ALBERT

Beschreibung: Neorrealismo y cine en Cuba: Historia y discurso entorno a la primera polémica de la Revolución, 1951-1962 examina la historia estética y las relaciones entre la producción cinematográfica cubana y el neorrealismo italiano. El recorrido histórico comienza en 1951, antes del triunfo de la Revolución, y termina en 1962, año que marca la ruptura entre los cineastas cubanos y la estética neorrealista italiana. Las colaboraciones principales sucedieron entre los directores de cine Tomás Gutiérrez Alea y Julio García Espinosa y el cineasta neorrealista italiano Cesare Zavattini. Las circunstancias que llevaron al fin de las relaciones entre Zavattini y los cineastas cubanos están conectadas a la película El joven rebelde, dirigida por García Espinosa y estrenada por primera vez en 1961. La ruptura se dio por divergencias creativas e ideológicas sobre la manera en que se quería retratar al protagonista del largometraje. Este detalle, que aparentemente puede parecer de menor importancia, tuvo repercusiones importantes que llevaron a un distanciamiento de García Espinosa, de Gutiérrez Alea, así como del resto de los cineastas cubanos que estaban trabajando en el Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC) a partir de 1959, para buscar sus propias estrategias creativas con el fin de moldear una producción cinematográfica nacional. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que los cineastas cubanos no habrían encontrado la gramática necesaria para reescribir su cine revolucionario sin las colaboraciones y sobre todo sin la ruptura con Zavattini. Este nuevo lenguaje cinematográfico no habría podido existir sin las varias pausas y distancias que caracterizaron la relación cubana con el neorrealismo. En otras palabras, el intercambio fragmentado entre García Espinosa, Gutiérrez Alea y Zavattini creó nuevos espacios dentro de los cuales los cubanos pudieron encontrar oportunidades creativas para expresar su propia visión cinematográfica. Neorrealismo y cine en Cuba: Historia y discurso entorno a la primera polémica de la Revolución, 1951-1962 [Neorealism and Cinema in Cuba: History and Discourse on the First Polemic of the Revolution, 1951-1962] examines the aesthetic history and relations between Cuban film production and Italian Neorealism. The historical framework begins in 1951 before the triumph of the Cuban Revolution and ends in 1962, a year that marks a rupture between Cuban filmmakers and the Italian neorealist aesthetic. The main collaborations happened between Cuban directors Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Julio García Espinosa and Italian neorealist filmmaker Cesare Zavattini. The circumstances that led to the end of the relationship between Zavattini and the Cuban filmmakers are connected to the film El joven rebelde [The Young Rebel], directed by García Espinosa and screened for the first time in 1961. The rupture centered on creative and ideological differences regarding the way in which the protagonist was to be portrayed in the movie. This seemingly minor disagreement had considerably larger repercussions, the end result of which was that García Espinosa and Gutiérrez Alea, as well as the rest of the Cuban filmmakers who worked within the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC) after 1959, were driven to find their own creative strategies to craft a national film production. However, the Cuban filmmakers would not have found the necessary grammar to rewrite their own revolutionary cinema without the rupture with Zavattini. This new cinematographic language could not have existed without the various pauses and the distances that characterized the Cuban relationship with Neorealism. In other words, the fragmentary interchange between García Espinosa, Gutierrez Alea, and Zavattini created new spaces in which the Cubans could find creative opportunities to express their own cinematic vision.

Beschreibung: Rapid change in the land and labor system in rural Mexico during the 1890s destroyed the ancestral homes of the peasantry, forcing them either onto privately owned haciendas or into the migratory labor stream. The anarchy, inflation, and fear for personal safety that resulted from the Mexican Revolution of the 1910 provided a further impetus to migratory patterns that otherwise might not have emerged, considering the people's strong ties to their ancestral land. During the same era, capitalist modernization in the United States was creating a strong demand for low-paid, unskilled labor, especially for agricultural and railroad work. Mexico's newly created class of migrant workers rushed across the border to fill this demand, setting in motion a social, economic, and political phenomenon that Lawrence Cardoso analyzed here in detail. What set this study apart, however, is the author's focus on the ' Human element," as revealed through the Mexican workers' hopes, fears, and reactions to events of their time.

Beschreibung: Vividly describes the beauty and pain of day-to-day barrio life in Dallas. Achor's portrayal of the residents challenges long-accepted stereotypes of traditional Mexican American culture and Southwestern barrio life.

Beschreibung: ArteletrA analyzes the Sixties in Latin America in order to revisit the core claim of literary and cultural studies to political relevancy in the contemporary world: the task of making visible the invisible. Though visibility can secure rights for the disenfranchised, it also risks subjecting them to the biopolitical and capitalist arrangements of space. What is at stake in this book is a series of aesthetic and ethical tools for engaging in politics-defined here as the potential to disagree-without first passing through visibility. These tools cohere around a practice Bartles calls "the politics of going unnoticed," which he derives from an archive of three noteworthy, though under-appreciated, authors who wrote during the Sixties: Calvert Casey (1924-69), Juan Filloy (1894-2000), and Armonía Somers (1914-94). For the first time ever, Casey, Filloy, and Somers are put in dialogue with one another to further demonstrate the unique contributions of Latin American writers to contemporary debates about the crossroads of literatures and politics. What unites them is their shared investment in stories about those who go unnoticed. As a practice, going unnoticed creates space and opportunities for queer, rural, and female subjects, among others, to step back from unjust institutions. As a political discourse, going unnoticed deactivates the binary structures of biopolitics (e.g., visible/invisible, pure/filthy, friend/enemy) that divide humans from one another in the service of power and economic inequality. Though the politics of going unnoticed was ignored during the Sixties for its apparent individualism, these three writers work through alternatives to the politics of visibility that has animated political discourse on the left for the last half-century. More than a self-interested critique, going unnoticed opens new possibilities for engaging in the messy business of politics while imagining and creating better communities.

Beschreibung: Tradición literaria y cartografías cosmopolitas: la poesía de León de Greiff is an in-depth study of the literary production of the mid-20th century Colombian writer León de Greiff. This book analyses his poetic works as a complex manifestation of literary cosmopolitanism and a challenging elaboration of cultural cartographies. The study of these elements offers a novel approach to an unexplored aspect of De Greiff’s poetry. Through a careful reading of De Greiff’s seemingly disorganized assimilation of French, Spanish, English, Middle Eastern, East Asian, and Northern European literary traditions, Ramírez Rojas understands his literature as a capricious self-fashioning of a poetic genealogy. This practice challenges the classical notion of tradition and displays an alternative practice of self-creation of a literary lineage that goes beyond the borders of national affiliation, linguistic proximity, and historical continuity. This book proposes to read León de Greiff’s poems as cultural maps that reveal both a desire of connectivity with the world and a need for reorganizing the imaginary library of world literature. Ramírez Rojas contends that the haphazard collection, accumulation, and rearrangement of elements derived from various cultural sources challenges the logics of local versus global affiliations. Similarly, as León de Greiff builds a worldwide network of connections from a self-assumed position of eccentricity, his works dispute the binary division of cultural centers and peripheries, revendicating marginality as a productive condition. The study of this alternative cosmopolitanism brings de Greiff’s writings into current debates about Latin American’s cultural positionality within the frame of cosmopolitanism and world literature.Tradición literaria y cartografías cosmopolitas: la poesía de León de Greiff es un estudio de la producción poética de este escritor colombiano de mediados del siglo XX. En este libro se estudian sus textos como complejas manifestaciones de un cosmopolitismo literario y como arriesgadaa elaboraciones de cartografías poéticas. El análisis de estos elementos ofrece una nueva perspectiva de acercamiento a una temática todavía inexplorada en la obra de León de Greiff. Por medio de una cuidadosa lectura de su aparentemente caprichosa asimilación de fuentes francesas, españolas, inglesas, de medio y lejano oriente, así como también de sus fuentes escandinavas, Ramírez Rojas propone comprender la literatura greiffiana como una tarea de elaboración de una genealogía poética propia. Esta práctica cuestiona las nociones clásicas de tradición y pone en marcha un ejercicio alternativo de autoconstrucción de un linaje literario que no está limitado por fronteras nacionales, proximidad lingüística ni continuidad histórica. Este estudio plantea la posibilidad de leer los poemas de León de Greiff como mapas culturales que revelan tanto un deseo de conectividad con el mundo como una necesidad de reorganizar la biblioteca imaginaria de la literatura mundial. Ramírez Rojas propone que la azarosa acumulación y reestructuración de elementos derivados de distintas cuentes culturales pone en cuestión las lógicas de afiliación global vs. afiliación local. De igual forma, dado que de Greiff construye una red de conexiones a partir una posición de auto-asumida excentricidad, sus trabajos poéticos disputan las divisiones binarias entre centros y periferias culturales, reivindicando la marginalidad como una condición productiva. El estudio de esta manifestación de cosmopolitismo alternativo inscribe su poesía en los debates actuales sobre el posicionamiento cultural de Latinoamérica dentro del espacio cosmopolita y los círculos de la literatura mundial.

Beschreibung: Advancing U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship examines business formation and success among Latinos by identifying arrangements that enhance entrepreneurship and by understanding the sociopolitical contexts that shape entrepreneurial trajectories. While it is well known that Latinos make up one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the U.S., Latino-owned businesses are now outpacing this population growth and the startup business growth of all other demographic groups in the country. The institutional arrangements shaping business formation are no level playing field. Minority entrepreneurs face racism and sexism, but structural barriers are not the only obstacles that matter; there are agentic barriers and coethnics present challenges as well as support to each other. Yet minorities engage in business formation, and in doing so, change institutional arrangements by transforming the attitudes of society and the practices of policymakers. The economic future of the country is tied to the prospects of Latinos forming and growing business. The diversity of Latino experience constitutes an economic resource for those interested in forming businesses that appeal to native-born citizens and fellow immigrants alike, ranging from local to national to international markets. This book makes a substantial contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship and wealth creation by focusing on Latinos, a population vastly understudied on these topics, by describing processes and outcomes for Latino entrepreneurs. Unfairly, the dominant story of Latinos-especially Mexican Americans-is that of dispossession and its consequences. Advancing U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship makes clear the undiminished ambitions of Latinos as well as the transformative relationships among people, their practices, and the political context in which they operate. The reality of Latino entrepreneurs demands new attention and focus.

Beschreibung: George Carpenter Barker's first major research project was field work in Tucson, Arizona on the function of language in a situation of culture contact. The results of his doctoral dissertation, "Social Functions of Language in a Mexican-American Community." The data and conclusions presented in his dissertation showed his perceptiveness in cross-cultural situations. He conducted additional field work on the social functions of language in cross-cultural situations in Tucson in 1947-48. This work centered around interviews with Mexican-American youths. Barker's quiet friendliness and understanding won the confidence of boys who were operating at the fringes, and who were his informants for this Pachuco study.

Beschreibung: Este libro intenta mostrar la representación textual de las islas Galápagos desde su descubrimiento hasta nuestros días. El argumento principal sugiere que la descripción de este espacio crucial para la modernidad, dada la retórica de los escritores de viajes y ficción, transforma el área insular para concebir formas alternativas del proyecto de construcción nacional en América Latina. Como resultado de las empresas coloniales, excursiones científicas, crónicas periodísticas o expediciones, la escritura de viaje de las Galápagos condiciona la formación del estado y su imaginario nacional. Esto ocurre por el capital simbólico que posee archipiélago y por el deseo de los intelectuales latinoamericanos de pertenecer a un territorio cosmopolita. El espacio insular funciona como un significante vacío donde los viajeros pueden comunicar su propio significado al narrar las experiencias de sus viajes. Este fenómeno crea una división conceptual y política entre la identidad de las islas y la nación ecuatoriana. Dichas ambigüedades narrativas crearon una ruptura que condujo a variaciones fundamentales en la forma en que los habitantes locales y entidades extranjeras interpretan las Galápagos hoy en día, ya que su literatura refleja una tensión particular de cara a las tendencias migratorias en las islas, así como los intereses globales que prevalecen en la apropiación del espacio. This book, written in Spanish, takes a literary and cultural studies model to explain the textual representation of the Galápagos Islands since their discovery until present day. The main argument suggests that the depiction of this crucial space for modernity in Western thought, given the rhetoric of travel and fiction writers, transforms the insular area with the intention of conceiving disparate forms of political displacement. Specifically, these depictions show several conflicts that arose from the seeking of identity in Ecuador during the nation-building project that took place at the time. As a result of colonial enterprises (scientific excursions, exile, tourism, journalistic pieces, expeditions, etc.), travel writings of the Galápagos condition the formation of the state and its national imagery because of the extreme symbolic capital of the archipelago and the desire of Latin American intellectuals to belong to a cosmopolitan territory.

Beschreibung: In The Ripple Effect: Gender and Race in Brazilian Culture and Literature, Barbosa adopts a comparative, multilayered, and interdisciplinary line of research to examine social values and cultural mores from the first decades of the twentieth century to the present. By analyzing the historical, cultural, religious, and interactive space of Brazil’s national identity, The Ripple Effect surveys expressive cultures and literary manifestations. It uses the martial art-dance-ritual capoeira as a lynchpin to disclose historical ambiguities and the negotiation of cultural and literary boundaries within the context of the ideological construct of a mestizo nation. The book also examines laws governing gender in Brazil and discusses honor killings and other types of violence against women. The Ripple Effect appraises the contributions that some iconic female figures have made to the development of Brazil’s distinctive cultural and literary production. Drawing on more than fifteen years of field, archival, and scholarly research, this work offers new interpretative venues, and broadens the critical focus and the methodological scope of previous scholarship. It reveals how literature and other arts can be used to document cultural norms, catalog life experiences, and analyze complex constructions of social values, ideas, and belief systems.

Beschreibung: Discouraged by widespread unemployment and alarmed by anti-Mexican sentiment, nearly five hundred thousand Mexican Americans returned to Mexico between 1929 and 1939. Historian Abraham Hoffman captures the despair of these thousands of people of Mexican descent-including those with U.S. citizenship-who were actively coerced into leaving the country. Prior to 1931, many Mexican Americans left the United States voluntarily, prompted by homesickness, unemployment, and the Mexican government's offer of free small land parcels. As the Great Depression deepened, repatriation pressures increased. Anglo groups lobbied for laws that excluded aliens from jobs and welfare benefits. Many businessmen, government officials, and social workers believed that removing Mexican Americans would open up jobs for U.S. citizens and alleviate some of the burden placed on relief agencies. The Department of Labor's federal deportation drive, launched in 1931, created an atmosphere of fear and tension in Mexican American communities. Immigration agents conducted surprise searches for people who had entered the country illegally, and Mexicans who had crossed the border before restrictive legislation was passed became prime targets of the deportation campaign. Welfare agencies throughout the United States organized repatriation programs. The Los Angeles County Welfare Bureau, with the most extensive program, was responsible for the removal of more than thirteen thousand Mexican Americans. A few well-publicized deportations had frightened Mexicans who were unsure of their immigration status. Many chose repatriation over possible deportation. Using much archival material and many previously unpublished government documents, Hoffman focuses on the repatriation experience in Los Angeles. The city's large Mexican American population provides an excellent case study of the entire movement. He also surveys the process of Mexican repatriation throughout the entire United States.

Beschreibung: The Yaqui Indians managed to avoid assimilation during the Spanish colonization of Mexico. Even when mining interests sought to wrest Yaqui labor from the control of the Jesuits who had organized Indian society into an agricultural system, the Yaqui themselves sought primarily to ensure their continuing existence as a people. More than a tale of Yaqui Indian resistance, Missionaries, Miners, and Indians documents the history of the Jesuit missions during a period of encroaching secularization. The Yaqui rebellion of 1740, analyzed here in detail, enabled the Yaqui to work for the mines without repudiating the missions; however, the erosion of the mission system ultimately led to the Jesuits' expulsion from New Spain in 1767, and through their own perseverance, the Yaqui were able to bring their culture intact into the nineteenth century.

Beschreibung: Thirteen Chicano scholars draw upon their personal experiences and expertise to paint a vivid, colorful portrait of what it means to be a Chicano. "We have come a long way," says Arnulfo D. Trejo, editor of this volume, "from the time when the Mexicano silently accepted the stereotype drawn of him by the outsider." He identifies himself as a Chicano, and his "promised land" is Aztlán, home of the ancient Aztecs, which now provides spiritual unity and a vision of the future for Chicanos. In these twelve original compositions, says Trejo, "our purpose is not to talk to ourselves, but to open a dialogue among all concerned people." The personal reactions to Chicano women's struggles, political experiences, bicultural education and history provide a wealth of information for laymen as well as scholars. In addition, the book provides the most complete recorded definition of the Chicano Movement, what it has accomplished, and its goals for the future. Contributors: Fausto Avendaño Roberto R. Bacalski-Martínez David Ballesteros José Antonio Burciaga Rudolph O. de la Garza Ester Gallegos y Chávez Sylvia Alicia Gonzales Manuel H. Guerra Guillermo Lux Martha A. Ramos Reyes Ramos Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez Maurilio E. Vigil

Beschreibung: Early literary works written in Spanish in what is today the American Southwest have been largely excluded from the corpus of American literature, yet these documents are the literary antecedents of contemporary Chicano and Chicana writing.This collection of essays establishes the importance of this literary heritage through a critical examination of key texts produced in the Southwest from 1542 to 1848. Drawing on research in the archives of Southwestern libraries and applying contemporary literary theoretical constructs to these centuries-old manuscripts, the authors-all noted scholars in Chicano literature-demonstrate that these works should be recognized as an integral part of American literature. CONTENTS Introduction: Reconstructing a Chicano/a Literary Heritage, by María Herrera-Sobek Part I: Critical Reconstruction Shipwrecked in the Seas of Signification: Cabeza de Vaca's La Relación and Chicano Literature, by Juan Bruce-Novoa Discontinuous Continuities: Remapping the Terrain of Spanish Colonial Narrative, by Genaro Padilla A Franciscan Mission Manual: The Discourse of Power and Social Organization, by Tino Villanueva The Politics of Theater in Colonial New Mexico: Drama and the Rhetoric of Conquest, by Ramón Gutiérrez The Comedia de Adán y Eva and Language Acquisition: A Lacanian Hermeneutics of a New Mexican Shepherds' Play, by María Herrera-Sobek Part II: Sources of Reconstruction Poetic Discourse in Pérez de Villagrá's Historia de la Nueva México, by Luis Leal Fray Gerónimo Boscana's Chinigchinich: An Early California Text in Search of a Context, by Francisco A. Lomelí "¿Y Dónde Estaban las Mujeres?": In Pursuit of an Hispana Literary and Historical Heritage in Colonial New Mexico, 1580-1840, by Tey Diana Rebolledo Entre Cíbolos Criado: Images of Native Americans in the Popular Culture of Colonial New Mexico, by Enrique Lamadrid

Beschreibung: Mexican communities in the United States faced more than unemployment during the Great Depression. Discrimination against Mexican nationals and similar prejudices against Mexican Americans led the communities to seek help from Mexican consulates, which in most cases rose to their defense. Los Angeles's consulate was confronted with the country's largest concentration of Mexican Americans, for whom the consuls often assumed a position of community leadership. Whether helping the unemployed secure repatriation and relief or intervening in labor disputes, consuls uniquely adapted their roles in international diplomacy to the demands of local affairs.

Beschreibung: For thousands of Mexican laborers, life along the U.S. border represents an opportunity both to earn wages and to gain access to consumer goods. For anthropologist Josiah Heyman, this labor force presents an opportunity to gain a better understanding of working people, "to uncover the order underlying the history of waged lives." Life and Labor on the Border traces the development of the urban working class in northern Sonora over the period of a century. Drawing on an extensive collection of life histories, Heyman describes what has happened to families over several generations as people have left the countryside to work for American-owned companies in northern Sonora or to cross the border to find other employment. Heyman searches for the origins of "working classness" in these family histories, revealing aspects of life that strengthen people's involvement with a consumer economy, including the role of everyday objects like sewing machines, cars, and stoves. He considers the consequences of changing political and economic tides, as well as the effects on family life of the new role of women in the labor force. Within the broad sweep of family chronicles, key junctures in individual lives-both personal and historical crises-offer additional insights into social class dynamics. These life stories convey the positive sense of people's goals in life and reveal the origins of a distinctive way of life in the borderlands.

Beschreibung: En este libro se analiza, a través de la patología del sida en Bolivia, las luchas de distribución de poder entre organismos globales, empresas farmacéuticas y agroindustriales, así como los conflictos de intereses entre corporaciones. Es a través de las voces de sus protagonistas que se observa como la ideología y la política global se introducen en el Estado boliviano casi sin resistencia. El estudio se aventura a establecer una comparación entre la situación boliviana y la que ofrecen otros dos países: Chile, a través de Arica, la ciudad con el índice más alto de sida del país, y Sudáfrica, el país del mundo con más casos de sida. Las tres zonas que se comparan tienen en común contar con territorios con plantaciones transgénicas y un alto índice de contaminación en la tierra y el agua debido fundamentalmente a la extracción de minerales o hidrocarburos y la utilización de agrotóxicos en la producción agrícola.