller and the absolute one calculated within the stationary volute. In this way the impeller and volute interaction is directly taken into account. The numerical model is validated for a centrifugal pump of N q=32 under design flow conditions. Comparisons between calculation and measurements show fairly good agreement.
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: backward-facing step ; particle-laden flow ; Lagrangian tracking ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Particle-laden flows are calculated for a classical laminar backward- facing step problem. The particle tracks are calculated using a recently developed exponential Lagrangian tracking scheme. The behaviour of the particle-laden flow is considered for various inlet for Reynolds number, Stokes numbers and void fractions. Doping the flow with low-Stokes-number particles has the effect of increasing the inlet inertia of the flow and this increases the strength of the recirculation behind the step. High-Stokes- number particles are dominated by gravitational effects which affect the flow accordingly. Differences between the single-phase flow and the particle-laden flows are therefore dependent on the Stokes number and increase linearly with void fraction.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: domain decomposition ; line Gauss-Seidel ; conjugate gradient ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numerical discretization of the equations governing fluid flow results in coupled, quasi-linear and non-symmetric systems. Various approaches exist for resolving the non-linearity and couplings. During each non-linear iteration, nominally linear systems are solved for each of the flow variables. Line relaxation techniques are traditionally employed for solving these systems. However, they could be very expensive for realistic applications and present serious synchronization problems in a distributed memory parallel environment. In this paper the discrete linear systems are solved using the generalized conjugate gradient method of Concus and Golub. The performance of this algorithm is compared with the line Gauss-Seidel algorithm for laminar recirculatory flow in uni- and multiprocessor environments. The uniprocessor performances of these algorithms are also compared with that of a popular iterative solver for non-symmetric systems (the GMRES algorithm).
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 241-264 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: spectral element ; non-conforming ; incompressible flows ; convection ; skew-symmetric form ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present here our experiences with using the spectral element methodology to solve convection-dominated problems. Different polynomial approximations are used inside the spectral elements and both conforming and non-conforming interface conditions are investigated. The three spectral element methods that we explore can all be considered to be special cases of the more general mortar element method. We compare the methods for solving incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. Particular attention is given to the convection treatment. The numerical results can be strongly dependent upon whether a conforming or a non-conforming method is used as well as the particular form of the discrete convection operator (convective form versus skew-symmetric form).
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 713-729 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite difference ; boundary conditions ; Navier-Stokes equations ; convergence analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite difference method for the Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity -streamfunction formulation is proposed to resolve the difficulty of the lack of a vorticity boundary condition at a no-slip boundary. It is particularly suitable for flows in regions with complicated geometries. Convergence with second-order accuracy in vorticity and velocity is established. In numerical experiments the convergence rates agree with theoretical predictions. Test results for the two-dimensional driven cavity problem and for the flow in expansion and contraction channels are given.
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 815-834 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: vertical discretization ; sigma co-ordinates ; localized sigma co-ordinates ; tidal flow ; numerical experimentation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We propose an empirical law for vertical nodal placement in tidal simulations that depends on a single parameter p. The influence of dimensionless numbers on the optimal value of pis analysed through a series of numerical experiments for an individual vertical and a single value of pis found to be adequate for all cases. The proposed law can lead to gains in accuracy of over two orders of magnitude relative to a uniform grid and compares favourably with non-uniform grids previously used in the literature. In practical applications the most effective use of this law may require each vertical to have a different number of nodes. Criteria for the distribution of the total number of nodes among different verticals are also proposed, based on the concept of equalizing errors across the domain. The usefulness of the overall approach is demonstrated through a two-dimensional laterally averaged application to a synthetic estuary.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 881-897 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: turbine cascade flows ; vortex shedding (periodic flows) ; compressible viscous flows ; turbulence and transition ; boundary layers ; multiblock meshes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Periodic vortex shedding at the trailing edge of a turbine cascade has been investigated numerically for a subsonic and a transonic cascade flow. The numerical investigation was carried out by a finite volume multiblock code, solving the 2D compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations on a set of non-overlapping grid blocks that are connected in a conservative way. Comparisons are made with experimental results previously obtained by Sieverding and Heinemann.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 937-959 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: incremental unknowns ; finite difference ; multilevel discretization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper we propose and study various multilevel schemes for solving unsteady equations. Numerical comparisons between the choices of discretization and discussions are made on the Burgers equation in one and two dimensions. In particular we prove the advantage of using a hierarchical ADI solver.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 567-568 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 581-601 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unstructured grids ; incompressible viscous flow ; pressure-correction method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An unstructured grid, finite volume method is presented for the solution of two-dimensional viscous, incompressible flow. The method is based on the pressure-correction concept implemented on a semi-staggered grid. The computational procedure can handle cells of arbitrary shape, although solutions presented herein have been obtained only with meshes of triangular and quadrilateral cells. The discretization of the momentum equations is effected on dual cells surrounding the vertices of primary cells, while the pressure-correction equation applies to the primary-cell centroids and represents the conservation of mass across the primary cells. A special interpolation scheme s used to suppress pressure and velocity oscillations in cases where the semi-staggered arrangement does not ensure a sufficiently strong coupling between pressure and velocity to avoid such oscillations. Computational results presented for several viscous flows are shown to be in good agreement with analytical and experimental data reported in the open literature.
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 867-879 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: optimal control ; optimization ; gas pipelines ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A general optimal control approach employing the principles of calculus of variations has been developed to determine the best operating strategies for keeping the outlet pressure of gas transmission pipelines around a predetermined value while achieving reasonable energy consumption. The method exploits analytical tools of optimal control theory. A set of partial differential equations characterizing the dynamics of gas flow through a pipeline is directly used. The necessary conditions to minimize the specific performance index come from the infinite-dimensional model. The optimization scheme has been tested on a pipeline subject to stepwise change in demand.
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 915-917 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 883-895 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: N-S solver ; Turbomachinery ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The internal flows inside a backswept centrifugal impeller at off-design point conditions are analysed by solving the fully three- dimensional Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the k-∊ two-equation turbulence model. Conditions analysed have flow rates of 85 per cent and 113 per cent of the design rate. The calculated results are compared with published experimental data and the comparison shows good agreement. A jet wake structure occurs near the outlet of the impeller for each of the two off-design flow rates and the location and size of the jet wake structure seem to be independent of the flow rate.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 987-989 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 991-1020 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite element analysis ; design sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; contraction design ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The finite element method and the Newton-Raphson solution algorithm are combined to solve the momentum, mass and energy conservation equations for coupled flow problems. Design sensitivities for a generalised response function with respect to design parameters which describe shape, material property and load data are evaluated via the direct differentiation method. The efficiently computed sensitivities are verified by comparison with computationally intensive, finite difference sensitivity approximations. The design sensitivities are then used in a numerical optimization algorithm to minimize the pressure drop in flow through contractions. Both laminar and turbulent flows are considered. In the turbulent flow problems the time-averaged momentum and mass conservati on equations are solved using a mixing length turbulence model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1085-1109 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: intake port ; dual intake ; CFD ; laser Doppler anemometry ; internal combustion engine ; cylinder ; turbulence ; steady flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence of intake port design on the flow field in a dual-intake valve engine was investigated using computational fluid dynamics, in order to study the effect of inlet port design on the in-cylinder flow. A detailed 3D computational grid incorporating all the features of the Ford Zetec production engine inlet ports, valves and cylinder head was initially created and the flow structure modelled at 5 and 10 mm valve lifts under steady flow conditions. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data obtained by laser Doppler anemometry indicate that the flow characteristics have been predicted well in most regions. Flow generated by different intake port designs was also simulated by introducing air into the cylinder at different directions to the inlet valve axes and the effects of port deactivation, throttling and exhaust gas recirculation were examined. The implications of the results for intake port design are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1163-1195 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: ocean circulation model ; primitive equations ; interactive nested grid model ; multidomain methods ; multigrid local mesh refinement ; local grid correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a comparison is carried out between three correction methods for multigrid local mesh refinement in oceanic applications: FIC, LDC and the direct method (DM) proposed by Spall and Holland. This study is based on a nested primitive equation model developed by Laugier on the basis of the code OPA (LODYC). The external barotropic problem is solved using any of the three local grid correction algorithms yielding an interactive nested grid model. The non-linear elliptic equation for the barotropic streamfunction tendency is solved on two nested grids, called the global and the zoom grid, that interact between themselves. The zoom grid is entirely embedded within the global domain with a horizontal grid step ratio of 3:1. The computation on the global grid supplies the boundary conditions for the zoom grid region and the fine grid fields are used to correct the global coarse solution. The three local correction methods are tested on two problems relevant to oceanic circulation phenomena proposed by Spall and Holland: a barotropic modon and an anticyclonic vortex. The results show that the nesting technique is a very efficient way to solve these problems in terms of a gain in precision compared with the required CPU time. The two-domain model with local mesh refinement allows one both to manage effectively the open boundary conditions for the local grid and to correct the global solution thanks to the zoom solution. In the case of the modon propagation the three local correction methods provide approximately the same results. For the baroclinic vortex it appears that the two iterative methods are more efficient than the direct one.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 163-176 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: convective heat transfer ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation is to study the convective heat transfer from a horizontal circular cylinder under the effect of a solid plane wall. The full Navier-Stokes and energy equations for two-dimensi onal steady flow are solved by a finite element method. The variations in surface shear stress, local pressure and Nusselt number around the surface of the cylinder as well as the predicted values of average Nusselt number, location of separation and some flow and temperature fields are presented. It is found that the average Nusselt number and drag force increase as the gap between the cylinder and the wall is increased.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 193-220 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: transition ; turbulence ; intermittency ; conditioning ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A differential method is proposed to simulate bypass transition. The intermittency in the transition zone is taken into account by conditioned averages. These are averages taken during the fraction of time the flow is turbulent or laminar respectively. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations, conditioned continuity, momentum and energy equations are derived for the laminar and turbulent parts of the intermittent flow. The turbulence is described by a classical k-ε model. The supplementary parameter, the intermittency factor, is determined by a transport equation applicable for zero, favourable and adverse pressure gradients. Results for these pressure gradients are given.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 271-293 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite volume ; cell vertex ; pressure-velocity coupling ; high-resolution schemes ; non-orthogonal ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady, incompressible Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are discretized using a cell vertex, finite volume method. Quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes are used to represent two- and three-dimensional geometries respectively. The dependent variables include the Cartesian components of velocity and pressure. Advective fluxes are calculated using bounded, high-resolution schemes with a deferred correction procedure to maintain a compact stencil. This treatment insures bounded, non-oscillatory solutions while maintaining low numerical diffusion. The mass and momentum equations are solved with the projection method on a non-staggered grid. The coupling of the pressure and velocity fields is achieved using the Rhie and Chow interpolation scheme modified to provide solutions independent of time steps or relaxation factors. An algebraic multigrid solver is used for the solution of the implicit, linearized equations.A number of test cases are anlaysed and presented. The standard benchmark cases include a lid-driven cavity, flow through a gradual expansion and laminar flow in a three-dimensional curved duct. Predictions are compared with data, results of other workers and with predictions from a structured, cell-centred, control volume algorithm whenever applicable. Sensitivity of results to the advection differencing scheme is investigated by applying a number of higher-order flux limiters: the MINMOD, MUSCL, OSHER, CLAM and SMART schemes. As expected, studies indicate that higher-order schemes largely mitigate the diffusion effects of first-order schemes but also shown no clear preference among the higher-order schemes themselves with respect to accuracy. The effect of the deferred correction procedure on global convergence is discussed.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 325-346 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Taylor-Görtler-like vortices ; spiralling corner vortices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: With the purpose of providing physical insight into the developing spanwise flow motion and identifying the presence of Taylor-Görtler- like vortices, we conducted a flow simulation in a rectangular cavity defined by a square cross-section and a spanwise aspect ratio of 3:1. The governing equations were solved for the transient processes by using a finite volume method in conjunction with segregated solution procedures. In the present work, attention is placed on the spiralling corner vortices near the two end walls and the longitudinal meandering Taylor-Görtler-like vortices. The investigated Reynolds number is taken to be 1500. As a vehicle for the present flow simulation, validation against analytic data was carried out first for a configuration similar to the problem of interest. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the employed computer code.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 413-414 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1197-1210 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite element method ; gust ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the structural design of civil aircraft the critical loads are often those encountered in a gust or atmospheric turbulence. The traditional ‘indicial’ solution is restricted to a simple plate. In this paper a finite element formulation is proposed for an aerofoil or arbitrary shape entering a uniform sharp-edged or sinusoidal gust. The thin rotational gust front and wake in an irrotational flow field are successfully modelled by a novel superposition technique. The finite element solutions are compared with the Kussner function and results by other numerical methods. The agreement is good.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1235-1235 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1311-1326 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: simulation ; turbulence ; buoyancy ; cavity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational study of natural convection of air in a tall rectangular cavity with 4:1 aspect ratio is conducted. In an effort to investigate the applicability of the Boussinesq approximation to turbulent flow simulation, the cavity is differentially heated from the sides and is insulated at the ends at a Rayleigh number of 109. Starting from quiescent and isothermal flow conditions, the flow is driven to turbulence without any artificial perturbations. The computer programme developed integrates the two-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the energy equation by a time-accurate method on a stretched, staggered grid. The simulation proceeds to a statistically steady solution in which large-scale structures are found in the mean. Both mean and fluctuating quantities provide good agreement with experimental results.
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1289-1310 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: bubble columns ; computational fluid dynamics ; turbulent two-phase flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is described for the prediction of turbulent continuum equations for two-phase gas-liquid flows in bubble columns. The mathematical formulation is based on the solution of each phase. The two-phase model incorporates interfacial models of momentum transfer to account for the effects of virtual mass, lift, drag and pressure discontinuities at the gas-liquid interface. Turbulence is represented by means of a two-equation k-∊ model modified to account for bubble-induced turbulence production. The numerical discretization is based on a staggered finite-volume approach, and the coupled equations are solved in a segregated manner using the IPSA method. The model is implemented generally in the multipurpose PHOENICS computer code, although the present appllications are restricted to two-dimensional flows. The model is applied to simulate two bubble column geometries and the predictions are compared with the measured circulation patterns and void fraction distributions.
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 283-296 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: laminar flow ; numerical modelling ; particle image velocimetry measurement ; rotating disc ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fluid flow field within an enclosed cylindrical chamber with a rotating flat disc was calculated using a finite volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Two particular laminar cases near the Transitional flow regime were investigated: Reynolds number Re=2.5×1 4, chamber aspect ratio G (h/Rd)=0.2 and Re=4.2×104, G (h/Rd)=0.217. This enabled direct comparison with the numerical and experimental results reported by other researchers. The computational details and some major factors that affect the computed accuracy and convergence speed are also discussed in detail. PIV results containing some 4300 velocity vector points in each of seven planes for each case were obtained from the flow field parallel to the rotating disc. It was found that PIV results could be obtained in planes within the boundary layers as well as the core flow by careful use of a thin laser illumination sheet and correct choice of laser pulse separation. There was close agreement between numerical results, the present PIV measurements and other reported experimental and numerical results.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 297-311 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: large-eddy simulation ; numerical schemes ; mixing layer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A posteriori tests of large-eddy simulations for the temporal mixing layer are performed using a variety of numerical methods in conjunction with the dynamic mixed subgrid model for the turbulent stress tensor. The results of the large-eddy simulations are compared with filtered direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. Five numerical methods are considered. The cell vertex scheme (A) is a weighted second-order central difference. The transverse weighting is shown to be necessary, since the standard second-order central difference (A′) gives rise to instabilities. By analogy, a new weighted fourth-order central difference (B) is constructed in order to overcome the instability in simulations with the standard fourth-order central method (B′). Furthermore, a spectral scheme (C) is tested. Simulations using these schemes have been performed for the case where the filter width equals the grid size (I) and the case where the filter width equals twice the grid size (II). The filtered DNS results are best approximated in case II for each of the numerical methods A, B and C. The deviations from the filtered DNS data are decomposed into modelling error effects and discretization error effects. In case I the absolute modelling error effects are smaller than in case II owing to the smaller filter width, whereas the discretization error effects are larger, since the flow field contains more small-scale contributions. In case I scheme A is preferred over scheme B, whereas in case II the situation is the reverse. In both cases the spectral scheme C provides the most accurate results but at the expense of a considerably increased computational cost. For the prediction of some quantities the discretization errors are observed to eliminate the modelling errors to some extent and give rise to reduced total errors.
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  • 98
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 393-409 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: generalized Stokes problem ; Chebyshev spectral method ; thermosolutal convection ; directional solidification ; vertical Bridgman problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents a Chebyshev-Fourier collocation method for solving the unsteady 3D Navier-Stokes equations in a cylindrical domain. The numerical scheme uses primitive variables and the incompressibility constraint is satisfied by applying iteratively a correction to the pressure field. The method, due to Cahouët and Chabard (Int. j. numer. methods fluids,8, 869-895 (1988)) and originally developed in the framework of finite elements, is checked with respect to the present high-order approach. Several tests are carried out in Cartesian geometries, successively 2D and 3D, then a comparison is performed in a cylindrical domain with two different sets of radial collocation nodes: Gauss-Lobatto nodes and Gauss-Radau points. Although quite acceptable results are obtained with the latter chain, a general decrease in efficiency is noticeable in the collocation method. This is interpreted as the consequence of two factors: the collocation formulation is not symmetric and the Fourier analysis, used as heuristic guide by CahouMt and Chabard, loses its efficiency in a non-equidistant grid, especially in a cylindrical geometry.We present an application to the study of thermosolutal convection induced by unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy. The latter grows from a Pb-30%Tl liquid phase in a cylindrical crucible corresponding to the vertical Bridgman upward configuration. We study the influence of the flow patterns on the crystal composition.
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  • 99
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 447-448 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 515-548 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: incompressible ; Navier-Stokes ; contravariant velocities ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To analyse an incompressible Navier-Stokes flow problem in a boundary- fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system is definitely not a trivial task. In the primitive variable formulation, choices between working variables and their storage points have to be made judiciously. The present work engages contravariant velocity components and scalar pressure which stagger each other in the mesh to prevent even-odd pressure oscillations from emerging. Now that smoothness of the pressure field is attainable, the remaining task is to ensure a discrete divergence-free velocity field for an incompressible flow simulation. Aside from the flux discretizations, the indispensable metric tensors, Jacobian and Christoffel symbols in the transformed equations should be approximated with care. The guiding idea is to get the property of geometric identity pertaining to these grid-sensitive discretizations. In addition, how to maintain the revertible one-to-one equivalence at the discrete level between primitive and contravariant velocities is another theme in the present staggered formulation. A semi-implicit segregated solution algorithm felicitous for a large-scale flow simulation was utilized to solve the entire set of basic equations iteratively. Also of note is that the present segregated solution algorithm has the virtue of requiring no user-specified relaxation parameters for speeding up the satisfaction of incompressibility in an optimal sense. Three benchmark problems, including an analytic problem, were investigated to justify the capability of the present formulation in handling problems with complex geometry. The test cases considered and the results obtained herein make a useful contribution in solving problems subsuming cells with arbitrary shapes in a boundary-fitted grid system.
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