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  • Articles  (45)
  • simulation  (38)
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  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • Springer  (45)
  • Geography  (21)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (21)
  • Philosophy  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a Core Switch for an Optical Transparent Packet Network (2000)
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: photonic switching ; packet switching ; Clos architecture ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design guidelines are given to dimension large switches in the optical packet network environment developed in the framework of the ACTS project KEOPS (KEys to Optical Packet Switching). Different possible choices in the architecture and operation of the switch are proposed according to the photonic technology availability. Simulation and analytical tools are used to evaluate switch performance and they have been applied to find out suitable switch configurations that meet packet loss requirements. Results and application examples are given to show the feasibility of a packet switch for high-speed photonic transport with the available technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010032322062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper deposition on micropatterned electrodes from an industrial acid copper plating bath (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper deposition ; current distributions ; microvias ; patterned electrodes ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Copper was deposited on micropatterned electrodes in a parallel plate reactor (PPR) using an industrial acid copper plating bath, and the deposit thickness distributions were measured. The plating bath contained, besides copper sulfate and sulfuric acid as main components, small amounts of sodium chloride and an organic additive LP-1TM. Copper deposition was carried out under various flow conditions (laminar and turbulent) and applied current densities. Three patterns, each of them consisting of a series of parallel copper microtracks, were manufactured on the electrode surface. The pattern position was chosen to be parallel or perpendicular to the flow direction, corresponding to the two extreme positions for the industrial plating process of patterned electrodes, in casu the round pattern tracks of minicoils. A multi-ion model was used to simulate copper deposition from sulphuric acid solutions, taking into account flow phenomena controlling the mass transfer rate, and the deposition kinetics. The differential equations were solved numerically by use of the multidimensional upwinding method (MDUM). Copper deposition on plane electrodes was investigated and compared to cd distributions obtained from MDUM-simulations. For the case of perpendicular pattern position in laminar flow, the deposit growth in the vias was also modelled and simulated numerically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003847219784
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of influences of layer thicknesses in an alkaline fuel cell (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1023-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alkaline fuel cell ; mathematical modelling ; simulation ; single cell ; thickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computational simulation was conducted by using a one-dimensional isothermal model for an alkaline fuel cell (AFC) single cell to investigate influences of the thicknesses of the separator, catalyst layer, and gas-diffusion layer in an AFC. The cell polarizations were predicted at various thicknesses and their influences were also analysed. Thickening the separator layer decreased the limiting current density and increased the slope of the ohmic polarization region. Investigation on the thickness of the anode catalyst layer showed that the optimum thickness varied between 0.04–0.15 mm according to the cell voltage. The thickness of the cathode catalyst layer significantly influenced the cell performance. Also, a limitation of thickness effect in the cathode catalyst layer was observed. This limitation was considered to be caused by the mass transfer resistance of the electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004046721157
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verification Simulation Acceleration Using Code-Perturbation (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 16 (2000), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: verification ; simulation ; code-perturbation ; coverage ; fault
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We propose a simulation approach that can take a large design and swiftly cover its valid code-level operating states. The approach perturbs the program-control flow during the simulation to dynamically exhaust all branching possibilities in a verification code/program. The heuristic uses the program branching information from preprocessing the test/verification code. Using the branching information the simulation allows automatic run-time forced branching to make possible a full coverage of the instruction space spanned by the verification code/program. The aim is (1) to improve the verification simulation speed and (2) to get higher coverage rate for large core-base designs such as microprocessors or digital-signal-processing (DSP) products. A case study of a 32-bit RISC processor, used in a network system, is conducted. The application code for the processor (MCP, Myrinet control program) is used as a verification program. Despite the deviation from the valid “software-reachable state” of the system due to forced branching, a significant number of hard-to-reach hardware states (that can be reached only through the right mix of codes, often the code segments of an application software) are covered. Using the MCP program over 30% additional coverage is achieved with the proposed approach over ordinary code-based simulation for a fixed verification time. Further, compared to the conventional simulation approach, the proposed heuristic takes about 43% less compute-cycles to achieve same state coverage level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008396907842
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal aspects of designing CW-operated nitride VCSELs (1999)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 31 (1999), S. 1179-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Keywords: CW operation ; nitride lasers ; simulation ; VCSELs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A room-temperature (RT) continuous-wave (CW) operation of possible nitride vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is considered in the present paper using a simple VCSEL simulation to give some essential guidelines for their proper designing. It is revealed that a substrate material has a critical influence on a possibility of reaching RT CW thresholds which practically excludes currently used sapphire substrates of relatively low thermal conductivity from this application. SQW nitride VCSELs are found to be very sensitive to an increase in temperature, which is followed by their inappropriate CW-operation characteristics. A moderate increase in a number of quantum wells in VCSEL active regions significantly improves their CW achievements, i.e. decreases RT CW thresholds as well as considerably widens their CW threshold ranges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007011009768
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-power edge emitting red laser diode optimisation using optical simulation (1999)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 31 (1999), S. 1009-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Keywords: all-solid-source MBE ; high-power ; red ; simulation ; transverse structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser diode structures reported up to now in literature for the red wavelength range are still far from optimal – mostly because many of the desired characteristics are contradictory coupled. Some of the contradictory coupled laser diode characteristics are investigated and a novel transverse layer structure is proposed. Both optical simulation and a fully self-consistent model are used in a design optimization methodology and simple evaluation and optimization criteria are derived. A number of the analyzed high-power edge-emitting GazIn1−zP/(AlxGa1−x)yIn1−yP/GaAs quantum well laser structures were prepared using all-solid-source molecular beam epitaxy for layer growth and remarkable performances were obtained (continuous wave output powers of 3 W at 670 nm, 2 W at 650 nm, and 1 W at 630 nm; threshold current densities of 350–450 A/cm2 for 670 nm, 500–540 A/cm2 for 650 nm, and less than 700 A/cm2 for 630 nm). The good agreement between measurements and simulations for the prepared structures indicate that significant performance improvements – predicted by the simulations – are still possible. The presented novel structure and design optimisation procedure can also be applied to laser diode structure optimisation in other emission ranges – like, for example, in the case of 800 nm-range edge emitting AlxGa1−xAsyP1−y/GazIn1−zAswP1−w/GaAs laser diodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007076928803
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teletraffic Analysis of SDMA-Systems with Inhomogeneous MS Location Distribution and Mobility (1999)
    Springer
    Wireless personal communications 11 (1999), S. 45-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-834X
    Keywords: SDMA ; smart antenna systems ; capacity ; traffic models ; mobility models ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the most widely used buzzwords in mobile communications of the recent years is Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The introduction of an additional space domain multiple access component is likely to boost system capacity, due to the spatial reuse of physical channels within one cell. While early approaches of SDMA system modelling show capacity to be gained in the order of 300 to 400%, there remains some more in depth system analysis to be done, as inhomogeneities in the user distribution are expected to likely cause dramatic drops in the additional capacity gained by SDMA. The spatial distribution of terminals directly influences the number of channels to be gained by spatial multiplexing. Therefore, it is not until detailed models for user distribution, user mobility and the traffic load generated by users are combined with a model of the SDMA radio subsystem, that realistic approximations for these capacity gains are possible. In this paper, we discuss the issues in modelling and simulation of SDMA systems. We present an approach for integrated SDMA system modelling, discuss analytic teletraffic dimensioning methods for macro- and microcellular environments and their relevance to SDMA systems, and present some early simulation results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018657911851
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate solubility algorithms for CaSO4–NaCl–H2O and Na2SO4–NaCl–H2O in chlor alkali brine at 25, 65, 75 and 85 ∘C (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026405806916
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysing Lava Risk for the Etnean Area: Simulation by Cellular Automata Methods (1999)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 20 (1999), S. 215-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: lava ; Cellular Automata ; simulation ; hazard ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The model SCIARA, based on the “Cellular Automata” paradigm, is a versatile instrument whose scope is to analyse volcanic risk from lava flows. The possible fields of intervention are: [(a)] Long term forecasting of the flow direction at various eruption rates and points of emission by locating potential risk areas and permitting the creation of detailed maps of risk; [(b)] The possibility to follow the progress of an event and predict its evolution; [(c)] The verification of the possible effects of human intervention on real or simulated flows in stream deviation. A risk scenario has been developed for the Etnean territories of the towns of Nicolosi, Pedara and S. Alfio, simulating possible episodes with different vent locations along the fracture opened in the 1989 eruption and successively activated in the 1991–1993 eruption. The main characteristics of lava flows, that might be dangerous to the inhabited areas, have been analysed on the basis of the carried out Cellular Automata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008165803095
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Layered Cylindrical Structures Using Axially Symmetric Waves (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 18 (1999), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Nondestructive evaluation ; layered cylindrical structures ; cylindrical waves ; simulation ; inverse problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For the characterization of the unknown material properties of a layered cylindrical structure, axially symmetric wave signals transmitted and reflected by the structure have been used. Since only a single wave mode propagates in the structure, the measurement and analysis of the transmitted and reflected signals can be simplified significantly. The evaluation of the material properties of the layers can be achieved with great accuracy. In this paper, we first derive the transmission and reflection coefficients for the layered cylindrical structure sonified axisymmetrically by an incident cylindrical wave. We then relate the spectra of the transmitted and reflected wave signals to the transmission and reflection coefficients as ratio functions. The time-domain signals transmitted and reflected by the structure can then be reconstructed from a routine application of the Fourier integrals. A three-layered aluminum/epoxy/aluminum tube is used to illustrate the application of the expressions for both the forward and inverse problems. The results show that the technique developed in this study can be used very effectively for the characterization of layered cylindrical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022638103852
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technology Road Map to Methodologies for Mixed-Signal System Design & Simulation (1999)
    Springer
    Analog integrated circuits and signal processing 20 (1999), S. 213-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1979
    Keywords: design ; simulation ; mixed-signal ; VHDL-AMS ; dimensional analysis ; microwave design & quantitative feedback theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Unfortunately, the best solution for one mixed-signal design, is not the best solution for all mixed-signal designs. This is especially true in light of today’s microwave applications that span the range from low-power, low-performance type of devices, through high-power, high-frequency and high-performance applications. Digital designs are automated through the use of the VHDL hardware description language, while the mixed-signal counterparts are automated using the newly developed VHDL-AMS extension. The essential ingredients for mixed-signal design fall into the methodologies of scalable functionality, robust design and feedback techniques. Scalable functionality refers to the non-conventional methodology of dimensional analysis for establishing magnitude relationships between mixed-signal system variables. Robust design of a mixed-signal system, involves the blending of the z-domain (digital) and the s-domain (continuous), resulting in the wp-domain. Robust feedback involves the inherit feedback nature of mixed-signal systems, by providing a methodology of design that emphasizes the use of feedback for achieving the desired robust system performance tolerances despite device parameter uncertainty and noise disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008318516897
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kernel bandwidth selection for a first order nonparametric streamflow simulation model (1998)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 33-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: Streamflow ; simulation ; nonparametric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for streamflow simulation using nonparametric methods was described in a recent publication (Sharma et al. 1997). Use of nonparametric methods has the advantage that they avoid the issue of selecting a probability distribution and can represent nonlinear features, such as asymmetry and bimodality that hitherto were difficult to represent, in the probability structure of hydrologic variables such as streamflow and precipitation. The nonparametric method used was kernel density estimation, which requires the selection of bandwidth (smoothing) parameters. This study documents some of the tests that were conduced to evaluate the performance of bandwidth estimation methods for kernel density estimation. Issues related to selection of optimal smoothing parameters for kernel density estimation with small samples (200 or fewer data points) are examined. Both reference to a Gaussian density and data based specifications are applied to estimate bandwidths for samples from bivariate normal mixture densities. The three data based methods studied are Maximum Likelihood Cross Validation (MLCV), Least Square Cross Validation (LSCV) and Biased Cross Validation (BCV2). Modifications for estimating optimal local bandwidths using MLCV and LSCV are also examined. We found that the use of local bandwidths does not necessarily improve the density estimate with small samples. Of the global bandwidth estimators compared, we found that MLCV and LSCV are better because they show lower variability and higher accuracy while Biased Cross Validation suffers from multiple optimal bandwidths for samples from strongly bimodal densities. These results, of particular interest in stochastic hydrology where small samples are common, may have importance in other applications of nonparametric density estimation methods with similar sample sizes and distribution shapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050008
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance Risk Analysis for Fukuoka Water Supply System (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: risk ; reliability ; resiliency ; vulnerability ; drought risk index ; drought damage index ; simulation ; water supply ; reservoir operation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the municipal water system in Fukuoka city. In combination with daily simulation model, a kind of risk model incorporating water demand prediction is presented. This model applies five risk indices: reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, drought risk index (DRI) and drought damage index (DDI). They aid in the identification of operation policies for the municipal water system, and the planning and operational policies obtained are aimed at achieving minimum risk for a given scenario of operation. In this paper, the performance risk of the municipal water system is investigated under three alternatives: (1) the existing system operation when available supply from the Chikugo river is decreased; (2) water restrictions for different percentages of reduction are implemented; and (3) available water supply increases when desalination of sea water is implemented. The results obtained show that savings of between 5 and 12% of water consumption from May 1, or increasing of daily desalination of sea water about 30 000 m3 or more, may efficiently decrease the performance risk of the Fukuoka water supply system. Potentials also exist for further increase of reservoir storage by more rational operation. The measure that more attention should be paid to increasing the water supply from stable sources is recommended as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007951806144
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  • 15
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    A Comparative Study of Two Methods for Modeling Soil Water Regime in Agricultural Fields (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: agrometeorological models ; PRZM ; simulation ; SWATRER ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two methods widely used in agrometeorogical simulation models for describing field soil water regimes are compared and evaluated based on their ability to predict experimental data from a single field study. The first method is based on a numerical solution to the Richards' equation for describing water movement in the soil profile, while the second method is based on soil-water capacity terms. The evaluation of the performance of the two methods is based on goodness-of-fit statistics and graphical analysis. Results indicate that the first method is more accurate for both the upper and the lower soil zones; the second method, despite its low performance in the upper soil zone can adequately describe soil moisture conditions in the lower soil zones. Recommendations are made for model use based on comparison results, the intended model use, and the difficulty in the acquisition of required model inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008073824019
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Impedance Spectra for a 2-D Conductor-Insulator Composite by Computer Simulation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of electroceramics 2 (1998), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8663
    Keywords: percolation ; impedance ; geometrical arrangement ; conductivity ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Using a computational methodology, ac impedance spectra of macroscopic mixtures of conducting and insulating hard spheres which have random or regular arrangements of the components are studied. These simulations can be used to calculate the ac electrical properties of a multi-component composite using a personal computer. It is shown in this study that ac impedance spectra are sensitive functions of the filling fraction and the geometrical arrangement of the components, and especially, the impedance spectra of the composite show the abnormal arc originated from the isolated clusters in the composite. From the simulated impedance patterns of the isolated clusters with various length, the abnormal arcs are shown to appear more distinctly when the elongated clusters are arranged along the preferred current line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009979310927
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  • 17
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    Simulation of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1254-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: PEFC ; simulation ; gas diffusion electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed one dimensional dynamic model of a gas diffusion electrode as part of a complete fuel cell model is presented. Various effects of parameter changes are considered. Comparison of experimental results and simulation is performed and a new approach to simulation of a complete current voltage curve is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018488021355
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  • 18
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    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018460709968
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  • 19
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    Measurement by LASER-Generated Ultrasound of Four Stiffness Coefficients of an Anisotropic Material at Elevated Temperatures (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 16 (1997), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: LASER ultrasound ; anisotropic material ; group velocity ; stiffness coefficients ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic waves are generated through a composite material by means of a noncontact technique. It uses a Nd:Yag LASER for the generation and an interferometric probe for the detection of acoustic waveforms. From a suitable set of experimental data, an inversion scheme is used for the recovering of four stiffness coefficients. They characterize the elasticity in a principal plane of symmetry of the material which exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry. The measurements are performed at various temperatures, elevated by steps up to 300°C for two specimen. The sensitivity of the method appears convenient to measure the temperature induced stiffness changes. The anisotropic degradation of the material properties are then pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022620501899
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  • 20
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    Technical Communication: Two-Phase Stochastic Dynamic Programming Model for Optimal Operation of Irrigation Reservoir (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 395-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: irrigation reservoirs ; operation ; water deficit ; yield response ; multicrop environment ; stochastic dynamicprogramming ; soil moisture ; water allocation ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A two-phase stochastic dynamic programming model is developed for optimal operation of irrigation reservoirs under a multicrop environment. Under a multicrop environment, the crops compete for the available water whenever the water available is less than the irrigation demands. The performance of the reservoir depends on how the deficit is allocated among the competing crops. The proposed model integrates reservoir release decisions with water allocation decisions. The water requirements of crops vary from period to period and are determined from the soil moisture balance equation taking into consideration the contribution of soil moisture and rainfall for the water requirements of the crops. The model is demonstrated over an existing reservoir and the performance of the reservoir under the operating policy derived using the model is evaluated through simulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007914019102
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  • 21
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    Water Drainage in Layered Soils. Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulation (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 437-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: water first and second drainage ; layered unsaturated soil ; experiment ; γ-radiation ; simulation ; finite differences ; periodically changing head
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results during first and second drainage in a vertical column of saturated layered soil were compared to those predicted from simulation. The sample was composed of a sandyloam soil overlying a fine sand. The soil water content was measured by using γ-ray absorption method (241Am) and the water pressure through tensiometers, arranged vertically along the column and connected to pressure transducers. From the evaluation of moisture and pressure versus time, the characteristic curves Ψ(θ) of the layers were obtained and approximated by van Genuchten's analytical equation. The relationship K(θ) between hydraulic conductivity and moisture was estimated by van Genuchten's prediction model. Ψ(θ) and K(θ) equations were used as inputs in the numerical model. The drainage of water was simulated by Richard's partial differential equation, which was solved with the finite differences computational scheme type Laasonen. The upper and lower boundary conditions were zero flux and a periodically changing head respectively. Numerical results show a good agreement with experimental data, with small deviations for certain hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007900415561
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    Using Computer-Based Simulation Exercises to Teach Business Ethics (1997)
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 163-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ; computer ; ethics ; experiential ; simulation ; teaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses how to introduce ethical dilemmas into computer-based business simulation exercise to teach business ethics. Simulations have an inherent advantage over other pedagogies for teaching ethics because simulations provide students with both an intellectual and a behavioral exposure to the topic. Issues addressed include considerations before writing ethical dilemmas, the writing of ethical dilemmas, and process issues for introducing ethical dilemmas. An example is developed and discussed. Through the process described, instructors can better prepare students for a lifetime of tough business decisions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009713431855
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    A Planning Model for the Fuerte-Carrizo Irrigation System, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 165-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: optimization ; linear programming ; simulation ; irrigation planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A methodology is presented for planning the operation of the Fuerte-Carrizo irrigation system in northwest Mexico. The system has two storage dams, two irrigation districts, and water transfer capabilities between both dams. The methodology uses a combination of linear programming (LP) and simulation. The LP model maximizes the net return of the farmers, subject to restrictions of the system, availability of water and land, and water transfer relationships. The simulation model is programmed as a microcomputer interactive package simulating the performance of the system. The methodology has proven to be a useful tool to assist those responsible for the operation of the irrigation system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007910530591
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    Simulation Techniques for the Manufacturing Test of MCMs (1997)
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    Journal of electronic testing 10 (1997), S. 137-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: simulation ; yield ; SMT ; MCM ; board ; test ; DFT ; DFM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simulation techniques used in the Manufacturing Test SIMulator(MTSIM) are described. MTSIM is a Concurrent Engineering tool used tosimulate the manufacturing test andrepair aspects of boards and MCMs from design concept through manufacturing release. MTSIM helps designers select assemblyprocess, specify Design For Test (DFT) features, select board testcoverage, specify ASIC defect level goals, establish productfeasibility, and predict manufacturing quality and cost goals. A newyield model for boards and MCMs which accounts for theclustering of solder defects is introduced and used topredict the yield at each test step. In addition, MTSIMestimates the average number of defects per board detected at eachtest step, and estimates costs incurred in test execution, faultisolation and repair. MTSIM models were validated withhigh performance assemblies at Hewlett-Packard (HP).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008286901817
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    Adaptable Interface Circuits for Flexible Monitoring of Temperature and Movement (1997)
    Springer
    Analog integrated circuits and signal processing 14 (1997), S. 193-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-1979
    Keywords: sensor interface ; accelerometer ; temperature ; telemetry ; biomedical implants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the development of two small dataacquisition chips with on board interface circuits for a miniaturisedcapacitive accelerometer, as well as for a set of thermistors.They are intended for use in biomedical, implantable telemetryapplication, requiring low power and small size for the entiresystem. Beside the typical aspects of circuit design, emphasisis also put on the overall system design, to pinpoint to thetypical constraints of the application. This leads to one ofits most important features: the flexible specifications, allowinga user-defined setting of the monitoring windows, after the deviceis manufactured. In the paper this concept is explained, andan example of a hard-wired system and a software controlled systemare given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008237902098
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    A new formulation for the stochastic control of systems with bounded state variables: An application to a single reservoir system (1996)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir stochastic theory ; reliability ; mean ; variance ; indicator function ; storage bounds ; nonlinear programming ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581462
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    An advanced diagnostic method for delay faults in combinational faulty circuits (1995)
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    Journal of electronic testing 6 (1995), S. 277-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: delay fault ; diagnosis ; critical path tracing ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Due to physical defects or process variations, a logic circuit may fail to operate at the desired clock speed. So, verifying the timing behavior of digital circuits is always necessary, and needs to test for delay faults. When a delay fault has been detected, a specific diagnostic method is required to locate the site of the fault in the circuit. So, a reliable method for delay fault diagnosis is proposed in this paper. Firstly, we present the basic diagnostic method for delay faults, which is based on multivalued simulation and critical path tracing. Next, heuristics are given that decrease the number of critical paths and improve diagnosis results. In the second part of this paper, we provide an approximate method to refine the results obtained with the basic diagnostic process. We compute the detection threshold of the potential delay faults, and use statistical studies to classify the faults from the most likely to be the cause of failure to the less likely. Finally, results obtained with ISCAS'85 circuits are presented to show the effectiveness of the method.
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
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    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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    Future groundwater conditions under long-term water stresses in an arid urban area (1994)
    Springer
    Water resources management 8 (1994), S. 245-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: groundwater ; hydrogeochemical investigation ; simulation ; urban area ; arid climate groundwater management ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The urban area of Greater Dhahran has an extremely arid climate where the average annual rainfail is less than 71 mm. The Umm Er Radhuma (UER) aquifer in that area is the main source of domestic and landscape irrigation demands. Groudwater use has increased drastically during the last 15 years due to extensive developments in the area. Numerical simulation techiques and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out to assess the effects of increasing pumping rates on the piezometric surface in the UER aquifer and to predict the future levels and quality of water under different pumping scenarios. A groundwater flow model was developed and calibrated for the area. The increase in the water extraction rate between 1967 and 1990 has resulted in a decline in the piezometric surface by about 4 m in the Dhahran area. The results of simulation investigations indicated that if the present trend of the groundwater withdrawal rate continues, the water level is expected to drop by an additional 2 and by the end of the year 2000, by an additional 6 m by the end of 2010. If the present increasing rate in groundwater withdrawal is reduced by 50%, the additional drawdown will also be reduced to about 1 and 2.5 m by the end of years 2000 and 2010, respectively. The average total dissolved solids (TDS) has increased from 2750 to 3545 mg/l between 1967 and 1990 and will continue to rise to 3922 and 4361 by the end of years 2000 and 2010, respectively. These original findings are important because they postulates the negative impacts of increasing groundwater pumping from an aquifer in an arid urban area on future groundwater levels and quality. Therefore, effective groundwater management and conservation schemes should be adopted to maintain the long-term productivity and quality of aquifers in the area.
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    A different intensity recording for reducing the uncertainty in its assessment: An application to the completeness analysis of earthquake catalogues (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 10 (1994), S. 47-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Seismic intensity assessment ; diffuse information ; mixture of multinomial distributions ; completeness degree of a catalogue ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the consequences of the ordinal and qualitative nature of seismic intensity regarding its recording. The classical way of recording by an integer value implies that on many occasions it can be difficult to associate only one intensity degree to an event. Therefore, we propose to record the intensity in a new way so that the expert is no longer restricted to indicating only one value, but can express his belief that the considered event belongs to any one of the intensity classes in the scale. Following this approach, as an example, we study the completeness of the Sannio-Matese catalogue and show how the degree of completeness changes according to the degree of uncertainty in intensity assessment.
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    Functional versus random test generation for sequential circuits (1993)
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    Journal of electronic testing 4 (1993), S. 33-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: Finite state machine ; functional testing ; graph traversal ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a test generation method for sequential circuits based on their synthesis specifications as finite state machines (FSM) and provides comparison with random test generation. The finite state machines are represented by their state transition graph (STG). The test generation method is performed in two phases. The first phase is functional. It generates a test sequence which is one of the shortest input sequences going through all the transitions of the state transition graph machine. This sequence provides a high fault coverage of stuck-at faults on the synthesized circuit compared to a randomly generated test sequence. This fault coverage is very close to the ones of other sequences derived by fault-oriented test generation approaches [9], [10], although these latter sequences are much longer. The trend of the fault coverage curve for different test sequences including progressively the transitions of the test sequence defined in the first phase is similar to the one of the fault coverage curve of a random sequence but for same lengths the first curve gives larger fault coverage. Both curves grow rapidly until a given ratio of faults is detected then continue to grow very slowly exhibiting low efficiency. The second phase of the test generation method is fault-oriented. It uses a fault simulation based approach in order to compute the test sequence for the remaining faults not detected by the first phase. At the end of this phase the test sequence for all the nonredundant faults is derived and, the combinationally redundant faults and the sequentially redundant faults are distinguished.
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    Design of earthen vegetated open channels (1992)
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    Water resources management 6 (1992), S. 149-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Manning's equation ; vegetated open channels ; submerged aquatic weeds ; simulation ; Egyptian canals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Modified formulas for Manning's equation are developed for use in the design of earthen open channels with submerged aquatic weeds. The proposed relations have their basis in field and experimental data. A multiple regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between the mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and water surface slope. The new formulas are dependent on the distribution of weeds along the channel's wetted perimeter and the percentage of vegetation density with respect to the cross-section area of the waterway.
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    Multistage disaggregation processes in stochastic hydrology (1992)
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    Water resources management 6 (1992), S. 101-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Staged disaggregation ; parameter estimation ; Mejia-Rousselle model ; moment preservation ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The problem of moment preservation associated with the use of the Mejia and Rousselle model in a staged disaggregation scheme is addressed in this paper. General parameter estimation equations are derived. Different from the original parameter estimation equations, the equations proposed herein employ two corrected historical moments which are shown to be conditional on the stage and the annual input generation model. With parameters estimated from the proposed equations, the modeling can exactly preserve the historical moments of interest and maintain the linear relationship between the input and output of each disaggregation process.
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    On the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis in the simulation of random fields (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis ; random fields ; simulation ; non-homogeneous fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In several fields of Geophysics, such as Hydrology, Meteorology or Oceanography, it is often useful to generate random fields, displaying the same variabilitity as the observed variables. Usually, these synthetic data are used as forcing fields into numerical models, to test the sensitivity of their outputs to the variability of the inputs. Examples can be found in subsurface or surface Hydrology and in Meteorology with General Circulation Models (GCM). Different techniques have already been proposed, often based on the spectral representation of the random process, with, usually, assumptions of stationarity. This paper suggests that Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, which leads to the decomposition of the covariance kernel on the set of its eigen-functions, is a possible answer to this problem. The convergence and accuracy of the method are shown to depend mainly on the number of EOFs retained in the expansion of the covariance kemel. This result is confirmed by a comparison with the turning band method and a matrix technique. Furthermore, a synthetic example of non-homogencous fields shows the interest of EOF analysis in the direct simulation of such fields.
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    Searles Kritik am Funktionalismus — Eine Untersuchung des Chinesischzimmers (1991)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 22 (1991), S. 321-336 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: functionalism ; intentionality ; simulation ; mental state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Searle claims that for a machine to have intentional states it is not sufficient that a formal programme be instantiated. Various types of objections to this claim have been brought up by Searle's critics. Searle's replies to some of these objections are analysed. It turns out that it is more to these objections than Searle wants to make us believe. What is crucial, however, is that Searle's „Gedankenexperiment“ results in a dilemma. At the outset of the dilemma there are two ways of not understanding. According to one of these ways a person (Searle's homunculus) does not understand something without knowing that s/he does not understand. While in the other mode the person knows that s/he doesn't understand. In the first case the inference from facts about the homunculus to facts about the computer is not valid whereas in the second case one would attribute mental states to the computer. Thereby Searle's claim turns out to be unfounded.
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    A methodology for testability enhancement at layout level (1991)
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    Journal of electronic testing 1 (1991), S. 287-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: fault modeling ; physical design rules for testability ; simulation ; testability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to make possible the production of cost-effective electronic systems, integrated circuits (ICs) need to be designed for testability. The purpose of this article is to present a methodology for testability enhancement at the lower levels of the design (i.e., at circuit and layout levels). The proposed strategy uses both hardware refinement and software improvement. The main areas of low-cost software improvement are test generation based on a logic description closely related to the physical design, test-vector sequencing, and the introduction of circuit knowledge in fault simulation. The strategy for hardware improvement is based on realistic fault list generation, fault classification (according to fault impact on circuit behavior), and layout-level DFT (design for testability) rules derivation. A preliminary fault classification is proposed, which uncovers the types of realistic faults in MOS digital ICs that are hard to detect, paving the way to derive layout rules for hard-fault avoidance. Simulation examples are presented ascertaining that specific subsets of line-open and bridging faults (according to their topological characteristics) are hard to detect by logic testing using test patterns derived for line stuck-at fault detection.
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    A model for the generation of simultaneous daily discharges of two rivers at their point of confluence (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 255-276 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrologic process ; daily discharges ; correlated generation ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A geomorphological study at the confluence of the Danube and the Isar in Bavaria required long series of daily discharges in both rivers. A model that generates simultaneous correlated streamflows in both rivers was developed and tested. The model is a modified shot noise model, first developed by Treiber (1975) for a single river, that was adapted to two rivers. It generates correlated pulses of events that produce flow for each river, and these pulses are then convoluted with a river specific systems function. The model, after being calibrated for the two rivers on the basis of 85 years of records, yields artificial series of discharges, in which the statistical properties of the historical records are reproduced. The performance of the model was tested with 20 generated series each 100 years long.
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    Computer simulation of ultrasonics and its applications (1990)
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 9 (1990), S. 81-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; visualization ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical calculations have been carried out for about 20 years, and the results are demonstrated graphically by vector or lattice representations. These results are now being used mainly for clarifying the mechanisms of ultrasonic interaction with material and defects and checking and improving the experimental results. Parts of this paper review results, many involving cracktip diffraction in various geometries, which have been published mainly in conference proceedings and have not appeared in journals. Other parts, dealing with focused fields, focal lenses, and radiation in an anisotropic medium are new, and have not appeared even as conference papers.
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    Stochastic analysis of estuarine hydraulics (1989)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydraulics ; quasilinearization ; simulation ; stochastic ; estuarine system ; Monte Carlo methods ; random differential equations ; parameter uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology is presented for the solution of the stochastic hydraulic equations characterizing steady, one-dimensional estuarine flow. The methodology is predicated on quasi-linearization, perturbation methods, and the finite difference approximation of the stochastic differential operators. Assuming Manning's roughness coefficient is the principal source of uncertainty in the model, stochastic equations are presented for the water depths and flow rates in the estuarine system. Moment equations are developed for the mean and variance of the water depths. The moment equations are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results confirm that for any spatial location in the estuary that (1) as the uncertainty in the channel roughness increases, the uncertainty in mean depth increases, and (2) the predicted mean depth will decrease with increasing uncertainty in Manning'sn. The quasi-analytical approach requires significantly less computer time than Monte Carlo simulations and provides explicit
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    Real-time application of an oil spill movement prediction system (1989)
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    Natural hazards 2 (1989), S. 31-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Oil spill ; pollution ; simulation ; Canada ; emergency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the prediction, in real time, of the motion of experimental oil slicks. The experiments were conducted during September 1983 offshore near Halifax on the east coast of Canada. The objectives of the experiments were (i) to determine the suitability of oil spill dispersants as countermeasures and (ii) the testing and verification of oil spill trajectory models and systems. The Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) participated in the experiments to test the capability of its oil spill motion prediction system in providing real-time trajectory forecasts. The experiment consisted of three sets of spills. Each set had a control slick and a test slick. Sixteen barrels of crude oil were used in each spill. The test slicks were used to test the effectiveness of various dispersants, the control slicks were used to verify trajectory forecasts. The spill trajectories and oil weathering information obtained from the system during the experiments demonstrated the relative ease with which the system could handle the required input and provide timely forecasts. The accuracy of these forecast trajectories was confirmed by observations, and their utility was demonstrated by their application in the operational decision-making process.
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    Simulation of the time-space evolution of an extratropical cyclonic precipitation field over USA (1988)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 2 (1988), S. 281-294 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: precipitation field ; stochastic time-space evolution ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The time-space evolution of an extratropical cyclonic precipitation field over U S A is simulated in a stochastic setting as outlined in Kavvas et al. (1988). The birth of a cyclonic storm is characterized by the simultaneous birth of a cyclone center and births of subsynoptic precipitation areas (SPA) at preferred locations around the cyclone center. The precipitation cores and cells which are used as the fundamental building blocks of the SPAs are approximated by circular precipitation areas (CPA) of different sizes. The time space evolution of the precipitation field after the birth is governed by (1) the movement of the synoptic cyclone described by the cyclone center trajectory, (2) independent nonidentically distributed random velocities of the individual CPAs relative to the cyclone center, (3) the births of new CPAs in time and space relative to the cyclone center, (4) the independent evolution in time of the individual spatially uniform intensities of the existing CPAs, (5) the expansion and shrinkage of the existing CPAs in the course of movement and (6) the dissipation (death) of a random number of existing CPAs within the cyclonic system. The computer simulation, the results of which are presented in this paper, successfully reproduced the general mesoscale and synoptic scale features of the radar detected cyclonic rain fields as observed by Austin and Houze (1972), Houze et al. (1976), Hobbs (1978), Hobbs and Locatelli (1978), Houze (1981), Houze and Hobbs (1982) and others.
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    Simulation of the movement and dispersion of oil slicks in the Arabian Gulf (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Arabian Gulf ; oil ; oil ; simulation ; meteorology ; tides ; residual currents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The extensive oil drilling and transportation activities in the Arabian Gulf increased the possibility of oil spills and the consequent threat of oil pollution to the regional ecology. The available literature concerning the main aspects of the physical oceanographic characteristics affecting the movement and spreading of oil spill in the Gulf are reviewed. It is concluded that evaporation, wind-driven currents, and sandfall are important as weathering processes, while tidal currents cause lateral spreading of the slick. Oil spill modelling has shown some usefulness in estimating the trajectories of few major spills illustrated by reference to three models developed for the Gulf. The performance of these models, their capabilities and limitations are reviewed. Recommendations are made to gather more data on the behavior of oil spills in this particular environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126615
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    On a stochastic description of the time-space behaviour of extratropical cyclonic precipitation fields (1987)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Cyclonic precipitation ; mathematical modeling ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic description is developed for extratropical cyclonic precipitation fields at synoptic and meso scales as they are typically observed by radars over the Earth. This description attempts to account I) for the synoptic scale behavior of a cyclonic storm (its birth, its synoptic scale motion trajectory, and its dissipation) II) for the synoptic-scale organizational structure of subsynoptic precipitation areas (rainbands, precipitation cores and raincells) within a cyclonic storm; and III) for the behavior of subsynoptic precipitation areas, in terms of their births, their spatial configuration evolutions, their motions, and their deaths (dissipation). The precipitation cores and the raincells are taken as the building blocks of the subsynoptic precipitation, areas within a cyclonic rainfield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543908
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Development and testing of soil water regime simulation models (1987)
    Springer
    Water resources management 1 (1987), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Soil water regime ; modelling ; simulation ; evapotranspiration ; drainage ; soil water resources ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Four soil water balance simulation models corresponding to specific soil-crop relations were developed for application to irrigation planning and management. The forms of the models were inferred from 18 months of weekly and bi-weekly soil water data and daily meteorological data. Soil water change is computed by budgeting of the water inputs and outputs, namely precipitation, evapotranspiration, drainage, and runoff. Actual evapotranspiration was found to be dependent on both potential evapotranspiration and soil water content. Empirical drainage functions were developed, but semi-empirical ones inferred from theoretical knowledge of soil hydraulic properties performed at least as well. Runoff functions were required to explain only exceptional conditions of very heavy rainfall. A quantitative assessment of each model's prediction accuracy was performed. The uncertainty that can be expected for any predicted value with a cumulative probability of 0.95 is in all cases within an interval of 1% of the soil water content in average conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421881
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