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  • Articles  (42)
  • agriculture  (23)
  • phytoplankton  (15)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Rat
  • pharmacokinetics
  • Springer  (42)
  • Geography  (42)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Reduce Nitrogen Losses to the Environment (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 35-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: agriculture ; agricultural policy ; best nitrogen management plan ; fertilizer ; insurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The advantage of using insurance to help a farmeradopt a best nitrogen management plan (BNMP) thatreduces the impact of agricultural production on theenvironment is analytically and empiricallydemonstrated. Using an expected value analysis, it isshown that an insurance program can be structured soas to reduce a farmer's cost of bearing the adoptionrisk associated with changing production practicesand, thus, to improve the farmer's certaintyequivalent net return thereby promoting the adoptionof a BNMP. Using the adoption of growing-season onlyN fertilizer application in Iowa as a case study, itis illustrated how insurance may be used to promotethe adoption of this practice to reduce N fertilizeruse. It is shown that it is possible for a farmer andan insurance company both to have an incentive todevelop an insurance adoption program that willbenefit both the farmer and the insurance company,increasing net social welfare and improvingenvironmental quality in Iowa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008137011813
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement and sustainability in the Polish Sudetes (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; Poland ; pollution ; population ; rural tourism ; Sudetes ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The paper summarises the history of human settlement in the Sudetes from the Bronze Age. A more intensive stage was reached in the Middle Ages when settlers from the west established new villages deep in the mountain valleys. By the beginning of the 20th century the Sudetes were already overpopulated but after a near-complete ethnic replacement from a German to a Polish population in 1945–8, population continued to grow until the 1980s. However, the economic system was hardly sustainable by this time. There were many polluting industries in the region and massive transboundary pollution from adjacent areas of Czechoslovakia and Germany had a devastating effect on the forests. Moreover, subsidised state agriculture placed heavy pressure on vulnerable mountain grazings. Since 1989 there has been a process of deindustrialisation in the Sudetes and surrounding areas and, with the disappearance of the state farms and the reduction in subsidies, agriculture is now better adjusted to the natural potential and is complemented by a promising start with agrotourism. The population of the region is growing relatively slowly (0.8% per annum 1956–1999), with the rural areas now in decline. A sustainable future for the region is now a possibility, but while there is a consensus for continued environmental reconstruction, supported by alternative economies, this will have to be carefully managed in the years ahead when EU accession may bring heavier development pressures than those evident at the moment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007165901891
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The population of the Polish countryside: Demography and living conditions (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; demography ; housing ; migration ; Poland ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Despite substantial rural-urban migration, 38.1 percent of the population of Poland still live in the countryside and the total numbers are only 0.9mln fewer than in 1946. At present the rural population is increasing and the rate of natural increase (though falling) is higher than in the towns though the productive age group is smaller. However, these human resources are not being properly used and the results can be seen in terms of economic inefficiency, low living standards and a high level of state support. Loss of jobs in factories and state farms results in welfare payments by the state and considerable 'hidden unemployment' on small family farms where profitability is constrained by inefficient use of labour. Poverty among the rural population is evident through a collapse of house building and considerable domestic overcrowding. However, conditions vary considerably across the country and this must be reflected in the economic and social policies drawn up for the new administrative regions introduced in 1999.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007131515578
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maramures: Expanding human resources on the Romanian periphery (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 181-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; cooperation ; diversification ; less- favoured areas ; mining ; Romania ; rural tourism ; unemployment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Maramures is one of the remotest mountain regions of Romania and has been marginalised throughout the modern period, including the communist era. Yet its human resources continue to grow with significant levels of natural increase and a growing labour market in the more traditional parts of the county. After placing the region in its physical and historical settings, the paper examines the communist economy and the strategies adopted by the growing population to maintain viable communities rooted in cultural practices on which the authorities made only a superficial impact. Since 1989 the economy has contracted quite sharply and out-migration has accelerated, while natural increase remains positive, but to a lesser extent than before. Tourism is seen as an important source of diversification and significant progress has been made through the setting up of local tourist associations and the publication of accommodation lists. Despite constraints, the business opportunities are increased by closer integration with Hungary and also with Ukraine given the enhanced potential for cross-border cooperation. However, even with continued dependence on seasonal employment outside the region and fiscal incentives for business development, arising from a special programme for `less-favoured areas' affected by mine closures, it is unlikely that out-migration will be halted. But the resourcefulness of the population could boost Maramures as a area of small-scale enterprise harmonising with the physical resources and cultural milieu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007185011461
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping strategies in rural areas of the Buzau Sub–Carpathians (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; coping strategies ; local services ; poverty ; social capital ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the Sub–Carpathian region which has traditionally maintained a large rural population and is today suffering acute economic and social stress. During the present transition phase the rural population is struggling to survive by combining elements of the modern and traditional economies and research has been undertaken to clarify a range of household strategies. After profiling the communes of the Buzau Carpathians the problem is tackled at two levels on the basis of questionnaire work carried out during 1998–1999. First there is a general overview to outline conditions in Patarlagele commune, including some local contrasts between settlements on main transport axis along the Buzau valley and those in the hills and side valleys. Second there is a consideration of in-depth profiles of specific households in villages in the wider area including Panatau as well as Patarlagele commune. It remains to be seen to what extent the district will be able to safeguard its social capital when growth resumes in large towns especially Brasov and Buzau with which Patarlagele has the best contacts. It is also an open question how far the remoter settlements will retain a viable population, assuming that the services remain relatively poor while disadvantage persists with regard to both employment opportunities and physical security.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007176809643
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of coastal phytoplankton near Cape Tastubec (northern Aral Sea), September 1993 (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: coastal waters ; production ; decomposition ; phytoplankton ; Aral Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The species composition, population density, biomass and main functional characteristics of the phytoplankton community near Cape Tastubec, northern Aral Sea in September 1993 were investigated. The characteristics investigated were daily primary production, decomposition, and photosynthetic intensity. The data indicate that certain changes in the structure and function of the phytoplankton have recently taken place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442133
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of coastal phytoplankton near Cape Tastubec (northern Aral Sea), September 1993 (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: coastal waters ; production ; decomposition ; phytoplankton ; Aral Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The species composition, population density, biomass and main functional characteristics of the phytoplankton community near Cape Tastubec, northern Aral Sea in September 1993 were investigated. The characteristics investigated were daily primary production, decomposition, and photosynthetic intensity. The data indicate that certain changes in the structure and function of the phytoplankton have recently taken place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009063325748
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Lake Shira, a Siberian salt lake: ecosystem structure and function. 1. Major physico-chemical and biological features (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 211-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: bacterioplankton ; blue-green algae ; meromictic salt lake ; phytoplankton ; vertical structure ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The specific composition, vertical distribution and daily migration of plankton in a meromictic salt lake, Lake Shira, have been investigated. The main structural components of the ecosystem are bacteria, algae and crustaceans. Since the late 1970s, blue-green algae are reported as dominant. Nowadays the phytoplankton is dominated by Lyngbya contorta, Microcystis ichtyoblabe (Cyanophyta), Cyclotella tuberculata (Bacillariophyta) and Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum (Chlorophyta). The zooplankton of Lake Shira comprises Arctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda), Brachionus plicatilis and Hexarthra oxiuris (Rotatoria). Investigation revealed a stratified vertical distribution of all dominant species except Cyclotella with a maximum at a depth of 12--15 m during the summer growth period. Zooplanktons differ in the pattern of distribution and daily migration, but most zooplankton tend to concentrate near the surface. The possible reasons for the vertical distribution of the plankton are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009030120324
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lake Shira, a Siberian salt lake: ecosystem structure and function (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 211-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: bacterioplankton ; blue-green algae ; meromictic salt lake ; phytoplankton ; vertical structure ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The specific composition, vertical distribution and daily migration of plankton in a meromictic salt lake, Lake Shira, have been investigated. The main structural components of the ecosystem are bacteria, algae and crustaceans. Since the late 1970s, blue-green algae are reported as dominant. Nowadays the phytoplankton is dominated byLyngbya contorta, Microcystis ichtyoblabe (Cyanophyta),Cyclotella tuberculata (Bacillariophyta) andDictyosphaerium tetrachotomum (Chlorophyta). The zooplankton of Lake Shira comprisesArctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda),Brachionus plicatilis andHexarthra oxiuris (Rotatoria). Investigation revealed a stratified vertical distribution of all dominant species exceptCyclotella with a maximum at a depth of 12–15 m during the summer growth period. Zooplanktons differ in the pattern of distribution and daily migration, but most zooplankton tend to concentrate near the surface. The possible reasons for the vertical distribution of the plankton are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449932
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of space flight on GLUT-4 content in rat plantaris muscle (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 41 (1998), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Space flight ; Rat ; Plantaris muscle ; GLUT-4 ; Citrate synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of 14 days of space flight on the glucose transporter protein (GLUT-4) were studied in the plantaris muscle of growing 9-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly separated into five groups: pre-flight vivarium ground controls (PF-VC) sacrificed approximately 2 h after launch; flight groups sacrificed either approximately 5 h (F-R0) or 9 days (F-R9) after the return from space; and synchronous ground controls (SC-R0 and SC-R9) sacrificed at the same time as the respective flight groups. The flight groups F-R0 and F-R9 were exposed to micro-gravity for 14 days in the Spacelab module located in the cargo bay of the shuttle transport system – 58 of the manned Space Shuttle for the NASA mission named ”Spacelab Life Sciences 2”. Body weight and plantaris weight of SC-R0 and F-R0 were significantly higher than those of PF-VC. Neither body weight nor plantaris muscle weight in either group had changed 9 days after the return from space. As a result, body weight and plantaris muscle weight did not differ between the flight and synchronous control groups at any of the time points investigated. The GLUT-4 content (cpm/µg membrane protein) in the plantaris muscle did not show any significant change in response to 14 days of space flight or 9 days after return. Similarly, citrate synthase activity did not change during the course of the space flight or the recovery period. These results suggest that 14 days of space flight does not affect muscle mass or GLUT-4 content of the fast-twitch plantaris muscle in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050060
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of how Artemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of the Artemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of this Artemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009084902677
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  • 14
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    The biota of Romanian saline lakes on rock salt bodies: A review (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 45-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic flora and fauna ; circum-lacustrine vegetation ; cormophytes ; microphytobenthos ; pelogenous/non-pelogenous lakes ; phytoplankton ; Romania ; saline lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An inventory of the aquatic and circum-lacustrine flora and aquatic fauna of 23 karst- and anthroposaline lakes formed on Miocene rock salt bodies in Romania was undertaken. Simultaneous field determinations of water and sediment pH, total dissolved solids, Secchi transparency and lake maximum depth were also made. Environmental conditions for phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species were defined. Relations between the numbers of plankton, microbenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species differentiated pelogenous (usually, therapeutic) and non-pelogenous lakes. High densities and occurrence frequencies characterized the most representative species. For three of these species, Amphora veneta, Artemia sp. and Potamogeton pectinatus, ecological conditions were noted. In the circum-lacustrine vegetation, glycophytes were more important than halophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009025228069
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of howArtemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of theArtemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of thisArtemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449921
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biota of Romanian saline lakes on rock salt bodies: A review (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 45-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic flora and fauna ; circum-lacustrine vegetation ; cormophytes ; microphytobenthos ; pelogenous/non-pelogenous lakes ; phytoplankton ; Romania ; saline lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An inventory of the aquatic and circum-lacustrine flora and aquatic fauna of 23 karst- and anthroposaline lakes formed on Miocene rock salt bodies in Romania was undertaken. Simultaneous field determinations of water and sediment pH, total dissolved solids, Secchi transparency and lake maximum depth were also made. Environmental conditions for phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species were defined. Relations between the numbers of plankton, microbenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species differentiated pelogenous (usually, therapeutic) and non-pelogenous lakes. High densities and occurrence frequencies characterized the most representative species. For three of these species,Amphora veneta, Artemia sp. andPotamogeton pectinatus, ecological conditions were noted. In the circum-lacustrine vegetation, glycophytes were more important than halophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449924
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  • 17
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    Rural diversification in Albania (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 46 (1998), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; Albania ; demography ; diversification ; land distribution ; privatisation ; rural areas ; tourism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the prospects for Albanian rural diversification with particular reference to rural tourism. In the early 1990s, tourism was identified by the Albanian government and Western development consultants as a likely vehicle for an appropriate and sustainable development strategy, given the relative wealth generated by international tourism in neighbouring Greece, Italy and Croatia. Pressure has been exerted by commercial developers for mass coastal tourism and permission for around 40 new tourist development has been granted. But Albania embraces a considerable wealth of natural and cultural heritage, which provides opportunities for the development of small scale rural tourism carefully integrated into the local economy with respect to organic farming, quality wine production and sustainable fishing. But sensitive social integration is vital where it is difficult to identify rural communities where there is a conspicuous absence of local consensus. The resurgence of traditional social systems and the empowerment of local actors in cases where organised crime has taken root pose major problems for rural diversification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006980805704
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  • 18
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    Transformation of a border region: dispersed agricultural communities in Brasov County, Romania (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 46 (1998), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; border region ; communities ; commuting ; conservation ; Romania ; tourism ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract A most distinctive feature of the settlement pattern of the Brasov area is the extreme dispersal of mixed farming encountered in the western extreme of the county to the north and south of Zarnesti: the Bran and Poiana Marului areas. Here a system of peasant subsistence farming developed in a political borderland between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. Despite feudal pressures, the peasantry took all available opportunities to extend their independence including elaborate transhumance systems. And after seeing transfrontier commerce as a source of plunder, in the tradition of Balkan highway robbery within relatively unregulated spaces, the peasantry has profited through employment in factories, particularly during the communist period. However, the current recession in manufacturing is throwing the rural population back on limited land resources. Although farming assumes an important subsistence role which contributes to stability, the long-term survival of these communities will depend on new sources of income. Rural tourism has considerable potential and a promising start has been made in Bran. There are, however, constraints on the further development of the business and great attention will have to be given to the conservation of the environment in both the Bucegi Mountains and the Piatra Craiului where national park status is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006984906613
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  • 19
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    Rural diversification in Bulgaria (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 46 (1998), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; Bulgaria ; cooperatives ; diversification ; employment ; reform ; restitution ; rural
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture has always been very important for the Bulgarian economy, but during the socialist period there was considerable progress made in the diversification of employment opportunities in rural areas. While many people commuted to non-agricultural jobs in the townships (and there was a large permanent transfer from rural to urban areas), there were additional opportunities in small factories and local services in the villages themselves. The transition has seen these opportunities much reduced, at precisely the time when full-time paid work in agriculture has declined due to market restructuring while complex problems have emerged associated with liquidating the state-run cooperatives and establishing a viable alternative. The paper discusses the general issues and presents a case study from the north-central part of the country. The rebuilding of a cooperative farming system (along with other forms of consolidation) is a positive trend which could increase spending power in the villages and help in the growth of employment in rural industries and services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006943830295
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  • 20
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    The declining importance of agricultural employment in East Germany (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 46 (1998), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: agriculture ; commuting ; employment ; East Germany ; housing ; migration ; structural change ; villages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture has ceased to be the major employer in the rural areas of East Germany. Far-reaching structural change has resulted in a sharp decrease in employment and the mono-structural character of villages has been lost. Unemployment is now a major problem and women are worst affected. New jobs have been created in construction and elsewhere in the tertiary sector but most people who have found new jobs have to commute to the towns or migrate permanently to the urban areas. A north-south contrast has developed because the more developed network of towns in the latter, combined with a relatively good infrastructure, has enabled many villages to survive as viable communities. An example is Fuchshain near Leipzig where employment with the farming company (the former cooperative with 4200 ha of land) has declined but the population has grown through new housing built for commuters. In the north there has been much depopulation and many houses are used as second homes. Either way there is more conflict occurring now within rural communities because of tensions between the employed and the unemployed and between old and new residents. It is therefore important that land use planning should take into account the changed economic and social profiles and measures should be adopted to ensure that the countryside remains visually attractive and socially cohesive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006920619817
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    Electronic Resource
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    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Phytoplankton structure, composition and production in saline water-bodies in the Lower Amu Dar'ya (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 217-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline water-bodies ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; production ; chlorophyll ; P/B ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'yawere investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature ofthe phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those ofthe littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological andhydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios(453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high lightintensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for salinewaters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete incomeof nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009047219000
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Seasonal fluctuations in the plankton community in a hypersaline temporary lake (Honda, southern Spain) (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 353-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline lakes ; multivariate methods ; phytoplankton ; seasonality ; shallow lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Honda saline lake is located in an endorheic basin in the south of Spain. The lake is very shallow, with frequent seasonal drought and a high degree of unpredictability. It was sampled monthly during a relatively dry year (1994–1995, 5 months permanence). To establish a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, depth, salinity and conductivity), variables related to biological activity (organic matter, total solids suspension, and pH) and the planktonic community in the sampled months, various uni- and multivariate statistical methods were carried out. Dunaliella salina, D. viridis, and ciliates sp. 2 is the principal species group used to average out the dissimilarity between the samples. Multivariate analysis showed that salinity (as TDS), conductivity and pH made major and significant contributions to the explanation of the variance in the sample data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009057913154
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal fluctuations in the plankton community in a hypersaline temporary lake (Honda, southern Spain) (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 353-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline lakes ; multivariate methods ; phytoplankton ; seasonality ; shallow lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Honda saline lake is located in an endorheic basin in the south of Spain. The lake is very shallow, with frequent seasonal drought and a high degree of unpredictability. It was sampled monthly during a relatively dry year (1994–1995, 5 months permanence). To establish a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, depth, salinity and conductivity), variables related to biological activity (organic matter, total solids suspension, and pH) and the planktonic community in the sampled months, various uni-and miltivariate statistical methods were carried out.Dunaliella salina, D. viridis, and ciliates sp. 2 is the principal species group used to average out the dissimilarity between the samples. Muttivariate analysis showed that salinity (as TDS), conductivity and pH made major and significant contributions to the explanation of the variance in the sample data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447916
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; Central Asia ; EC (electrical conductivity) ; Lake Balkhash ; Lake Kamyslybas ; phytoplankton ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes inCentral Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of theAral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 sincewidespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of thephytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigationstarted. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplanktonin these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton densitygradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and LakeKamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae werefrequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae weremost conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In LakeBalkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were alsonoticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts.The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash wasthat all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film.Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values inthe Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009058710369
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytoplankton structure, composition and production in saline water-bodies in the Lower Amu Dar'ya (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 217-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline water-bodies ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; production ; chlorophyll ; P/B ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'ya were investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature of the phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those of the littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios (453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high light intensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for saline waters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete income of nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449926
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; Central Asia ; EC (electrical conductivity) ; Lake Balkhash ; Lake Kamyslybas ; phytoplankton ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441865
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  • 29
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    Impacts of Global Climate Change on Mediterranean Agrigulture: Current Methodologies and Future Directions. An Introductory Essay (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018269.58736.82
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  • 30
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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  • 31
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of global climate change on Mediterranean agrigulture: Current methodologies and future directions (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517804
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of climate change on possible scenarios for Egyptian agriculture in the future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaption ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517805
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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  • 35
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    Factor biases and promoting sustainable development: Adaptation to drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455057
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Chlorophylla of size-fractionated phytoplankton at a temporary hypersaline lake (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline lakes ; chlorophyll ; size-fractions ; phytoplankton ; shallow lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The size-fractionated distribution of chlorophylla was studied in a temporary hypersaline lake situated in the south of Spain during an annual hydrological cycle characterized by low levels of rainfall. The contribution of each size class to the total chlorophylla concentration indicates that ultraplankton (size class 〈5μm) was the most important fraction of phytoplankton biomass during this year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997140
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation to Drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027382.26287.8c
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  • 38
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    Research implications of the 1988 Canadian prairie provinces drought (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 109-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Drought ; agriculture ; hydrology ; monitoring ; research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1988 drought conditions, which prevailed over the southern portion of the Canadian prairie provinces, resulted in severe impacts on agriculture, water resources, forestry, and waterfowl production. In this paper, the climatological aspects of the drought are reviewed and the impacts of the drought are described. In addition, a number of the environmental factors that may have aggravated the drought's impacts are discussed. Processes contributing to the 1988 drought are considered in terms of their scales, relative importance and possible effects. It was evident from the information needs of government agencies and private businesses which had to cope with the effects of the 1988 drought, that studies are needed to effectively monitor drought and adjust to its impacts. In this paper, these needs are discussed; several specific hypotheses concerning drought-related processes are advanced and a framework for addressing the scientific aspects of droughts on the Canadian prairies is proposed. It is anticipated that many of these identified research needs and opportunities are applicable to other drought-prone areas of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124619
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of water allocation and salt movement in the root zone (1991)
    Springer
    Water resources management 5 (1991), S. 121-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Irrigation ; agriculture ; soil moisture ; salinity ; crop yield models ; mathematical modelling ; water use in agriculture ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the simulation of the water allocation and salt movement in the root zone of a particular crop. A mathematical model of four ordinary differential equations is developed. The model performs water balance and salt balance in unsaturated and saturated regions of the root zone. It is a lumped input and lumped parameter conceptual model, which considers the average soil moisture and salt concentration in the root zone. The equations are solved numerically over the time period of the growing season. Precipitation and irrigation water are treated as inputs. The analyzed results indicate that, for the shallow water table case, the water table elevation has an important effect on the soil moisture depletion dynamics of the unsaturated zone. An appreciable amount of water from the saturated zone is transferred through capillary rise to the unsaturated zone particularly in the case of sandy loam soils. It was found that the water table elevation varies significantly during the growing season. The salt movement simulation indicates a salt concentration build up in the unsaturated zone during the growing season. Contours of equal crop yield reduction as a function of the unsaturated zone initial salt concentration and the irrigation water salt concentration are obtained. The model was tested with data from the Mashtul Pilot Area in Egypt and its performance was satisfactory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422544
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral nervous control of cold-induced reduction in the respiratory quotient of the rat (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 24-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Cold-induced thermogenesis ; Peripheral nervous system ; Respiratory quotient ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cold-exposed rats show a reduction in the respiratory quotient which is indicative of a relative shift from carbohydrates to lipids as substrates for oxidative metabolism. In the present study, the effects of food deprivation and cold exposure on the respiratory quotient were observed. In addition, the involvement of the three main branches of the peripheral nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic) was investigated by means of synaptic blockade with propranolol, atropine, and quinine, respectively. Both propranolol and quinine blocked the cold-induced decrease in respiratory quotient and increase in heat production, whereas atropine had only minor and very brief effects. It is concluded that both the sympathetic and somatic branches are involved in the metabolic changes associated with cold-induced thermogenesis and that the increase in metabolic heat production involves a shift from carbohydrate to lipid utilization irrespective of which of the two branches is activated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045816
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epilepsy and electromagnetic fields: effects of simulated atmospherics and 100-Hz magnetic fields on audiogenic seizure in rats (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Electromagnetic fields ; Rat ; Audiogenic seizure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the possible association between epileptic seizures and natural electromagnetic fields, 32 female audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats were exposed to simulated 10 kHz and 28 kHz atmospherics and to a sinusoidally oscillating magnetic field with a frequency of 100 Hz and field strength of 1 A/m. After the electromagnetic exposure, seizures were induced in the rats with a sound stimulus. The severity of the seizure was determined on an ordinal scale, the audiogenic response score (ARS). The time from the beginning of the sound stimulus to the onset of the seizure (seizure latency) and the duration of the convulsion was measured. No differences from the control experiments were found in the experiments with simulated atmospherics, but the 100 Hz magnetic field increased the seizure latency by about 13% (P〈0.02). The results do not support the hypothesis that natural atmospheric electromagnetic signals could affect the onset of epileptic seizures, but they suggest that AGS-susceptible rats may be a useful model for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623987
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of correlations between the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics and the inflammatory reaction of rats after carrageenan injection (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Atmospherics ; Carrageenan inflammation ; Rat ; Susceptibility ; Correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Between the mean daily density of 28 kHz atmospherics and the onset of epileptic fits there is a highly significant correlation coefficient (r) of 0.30; there is a negative coefficient of −0.20 between the fits and the mean daily density of 10 kHz atmospherics. The onset of heart infarction is correlated with 28 kHz atmospherics (r=0.15). Furthermore, we have discovered that sudden deafness is also correlated with certain configurations of atmospherics. In this paper we report the following correlation coefficients between the inflammatory reaction of rats to a carrageenan injection (rci) into a hind paw and the mean daily pulse rate of atmospherics of the same day:r=0.49 for the 8 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.02) andr=0.44 for the 10 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.04). The correlations between rci reaction and other atmospherics (12 and 28 kHz) are smaller and not significant. By the method of multiple linear regression we found a multipleR=0.54 between rci reaction and the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics (the regression function for the rci reaction is 0.15+0.004×8 kHz+0.002×10 kHz,P〈0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045280
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