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  • Articles  (37)
  • corrosion  (30)
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  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • Springer  (37)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (35)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behaviour of titanium in fluoride-containing saliva (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; dental materials ; fluoride ; saliva ; titanium ; titanium oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluoride on the electrochemical behaviour of titanium was studied. Open circuit potentials, breakdown potentials (E b) and potentiostatic transient currents were measured in synthetic salivas of different compositions. Optical and scanning electron microscopic observations were also made. Results show that the growth rate of Ti oxide layer is affected by fluoride anions and tensile stresses are developed. The OCP/time relationship of Ti immersed in salivas A and B obeys a logarithmic law which depends on the saliva composition. The E b value is influenced by the thickness of the oxide layer, by the composition of the saliva (including fluoride concentration), and by the technique utilised for its evaluation. Thus, results reported in the literature, which seem to be contradictory, could be explained taking into account the experimental conditions assayed. A careful control of the titanium-containing dental materials should be made after long treatments with fluoride-containing prophylactic products or when fluoride-releasing restorative materials are present in the vicinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003891000220
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TiCN and metallic coatings for corrosion protection of separator plates in MCFCs (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1421-1431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: coatings ; corrosion ; fuel cell ; molten carbonate ; titanium nitride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Stainless steel 304 substrates were coated with different materials in order to find a suitable coating material for corrosion protection of separator plates in molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). Five titanium carbonitride coatings differing in composition and morphology and a titanium monoxide coating were deposited with chemical vapour deposition techniques. Also double-layer coatings of TiN/Au and TiN/Ni were prepared. The coatings were tested on their corrosion protection of separator plates in four different environments: under MCFC-cathode or anode gas, at load or at open circuit conditions. The corrosion behaviour was characterized using cyclic voltammetry. Corrosion rates were determined with electrochemical methods and cross-section analyses of corrosion layers. Titanium nitride coatings showed the best corrosion protection. The titanium carbide and titanium monoxide coating showed respectively less and no protection. The thin gold and Ni-coatings were unstable. Under cathode gas, the most important corrosion protection is given by keeping the cell at load, and then a titanium nitride coating might provide lifetime protection. Under anode gas, corrosion is most severe at load conditions. A titanium nitride coating also gives corrosion protection, but not enough for lifetime protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026507619787
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behaviour of cobalt in aqueous solutions of different pH (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 693-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cobalt ; corrosion ; impedance ; passivation ; polarization ; XPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic study of the corrosion and passivation behaviour of cobalt in aqueous solutions of different pH was carried out. Open circuit potential measurements, polarization experiments and electrochemical spectroscopic (EIS) investigations were employed. The experimental results show that the metal surface is always covered by a native passive film which consists of CoO. The formation of the oxide film obeys a two-electron charge transfer process. The dissolution of the barrier film is controlled by the pH of the solution. In neutral and basic solutions the barrier film is stable. In these media a barrier film thickening with the formation of secondary layer is considered. In acidic solutions, the passive film is unstable and dissolves via a pure chemical process. The mechanism of the corrosion and passivation processes taking place at the electrode/electrolyte interface in the different solutions is discussed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the electrochemical measurements and the suggested mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003893122201
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc impregnation of the anodic oxidation layer of 1050 and 2024 aluminium alloys (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 845-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alternating voltage ; aluminium alloys ; anodic oxidation ; corrosion ; impregnation ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The porous oxide layer obtained by phosphoric anodic oxidation (PAO) of 1050 and 2024T3 aluminium alloys is modified by impregnation with zinc under alternating voltage. The resulting current against applied voltage relationship shows that a threshold voltage is required to deposit the zinc. Beyond a low critical voltage, V c L, zinc electrocrystallization starts near the barrier layer and grows with time through the porous oxide layer whatever the alloy used as substrate. For the 2024T3 alloy, beyond a high critical voltage V c H, S.I.M.S. analysis shows that zinc is also present on top of the oxide layer. The distribution of zinc particles depends on the porous layer morphology: formation of zinc needles in a columnar form (1050 alloy) and dispersion of zinc particles in a disorganized structure (2024T3 alloy). The polarization curves obtained in a 3 wt % NaCl solution show a decrease in anodic and cathodic currents indicating a protective effect of zinc impregnation, confirmed by electrochemical impedance analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003947800813
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the influence of chloride ion and pH on the corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 865-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: AZ91D alloy ; chloride ion ; corrosion ; die-cast ; ingot ; magnesium alloys ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of chloride ion concentration and pH on the corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of die-cast and ingot-cast AZ91D alloy have been studied with a focus on the stability of microconstituents in these environments. The experimental techniques used include immersion studies, potentiodynamic polarization, X-ray diffraction and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion rate for the ingot and die-cast was very high in highly acidic solutions (pH 1–2) as compared to that in neutral and highly alkaline solutions (pH 4.5–12.0), and the rate increased with chloride ion concentration at all pH levels. In general, the die-cast showed a lower corrosion rate at all pH values and chloride ion concentrations. The open circuit corrosion potential shifted to more negative (more active) values with increase in concentration of chloride ions. Corrosion morphologies revealed more attack on primary α and eutectic α with increasing chloride concentration. In highly acidic conditions, corrosion attack was found on β (Mg17Al12) and eutectic α phase (α regions with higher Al content) while at pH 12.0 the ingot exhibited a pitting type of morphology. The corrosion product consisted of magnesium hydroxide, fallen β particles and magnesium–aluminium oxide; the amount of each component was found to be a function of chloride ion concentration and pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004011916609
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzotriazole as inhibitor for copper with and without corrosion products in aqueous polyethylene glycol (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: benzotriazole ; corrosion ; copper ; inhibitor ; polyethylene glycol (PEG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical methods, including polarization experiments and impedance spectroscopy, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of benzotriazole (BTA) in an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in protecting polished archaeological copper or archaeological copper covered with corrosion products. The adsorption of PEG on the polished copper significantly limited the corrosion current. The presence of benzotriazole enhanced the protection of the polished copper, giving maximum protection at a concentration of 10−2 mol l−1 of BTA in 20 vol% PEG 400 solution. On the other hand, PEG solutions caused degradation of the corrosion products of the copper. This degradation increased with time. When BTA was added, the corrosion products were preserved and, the higher the BTA concentration, the more the corrosion current decreased. In PEG 400 solution protection of the corrosion products of the copper by BTA improved over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003400516421
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of benzotriazole on mass transfer in the corrosion of a copper rotating disk electrode (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 379-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: benzotriazole ; copper ; corrosion ; mass-transfer coefficient ; rotating-disk electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of benzotriazole, BTA, on mass transfer in dissolution-corrosion of the copper rotating disk electrode in 0.02 M Fe(III)–0.5 M H2SO4 has been studied by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The mass transfer coefficient, K, was determined from the slope of ln(C 0/C)Fe(III) vs. time plots. In the absence of BTA the corrosion process can be described by the correlation Sh = KR/D = 4.47Re 0.5. The difference in values between Sh and Sh Levich, and the change in slope in the Arrenhius plot points to mixed control for the cathodic process Fe3+ + 1e− → Fe 2+ and charge transfer control for the anodic process, Cu → Cu2+ + 2e. The average activation energies were 7.7 kJ mol−1 and 19.5 kJ mol−1 at (500–1500) and (2000–3000) rpm, respectively. At low concentration of BTA the inhibiting action of BTA increases with concentration and with rotation speed. For [BTA] ≥ 5 × 10−3 M, the K value, 10−4 cm s−1, remains constant and is independent of rotation rate. The morphology of the copper rotating disk after corrosion in the absence and presence of BTA was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003981509603
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper corrosion at various pH values with and without the inhibitor (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: adsorbtion isotherm ; benzotriazole ; copper ; corrosion ; finite diffusion impedance ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory action of BTAH on copper was investigated in 1 M sodium acetate solution in the pH range 4–10, using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the rearrangement of the surface oxide layer in the presence of BTAH is very fast in slightly alkaline solutions, while it is time- and concentration-dependent in neutral and slightly acidic solutions. The adsorption behaviour of BTAH on the electrode surface at c(BTAH) ≤ 0.5 mM followed a Flory–Huggins adsorption isotherm with ΔG ∘ ranging from −30.0 to −39.0 kJ mol−1, depending on the pH. Impedance spectra were characterized by two time constants relating to the charge transfer and transport of copper ions through the oxide layer, the latter being the rate determining step. These enabled the determination of important properties of the adsorbed layer and the passivated film. The results indicate that the surface layer is of dielectric nature, and its protection increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and solution pH. The finite diffusion impedance was analysed using a diffusion factor B, and the values of the diffusion coefficient and concentration of copper species in the film were estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003956102631
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a rotating cylinder electrode in corrosion studies of a 90/10 Cu–Ni alloy in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 media (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 981-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; corrosion mechanism ; Cu–Ni alloys ; rotating cylinder electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of 90/10 Cu–Ni alloy in deaerated 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 containing Fe(III) ions as oxidant and benzotriazole as inhibitor was studied using a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE). Nonselective dissolution was observed in all experimental conditions investigated. In the absence of Fe(III) ions, the anodic process is diffusion controlled while cathodic process is charge transfer controlled. In contrast, with Fe(III) ions as oxidant, the cathodic process is controlled by diffusion and the anodic process is under charge transfer control. These conclusions were obtained from measurements of open circuit potential as a function of the RCE rotation rate as previously verified for the RDE. Inhibition efficiency evaluated from weight loss and calculated from polarization curves showed good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004081212358
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Investigation of the Bias Caused by Surface Coatings on Material Loss Evaluation by Quantitative Thermography (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 19 (2000), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Infrared thermography ; corrosion ; airframes ; coatings ; quantitative thermography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a surface coating on the response of a metallic substrate to pulsed thermal excitation is examined with the view to assessing its impact on the efficacy of quantitative thermographic evaluation as applied to the problem of material loss evaluation. An analytical model describing the response of a layered structure to a surface thermal excitation has been developed and its predictions are shown to be in excellent qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The results indicate that for materials with high thermal diffusivity, a surface paint layer bears important influence on the development of the surface thermal response and should be taken into account when undertaking quantitative assessments of thermographic data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010760130264
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of phosphoric acid corrosion of zinc by organic onium compounds and their adsorption characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 619-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; EIS ; H3PO4 ; organic onium compounds ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibiting properties of some organic phosphonium and ammonium compounds were studied with respect to the corrosion of zinc in 1 M H3PO4 solution. It was found that onium compounds which have π-electron system(s) are adsorbed following Frumkin's adsorption isotherm and provide better inhibition efficiency than those containing no π -electron system. The adsorption of the latter compounds was found to obey Langmuir's isotherm. Both potentiostatic and electrochemical impedance techniques proved that the studied onium compounds act as primary interface inhibitors without changing the mechanism of either hydrogen evolution reaction or zinc dissolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026445521937
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and characterization of a rotating cylinder electrode for different technological applications (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 745-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper–nickel alloys ; corrosion ; electrochemistry ; rotating cylinder electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) for corrosion studies has been constructed and hydrodynamically characterized. Empirical hydrodynamic parameters were determined from limiting current density and weight loss measurements for four different electrochemical processes. Statistical data analysis established the confidence limits of these parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003519115265
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of molybdate-passivated zinc coated steel exposed to corrosive chloride environments (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 647-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: conversion coatings ; corrosion ; impedance ; molybdate ; passivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of molybdate conversion coatings on zinc coated mild steel in corrosive chloride environments was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and neutral salt fog exposure. It was found that the presence of a simple molybdate coating initially increased the rate of corrosion of zinc. Molybdenum species were initially present in the conversion coating in either the +V or +VI oxidation states. Exposure to neutral salt fog reduced molybdenum to either Mo(IV) or Mo(III). This reduction of molybdenum, an additional cathodic process, may result in the activation of zinc observed in these studies. For molybdate-passivated surfaces in the early stages of exposure to neutral salt fog, corrosion products were found to be less voluminous than those observed on untreated surfaces. This may be due to the presence of inhibiting Mo(IV) or Mo(III) species in the corrosion product layers. However, after 24 h exposure to salt fog, no molybdenum could be detected. This implies that the lower oxidation state molybdenum species formed are soluble. However, surfaces passivated from molybdate solutions appear to forestall the onset of red rust, during immersion in chloride solutions and exposure to salt fog, by approximately 12 to 24 h. This behaviour may be attributable to corrosion inhibition by Mo(III) and Mo(IV) species while they are present at the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026461924663
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion behaviour of Zn–Co compositionally modulated multilayers electrodeposited from single and dual baths (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1133-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cobalt ; corrosion ; multilayer deposition ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behaviour of Zn–Co compositionally modulated multilayers (CMM) was studied using corrosion potential measurement and the neutral salt spray (NSS) method. It was established that the corrosion potentials of the CMM, deposited from a single bath, are significantly more positive than those deposited from a dual bath. The best corrosion resistance was found for multilayers consisting of four sublayers, each 3.0 μm thick, deposited both from a dual bath and from a single bath (with an oversublayer of Zn–Co 1%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003675216529
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion rates and negative difference effects for Al and some Al alloys (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; corrosion rates ; aluminium ; aluminium alloys ; pitting ; faradaic efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The rotating disc-ring technique with a Pt ring was used to quantitatively detect hydrogen evolved on an Al-disc electrode during spontaneous corrosion at open-circuit potential or during anodic polarization of an Al disc to study the unusual increase of H2 evolution with increase in anodic current (the so called negative difference effect). Experiments were made with high purity Al (99.999%), technical grade Al (99.5%) (Al–T) and Al–In alloy (0.074% In) in deaerated 0.5m aqueous NaCl solution (pH∼6.5) and NaCl solutions acidified with HCl to pH values of 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0. It was shown, in neutral solutions, that the corrosion rates of all three materials are controlled by the rate of water molecule dissociation or in more acid solutions, by the combined water molecule dissociation rate and H+ ion discharge rate. The corrosion rates of all three materials in the range of 3–10μAcm2, was the lowest for 99.999% Al. The impurities in Al–T and Al–In increase the hydrogen evolution rate at cathodic polarizations in a similar manner, but very differently affect the negative difference effect. High purity Al and Al–T have a similar negative difference effect (8–15%), while the presence of In decreases it to only about 1%. No pitting and no negative difference effect were observed at potentials more negative than Epit. Therefore, the negative difference effect is connected with the anodic pitting dissolution mechanism. Several aspects of this problem are discussed in more detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003447018115
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of zinc molybdenum phosphate in anticorrosive paints by accelerated and electrochemical tests (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1401-1407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: accelerated tests ; coatings ; corrosion ; phosphate pigments ; zinc molybdenum phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This work studied the anticorrosive behaviour of micronized ‘zinc molybdenum phosphate’ (zinc phosphate modified with zinc molybdate). It was proposed to evaluate its efficiency in solvent borne paints with 30 and 15% of the pigment by volume and a pigment volume concentration/critical pigment volume concentration ratio (PVC/CPVC) of 0.8. The behaviour of paints formulated with different binders such as epoxy, chlorinated rubber, vinyl and alkyd resins, was assessed by accelerated (salt spray cabinet and accelerated weathering) and electrochemical tests. Epoxy and chlorinated rubber paints showed the best anticorrosive performance. The inhibitive action of ‘zinc molybdenum phosphate’ was confirmed. Good correlation was obtained between salt spray and electrochemical tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003887614368
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  • 18
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    Influence of silver on electrochemical and corrosion behaviours of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al grid alloys Part II: A.c. impedance and scanning electron microscopy studies (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; grid alloy ; lead–acid batteries ; silver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of silver, in the range of 0.02 to 0.07wt%, on the electrochemical and corrosion properties of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al grid alloy in sulphuric acid solutions at room temperature was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EIS was used to study the effect of silver on the surface layer(s) of an electrode under different conditions, while the oxide layers produced on the working electrode surface were examined by SEM. The addition of silver in the alloy inhibits the reactions of Pb to PbSO4 and PbSO4 to PbO2 and produces a more dense oxide layer which could enhance the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003469032404
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate solubility algorithms for CaSO4–NaCl–H2O and Na2SO4–NaCl–H2O in chlor alkali brine at 25, 65, 75 and 85 ∘C (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026405806916
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  • 20
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    Study of sacrificial anode cathodic protection of buried tanks: Numerical modelling (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 541-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cathodic protection ; corrosion ; gas tank ; numerical modelling ; sacrificial anodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A finite element numerical model was set up to calculate the secondary distribution of potential and current density at the surface of a buried tank. The steel gas tank of interest was protected by both coating and two sacrificial anodes (magnesium alloy or zinc). The dispersion of actual soil properties was taken into account by use of three typical soils. The comparison of two dimensional and three-dimensional models shows that the 2D model is obviously both convenient and time saving. The numerical model allows the calculation of the cathodic protection current and of the local potential in every point of the tank. The model intends to compare the relative influence of coating quality, electric conductivity of soil and position, size and type of the sacrificial anodes (magnesium or zinc). Soil conductivity and coating porosity appear as the two most influential parameters. This model justifies the interest of the tank experimental potential and current measurements.List of symbols
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003408122084
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  • 21
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    Effect of oxide ion donors on the corrosion and dechromization of stainless steels in KCl–NaCl–BaCl2 melt (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1205-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; dechromization ; molten chloride ; oxyanions ; selective leaching ; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behaviour of several austenitic and ferritic stainless steels was studied in the KCl–NaCl–BaCl2 melt (molar ratio 1:1:1) at 600°C in the absence and presence of 0.1 molal sodium salts with different oxyanions, namely, Na2CO3, Na2O2, Na2SO3, Na2SO4, Na3PO4 and Na4P2O7. The corrosion rate, determined from analysis of the melt by atomic absorption, was found to agree well with that determined from anodic polarization and decreased with increasing percentage Cr in the alloy. The presence of the oxyanions led to a decrease in the corrosion rate in the order: P2O 7 4− 〈PO 4 3− 〈SO 3 2− 〈SO 4 2− 〈O 2 2− 〈CO 3 2− which runs parallel to the order of increasing ability of O2− ion donation and indicates that the inhibition process involves the formation of a passivating film on the surface. All stainless steels were found to suffer a significant selective leaching of chromium and among all the oxyanions tested, only CO 3 2− anions suppressed the dechromization in the KCl–NaCl–BaCl2 melt significantly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003499002185
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    Electrochemical behaviour of iron and copper in a culture solution for Spirulina platensis (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1351-1357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper ; corrosion ; cyclic voltammetry ; iron ; Spirulina platensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic voltammograms of iron and copper electrodes were run in sodium hydroxide, carbonate–bicarbonate buffer and culture media for Spirulina platensis at 30°C. Potentiostatic steady state polarisation curves for both electrode surfaces in these electrolytes were performed in the presence and the absence of S. platensis at fixed temperature. Corrosion potential and corrosion current density values of iron and copper were obtained graphically from these curves. In all cases, the largest corrosion current density corresponded to the maximum biogenerated-oxygen concentrations, that is, illuminated culture media containing S. platensis. Corrosion potentials of iron electrodes shifted to positive values for increasing corrosion rates, whereas constant corrosion potentials were obtained for copper electrodes independently of the electrolyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003402032363
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    Characterization of corroding aluminium alloys with electrochemical noise and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: aluminium alloys ; corrosion ; voltage fluctuations ; impedance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and spontaneous voltage fluctuation measurements were made on three orthogonal faces of 7039-T64 and 2519 aluminium alloy specimens during 10 day exposure periods into aerated 3% NaCl solutions. The spontaneous voltage fluctuations generated by the specimens were analysed with two techniques designed to reveal the stochastic character of these signals and their fractal dimension to establish practical correlation between noise measurements and the degree of pitting of the corroding aluminium specimens. Attempts were made to correlate the results of these analyses with parameters measurable by microscopic examination of the specimens or calculated from EIS measurements. During this study it was found that the slope of the voltage fluctuations and the depression angle of EIS results were both good indicators of the pit density observable on the corroded aluminium specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003292406276
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    Investigation on copper corrosion behaviour in industrial waters by electrochemical noise analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 963-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper ; corrosion ; electrochemical noise ; industrial waters ; cyclic voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper represents an attempt to apply electrochemical noise analysis to monitor copper corrosion rates in solutions simulating near neutral or acidic industrial waters, containing chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate ions. The very low noise levels characterizing these systems make the evaluation of the noise resistance possible only with a four electrode arrangement, where the electrode couples used to detect the voltage and current fluctuations have different surface areas. This arrangement is probably a handicap to the evaluation of the polarization resistance values from noise resistance data. Cyclic voltammetries were carried out in order to investigate the nature of the corrosion products obtained in solutions with different pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003401128653
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    Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studyof dimensionally stable anode corrosion (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 899-905 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: electrocatalysis ; dimensionally stable anodes ; mixed oxides ; corrosion ; impedance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An electrode of nominal composition Ti/Ir0.3Ti0.7O2 was prepared by thermal decomposition of the chloride precursor mixture at 450°C. A systematic study of the corrosion behaviour of this anode was performed under accelerated conditions (j=400mAcm−2) in acidic media. Simultaneously, CV and EIS measurements were done at regular time intervals until the end of the electrode service life (∼528h). It was possible to identify the various stages of the electrode deactivation, and quantify the associated parameters. Three main steps were identified in the electrode deactivation mechanism. During the first 170h, the loss of the more external (porous) part of the oxide active layer occurred. This is supported by the decrease in the parameter-values related to the electrochemically active surface area of the anode (qa and Cdl) and an increase in the Rct-values. The second stage is evidenced by a potential step afterwards remaining practically constant up to ∼380h , suggesting that the more compact and still very active region of the electrode is now exposed. Finally, for tcor〉400h the anode potential increases again. This behaviour, together with the Rct against time, suggests that the most internal part of the original coating, less rich in IrO2, is now exposed to the solution and is corroded. For t ≥∼510h the anode potential increases rapidly, the electrode being totally deactivated at t≃528h, when the anodically grown TiO2 film is exposed to the solution. During the complete deactivation process, the growth of a TiO2 film, due to Ti-support oxidation, in addition to that already present (IrO2 doped TiO2 film formed during the calcination step), is evidenced by the increase in the Rf-values, as well as decreasing Cf-values. However, for tcor〈450h the rate of this process is not significant. Only for tcor〉450h Ti-support oxidation becomes the main feature of the deactivation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003431130954
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    Electrochemical methods for the study of corrosionin lubricant additive systems (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 627-635 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; potentiodynamic polarization ; lubricants ; steel ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Potentiodynamic polarization has been used to study the corrosion behaviours of mild steel and copper in solutions containing some examples of common types of lubricant additives. A variety of conditions for performing of experiments were investigated. The best results were obtained in a background solution of 0.01m tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate in 1:1 toluene/ethanol. The behaviour of the aforementioned metals was characterized and compared in solutions containing allyl amine, alkyl phosphite, and organic sulfides. For most solutions, corrosion and pitting potentials and corrosion rates of each metal were found to vary with the compound's concentration. Changes in the corrosivity of chemicals towards metals were monitored as a corrosion inhibitor was added to their solutions. The relative corrosion behaviour observed were consistent with the known performance of these metals in contact with lubricants containing these additives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003258320813
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    Influence of sulphide ions on the cathodic behaviour of copper in 0.1 M borax solution (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1383-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: copper ; corrosion ; oxygen reduction ; sulphide ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of sulphide ions in solution greatly influences the cathodic behaviour of copper in borax solutions (pH9.2), even when this contaminant is in low concentration. Cyclic voltammograms, polarisation curves and Tafel plots are compared for polluted and unpolluted solutions. Prereduced and aged copper electrodes are investigated. The presence of sulphide ions in solution increases the rate of oxygen reduction on copper, thus having a detrimental effect on the global corrosion process. The transformation of the surface film into one with better conductive properties is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003437613707
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    Effect of dissolved chromium species on the corrosionof stainless steel in nitric acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1205-1211 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: stainless steel ; nitric acid ; corrosion ; chromium(vi) ; nitrogen oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Cr(vi) species in HNO3 (concentrations 15–3m) on the corrosion rate of stainless steel has been investigated. The gaseous phase over the HNO3 was carefully controlled using Ar, NO, NO2 or N2 purging. With Ar purging the corrosion rate increased when the Cr(vi) concentrations were above 0.05m. There was evidence that the reduction of Cr(vi) leads to insoluble Cr reduction products on the surface of the steel. Sparging of nitric acid by NO and/or NO2 caused the reduction of any Cr(vi) species present in the solution, to Cr(iii) in a few minutes. However, with no Cr(vi) present, the effect of continuous purging with NO and/or NO2 was to increase the steel corrosion rate when compared with Ar purged solutions, due to catalysis of nitrate reduction by the NOx. The conversion of Cr(iii) to Cr(vi) by nitric acid was shown to require high concentrations of nitric acid, high temperatures and low partial pressures of NO2 over the liquid phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003499309590
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    Inhibition of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of a HSLA steel in 0.5m H2SO4 by nitrile compounds (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1265-1274 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; hydrogen embrittlement ; inhibitors ; HSLA steel ; nitrite compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitive action of valeronitrile, benzonitrile and derivatives of benzonitrile on the corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of HSLA steel in 0.5m H2SO4 was investigated. All these inhibitors reduced the corrosion rate of the steel with naphthonitrile showing the highest inhibitive efficiency and valeronitrile the lowest. All the inhibitors adsorbed on the steel as per the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The steel become less active on the addition of benzonitrile, 3-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-methylbenzonitrile and naphthonitrile to the acid while valeronitrile and 2-chlorobenzonitrile made the steel more active. Naphthonitrile reduced the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction most efficiently. Derivatives of benzonitrile inhibited hydrogen absorption most effectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018440105425
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    Passivation and depassivation of Monel electrodes in KF.2HF melts in comparison with the behaviour of nickel (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1245-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: fluorine production ; monel alloy ; corrosion ; passive films ; KF.2HF melts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Commercial fluorine production is conducted from KF.2HF melts at 85∘C in Monel cells that are subject to corrosion. Here we report studies of passivation and depassivation of the Monel in relation to that of Ni, its principal (65 wt % ) constituent, by means of cyclic voltammetry and recording of open-circuit potential-relaxation transients. The latter exhibit arrests at characteristic Flade-type potentials and lead to information on the kinetics of passive film breakdown. The role of diffusion processes in such breakdown and film dissolution is evaluated using the rotating disc electrode technique which enables comparisons to be made with the passivation behaviour of the separate main components of Monel, viz. Ni and Cu.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018436004516
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    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018460709968
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    Localized corrosion of 1024 mild steel in slightly alkaline bicarbonate solution with Cl− ions (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1997), S. 151-160 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: corrosion ; 1024 mild steel ; pitting ; film breakdown ; electro-oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The passive film breakdown of 1024 mild steel induced by the presence of 0.05m chloride ions had been investigated in 0.075–0.75m bicarbonate solutions at pH8.9–9.7. A rotating disc electrode with a Kel-F holder was used in conjunction with a rotating ring-disc electrode. The resistance to localized attack is closely linked to the preanodization potential (Eox) applied in the absence of Cl- ions. For Eox below about 0.2–0.3V vs SCE, the resistance to localized attack provided by the passive film is independent of Eox; above the breakdown potential, the localized attack is manifested by the formation of pits at the mild steel surface. The breakdown potential increases linearly with NaHCO3 concentration and pH. Passive film breakdown for Eox below about 0.2–0.3V vs SCE most likely begins with a surface film dissolution prior to the penetration of the aggressive anions through the film. For Eox above about 0.3V vs SCE under the same conditions, no pitting is noticed and the potential associated with localized attack shifts considerably in the anodic direction due to interstitial (formation of crevices) corrosion at the mild steel/Kel-F interface.
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    Measurement by LASER-Generated Ultrasound of Four Stiffness Coefficients of an Anisotropic Material at Elevated Temperatures (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 16 (1997), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: LASER ultrasound ; anisotropic material ; group velocity ; stiffness coefficients ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic waves are generated through a composite material by means of a noncontact technique. It uses a Nd:Yag LASER for the generation and an interferometric probe for the detection of acoustic waveforms. From a suitable set of experimental data, an inversion scheme is used for the recovering of four stiffness coefficients. They characterize the elasticity in a principal plane of symmetry of the material which exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry. The measurements are performed at various temperatures, elevated by steps up to 300°C for two specimen. The sensitivity of the method appears convenient to measure the temperature induced stiffness changes. The anisotropic degradation of the material properties are then pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022620501899
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    Adaptable Interface Circuits for Flexible Monitoring of Temperature and Movement (1997)
    Springer
    Analog integrated circuits and signal processing 14 (1997), S. 193-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-1979
    Keywords: sensor interface ; accelerometer ; temperature ; telemetry ; biomedical implants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the development of two small dataacquisition chips with on board interface circuits for a miniaturisedcapacitive accelerometer, as well as for a set of thermistors.They are intended for use in biomedical, implantable telemetryapplication, requiring low power and small size for the entiresystem. Beside the typical aspects of circuit design, emphasisis also put on the overall system design, to pinpoint to thetypical constraints of the application. This leads to one ofits most important features: the flexible specifications, allowinga user-defined setting of the monitoring windows, after the deviceis manufactured. In the paper this concept is explained, andan example of a hard-wired system and a software controlled systemare given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008237902098
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    The excitation of Lamb waves in pipes using dry-coupled piezoelectric transducers (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 15 (1996), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Pipework ; corrosion ; Lamb waves ; dry-coupled transducers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The development of a dry-coupled piezoelectric transducer system for the detection of corrosion in chemical plant pipework using cylindrical Lamb waves is described. It is shown that the axisymmetricL(0,2) mode at a frequency of about 70 kHz is an attractive mode to use for longdistance propagation. The results show that a ring of piezoelectric length-expander elements can be used to excite theL(0,2) mode and to suppress all the nonaxisymmetric modes. Tests have been carried out both with the piezoelectric elements bonded to the pipe and fabricated into a simple transducer which was clamped against the pipe. The performance of the dry-coupled system was very similar to that of the bonded elements. In pulse echo tests, the noise floor obtained with the dry-coupled system was less than 1% of the amplitude of the propagatingL(0,2) mode. The drycoupled transducers provide a simple, light, readily detachable system for the long-range inspection of pipework.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00733822
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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