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  • RC581-607  (126)
  • QK1-989  (120)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • General Chemistry
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Frontiers Media SA  (247)
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  • 1
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    Advances in Microalgae Biology and Sustainable Applications (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: It has become more evident that many microalgae respond very differently than land plants to diverse stimuli. Therefore, we cannot reduce microalgae biology to what we have learned from land plants biology. However, we are still at the beginning of a comprehensive understanding of microalgae biology. Microalgae have been posited several times as prime candidates for the development of sustainable energy platforms, making thus the in-depth understanding of their biological features an important objective. Thus, the knowledge related to the basics of microalgae biology must be acquired and shared rapidly, fostering the development of potential applications. Microalgae biology has been studied for more than forty years now and more intensely since the 1970’s, when genetics and molecular biology approaches were integrated into the research programs. Recently, studies on the molecular physiology of microalgae have provided evidences on the particularities of these organisms, mainly in model species, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Of note, cellular responses in microalgae produce very interesting phenotypes, such as high lipid content in nitrogen deprived cells, increased protein content in cells under high CO2 concentrations, the modification of flagella structure and motility in basal body mutant strains, the different ancient proteins that microalgae uses to dissipate the harmful excess of light energy, the hydrogen production in cells under sulfur deprivation, to mention just a few. Moreover, several research groups are using high-throughput and data-driven technologies, including “omics” approaches to investigate microalgae cellular responses at a system-wide level, revealing new features of microalgae biology, highlighting differences between microalgae and land plants. It has been amazing to observe the efforts towards the development and optimization of new technologies required for the proper study of microalgae, including methods that opened new paths to the investigation of important processes such as regulatory mechanisms, signaling crosstalk, chemotactic mechanisms, light responses, chloroplast controlled mechanisms, among others. This is an exciting moment in microalgae research when novel data are been produced and applied by research groups from different areas, such as bioprocesses and biotechnology. Moreover, there has been an increased amount of research groups focused in the study of microalgae as a sustainable source for bioremediation, synthesis of bioproducts and development of bioenergy. Innovative strategies are combining the knowledge of basic sciences on microalgae into their applied processes, resulting in the progression of many applications that hopefully, will achieve the necessary degree of optimization for economically feasible large-scale applications. Advances on the areas of basic microalgae biology and novelties on the essential cellular processes were revealed. Progress in the applied science showed the use of the basic science knowledge into fostering translational research, proposing novel strategies for a sustainable world scenario. In this present e-book, articles presented by research groups from different scientific areas showed, successfully, the increased development of the microalgae research. Herewith, you will find articles ranging from bioprospecting regional microalgae species, through advances in microalgae molecular physiology to the development of techniques for characterization of biomass and the use of biomass into agriculture and bioenergy production. This e-book is an excellent source of knowledge for those working with microalgae basic and applied sciences, and a great opportunity for researchers from both areas to have an overview of the amazing possibilities we have for building an environmentally sustainable future once the knowledge is translated into novel applications.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Biotechnology ; biomass ; Hydrogen ; bioenergy ; Nutrients ; Lipids ; Microalgae ; Biofuels ; sustainability ; Carbon Dioxide ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to “para-inflammation”, an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC346-429 ; RC581-607 ; brain-immune interaction ; fatigue ; pain ; HIV ; neuroinflammation ; traumatic brain injury ; depression ; microglia ; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; autism ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Microglia are essential for the development and function of the adult brain. Their ontogeny, together with the absence of turnover from the periphery and the singular environment of the central nervous system (CNS), make microglia a unique cell population compared to other tissue-macrophages. The unique properties and functions of microglial cells, such as their role in synaptic pruning or the exceptional capacity to scan the brain parenchyma and rapidly react to its perturbations, have emerged in recent years. In the coming years, understanding how microglia acquire and maintain their unique profiles in order to fulfil distinct tasks in the healthy CNS and how these are altered in disease, will be essential to develop strategies to diagnose or treat CNS disorders with an immunological component. This Research Topic covers several aspects of microglial biology, ranging from their origin and the functional role of microglia during development and lifespan, their molecular properties compared with other brain and peripheral immune cells to microglial phenotypes and functional states in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumours. In conclusion, the present Research Topic provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of several cellular and molecular mechanisms that make microglia a unique immune cell population within the healthy CNS as well as under inflammatory, neurodegenerative and tumorigenic processes.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC346-429 ; RC581-607 ; inflammation ; brain tumour ; neurodegeneration ; microglia ; ontogeny ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    HLA-G-mediated Immune Tolerance: Past and New Outlooks (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The non-classical HLA class I molecule HLA-G is different from classical HLA class I molecules because of the low polymorphism in the coding region, the fact that HLA-G primary transcript is alternatively spliced in seven isoforms, and the inhibitory action on immune cells. Although HLA-G is low polymorphic, variants in both promoter and 3’ un-translated region (UTR) of HLA-G locus regulate its expression. In healthy conditions, a basal level of HLA-G gene transcription is observed in most cells and tissues; however, translation into HLA-G protein is restricted to trophoblasts in the placenta, where it participates in promoting tolerance at the fetal-maternal interface. HLA-G is also expressed by thymic epitelial, cornea, mesenchymal stem cells, nail matrix, pancreatic beta cells, erythroid, and endothelial precursors. HLA-G can be neo-expressed in adult tissues in pathological conditions, and its expression has been documented autoimmune disorders, viral infections, and cancer. In the latter setting de novo HLA-G expression is associated with the capability of tumor cells to evade the immune control. In the last decade it has become evident that HLA-G expression on T cells and antigenpresenting cells confers to these cells tolerogenic properties. This Research Topic focused on i) summarizing updated clinical and immunological evidences that HLA-G expression is associate with beneficial or detrimental tolerance, ii) gathering new insights into the mechanisms governing the expression of HLA-G in healthy and pathological conditions, such as pre-eclampsia, and iii) examining the mechanisms underlying HLA-G mediated tolerance.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Pregnancy ; Autoimmunity ; Immuno-modulation ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Infections ; Exosomes ; HLA-G ; polymorphisms ; tolerance ; Cancer ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Cross Talk between Lymph Node Lymphatic Endothelial Cells and T Cells in Inflammation and Cancer (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Lymphocytes constantly survey the lymph nodes in search for potential infection by a pathogen. They enter the afferent lymphatic vessel that serves as a conduit to transport the motile lymphocytes to the draining lymph node. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) are present in most vascularized tissues. They are traditionally regarded as passive conduits for soluble antigens and leukocytes. Afferent LVs begin as blind ended capillaries, which give rise to collecting vessels that merge and connect with draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Initial lymphatic capillaries are composed of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) connected by discontinuous cell junctions, which join to form larger collecting lymphatic vessels, and ultimately feed into the LN subcapsular sinus. Within the LN, LECs are localized to the subcapsular, cortical, and medullary sinuses, where they interact with incoming and exiting leukocytes. LECs, and in general LN stromal cells, have emerged in the recent years as active players in the immune response. In support to this,studies have shown that the immune response generated during inflammation and under pathologic conditions is accompanied by modeling of the LVs and generation of new lymphatics, a process known as lymphangiogenesis. These facts strongly suggest that LECs and stromal LN cells in general, are not inert players but rather are part of the immune response by organizing immune cells movement, exchanging information and supplying survival factors. The purpose of this research topic is to review the role of the LECs during immune homeostasis and cancer. Considering the critical role of lymphangiogenesis in many pathologies like chronic and acute inflammation, autoimmunity, wound healing, graft rejection, and tumor metastasis, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern the cross talks between the LECs and immune cells during homeostasis and inflammation.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Liver Injury ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Lymphatic Vasculature ; Tumor Microenvironment ; PD-L1 ; Antigen Presenting Cells ; Lymphatic Endothelial Cells ; T cell trafficking ; T cells ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Pathophysiology and epidemiology of virus-induced asthma (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Virus-caused asthma, we now call a phenotype of asthma. Regardless of the significance and popularity of this disease, the etiology of the virus-induced asthma have not well understood. In addition, a few effective vaccines have been applied to prevent respiratory virus infection. To solve the issues, it is essential to clarify and delineate both aspects of the virus and host defense systems including acute/chronic inflammation and airway tissue remodeling. To deeply review and discuss pathophysiology and epidemiology of virus-induced asthma, this topics includes new findings of the host immunity, pathology, epidemiology, and virology of asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We believe that these works are well summarized and informative to glimpse the field of virus- associated asthma and COPD, and may help understanding the basic and clinical aspects of the diseases.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; virus-induced asthma ; Pathology ; respiratory virus ; human immunity ; Epidemiology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
    Language: English
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    How to improve immune reconstitution in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is widely used in the treatment of haematological malignancies as a form of immunotherapy acting through a graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reaction. This curative allogeneic response can be associated with severe drawbacks, such as frequent and severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and a long-lasting immunodeficiency, especially now with the development of innovative strategies such as umbilical cord blood transplantation or transplants from haplo-identical family donors (Haplo-HSCT). In the long-term follow-up of these patients, severe post-transplant infections, relapse or secondary malignancies may be directly related to persistent immune defects.Reconstitution of the different lymphocyte populations (B, T, NK, NKT) and antigen presenting cells of myeloid origin (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) should be considered not only quantitatively but especially qualitatively, in terms of functional subsets. Immune deficiency leading to an increased susceptibility to infections lasts for more than a year. Although infections that occur in the first month mostly result from a deficiency in both granulocytes and mononuclear cells (MNC), later post-engraftment infections are due to a deficiency in MNC subsets, primarily CD4 T-cells and B-cells. T-cell reconstitution has been extensively studied because of the central role of T-cells in mediating both GvHD, evidenced by the reduced incidence of this complication following T-Cell depletion, and a GvL effect as shown by DLI. In the recent years there has been renewed interest in the role of NK-cells, especially in the context of Haplo-HSCT, and in B-cell reconstitution.This Frontiers Research Topic will provide state of the art knowledge of the mechanisms of immune reconstitution in an allogeneic environment, in order to improve monitoring and therapeutic intervention in allo-HSCT patients.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; cell therapy ; Immune reconstitution ; Haplo-SCT ; HSCT ; Thymic function ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Transfer Cells (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Transfer cells are anatomically specialized cells optimized to support high levels of nutrient transport in plants. These cells trans-differentiate from existing cell types by developing extensive and localized wall ingrowth labyrinths to amplify plasma membrane surface area which in turn supports high densities of membrane transporters. Unsurprisingly, therefore, transfer cells are found at key anatomical sites for nutrient acquisition, distribution and exchange. Transfer cells are involved in delivery of nutrients between generations and in the development of reproductive organs and also facilitate the exchange of nutrients that characterize symbiotic associations. Transfer cells occur across all taxonomic groups in higher plants and also in algae and fungi. Deposition of wall ingrowth-like structures are also seen in “syncytia” and “giant cells” which function as feeding sites for cyst and root-knot nematodes, respectively, following their infection of roots. Consequently, the formation of highly localized wall ingrowth structures in diverse cell types appears to be an ancient anatomical adaption to facilitate enhanced rates of apoplasmic transport of nutrients in plants. In some systems a role for transfer cells in the formation of an anti-pathogen protective barrier at these symplastic discontinuities has been inferred. Remarkably, the extent of cell wall ingrowth development at a particular site can show high plasticity, suggesting that transfer cell differentiation might be a dynamic process adapted to the transport requirements of each physiological condition. Recent studies exploiting different experimental systems to investigate transfer cell biology have identified signaling pathways inducing transfer cell development and genes/gene networks that define transfer cell identity and/or are involved in building the wall ingrowth labyrinths themselves. Further studies have defined the structure and composition of wall ingrowths in different systems, leading in many instances to the conclusion that this process may involve previously uncharacterized mechanisms for localized wall deposition in plants. Since transfer cells play important roles in plant development and productivity, the latter being relevant to crop yield, especially so in major agricultural species such as wheat, barley, soybean and maize, understanding the molecular and cellular events leading to wall ingrowth deposition holds exciting promise to develop new strategies to improve plant performance, a key imperative in addressing global food security. This Research Topic presents a timely and comprehensive treatise on transfer cell biology to help define critical questions for future research and thereby generating a deeper understanding of these fascinating and important cells in plant biology.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Wall ingrowth ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; synctial cells ; Zea mays ; transfer cells ; endosperm transfer cells ; Giant Cells ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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    Recent advances in γδ T cell biology: New ligands, new functions, and new translational perspectives (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Gamma/delta (γδ) T-cells are a small subset of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation but constitute a major T-cell population at other anatomical localizations such as the epithelial tissues. In contrast to conventional a/ß T-cells, the available number of germline genes coding for T-cell receptor (TCR) variable elements of γδ T-cells is very small. Moreover, there is a prefential localization of γδ T-cells expressing given Vgamma and Vdelta genes in certain tissues. In humans, γδ T-cells expressing the Vg9Vd2-encoded TCR account for anywhere between 50 and 〉95% of peripheral blood γδ T-cells, whereas cells expressing non-Vd2 genes dominate in mucosal tissues. In mice, there is an ordered appearance of γδ T-cell „waves“ during embryonic development, resulting in preferential localization of γδ T-cells expressing distinct VgammaVdelta genes in the skin, the reproductive organs, or gut epithelia. The major function of γδ T-cells resides in local immunosurveillance and immune defense against infection and malignancy. This is supported by the identification of ligands that are selectively recognized by the γδ TCR. As an example, human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cells recognize phosphorylated metabolites („phosphoantigens“) that are secreted by many pathogens but can also be overproduced by tumor cells, providing a basis for a role of these γδ T-cells in both anti-infective and anti-tumor immunity. Similarly, the recognition of endothelial protein C receptor by human non-Vdelta2 γδ T-cells has recently been identified to provide a link for the role for such γδ T-cells in immunity against epithelial tumor cells and cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells. In addition to „classical“ functions such as cytokine production and cytotoxicity, recent studies suggest that subsets of γδ T-cells can exert additional functions such as regulatory activity and – quite surpisingly – „professional“ antigen-presenting capacity. It is currently not well known how this tremendous extent of functional plasticity is regulated and what is the extent of γδ TCR ligand diversity. Due to their non-MHC-restricted recognition of unusual stress-associated ligands, γδ T-cells have raised great interest as to their potential translational application in cell-based immunotherapy. Topics of this Research Focus include: Molecular insights into the activation and differentiation requirements of γδ T-cells, role of pyrophosphates and butyrophilin molecules for the activation of human γδ T-cells, role of γδ T-cells in tumor immunity and in other infectious and non-infectious diseases, and many others. We are most grateful to all colleagues who agreed to write a manuscript. Thanks to their contributions, this E-book presents an up-to-date overview on many facets of the still exciting γδ T-cells.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Infection ; Butyrophilin 3A1 ; Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes ; cancer immunotherapy ; IL-17 ; Pyrophosphates ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Assembly of the Photosystem II Membrane-Protein Complex of Oxygenic Photosynthesis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Photosystem II is a 700-kDa membrane-protein super-complex responsible for the light-driven splitting of water in oxygenic photosynthesis. The photosystem is comprised of two 350-kDa complexes each made of 20 different polypeptides and over 80 co-factors. While there have been major advances in understanding the mature structure of this photosystem many key protein factors involved in the assembly of the complex do not appear in the holoenzyme. The mechanism for assembling this super-complex is a very active area of research with newly discovered assembly factors and subcomplexes requiring characterization. Additionally the ability to split water is inseparable from light-induced photodamage that arises from radicals and reactive O2 species generated by Photosystem II chemistry. Consequently, to sustain water splitting, a “self repair” cycle has evolved whereby damaged protein is removed and replaced so as to extend the working life of the complex. Understanding how the biogenesis and repair processes are coordinated is among several important questions that remain to be answered. Other questions include: how and when are the inorganic cofactors inserted during the assembly and repair processes and how are the subcomplexes protected from photodamage during assembly? Evidence has also been obtained for Photosystem II biogenesis centers in cyanobacteria but do these also exist in plants? Do the molecular mechanisms associated with Photosystem II assembly shed fresh light on the assembly of other major energy-transducing complexes such as Photosystem I or the cytochrome b6/f complex or indeed other respiratory complexes? The contributions to this Frontiers in Plant Science Research Topic are likely to reveal new details applicable to the assembly of a range of membrane-protein complexes, including aspects of self-assembly and solar energy conversion that may be applied to artificial photosynthetic systems. In addition, a deeper understanding of Photosystem II assembly — particularly in response to changing environmental conditions — will provide new knowledge underpinning photosynthetic yields which may contribute to improved food production and long-term food security.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; photoactivation ; photosynthesis ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; cyanobacteria ; biogenesis ; Photosystem II ; photodamage ; Nicotiana tabacum ; Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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    Epigenetics of B Cells and Antibody Responses (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity that are heritable but not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. By modulating gene activities, epigenetic changes regulate cell functions. They include DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications and gene silencing by the action of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs. It is now clear that epigenetic changes regulate B cell development. By acting in concert with networks of transcription factors, they modulate the activation of B cell lineage specific gene programs and repress inappropriate gene transcription in particular B cell differentiation states. A hallmark of B cell development in the bone marrow is the assembly of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen through rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain V(D)J genes, as mediated by RAG1/RAG2 recombinases. Ig V(D)J rearrangement critically times the progression from pro-B cell to pre-B cell and, finally, mature B cell. Such progression is modulated by epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, that increase chromatin accessibility and target RAG/RAG2 to V, D and J DNA. It is also dependent on the expression of multiple microRNAs. Mice deficient in Ago2, which is essential for microRNA biogenesis and function, have B cell development blocked at the pro-B cell stage. In agreement with this, B cell specific ablation of microRNA by B cell-specific knockout of Dicer virtually blocks B cell differentiation at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. After mature B cells encounter antigen, changes of the epigenetic landscape are induced by the same stimuli that drive the antibody response; such epigenetic changes underpin the maturation of the antibody response itself. They instruct those B cell differentiation processes, somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and plasma cell differentiation, that are central to the maturation of the antibody response as well as differentiation of memory B cells. Inducible histone modifications, together with DNA methylation and microRNAs modulate the transcriptome, particularly the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), central to SHM and CSR, and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), which is central to plasma cell differentiation. Combinatorial histone modifications also function as histone codes in the targeting of the CSR and, possibly, the SHM machinery to the Ig locus by recruiting specific adaptors (histone code readers) that can in turn target and/or stabilize CSR/SHM factors. Epigenetic alterations in memory B cells contribute to their functionally distinction from their naive counterparts. Memory B cells inherit epigenetic information from their precursors and acquire new epigenetic marks, which make these resting B cells poised to promptly respond to antigen. The cross/feedback regulation of different epigenetic modifications/elements further increases the complexity of the B cell epigenome, which interacts with the genetic information for precise modulation of gene expression. It is increasingly evident that epigenetic dysregulation in B cells, including aberrant expression of microRNAs, can result in aberrant antibody responses to microbial pathogens, emergence of pathogenic autoantibodies or B cell neoplastic transformation. Epigenetic marks are potential targets for new therapeutics in autoimmunity and B cell malignancy.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; BLIMP-1 ; CSR ; immunoglobulin ; memory B cell ; Plasma cell ; V(D)J Recombination ; microRNA ; SHM ; AID ; epigenetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Immune responses to AAV vectors, from bench to bedside (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The recent wave of clinical studies demonstrating long-term therapeutic efficacy highlights the enormous potential of gene therapy as an approach to the treatment of inherited disorders and cancer. While in recent years lentiviral vectors have dominated the field of ex vivo gene therapy in man, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have become the platform of choice for the in vivo gene delivery, both local and systemic.Despite the achievements in the clinic however, a number of hurdles remain to be overcome in gene therapy, these include availability of scalable vector production systems, potential issues associated with insertional mutagenesis, and concerns related to immunogenicity of gene therapeutics. For AAV vectors, clinical trials showed that immunity directed against the vector could either prevent transduction of a target tissue or limit the duration of therapeutic efficacy. Initial observations in the context of a gene therapy trial for hemophilia spurred over a decade efforts by gene therapists and immunologists to understand the mechanism and identify factors that contribute to AAV’s immunogenicity, including the prevalence of B cell and T cell immunity to wild type AAV in humans and the interaction of AAV vectors with the innate and adaptive immune system. Despite a number of important contributions in particular in the more recent past, our knowledge on the immunology of gene transfer is still rudimental; this is partly due to the fact that the basic understanding of the complex balance between tolerance and immunity to an antigen, key aspect of gene transfer with AAV, keeps evolving rapidly. However, continuing work towards a better definition of the interaction of viral vectors with the immune system has led to significant advances in the knowledge of the factors influencing the outcome of gene transfer, such as the vector dose, the immune privilege of certain tissues, and the induction of tolerance to an antigen. A better understanding of the structure-function relationship of the viral capsid has boosted the development of novel immune-escape vector variants. In addition, novel immunomodulatory strategies were established to prevent or reduce anti-capsid immunity have been developed and are being tested in preclinical models and in clinical trials. Together, these advances are bringing us closer to the goal of achieving safe and sustained therapeutic gene transfer in humans. In this research topic, a collection of Original Research and Review Articles highlights critical aspects of the interaction between gene AAV vectors and the immune system, discussing how these interactions can be either detrimental or constitute an advantage, depending on the context of gene transfer, and providing tools and resources to better understand the issue of immunogenicity of AAV vectors in gene transfer.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; antibody response ; Clinical Trial ; Gene Therapy ; Regulatory T Cell ; Immunomodulation ; Tolerance induction ; adaptive and innate immunity ; adeno-associated virus ; Vaccine ; Epitopes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory cells, CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into specialized T helper (Th) effectors, which produce distinct sets of cytokines tailored to combat a specific class of microbes. The concept of CD4+ T cell multi-functionality was developed after the seminal discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells nearly 30 years ago. Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm has successfully withstood the test of time, in the past decade additional Th subsets (Th17, Tfh, Th22, Th9) have been identified. Similarly, single cell analyses of cytokines and master transcriptional factors have revealed that, at the population level, CD4+ T cell responses are far more heterogeneous than initially anticipated. While some of the checkpoints in Th cell specification have been identified, recent studies of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have uncovered a significant flexibility during the course CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization. In addition, Th cells expressing cytokines with counteracting functions, as a measure of self-regulation, display yet another level of diversity. Understanding the mechanisms that control the balance between stability vs. plasticity of Th effectors both at the time of initiation of immune response and during development of CD4 T cell memory is critical for the rational design of better vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies. This research topic will cover current views on Th cell development, with a focus on the mechanisms that govern differentiation, function and regulation of effector Th cells in the context of microbial infections.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Infection ; Dendritic Cells ; Cytokines ; Immunoregulation ; CD4 lymphocytes ; Memory ; long noncoding RNA ; Macrophages ; Metabolism ; Th1 Th2 ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Plants; Stress & Proteins (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biotic and abiotic stress factors deliver a huge impact on plant life. Biotic stress factors such as damage through pathogens or herbivore attack, as well as abiotic stress factors like variation in temperature, rainfall and salinity, have placed the plant kingdom under constant challenges for survival. As a consequence, global agricultural and horticultural productivity has been disturbed to a large extent. Being sessile in nature, plants cannot escape from the stress, and instead adapt changes within their system to overcome the adverse conditions. These changes include physiological, developmental and biochemical alterations within the plant body which influences the genome, proteome and metabolome profiles of the plant. Since proteins are the ultimate players of cellular behavior, proteome level alterations during and recovery period of stress provide direct implications of plant responses towards stress factors. With current advancement of modern high-throughput technologies, much research has been carried out in this field. This e-book highlights the research and review articles that cover proteome level changes during the course or recovery period of various stress factors in plant life. Overall, the chapters in this e-book has provided a wealth of information on how plants deal with stress from a proteomics perspective.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Infection ; signaling events during stress ; Quantitative Proteomics ; heavy metal stress ; plant proteomics ; drought ; high temperature ; Salinity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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    Lipid Signaling in T Cell Development and Function (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Lipids are best known as energy storing molecules and core-components of cellular membranes, but can also act as mediators of cellular signaling. This is most prominently illustrated by the paramount importance of the phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in many cells, including T cells and cancer cells. Both of these enzymes use the lipid phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PIP2) as their substrate. PLCs produce the lipid product diacylglycerol (DAG) and soluble inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (IP3). DAG acts as a membrane tether for protein kinase C and RasGRP proteins. IP3 is released into the cytosol and controls calcium release from internal stores. The PI3K lipid product phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate (PIP3) controls signaling by binding and recruiting effector proteins such as Akt and Itk to cellular membranes. Recent research has unveiled important signaling roles for many additional phosphoinositides and other lipids. The articles in this volume highlight how multiple different lipids govern T cell development and function through diverse mechanisms and effectors. In T cells, lipids can orchestrate signaling by organizing membrane topology in rafts or microdomains, direct protein function through covalent lipid-modification or non-covalent lipid binding, act as intracellular or extracellular messenger molecules, or govern T cell function at the level of metabolic regulation. The cellular activity of certain lipid messengers is moreover controlled by soluble counterparts, exemplified by symmetric PIP3/inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP4) signaling in developing T cells. Not surprisingly, lipid producing and metabolizing enzymes have gained attention as potential therapeutic targets for immune disorders, leukemias and lymphomas.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; eicosanoid ; Inositol ; diacylglyerol ; PI3K ; Vitamin D ; T cell ; SHIP ; Pten ; Adipokine ; Lipid ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Plant Phenotyping and Phenomics for Plant Breeding (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: As a consequence of the global climate change, both the reduction on yield potential and the available surface area of cultivated species will compromise the production of food needed for a constant growing population. There is consensus about the significant gap between world food consumption projected for the coming decades and the expected crop yield-improvements, which are estimated to be insufficient to meet the demand. The complexity of this scenario will challenge breeders to develop cultivars that are better adapted to adverse environmental conditions, therefore incorporating a new set of morpho-physiological and physico-chemical traits; a large number of these traits have been found to be linked to heat and drought tolerance. Currently, the only reasonable way to satisfy all these demands is through acquisition of high-dimensional phenotypic data (high-throughput phenotyping), allowing researchers with a holistic comprehension of plant responses, or ‘Phenomics’. Phenomics is still under development. This Research Topic aims to be a contribution to the progress of methodologies and analysis to help understand the performance of a genotype in a given environment.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; software development ; reverse phenomics ; forward phenomics ; phenotyping ; high-throughput phenotyping ; phenomics ; breeding ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    The Schistosomiasis Vaccine - It Is Time to Stand Up (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Schistosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease, endemic in 74 developing countries with up to 600 million people, including many children, infected and 800 million at risk of contracting the disease following infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum. Disease burden is estimated to exceed 70 million disability-adjusted life-years, and leads to remarkably high YLD (years lived with disability) rates. Even more importantly, people with schistosomiasis are highly susceptible to malaria, tuberculosis and hepatic and acquired immunodeficiency viruses. There is only one drug, praziquantel, currently available for treatment and it has high efficacy, low cost, and limited side effects. However, only 13% of the target population has received the drug, and those treated are at continuous risk of reinfection necessitating repeated drug administration and the emergence of drug resistant parasites is a constant threat. There currently is no vaccine. While the target of 〉40% protection has been achieved with some molecules such as excretory-secretory proteins including calpain, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cysteine peptidases, very recent articles reiterate the findings published during the last 2 decades of the last century, contradicting the established data of the pioneers of schistosome biology. A consensus should be reached without delay, in order to propose collaborative independent experiments and proceed ahead to pre- and clinical trials with efficacious candidate vaccine molecules. The proposed plan aims to finally reach an objective and fruitful agreement , via inviting established and young researchers from the United States, Brazil, China, Australia, and Europe who are working with different vaccine antigens, adjuvants, and approaches for immunization against S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. It is hoped that the forum will end with a very few candidate antigens and a consensus approach regarding target immune responses, thus leading to encouraging the World Health Organization and other international foundations to sponsor the development and implementation of the urgently required, yet still elusive, vaccine for preventing and eliminating the transmission of schistosomiasis.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Schistosomiasis ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosoma haematobium ; Type 2 cytokines ; Vaccine ; Immune responses ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Vaccine candidates ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Recent Advances in Flowering Time Control (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The onset of flowering is an important step during the lifetime of a flowering plant. During the past two decades, there has been enormous progress in our understanding of how internal and external (environmental) cues control the transition to reproductive growth in plants. Many flowering time regulators have been identified from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of them are assembled in regulatory pathways, which converge to central integrators which trigger the transition of the vegetative into an inflorescence meristem. For crop cultivation, the time of flowering is of upmost importance, because it determines yield. Phenotypic variation for this trait is largely controlled by genes, which were often modified during domestication or crop improvement. Understanding the genetic basis of flowering time regulation offers new opportunities for selection in plant breeding and for genome editing and genetic modification of crop species.
    Keywords: QH426-470 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; crop plants ; Phenological development ; Arabidopsis ; floral transition ; Prunus ; barley ; wheat ; rice ; Tomato ; BEET ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical)
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    Natural Antibodies in Health and Disease (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Natural antibodies (NAbs) are found in normal individuals in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Natural antibodies rapidly recognize and protect against pathogens that have not been previously encountered. NAbs also cross-react with several self-antigens, which, besides their role as a first line of defense against pathogens, affords them the ability to perform important housekeeping functions in healthy organisms. Such housekeeping functions include the clearance of oxidized damaged structures and/or apoptotic cells, which prevents the induction of pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, NAbs play a role in preventing the expansion of specific auto-reactive clones, thereby behaving as regulatory elements in acute or chronic inflammation. To maintain the non-pathogenic balance between the dual pathogen/self-antigen cross-reactivities of NAbs, a strict regulation in NAb secretion and function is necessary to avoid autoimmune disease. Actually, some of the NAbs related auto-reactivities, such as anti-DNA and anti-MOG, have been associated with autoimmunity. Furthermore, NAbs have been shown to bind to ‘neo-self’ carbohydrate antigens on glycolipids and glycoproteins found on malignant but not normal cells, which suggests NAbs may take part in tumor immunosurveillance. Many aspects regarding NAbs have yet to be studied in more detail: the reactivity and function of NAbs in health and disease, the behavior of the NAb repertoire with increasing age, the regulation of natural antibody production and auto-reactivity, the ways to specifically activate NAbs producing cells with desired specificities, the characteristics of human NAbs, among others. This special topics eBook consists of a number of articles exploring the cells that produce NAbs as well as the characteristics, function, specificity, and/or the role of natural antibodies in health and disease.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; innate immunity ; immunoglobulin ; Antibodies ; B cells ; IgM ; natural antibodies ; B-1 cells ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    A living history of immunology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In the highly competitive world of biomedical science, often the rush to publish and to be recognized as "first" with a new discovery, concept or method, is lost in the hurly-burly of the moment, as "the maddening crowd" moves on to the next "new thing". One of the great things about immunology today is that it has only become mature as a science within the last half-century, and especially within the past 35 years as a consequence of the revolution of molecular immunology, which has taken place only since 1980. Consequently, most of those who have contributed to our new understanding of how the immune system functions are still alive and well, and still contributing. Thus, "A Living History of Immunology" collates many stories from the investigators who actually performed the experiments that have established the frontiers of immunology. Accordingly, this volume combats "revisionist science", by those who want to alter history by telling the stories a different way than actually happened. In this regard, one of the good things about science vs. other disciplines is that we have the written record of what was done, when it was done and by whom. Even so, we do not have the complete story or narrative of how and why experiments were done, and what made the differences that led to success. This volume captures and chronicles some of these stories from the past fifty years in immunology.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) ; antibody ; Interleukins ; immunology history ; B cells ; Macrophages ; T cells ; Antibody Forming Cells (AFC) ; Thymus ; T cell receptor (TCR) ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Autophagy in plants and algae (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Autophagy (also known as macroautophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved process by which cytoplasmic components are nonselectively enclosed within a double-membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome and delivered to the vacuole for degradation of toxic components and recycling of needed nutrients. This catabolic process is required for the adequate adaptation and response of the cell, and correspondingly the whole organism, to different types of stress including nutrient starvation or oxidative damage. Autophagy has been extensively investigated in yeasts and mammals but the identification of autophagy-related (ATG) genes in plant and algal genomes together with the characterization of autophagy-deficient mutants in plants have revealed that this process is structurally and functionally conserved in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy is active at a basal level under normal growth in plants and is upregulated during senescence and in response to nutrient limitation, oxidative stress, salt and drought conditions and pathogen attack. Autophagy was initially considered as a non-selective pathway, but numerous observations mainly obtained in yeasts revealed that autophagy can also selectively eliminate specific proteins, protein complexes and organelles. Interestingly, several types of selective autophagy appear to be also conserved in plants, and the degradation of protein aggregates through specific adaptors or the delivery of chloroplast material to the vacuole via autophagy has been reported. This research topic aims to gather recent progress on different aspects of autophagy in plants and algae. We welcome all types of articles including original research, methods, opinions and reviews that provide new insights about the autophagy process and its regulation.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Lipid degradation ; selective autophagy ; pexophagy ; algae ; Plants ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Macromolecular Structure Underlying Recognition in Innate Immunity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Immune molecules have evolved to distinguish “self “molecules from “non-self”, “altered self” and “danger” molecules. Recognition is mediated via interactions between pattern recognition receptor molecules (PPRs) and their ligands, which include hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between amino acid residues on the PPRs and uncharged or charged groups on amino acid residues, sugar rings or DNA/RNA molecules. Recognition in innate immunity range from cases (C1q, mannin-binding protein etc) where recognition is orchestrated by interaction between many ligands with one receptor molecule, and density of interaction is necessary for strong specific recognition, distinct from weak non-specific binding, and cases such as TLRs and NLRs where recognition involves complexation of single receptor and ligand, followed by oligomerisation of the receptor molecule. The majority of PPR molecules bind and recognise a wide variety of ligands, e.g TLR4 recognises LPS (gram negative bacteria), Lipotechoic acid (gram positive bacteria), heat shock protein hsp60, respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein etc, molecules that are structurally dissimilar to each other. This indicates considerable flexibility in their binding domains (amino acid residue variations) and modes (hydrophobic and charged, direct or mediated via an adaptor molecule). However, in many cases there is a dearth of structural and molecular data available, required to delineate the mechanism of ligand binding underlining recognition in pathogen receptors in innate immunity. Insights into requirements of conformation, charge, surface etc in the recognition and function of innate immunity receptors and their activation pathways, based on current data can suggest valuable avenues for future work.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; HIV-1 ; host-pathogen interactions ; zebrafish model system ; innate immunity ; protein-protein interaction ; complement ; malaria ; pattern recognition ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 23
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    Chromatin & Transcriptional Tango on the Immune Dance Floor (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Signaling through the cell surface antigen receptor is a hallmark of various stages of lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. Besides the adaptive immune system, the innate immunity is equally important for protection. However, the mechanistic connection between signaling, chromatin changes and downstream transcriptional pathways in both innate and adaptive immune system remains incompletely understood in hematopoiesis. A related issue is how the enhancers communicate to the promoters in a stage specific fashion and in the context of chromatin. Because the factors that regulate chromatin are generally present and active in most cell types, how could cell type and/or stage specific chromatin architecture is achieved in response to a particular immune signal?The genetic loci that encode lymphocyte cell surface receptors are in an "unrearranged” or “germline” configuration during the early stages of development. Thus, in addition to expressing lineage and/or stage specific transcription factors during each developmental stage, lymphocytes also need to rearrange their cognate receptor loci in a strictly ordered fashion. Hence, there must be a tightly coordinated communication between the recombination machinery and the transcriptional machinery (including chromatin regulators) at every developmental step. Mature B cells also undergo classswitch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Importantly, along the way, these cells must avoid autoimmune responses and only those cells capable of recognizing foreignantigens are preserved to reach peripheral organs where they must function. The exquisite regulation that govern chromatin accessibility, recombination and transcription regulation in response to the environmental signals in the immune system is discussed here is a series of articles.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Promoter ; Chromatin ; transcription ; Enhancer ; immune response ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Immunomodulatory Effects of Drugs for Treatment of Immune-Related Diseases (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: More than 90% of diseases possess immunological abnormalities. Disorders such as inflammation, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency are simple examples of how the immune system misinterprets its surroundings and goes awry. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases, among many others are manifestations of immune cells attacking normal tissues. On the other hand, damping the immune system leads to diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and severe combined immunodeficiency. The last ten years witnessed an explosion in developing drugs that target the immune system. Several novel monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various diseases confirming that personalized medicine approach is robust in combating diseases. Hence, the future holds great promise for using personalized and targeted medicine rather than generalized medications that, in most circumstances, proven to be ineffective and characteristically exert side effects. Approaches such as generating novel adjuvants that can stimulate the immune system without harmful side effects, targeting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, harnessing and activating innate immune cells such as natural killer cells or dendritic cells, are examples of future approaches to treat autoimmune diseases, AIDS, and various forms of cancer resulting from chronic inflammation. More recently, targeting immune checkpoint molecules have shown therapeutic response against lung cancer and melanoma. Identifying molecules involved in autophagy is another example of how personalized medicine might help treat patients with refractory asthma and autoimmune diseases. This topic introduces the reader to these novel approaches of manipulating the immune system and developing targeted therapeutic strategies for treatment of various diseases.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Drugs ; Multiple sclerosis ; NK cells ; Leukemia ; AIDS ; Adjuvants ; Lymphoma ; Autophagy ; Chemokines ; Cancer ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    PI3K signalling (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The PI3Ks control many key functions in immune cells. PI3Ks phosphorylate PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Initially, PI3K inhibitors such as Wortmannin, LY294002 and Rapamycin were used to establish a central role for Pi3K pathway in immune cells. Considerable progress in understanding the role of this pathway in cells of the immune system has been made in recent years, starting with analysis of various PI3K and Pten knockout mice and subsequently mTOR and Foxo knockout mice. Together, these experiments have revealed how PI3Ks control B cell and T cell development, T helper cell differentiation, regulatory T cell development and function, B cell and T cell trafficking, immunoglobulin class switching and much, much more. The PI3Kd inhibitor idelalisib has recently been approved for the treatment of B cell lymphoma. Clinical trials of other PI3K inhibitors in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are also in progress. This is an opportune time to consider a Research Topic considering when what we have learned about the PI3K signalling module in lymphocyte biology and how this is making an impact on clinical immunology and haematology.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; B cell ; PI3K/AKT/mTOR ; Signal Transduction ; T cell ; PI3K pathway inhibitors ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 26
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    Induced Resistance for Plant Defence (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In this century the human being must face the challenges of producing enough to feed a growing population in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. The yields are with increasing frequency affected by abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and high temperature or by new diseases and plagues. The Research Topic on Induced Resistance for Plant Defense focuses on the understanding the mechanisms underlying plant resistance or tolerance since these will help us to develop fruitful new agricultural strategies for a sustainable crop protection. This topic and its potential applications provide a new sustainable approach to crop protection. This technology currently can offer promising molecules capable to provide new long lasting treatments for crop protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. The aim of this Research Topic is to review and discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating plant induced resistance and how from our better understanding of these mechanisms we can find molecules capable of inducing this defence response in the plant, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture we need for the next challenges of the XXI century.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; priming ; plant defence activators ; induced resistance ; elicitors ; abiotic stress ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Tertiary Lymphoid Organs (TLOs): Powerhouses of Disease Immunity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The immune system employs TLOs to elicit highly localized and forceful responses to unresolvable peripheral tissue inflammation. Current data indicate that TLOs are protective but they may also lead to collateral tissue injury and serve as nesting places to generate autoreactive lymphocytes. A better comprehension of these powerhouses of disease immunity will likely facilitate development to unprecedented and specific therapies to fight chronic inflammatory diseases.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Autoimmunity ; nonresolving peripheral tissue inflammation ; Autoinflammation ; Tertiary lymphoid organs ; dichotomies of immune responses ; disease immunity ; Immune Tolerance ; antigen ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 28
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    Genomics and Effectomics of the Crop Killer Xanthomonas (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Phytopathogenic bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus cause severe diseases on hundreds of host plants, including economically important crops, such as bean, cabbage, cassava, citrus, hemp, pepper, rice, sugarcane, tomato or wheat. Diseases occurring in nature comprise bacterial blight, canker, necrosis, rot, scald, spot, streak or wilt. Xanthomonas spp. are distributed worldwide and pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains are essentially found in association to plants. Some phytopathogenic strains are emergent or re-emergent and, consequently, dramatically impact agriculture, economy and food safety. During the last decades, massive efforts were undertaken to decipher Xanthomonas biology. So far, more than one hundred complete or draft genomes from diverse Xanthomonas species have been sequenced (http://www.xanthomonas.org), thus providing powerful tools to study genetic determinants triggering pathogenicity and adaptation to plant habitats. Xanthomonas spp. employ an arsenal of virulence factors to invade its host, including extracellular polysaccharides, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, adhesins and secreted effectors. In most xanthomonads, type III secretion (T3S) system and secreted effectors (T3Es) are essential to bacterial pathogenicity through the inhibition of plant immunity or the induction of plant susceptibility (S) genes, as reported for Transcription Activation-Like (TAL) effectors. Yet, toxins can also be major virulence determinants in some xanthomonads while nonpathogenic Xanthomonas species do live in sympatry with plant without any T3S systems nor T3Es. In a context of ever increasing international commercial exchanges and modifications of the climate, monitoring and regulating pathogens spread is of crucial importance for food security. A deep knowledge of the genomic diversity of Xanthomonas spp. is required for scientists to properly identify strains, to help preventing future disease outbreaks and to achieve knowledge-informed sustainable disease resistance in crops. This Research Topic published in the ‘Plant Biotic Interactions’ section of Frontiers in Plant Science and Frontiers in Microbiology aims at illustrating several of the recent achievements of the Xanthomonas community. We collected twelve manuscripts dealing with comparative genomics or T3E repertoires, including five focusing on TAL effectors which we hope will contribute to advance research on plant pathogenic bacteria.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Resistance ; susceptibility ; Xop ; Type III effector ; Immunity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Molecular Dynamics at the Immunological Synapse (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The immunological synapse (IS) is a specialised cell-cell adhesion that mediates antigen acquisition and regulates the activation of lymphocytes. Initial studies of the IS showed a structure composed of stable supra-molecular activation clusters (SMAC) organised during the interaction of helper T lymphocytes with B lymphocytes, working as antigen presenting cells. A central SMAC of coalesced T cell receptors (TCRs) and a peripheral SMAC for cell-cell adhesion were observed. IS with similar structure was later described during antigen acquisition by B cells and during the interaction of NK cells with target and healthy cells. More recent research developed with microscopy systems that improve the spatial and temporal resolution has showed the complex molecular dynamics at the IS that governs lymphocyte activation. Currently, the IS is seen as a three-dimensional structure where signalling networks for lymphocyte activation and endosomal and cytoskeleton machinery are polarised. A view has emerged in which dynamic microclusters of signalling complexes are composed of molecular components attached to the plasma membrane and other components conveyed on sub-synaptic vesicles transported to the membrane by cytoskeletal fibers and motor proteins. Much information is nonetheless missing about how the dynamics of the endosomal compartment, the cytoskeleton, and signalling complexes are reciprocally regulated to achieve the function of lymphocytes. Experimental evidence also suggests that the environment surrounding lymphocytes exposed to different antigenic challenge regulates IS assembly and functional output, making an even more complex scenario still far from being completely understood. Also, although some signalling molecular components for lymphocyte activation have been identified and thoroughly studied, the function of other molecules has not been yet uncovered or deeply characterised. This research topic aims to provide the reader with the latest information about the molecular dynamics governing lymphocyte activation. These molecular dynamics dictate cell decisions. Thus, we expect that understanding them will provide new avenues for cell manipulation in therapies to treat different immune-related pathologies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; cytoskeleton dynamics ; intracellular signalling ; Immunological Synapse ; endosomal dynamics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Thymic stromal alterations and genetic disorders of immune system (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The pathogenic mechanisms underlying primary T-cell disorders are mainly related to molecular alterations of genes whose expression is intrinsic to hematopoietic cells. However, since the differentiation process requires a crosstalk among thymocytes and the thymic microenvironment, molecular alterations of genes, involved in the differentiation and functionality of the stromal component of the thymus, may lead to a severe T-cell defect or failure of central tolerance, as well. The first example of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) not related to an intrinsic alteration of the hematopoietic cell but rather of the thymic epithelial component is the Nude/SCID phenotype, inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, whose hallmarks are the T-cell defect and the absence of the thymus. The clinical and immunological phenotype is the human equivalent of the murine Nude/SCID syndrome, which represents the first spontaneous SCID identified in nude mice in 1966. For over 3 decades studies of immune system in these mice enormously contributed to the overall knowledge of cell mediated immunity, in the assumption that the athymia of these mice was solely responsible for the T-cell immunological defect. This syndrome is due to mutations of the transcription factor FOXN1, belonging to the forkhead-box gene family, which is mainly expressed in the thymus and skin epithelial cells, where it plays a critical role in differentiation and survival. An alteration of the thymic structure is also a feature of the DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), which has been long considered the human counterpart of the nude mice phenotype. This syndrome is frequently associated to a deletion of the 22q11 region, which contains approximately 30 genes, including the TBX1 gene, which is responsible for most of the clinical features of DGS in humans and mice. In this syndrome common manifestations are cardiac malformations, speech delay, hypoparathyrodism and immunodeficiency, even though the immunological hallmarks of the T-cell defect in DiGeorge syndrome are profoundly different from those reported in human Nude/SCID. The divergence of the phenotype among these 2 entities raised the possibility that the FOXN1 transcription factor represents the real key stromal molecule implicated in directing the hematopoietic stem cell toward a proper T-cell fate. Thymic stromal component of the primary lymphoid organ is also required to negatively select the autoreactive clones, a process driven by the expression of tissue specific antigens (TSA) by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). The expression of genes encoding TSA antigens is mediated by autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, encoding a transcription factor expressed in mTECs. Molecular alterations of this gene are associated to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), a rare autosomal disorder, which may be considered the prototype of an autoimmune disease due to the failure of central tolerance homeostasis. All these "experiments of nature" led to unravel novel pathogenic mechanisms underlying inherited disorders of immune system and, of note, to clarify the pivotal role of epithelial cells in the maturation and education process of T-cell precursors.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Central Tolerance ; Rag defects ; Combined immunodeficiency ; DiGeorge Syndrome ; Foxn1 ; medullary thymic epithelial cells ; APECED ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Chronic inflammation in conditions associated with a deficient clearance of dying and dead cells, their remnants, and intracellular constituents (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In multicellular organisms, states with a high degree of tissue turnover like embryogenesis, development, and adult tissue homeostasis need an instantaneous, tightly regulated and immunologically silent clearance of these dying cells to ensure appropriate development of the embryo and adult tissue remodelling. The proper and swift clearance of apoptotic cells is essential to prevent cellular leakage of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which would lead to the stimulation of inflammatory cytokine responses. In addition to the clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), backup mechanisms are required to cope with DAMPs (HMGB-1, DNA, RNA, S100 molecules, ATP and adenosine) and other intracellular material (uric acid, intracellular proteins and their aggregates) released from cells, that were not properly cleared and have entered the stage of secondary necrosis. Furthermore, under certain pathologic conditions (e.g. gout, cancer, diabetes) non-apoptotic cell death may transiently occur (NETosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis) which generates material that also has to be cleared to avoid overloading tissues with non-functional cellular waste. Efficient efferocytosis is therefore indispensable for normal tissue turnover and homeostasis. The characterization of various signalling pathways that regulate this complex and evolutionary conserved process has shed light on new pathogenetic mechanisms of many diseases. Impaired clearance promotes initiation of autoimmunity as well as the perpetuation of chronic inflammation, but may also foster anti-tumor immunity under certain microenvironmental conditions. Immunological tolerance is continuously being challenged by the presence of post-apoptotic remnants in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Besides the autoimmune phenotype of chronic inflammatory rheumatoid disorders a plethora of pathologies have been associated with defects in genes involved in clearance, e.g. atherosclerosis, cancer, gout, diabetes, some forms of blindness, neuropathy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. The main goal of this research topic is to collect contributions from various disciplines committed to studying pathogenetic mechanisms of the aforementioned disorders and dealing with alterations in the clearance of dying and dead cells, their remnants, and their constituents that leak out after membrane rupture. Integrating the combined collection of knowledge on efferocytosis and clearance of dead cells and their derived waste from different fields of research in physiology and pathophysiology could improve the molecular understanding of these increasingly prevalent diseases and may ultimately result in new therapeutic strategies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Autoimmunity ; NETs ; Efferocytosis ; Inflammation ; cell-remnants ; Phagocytosis ; Apoptosis ; Cancer ; Asthma ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Tailoring NK Cell Receptor-Ligand Interactions: An Art in Evolution (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Recognition and killing of aberrant, infected or tumor targets by Natural Killer (NK) cells is mediated by positive signals transduced by activating receptors upon engagement of ligands on target surface. These stimulatory pathways are counterbalanced by inhibitory receptors that raise NK cell activation threshold through negative antagonist signals. While regulatory effects are necessary for physiologic control of autoimmune aggression, they may restrain the ability of NK cells to activate against disease. Overcoming this barrier to immune surveillance, multiple approaches to enhance NK-mediated responses are being investigated since two decades. Propelled by considerable advances in the understanding of NK cell biology, these studies are critical for effective translation of NK-based immunotherapy principles into the clinic. In humans, dominant inhibitory signals are transduced by Killer Immunoglobulin Like Receptors (KIR) recognizing cognate HLA class I on target cells. Conversely, KIR recognition of “missing self-HLA” - due to HLA loss or HLA/ KIR mismatch - triggers NK-mediated tumor rejection. Initially observed in murine transplant models, these antitumor effects were later found to have important implications for the clinical outcome of haplotype-mismatched stemcell transplantation. Here, donor NK subsets protect against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse through missing self recognition of donor HLA-C allele groups (C1 or C2) and/or Bw4 epitope. These studies were subsequently extended by trials investigating the antileukemia effects of adoptively transferred haplotype-mismatched NK cells in non-transplant settings. Other mechanisms have been found to induce clinically relevant NK cell alloreactivity in transplantation, e.g., post-reconstitution functional reversal of anergic NK cells. More recently, activating KIR came into the spotlight for their potential ability to directly activate donor NK cells through in vivo recognition of HLA or other ligands. Novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) may optimize NK-mediated effects. Examples include obinutuzumab (GA101), a glyco-engineered anti-CD20 mAb with increased affinity for the FcγRIIIA receptor, enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; lirilumab (IPH2102), a first-in-class NK-specific checkpoint inhibitor, blocking the interaction between the major KIR and cognate HLA-C antigens; and elotuzumab (HuLuc63), a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for SLAMF7, whose anti-myeloma therapeutic effects are partly due to direct activation of SLAMF7-expressing NK cells. In addition to conventional antibodies, NK cell-targeted bispecific (BiKEs) and trispecific (TriKEs) killer engagers have also been developed. These proteins elicit potent effector functions by binding target ligands (e.g., CD19, CD22, CD30, CD133, HLA class II, EGFR) on one arm and NK receptors on the other. An additional innovative approach to direct NK cell activity is genetic reprogramming with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). To date, primary NK cells and the NK92 cell line have been engineered with CAR specific for antigens expressed on multiple tumors. Encouraging preclinical results warrant further development of this approach. This Research Topic welcomes contributions addressing mechanisms of NK-mediated activation in response to disease as well as past and contemporary strategies to enhance NK mediated reactivity through control of the interactions between NK receptors and their ligands.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Natural Killer cells ; Checkpoint inhibitors ; Immune Evasion ; Immunotherapy ; Transplantation ; chimeric antigen receptors ; Nk receptors ; bispecific antibodies ; Cancer ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
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    Interplay between NO Signalling, ROS, and the Antioxidant System in Plants (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Over the last decades, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an essential player in redox signalling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) also act as signals throughout all stages of plant life. Because they are potentially harmful for cellular integrity, ROS and NO levels must be tightly controlled, especially by the classical antioxidant system and additional redox-active metabolites and proteins. Recent work provided evidence that NO and ROS influence each other’s biosynthesis and removal. Moreover, novel signalling molecules resulting from the chemical reaction between NO, ROS and plant metabolites have been highlighted, including N2O3, ONOO-, NO2, S-nitrosoglutathione and 8-NO2 cGMP. They are involved in diverse plant physiological processes, the best characterized being stomata regulation and stress defense. Taken together, these new data demonstrate the complex interactions between NO, ROS signalling and the antioxidant system. This Frontiers in Plant Science Research Topic aims to provide an updated and complete overview of this important and rapidly expanding area through original article and detailed reviews.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; plant development ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; plant defense ; antioxidant system ; Nitric Oxide ; Biotic and abiotic stress ; signalling ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Advances in Parasitic Weeds Research (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Parasitic weeds are severe constraint to agriculture and major crop production, and the efficacy of available means to control them is minimal. Control strategies have centred around agronomic practices, resistant varieties and the use of herbicides. Novel integrated control programmes should be sympathetic to agricultural extensification while exerting minimal harmful effects on the environment. This eBook covers recent advances in biology, physiology of parasitism, genetics, population dynamics, resistance, host-parasite relationships, regulation of seed germination, etc., in order to offer an outstanding windows to these enigmatic plants, and contribute to their practical management.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; parasitic weeds ; striga ; weed management ; broomrape ; resistance ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Plant Organ Abscission: From Models to Crops (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Plant organ abscission is a developmental process regulated by the environment, stress, pathogens and the physiological status of the plant. In particular, seed and fruit abscission play an important role in seed dispersion and plant reproductive success and are common domestication traits with important agronomic consequences for many crop species. Indeed, in natural populations, shedding of the seed or fruit at the correct time is essential for reproductive success, while for crop species the premature or lack of abscission may be either beneficial or detrimental to crop productivity. The use of model plants, in particular Arabidopsis and tomato, have led to major advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying organ abscission, and now many workers pursue the translation of these advances to crop species. Organ abscission involves specialized cell layers called the abscission zone (AZ), where abscission signals are perceived and cell separation takes place for the organ to be shed. A general model for plant organ abscission includes (1) the differentiation of the AZ, (2) the acquisition of AZ cells to become competent to respond to various abscission signals, (3) response to signals and the activation of the molecular and cellular processes that lead to cell separation in the AZ and (4) the post-abscission events related to protection of exposed cells after the organ has been shed. While this simple four-phase framework is helpful to describe the abscission process, the exact mechanisms of each stage, the differences between organ types and amongst diverse species, and in response to different abscission inducing signals are far from elucidated. For an organ to be shed, AZ cells must transduce a multitude of both endogenous and exogenous signals that lead to transcriptional and cellular and ultimately cell wall modifications necessary for adjacent cells to separate. How these key processes have been adapted during evolution to allow for organ abscission to take place in different locations and under different conditions is unknown. The aim of the current collection of articles is to present and be able to compare recent results on our understanding of organ abscission from model and crop species, and to provide a basis to understand both the evolution of abscission in plants and the translation of advances with model plants for applications in crop species.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; signaling ; transcription ; auxin ; Arabidopsis ; tomato ; Organ abscission ; cell wall ; fruit abscission ; ethylene ; abscission zone ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Plants as alternative hosts for human and animal pathogens (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Many of the most prevalent and devastating human and animal pathogens have part of their lifecycle out-with the animal host. These pathogens have a remarkably wide capacity to adapt to a range of quite different environments: physical, chemical and biological, which is part of the key to their success. Many of the well-known pathogens that are able to jump between hosts in different biological kingdoms are transmitted through the faecal-oral and direct transmission pathways, and as such have become important food-borne pathogens. Some high-profile examples include fresh produce-associated outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Other pathogens may be transmitted via direct contact or aerosols are include important zoonotic pathogens. It is possible to make a broad division between those pathogens that are passively transmitted via vectors and need the animal host for replication (e.g. virus and parasites), and those that are able to actively interact with alternative hosts, where they can proliferate (e.g. the enteric bacteria). This research topic will focus on plants as alternative hosts for human pathogens, and the role of plants in their transmission back to humans. The area is particularly exciting because it opens up new aspects to the biology of some microbes already considered to be very well characterised. One aspect of cross-kingdom host colonisation is in the comparison between the hosts and how the microbes are able to use both common and specific adaptations for each situation. The area is still in relative infancy and there are far more questions than answers at present. We aim to address important questions underlying the interactions for both the microbe and plant host in this research topic.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Salmonella enterica ; Escherichia coli ; fresh produce ; Effectors ; Plant hosts ; PAMP triggered immunity ; Organic vegetable ; microbiome ; Arabidposis thaliana ; mRNA extraction ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Mysteries of Type I IFN response: benefits versus detriments (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Successful containment of an infection is dependent on both innate and adaptive immune response. Cytokines are essential effectors of both of these systems. In particular, type I interferons (IFN-I) are important components of early innate immunity against an infection. However, the production of IFN-I could serve as a double edge sword, either containing an infection or enhancing susceptibility. For example, IFN-I, which is essential for early containment of viral infections, has been shown to be detrimental to the host during bacterial infections. In fact, recent significant reports have shown that influenza virus induced IFN-I responses can enhance the host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. These recent reports highlight the expanding immunoregulatory role of IFN-I in the host immunity. With these recent findings in mind, the aim of this research topic is to welcome novel data, opinion and literature reviews on the newly identified dual functions of IFN-I. This research topic wills focus on the following areas of IFN-I: 1) a detrimental role of IFN-I during primary bacterial infection; 2) a detrimental role of viral infection induced IFN-I during secondary bacterial infections; 3) evolutionary pressure that drove detrimental IFN-I response during primary bacterial infection; and 4) does benefit of IFN-I responses during primary viral infections outweigh the adverse consequences of IFN-I mediated enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Autoimmunity ; adjuvant ; bacterial and viral infections ; Vaccine ; type I IFN ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Microenvironment-Derived Stem Cell Plasticity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Plasticity is the hallmark of stem cells. At the same time, stem cells, like any other cell type, are influenced by their microenvironment and respond to it accordingly. A specific microenvironment is defined by a variety of factors, including biological and chemical factors, cell-cell interactions, but also metabolic and mechanical cues. Such dynamic and specialized microenvironment where the stem cells reside is considered a stem cell niche. Tissue injury as well as malignant tissue alterations lead to changes in the niche influencing the plasticity and biology of residing stem cells. Similarly, the niche changes upon tissue damage, which eventually induces differentiation of stem cells and ultimately regeneration of the tissue.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; QH301-705.5 ; RC581-607 ; Q1-390 ; microenvironment ; stem cells ; tissue regeneration ; immunomodulation ; extracellular vesicles (EVs) ; oxygen tension ; plasticity ; imaging ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Plastid Proteostasis: Relevance of Transcription; Translation and Post-Translational Modifications (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Due to their bacterial endosymbiotic origin plastids are organelles with both nuclear-encoded and plastid-encoded proteins. Therefore, a highly integrated modulation of gene expression between the nucleus and the plastome is needed in plant cell development. Plastids have retained for the most part a prokaryotic gene expression machinery but, differently from prokaryotes and eukaryotes, they have largely abandoned transcriptional control and switched to predominantly translational control of their gene expression. Some transcriptional regulation is known to occur, but the coordinate expression between the nucleus and the plastome takes place mainly through translational regulation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of plastid gene expression (PGE) are mediated by intricate plastid-nuclear interactions and are still far from being fully understood. Although, for example, translational autoregulation mechanisms in algae have been described for subunits of heteromeric protein complexes and termed control by epistasy of synthesis (CES), only few autoregulatory proteins have been identified in plant plastids. It should be noted of course that PGE in C. reinhardtii is different from that in plants in many aspects. Another example of investigation in this research area is to understand the interactions that occur during RNA binding between nucleus-encoded RNA-binding proteins and the respective RNA sequences, and how this influences the translation initiation process. In addition to this, the plastid retains a whole series of mechanisms for the preservation of its protein balance (proteostasis), including specific proteases, as well as molecular chaperones and enzymes useful in protein folding. After synthesis, plastid proteins must rapidly fold into stable three dimensional structures and often undergo co- and posttranslational modifications to perform their biological mission, avoiding aberrant folding, aggregation and targeting with the help of molecular chaperones and proteases. We believe that this topic is highly interesting for many research areas because the regulation of PGE is not only of wide interest for plant biologists but has also biotechnological implications. Indeed, plastid transformation turns out to be a very promising tool for the production of recombinant proteins in plants, yet some limitations must still be overcome and we believe that this is mainly due to our limited knowledge of the mechanisms in plastids influencing the maintenance of proteostasis.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; plastome ; regulation ; nuclear-plastid interactions ; gene expression ; protein balance ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
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    NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the process of chromatin release was proposed to serve an innate immune defense function. Extracellular chromatin NETs were initially observed in studies of neutrophils and are most prominent in these types of granulocytes. Subsequent studies showed that other granulocytes and, in a limited way, other cells of the innate immune response may also release nuclear chromatin following certain kinds of stimulation. Variations of NETosis were noted with cells that remain temporarily motile after the release of chromatin. Numerous stimuli for NETosis were discovered, including bacterial breakdown products, inflammatory stimuli, particulate matter, certain crystals, immune complexes and activated thrombocytes. Fundamental explorations into the mechanisms of NETosis observed that neutrophil enzyme activity (PAD4, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase) and signal transduction pathways contribute to the regulation of NETosis. Histones in NET chromatin become modified by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and cleaved at specific sites by proteases, leading to extensive chromatin externalization. In addition, NETs serve for attachment of bactericidal enzymes including myeloperoxidase, leukocyte proteases, and the cathelicidin LL-37. NETs are decorated with proteases and may thus contribute to tissue destruction. However, the attachment of these enzymes to NET-associated supramolecular structures restricts systemic spread of the proteolytic activity. While the benefit of NETs in an infection appears obvious, NETs also participate as key protagonists in various pathologic states. Therefore, it is essential for NETs to be efficiently cleared; otherwise digestive enzymes may gain access to tissues where inflammation takes place. Persistent NET exposure at sites of inflammation may lead to a further complication: NET antigens may provoke acquired immune responses and, over time, could initiate autoimmune reactions, serve as antigen for nuclear autoantibodies and foster DNA immune complex-related inflammation. Neutrophil products and deiminated proteins comprise an important group of autoantigens in musculoskeletal disorders. Aberrant NET synthesis and/or clearance are often associated with inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Recent evidence also implicates aberrant NET formation in the development of endothelial damage, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Intravital microscopy provides evidence for conditions that induce NETosis in vivo. Furthermore, NETs can easily be detected in synovial fluid and tissue sections of patients with arthritis and gout. NETosis is thus of interest to researchers who investigate innate immune responses, host-pathogen interactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, cell and vascular biology, biochemistry, and autoimmunity. As we enter the second decade of research on NETosis, it is useful and timely to review the mechanisms and pathways of NET formation, their role in bacterial and fungal defense and their importance as inducers of autoimmune responses.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Infection ; Autoimmunity ; Microscopy ; Immune Cell Interactions ; Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ; Inflammation ; Mechanisms of Cell Death ; Chronic Disease ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Diverse functions of mucosal resident memory T cells (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Early studies recognized the unique phenotype and attributes of T cells found in mucosal tissues, such as the intestines, skin, lung and female reproductive tract. This special topic issue will cover many aspects of mucosal-resident T cell biology during infection and disease and is dedicated to Leo Lefrancois, a pioneer in this field who recently passed away. A major proportion of these mucosal T cells are memory T cells, now recognized as a major constituent of memory T cells referred to as tissue-resident memory T cells. Unlike central and effector memory T cell subsets, tissue-resident memory T cells exhibit tissue specificity with minimal systemic migration. Nonetheless, tissue-resident memory T cells share a similar origin and display some overlapping phenotypes with their other memory T cell counterparts. Articles in this issue will describe the different types of memory T cells residing in mucosal tissues, their origins and functions as well as how they vary among discrete mucosal sites. Manuscripts will consider the unique physiological environments and cellular constituents which facilitate tissue residency while preserving tissue function. Additionally, there will be descriptions of the various mechanisms responsible for the migration and segregation of tissue resident memory CD8 T cells from the peripheral T cell pool. Although the mechanisms facilitating the sequestration of tissue-resident memory T cells within a respective tissue has not well characterized, various theories will also be discussed. Lastly, how these T cells contribute to immunity to pathogens, cancer, and autoimmunity and could be modified through vaccination or therapeutic intervention will be described. As mucosal tissues are the major portals of pathogen entry and frequent transformation, the activities and persistence of tissue resident memory T cells is crucial for mediating protection at these sites.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; pathogens ; Microscopy ; Migration ; Mucosa ; T cell differentiation ; Vaccination ; Inflammation ; Epithelium ; CD103 ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Molecular Biology of Bamboo mosaic Virus - A Type Member of the Potexvirus Genus (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The flexible filamentous plant viruses are responsible for more than half of all agricultural loss worldwide. Potexvirus is one of the two most important flexible filamentous plant viruses. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, is a member of the Potexvirus genus of Alphaflexiviridae. It can infect at least 12 species of bamboo, causing a huge economic impact on the bamboo industry in Taiwan. The study of BaMV did not start extensively until the completion of the full-length sequencing of genomic RNA of BaMV and generation of the BaMV infectious cDNA clone in the early 1990s. Since then, BaMV has been extensively studied at the molecular, cellular and ecological level, covering both basic and applied researches, by a group of researchers in Taiwan. In this eBook, the content comprises 6 reviews and 4 articles. Seven of them are involved in the infection of BaMV covering viral RNA replication, viral RNA trafficking, and the host factors. Two of them are related to the vector transmission and the ecology of BaMV. The last one is the application of using BaMV as a viral vector to produce vaccines in plants.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; host proteins ; replicase ; plant hormone ; bamboo mosaic virus ; insect transmission ; viral trafficking and movement ; viral RNA replication ; viral vector vaccine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with Host Cells (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Trypanosoma cruzi is a pathogenic protozoan of the Trypanosomatidade Family, which is the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease. Chagas’ disease stands out for being endemic among countries in Latin America, affecting about 15 million people. Recently, Chagas has become remarkable in European countries as well due to cases of transmission via infected blood transfusion. An important factor that has exacerbated the epidemiological picture in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela is infection after the oral intake of contaminated foods such as sugar cane, açai and bacaba juices. Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan that exhibits a complex life cycle, involving multiple developmental stages found in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. In vertebrate hosts, the trypomastigote form invades a large variety of nucleated cells using multiple mechanisms. The invasion process involves several steps: (a) attraction of the protozoan to interact with the host cell surface; (b) parasite-host cell recognition; (c) adhesion of the parasite to the host cell surface; (d) cell signalling events that culminate in the internalization of the parasite through endocytic processes; (e) biogenesis of a large vacuole where the parasite is initially located, and is also known as parasitophorous vacuole (PV); (f) participation of endocytic pathway components in the internalization process; (g) participation of cytoskeleton components in the internalization process; (h) transformation of the trypomastigote into the amastigote form within the PV; (i) lysis of the membrane of the PV; (j) multiplication of amastigotes within the host cell in direct contact with cell structures and organelles; (k) transformation of amastigotes into trypomastigotes, and (l) rupture of the host cell releasing trypomastigotes into the extracellular space. The kinetics of the interaction process and even the fate of the parasite within the cell vary according to the nature of the host cell and its state of immunological activation.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; Chagas Disease ; Parasite-host cell interaction ; cell-to-cell recognition ; Parasitic protozoa ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Evolution of Reproductive Organs in Land Plants (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The great diversity of land plants (especially angiosperms) is mainly reflected in the diversity of various reproductive organs of plants. However, despite long time intensive investigations, there are still uncertainties and sometimes misunderstandings over the nature and evolution of reproductive organs in land plants. With the new advances made in various fields of botany (especially at molecular level), there is increasing light shed on some aspects of flowers (reproductive organs of angiosperms). In this ebook, we collect 15 papers reporting new understanding on plant reproductive organs. These works range from morphology and anatomy to molecular regulatory networks underlying traditional observations. We understand this single book cannot reach our goal, but we do hope that this book can contribute to or initiate some efforts leading to the final solution of some problems concerning the homology and evolution of reproductive organs in plants.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; homology ; incompatibility ; seed ; gene ; angiosperm ; insect ; evolution ; fossil ; flower ; carpel ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Branching and Rooting Out with a CT Scanner: The Why, the How, and the Outcomes, Present and Possibly Future (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Until recently, a majority of the applications of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning in plant sciences remained descriptive; some included a quantification of the plant materials when the root-soil isolation or branch-leaf separation was satisfactory; and a few involved the modeling of plant biology processes or the assessment of treatment or disease effects on plant biomass and structures during growth. In the last decade, repeated CT scanning of the same plants was reported in an increasing number of studies in which moderate doses of X-rays had been used. Besides the general objectives of Frontiers in Plant Science research topics, “Branching and Rooting Out with a CT Scanner” was proposed to meet specific objectives: (i) providing a non-technical update on knowledge about the application of CT scanning technology to plants, starting with the type of CT scanning data collected (CT images vs. CT numbers) and their processing in the graphical and numerical approaches; (ii) drawing the limits of the CT scanning approach, which because it is based on material density can distinguish materials with contrasting or moderately overlapping densities (e.g., branches vs. leaves, roots vs. non-organic soils) but not the others (e.g., roots vs. organic soils); (iii) explaining with a sufficient level of detail the main procedures used for graphical, quantitative and statistical analyses of plant CT scanning data, including fractal complexity measures and statistics appropriate for repeated plant CT scanning, in experiments where the research hypotheses are about biological processes such as light interception by canopies, root disease development and plant growth under stress conditions; (iv) comparing plant CT scanning with an alternative technology that applies to plants, such as the phenomics platforms which target leaf canopies; and (v) providing current and potential users of plant CT scanning with up-to-date information and exhaustive documentation, including clear perspectives and well-defined goals for the future, for them to be even more efficient or most efficient from start in their research work.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; plant CT scanning data collection and analysis ; phytopathological and environmental stress applications ; plant imaging and phenotyping ; plant structural complexity and fractal geometry ; appropriate statistical methods for plant data ; Computed tomography (CT) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Induction of Central Nervous System Disease by the Adaptive Immune Response (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Over the last years it has become evident that many neurological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are induced by a specific adaptive immune response directed against molecules expressed on CNS-resident cells. Well-recognized examples are anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis which is characterized by the presence of antibodies against neuron-expressed NMDAR, or neuromyelitis optica (NMO), induced by antibodies to astrocyte-expressed aquaporin-4. Many more examples exist, and antibodies, and T or/and B cells have increasingly been associated with CNS disease. Often the symptoms of these diseases have not been typically reported to have an immune aetiology. Beside classical neurological symptoms like ataxia, vision disturbance, and motor or sensory symptoms, these can include cognitive disturbances, behavioral abnormalities, or/and epileptic seizures. Although much has been learned regarding the pathophysiology of prototypic examples of these disorders, there are still major gaps in our understanding of their biology. This may be due to the fact that they are rare diseases, and their therapies are still very limited. This research topic includes contributions addressing the analysis of the adaptive immune response driving disease including target antigens, molecular epitope mapping, and factors involved in the disease pathogenesis such as complement activation cascades, genetic and genomic regulation, as well as environmental triggers. Diagnostic criteria and methods, and treatment are also discussed. The overall aim of the volume is to review progress in our pathophysiological understanding of immune-mediated CNS disorders in order to advance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and ultimately improve outcomes for patients.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC346-429 ; RC581-607 ; autoimmune encephalitis ; autophagy ; aquaporin-4 ; multiple sclerosis ; neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder ; T cell ; thyroid gland ; B cells ; NMDA receptor ; myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Nomenclature and Classification (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages (MØs) that together play crucial roles in tissue immunity and homeostasis, but also contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies. They are thus attractive therapeutic targets for immune therapy. However, the distinction between DCs, monocytes and MØ subpopulations has been a matter of controversy and the current nomenclature has been a confounding factor. DCs are remarkably heterogeneous and consist of multiple subsets traditionally defined by their expression of various surface markers. While markers are important to define various populations of the MPS, they do not specifically define the intrinsic nature of a cell population and do not always segregate a bona fide cell type of relative homogeneity. Markers are redundant, or simply define distinct activation states within one subset rather than independent subpopulations. One example are the steady-state CD11b+ DCs which are often not distinguished from monocytes, monocyte-derived cells, and macrophages due to their overlapping phenotype. Lastly, monocyte fate during inflammation results in cells bearing the phenotypic and functional features of both DCs and MØs significantly adding to the confusion. In fact, depending on the context of the study and the focus of the laboratory, a monocyte-derived cell will be either be called "monocyte-derived DCs" or "macrophages". Because the names we give to cells are often associated with a functional connotation, this is much more than simple semantics. The "name" we give to a population fundamentally changes the perception of its biology and can impact on research design and interpretation. Recent evidence in the ontogeny and transcriptional regulation of DCs and MØs, combined with the identification of DC- and MØ-specific markers has dramatically changed our understanding of their interrelationship in the steady state and inflammation. In steady state, DCs are constantly replaced by circulating blood precursors that arise from committed progenitors in the bone marrow. Similarly, some MØ populations are also constantly replaced by circulating blood monocytes. However, others tissue MØs are derived from embryonic precursors, are seeded before birth and maintain themselves in adults by self-renewal. In inflammation, such differentiation pathways are fundamentally changed and unique monocyte-derived inflammatory cells are generated. Current DC, monocyte and MØ nomenclature does not take into account these new developments and as a consequence is quite confusing. We believe that the field is in need of a fresh view on this topic as well as an upfront debate on DC and MØ nomenclature. Our aim is to bring expert junior and senior scientists to revisit this topic in light of these recent developments. This Research Topic will cover all aspects of DC, monocyte and MØ biology including development, transcriptional regulation, functional specializations, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, and in both human and mouse models. Given the central position of DCs, monocytes and MØs in tissue homeostasis, immunity and disease, this topic should be of interest to a large spectrum of the biomedical community.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; nomenclature ; Monocytes ; development ; Dendritic Cells ; Subset ; differentiation ; Antigen Presentation ; Mononuclear Phagocyte System ; Ontogeny ; Macrophages ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    The Evolution and Development of the Antibody Repertoire (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Although at first glance mechanisms used to create the variable domains of immunoglobulin appear to be designed to generate diversity at random, closer inspection reveals striking evolutionary constraints on the sequence and structure of these antigen receptors, suggesting that natural selection is operating to create a repertoire that anticipates or is biased towards recognition of specific antigenic properties. This Research Topics issue will be devoted to an examination of the evolution of antigen receptor sequence at the germline level, an evaluation of the repertoire in B cells from fish, pigs and human, an introduction into bioinformatics approaches to the evaluation and analysis of the repertoire as ascertained by high throughput sequencing, and a discussion of how study of the normal repertoire informs the construction or selection of in vitro antibodies for applied purposes.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Antibody repertoire ; immunoglobulin ; B cells ; sequence analysis software ; comparative immunology ; natural antibodies ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Frontiers of Sulfur Metabolism in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Response (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Growing plants have a constitutive demand for sulfur to synthesize proteins, sulfolipids and other essential sulfur containing molecules for growth and development. The uptake and subsequent distribution of sulfate is regulated in response to demand and environmental cues. The importance of sulfate for plant growth and vigor and hence crop yield and nutritional quality for human and animal diets has been clearly recognized. The acquisition of sulfur by plants, however, has become an increasingly important concern for the agriculture due to the decreasing S-emissions from industrial sources and the consequent limitation of inputs from atmospheric deposition. Molecular characterization involving transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in major crops revealed that sulfate uptake, distribution and assimilation are finely regulated depending on sulfur status and demand, and that these regulatory networks are integrated with cell cycle, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, hormonal signaling, uptake and assimilation of other nutrients, etc., to enable plant growth, development, and reproduction even under different biotic and abiotic stresses. This knowledge can be used to underpin approaches to enhance plant growth and nutritional quality of major food crops around the world. Although considerable progress has been made regarding the central role of sulfur metabolism in plant growth, development and stress response, several frontiers need to be explored to reveal the mechanisms of the cross-talk between sulfur metabolism and these processes. In this research topic the knowledge on plant sulfur metabolism is reviewed and updated. Focus is put not only on molecular mechanisms of control of sulfur metabolism but also on its integration with other vital metabolic events. The topic covers 4 major areas of sulfur research: sulfate uptake, assimilation and metabolism, regulation, and role in stress response. We hope that the topic will promote interaction between researchers with different expertise and thus contribute to a more integrative approach to study sulfur metabolism in plants.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; sulfate deficiency ; Sulfate assimilation ; Glucosinolates ; Sulfur ; sulfate uptake ; Adenosine Phosphosulfate ; Cysteine synthesis ; Glutathione ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Infection and Inflammation: Potential Triggers of Sudden Infant Deaths (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: There is a growing body of evidence that infectious agents or their products contribute to events leading to unexpected infant deaths. This issue summarizes the current information on the interactions between genetic background of the infant, environmental and developmental risk factors, and the microbial flora of the infant that could trigger lethal responses to common infections.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Virus infection ; Sudden unexpected death in infancy ; sudden infant death syndrome ; Stillbirths ; cigarette smoke ; Risk factors ; Animal Models ; Mechanisms of Death ; sex of infant ; interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Chocolate and Health: Friend or Foe? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
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    History of Chemoattractant Research (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In the Research Topic "History of Chemoattractant Research" we will portray some of the key discoveries that helped to transform cell migration research into a global playing field within immunology (and beyond). Early progress had a profound effect on both, academia and industry. Today, numerous academic laboratories are fully engaged in compiling a detailed road map describing the highly complex network of immune and tissue cells that respond to chemoattractants. Industrial research, on the other hand, centers on drugs that interfere with immune cell traffic in inflammatory diseases and cancer. The following series of “short stories” provide personal accounts on key discoveries. The individual molecular discoveries enabled numerous research laboratories worldwide to unravel their significance in steady-state or pathological immune processes. Although ground-breaking in their own right, it is therefore worth emphasizing that rapid progress in chemoattractant research was made possible by many other laboratories who were not directly involved in the original discovery process. Therefore, the authors of this mini-series are discussing their findings in the context of time, place and subsequent progress enabled by their discoveries. It is hoped that a wide readership will find these accounts entertaining as well as educational although those who wish to gain a more detailed knowledge are referred to the many outstanding reviews on chemokines and other chemoattractants.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Homing ; chemokine ; tumour ; cell migration ; Inflammation ; Chemotaxis ; Immunity ; immune surveillance ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    The Challenge of Protein Crops as a Sustainable Source of Food and Feed for the Future (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Grain legumes, together with quinoa and amaranth (pseudocereals) and other crops are attractive candidates to satisfy the growing demand for plant protein production worldwide for food and feed. Despite their high value, many protein crops have not been adequately assessed and numerous species are underutilized. Special attention has to be paid to genetic diversity and landraces, and to the key limiting factors affecting yield, including water deficiency and other abiotic and biotic stresses, in order to obtain stable, reliable and sustainable crop production through the introduction and local adaptation of genetically improved varieties. Legumes, the main protein crops worldwide, contribute to the sustainable improvement of the environment due to their ability to fix nitrogen and their beneficial effects on the soil. They play a key role in the crop diversification and sustainable intensification of agriculture, particularly in light of new and urgent challenges, such as climate change and food security. In addition, the role of legumes in nutrition has been recognized as a relevant source of plant protein, together with other benefits for health. Chapters dealing with common bean, lupine, soybean, lentil, cowpea and Medicago are included in this book. Most contributions deal with legumes, but the significant number of papers on different aspects of quinoa gives an idea of the increasing importance of this protein crop. Pseudocereals, such as quinoa and amaranth, are good sources of proteins. Quinoa and amaranth seeds contain lysine, an essential amino acid that is limited in other grains. Nutritional evaluations of quinoa indicate that it constitutes a source of complete protein with a good balance among all of the amino acids needed for human diet, and also important minerals, vitamins, high quality oils and flavonoids. Other protein crops also included in this book are hemp, cotton and cereals (maize, wheat and rice). Although cereals protein content is not high, their seeds are largely used for human consumption. In this book are included articles dealing with all different aspects of protein crops, including nutritional value, breeding, genetic diversity, biotic and abiotic stress, cropping systems or omics, which may be considered crucial to help provide the plant proteins of the future. Overall, the participation of 169 authors in 29 chapters in this book indicates an active scientific community in the field, which appears to be an encouraging reflect of the global awareness of the need for sustainability and the promising future of proteins crops as a source of food and feed.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Quinoa ; nutrition ; Breeding ; Genetic resources ; legumes ; Plant protein ; Biodiversity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Mycorrhiza in Tropical and Neotropical Ecosystems (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi that plays a major role in ecosystem function and diversification, as well as its stability and productivity. It also plays a key role in the biology and ecology of forest trees, affecting growth, water and nutrient absorption and protection against soil-borne pathogens. However, the mycorrhizal research in tropical and neotropical ecosystems remains largely unexplored despite its importance in tropical and neotropical ecosystems. These ecosystems represent more than 0.6% of the total land ecosystems and they have a crucial role in the Earth’s biogeochemical cycling and climate. Threats to tropical forest biodiversity should therefore encourage investigations and inventories of mycorrhizal diversity, function and ecology in tropical latitudes because they concern ecologically and economically important plant species. This Research Topic aims to provide an overview of the knowledge of mycorrhizal symbioses in tropical and neotropical ecosystems. For this Research Topic, we welcome articles that address the diversity, ecology and function of mycorrhiza associated with plants, the impacts of mycorrhiza on plant diversity and composition, the regeneration and dynamics of ecosystems, and biomass production in ecosystems.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; ectomycorrhiza ; mycorrhizal fungal communities ; biofertilizer in field conditions ; arbuscular mycorrhiza ; abiotic stress ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Morphological Plant Modeling: Unleashing Geometric and Topological Potential within the Plant Sciences (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: An increasing population faces the growing demand for agricultural products and accurate global climate models that account for individual plant morphologies to predict favorable human habitat. Both demands are rooted in an improved understanding of the mechanistic origins of plant development. Such understanding requires geometric and topological descriptors to characterize the phenotype of plants and its link to genotypes. However, the current plant phenotyping framework relies on simple length and diameter measurements, which fail to capture the exquisite architecture of plants. The Research Topic “Morphological Plant Modeling: Unleashing Geometric and Topological Potential within the Plant Sciences” is the result of a workshop held at National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) in Knoxville, Tennessee. From 2.-4. September 2015 over 40 scientists from mathematics, computer science, engineering, physics and biology came together to set new frontiers in combining plant phenotyping with recent results from shape theory at the interface of geometry and topology. In doing so, the Research Topic synthesizes the views from multiple disciplines to reveal the potential of new mathematical concepts to analyze and quantify the relationship between morphological plant features. As such, the Research Topic bundles examples of new mathematical techniques including persistent homology, graph-theory, and shape statistics to tackle questions in crop breeding, developmental biology, and vegetation modeling. The challenge to model plant morphology under field conditions is a central theme of the included papers to address the problems of climate change and food security, that require the integration of plant biology and mathematics from geometry and topology research applied to imaging and simulation techniques. The introductory white paper written by the workshop participants identifies future directions in research, education and policy making to integrate biological and mathematical approaches and to strengthen research at the interface of both disciplines.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; modeling ; plant morphology ; topology ; geometry ; phenotyping ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Immune System Modeling and Analysis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: The rapid development of new methods for immunological data collection - from multicolor flow cytometry, through single-cell imaging, to deep sequencing - presents us now, for the first time, with the ability to analyze and compare large amounts of immunological data in health, aging and disease. The exponential growth of these datasets, however, challenges the theoretical immunology community to develop methods for data organization and analysis. Furthermore, the need to test hypotheses regarding immune function, and generate predictions regarding the outcomes of medical interventions, necessitates the development of mathematical and computational models covering processes on multiple scales, from the genetic and molecular to the cellular and system scales. The last few decades have seen the development of methods for presentation and analysis of clonal repertoires (those of T and B lymphocytes) and phenotypic (surface-marker based) repertoires of all lymphocyte types, and for modeling the intricate network of molecular and cellular interactions within the immune systems. This e-Book, which has first appeared as a ‘Frontiers in Immunology’ research topic, provides a comprehensive, online, open access snapshot of the current state of the art on immune system modeling and analysis.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Immune cell differentiation ; Immune cell population dynamics and turnover ; Immunological diseases ; activation and signaling ; mathematical modeling ; immunomics ; Immune cell receptors ; lymphocyte repertoires ; Immune cell migration and immune tissue organization ; Immune responses to pathogens ; high-throughput sequencing
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    Natural Diversity in the New Millennium (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Natural diversity has been extensively used to understand plant biology and improve crops. However, studies were commonly based on visual phenotypes or on a few measurable parameters. Nowadays, a large number of parameters can be measured thanks to next generation sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics thus providing an unprecedented resolution in the detection of natural diversity. This enhanced resolution offers new possibilities in terms of understanding plant biology. Technology advances also contribute to a better assessment of the biodiversity loss currently taking place. Hence, the topic presents an overview on efforts for maintaining biological diversity in crops, on possibilities offered by recent technologies in the assessment of natural variation, and ends with examples of the diversity found even at the cellular level.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Genetic Variation ; Natural diversity conservation ; next generation sequencing ; Genetic resources ; Crop genomics ; sustainable agriculture ; crop breeding ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Type I Interferon in Human Autoimmunity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The type I interferon system plays a critical role in host defense in health, and a growing body of literature suggests that type I interferon is a critical mediator of human autoimmune disease. Type I interferons function as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and as such play an important role in setting thresholds for response against self antigens. Many investigators have focused on the role type I interferons play in autoimmune disease. This fascinating and rapidly growing body of literature encompasses many different autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and others. In this Research Topic, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles type I interferons play in autoimmune diseases, with a focus on human immunology.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Multiple Sclerosis ; autoimmune thyroid disease ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; systemic sclerosis ; Interferons ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Amino Acids of the Glutamate Family: Functions beyond Primary Metabolism (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The life of proteins starts and ends as amino acids. In addition to the primary function as protein building blocks, amino acids serve multiple other purposes to make a plant's life worth living. This is true especially for the amino acids of the glutamate family, namely glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), proline (Pro) and arginine (Arg), as well as the product of Glu decarboxylation, ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Synthesis, accumulation, interconversion and degradation of these five compounds contribute in many ways to the regulation of plant development and to responses to environmental challenges. Glu and Gln hold key positions as entry points and master regulators of nitrogen metabolism in plants, and have a pivotal role in the regulatory interplay between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Pro and GABA are among the best-studied compatible osmolytes that accumulate in response to water deficit, yet the full range of protective functions is still to be revealed. Arg, with its exceptionally high nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, has long been recognized as a major storage form of organic nitrogen. Most of the enzymes involved in metabolism of the amino acids of the glutamate family in plants have been identified or can be predicted according to similarity with animal or microbial homologues. However, for some of these enzymes the detailed biochemical properties still remain to be determined in order to understand activities in vivo. Additionally, uncertainties regarding the subcellular localization of proteins and especially the lack of knowledge about intracellular transport proteins leave significant gaps in our understanding of the metabolic network connecting Glu, Gln, Pro, GABA and Arg. While anabolic reactions are distributed between the cytosol and chloroplasts, catabolism of the amino acids of the glutamate family takes place in mitochondria and has been implicated in fueling energy-demanding physiological processes such as root elongation, recovery from stress, bolting and pollen tube elongation. Exceeding the metabolic functions, the amino acids of the glutamate family were recently identified as important signaling molecules in plants. Extracellular Glu, GABA and a range of other metabolites trigger responses in plant cells that resemble the actions of Glu and GABA as neurotransmitters in animals. Plant homologues of the Glu-gated ion channels from mammals and protein kinase signaling cascades have been implicated in these responses. Pollen tube growth and guidance depend on GABA signaling and the root architecture is specifically regulated by Glu. GABA and Pro signaling or metabolism were shown to contribute to the orchestration of defense and programmed cell death in response to pathogen attacks. Pro signaling was additionally proposed to regulate developmental processes and especially sexual reproduction. Arg is tightly linked to nitric oxide (NO) production and signaling in plants, although Arg-dependent NO-synthases could still not be identified. Potentially Arg-derived polyamines constitute the missing link between Arg and NO signaling in response to stress. Taken together, the amino acids of the glutamate family emerge as important signaling molecules that orchestrate plant growth and development by integrating the metabolic status of the plant with environmental signals, especially in stressful conditions. This research topic collects contributions from different facets of glutamate family amino acid signaling or metabolism to bring together, and integrate in a comprehensive view the latest advances in our understanding of the multiple functions of Glu-derived amino acids in plants.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; biochemical pathways ; Regulation of development ; Arginine ; glutamine synthetase ; GABA ; metabolite signaling ; Proline ; Enzyme properties ; Stress tolerance mechanisms ; amino acid transport ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Molecular and Metabolic Mechanisms Associated with Fleshy Fruit Quality (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Fleshy Fruits are a late acquisition of plant evolution. In addition of protecting the seeds, these specialized organs unique to plants were developed to promote seed dispersal via the contribution of frugivorous animals. Fruit development and ripening is a complex process and understanding the underlying genetic and molecular program is a very active field of research. Part of the ripening process is directed to build up quality traits such as color, texture and aroma that make the fruit attractive and palatable. As fruit consumers, humans have developed a time long interaction with fruits which contributed to make the fruit ripening attributes conform our needs and preferences. This issue of Frontiers in Plant Science is intended to cover the most recent advances in our understanding of different aspects of fleshy fruit biology, including the genetic, molecular and metabolic mechanisms associated to each of the fruit quality traits. It is also of prime importance to consider the effects of environmental cues, cultural practices and postharvest methods, and to decipher the mechanism by which they impact fruit quality traits. Most of our knowledge of fleshy fruit development, ripening and quality traits comes from work done in a reduced number of species that are not only of economic importance but can also benefit from a number of genetic and genomic tools available to their specific research communities. For instance, working with tomato and grape offers several advantages since the genome sequences of these two fleshy fruit species have been deciphered and a wide range of biological and genetic resources have been developed. Ripening mutants are available for tomato which constitutes the main model system for fruit functional genomics. In addition, tomato is used as a reference species for climacteric fruit which ripening is controlled by the phytohormone ethylene. Likewise, grape is a reference species for non-climacteric fruit even though no single master switches controlling ripening initiation have been uncovered yet. In the last period, the genome sequence of an increased number of fruit crop species became available which creates a suitable situation for research communities around crops to get organized and information to be shared through public repositories. On the other hand, the availability of genome-wide expression profiling technologies has enabled an easier study of global transcriptional changes in fruit species where the sequenced genome is not yet available. In this issue authors will present recent progress including original data as well as authoritative reviews on our understanding of fleshy fruit biology focusing on tomato and grape as model species.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; molecular mechanisms ; grapevine ; tomato ; fruit ripening ; metabolic profiling ; fruit quality ; breeding ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
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    Advances in Plastid Biology and Its Applications (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: One of the distinguishing features of plants is the presence of membrane-bound organelles called plastids. Starting from proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) they readily develop into specialised types, which are involved in a range of cellular functions such as photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, biosynthesis of sucrose, starch, chlorophyll, carotenoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites as well as a number of metabolic reactions. The central role of plastids in many aspects of plant cell biology means an in-depth understanding is key for a holistic view of plant physiology. Despite the vast amount of research, the molecular details of many aspects of plastid biology remains limited. Plastids possess their own high-copy number genome known as the plastome. Manipulation of the plastid genome has been developed as an alternative way to developing transgenic plants for various biotechnological applications. High-copy number of the plastome, site-specific integration of transgenes through homologous recombination, and potential to express proteins at high levels (〉70% of total soluble proteins has been reported in some cases) are some of the technologies being developed. Additionally, plastids are inherited maternally, providing a natural gene containment system, and do not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance, allowing each individual member of the progeny of a transplastomic line to uniformly express transgene(s). Both algal and higher plant chloroplast transformation has been demonstrated, and with the ability to be propagated either in bioreactors or in the field, both systems are well suited for scale up of production. The manipulation of chloroplast genes is also essential for many approaches that attempt to increase biomass accumulation or re-routing metabolic pathways for biofortification, food and fuel production. This includes metabolic engineering for lipid production, adapting the light harvesting apparatus to improve solar conversion efficiencies and engineering means of suppressing photorespiration in crop species, which range from the introduction of artificial carbon concentrating mechanisms, or those pre-existing elsewhere in nature, to bypassing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase entirely. The purpose of this eBook is to provide a compilation of the latest research on various aspects of plastid biology including basic biology, biopharming, metabolic engineering, bio-fortification, stress physiology, and biofuel production.One of the distinguishing features of plants is the presence of membrane-bound organelles called plastids. Starting from proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) they readily develop into specialised types, which are involved in a range of cellular functions such as photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, biosynthesis of sucrose, starch, chlorophyll, carotenoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites as well as a number of metabolic reactions. The central role of plastids in many aspects of plant cell biology means an in-depth understanding is key for a holistic view of plant physiology. Despite the vast amount of research, the molecular details of many aspects of plastid biology remains limited. Plastids possess their own high-copy number genome known as the plastome. Manipulation of the plastid genome has been developed as an alternative way to developing transgenic plants for various biotechnological applications. High-copy number of the plastome, site-specific integration of transgenes through homologous recombination, and potential to express proteins at high levels (〉70% of total soluble proteins has been reported in some cases) are some of the technologies being developed. Additionally, plastids are inherited maternally, providing a natural gene containment system, and do not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance, allowing each individual member of the progeny of a transplastomic line to uniformly express transgene(s). Both algal and higher plant chloroplast transformation has been demonstrated, and with the ability to be propagated either in bioreactors or in the field, both systems are well suited for scale up of production. The manipulation of chloroplast genes is also essential for many approaches that attempt to increase biomass accumulation or re-routing metabolic pathways for biofortification, food and fuel production. This includes metabolic engineering for lipid production, adapting the light harvesting apparatus to improve solar conversion efficiencies and engineering means of suppressing photorespiration in crop species, which range from the introduction of artificial carbon concentrating mechanisms, or those pre-existing elsewhere in nature, to bypassing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase entirely. The purpose of this eBook is to provide a compilation of the latest research on various aspects of plastid biology including basic biology, biopharming, metabolic engineering, bio-fortification, stress physiology, and biofuel production.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; plastid transformation ; Metabolic Engineering ; plastid division ; Plastid development ; biopharming ; retrograde signalling ; plastid polymerases ; Plastid biogenesis ; Plastids ; Plastid replication ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Immune Interactions during the Reproductive Cycle (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Mammalian pregnancy represents a unique immunological riddle in that the mother does not reject her allogeneic fetus. In part this is largely due to a general sequestration or diminution of T cell activity, and an increased involvement of the innate immune system. The field of immunology is concerned primarily with how innate and adaptive mechanisms collaborate to protect vertebrates from infection. Although many cellular and molecular actors have evidently important roles, antibodies and lymphocytes are considered to be the principal players. Yet despite their importance, it would be definitely simplistic to conclude that they are solely essential for immunity overall. A major distinction between adaptive and innate immunity is the spontaneity of the innate immune response, which utilizes an already pre-existing but limited repertoire of responding modules. The slower onset of adaptive immunity compensates by its ability to recognize a much broader repertory of foreign substances, and also by its power to constantly improve during a response, whereas innate immunity remains relatively unaffected. The interactions between the reproductive system and the immune system are of particular interest, since the reproductive system is unique in that its primary role is to assure the continuity of the species, while the immune system provides internal protection and thus facilitates continued health and survival. The modus operandi of these two morphologically diffuse systems involves widely distributed chemical signals in response to environmental input, and both systems must interact for the normal functioning of each. Furthermore, dysregulation of normal physiological interactions between the reproductive and immune systems can lead to severe pregnancy-related disorders or complications. On the other hand, by ameliorating auto-inflammatory conditions such as MS and RA, pregnancy may provide a unique insight into novel immune modulatory strategies. The scientific focus on reproductive–immune research has historically provided substantial insight into the interface between these two physiological systems. A translational research approach would involve a tight interaction between diverse scientific and clinical disciplines including immunology, obstetrics, haematology, haemostasis and endocrinology. With so much recent progress in the field, we believe that it is valuable and well-timed to review the broad variety of the relevant physiologic and pathologic aspects – from menstruation to fertilization and implantation, and from placentation and pregnancy per se to the post partum condition - in which the immune system takes part. We are looking forward to a wide and vivid discussion of these and related issues, and we sincerely expect that our readers profoundly benefit from new exciting insights and fruitful collaborations.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; T regs ; typtophan ; PP13 ; Hormones ; B cells ; H pylori ; Menstrual stem cells ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; fetal maternal interface ; Preeclampsia ; NK ; placental microparticles ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Epigenetic Modifications Associated with Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Plants: An Implication for Understanding Plant Evolution (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Alterations in gene expression are essential during growth and development phases and when plants are exposed to environmental challenges. Stress conditions induce gene expression modifications, which are associated with changes in the biochemical and physiological processes that help plants to avoid or reduce potential damage resulting from these stresses.After exposure to stress, surviving plants tend to flower earlier than normal and therefore transfer the accumulated epigenetic information to their progenies, given that seeds, where this information is stored, are formed at a later stage of plant development.DNA methylation is correlated with expression repression. Likewise, miRNA produced in the cell can reduce the transcript abundance or even prevent translation of mRNA. However, histone modulation, such as histone acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination, can show distinct effects on gene expression. These alterations can be inherited, especially if the plants are consistently exposed to a particular environmental stress. Retrotransposons and retroviruses are foreign movable DNA elements that play an important role in plant evolution. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic alterations control the movement and the expression of genes harbored within these elements. These epigenetic modifications have an impact on the morphology, and biotic and abiotic tolerance in the subsequent generations because they can be inherited through the transgenerational memory in plants. Therefore, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA interference, serve not only to alter gene expression but also may enhance the evolutionary process in eukaryotes.In this E-book, original research and review articles that cover issues related to the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA in plant transgenerational epigenetic memory were published.The knowledge published on this topic may add new insight on the involvement of epigenetic factors in natural selection and environmental adaptation. This information may also help to generate a modeling system to study the epigenetic role in evolution.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; replication ; histones ; transgeneration memory ; environmental stresses ; DNA methylation ; evolution ; chromatin ; epigenetics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
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    The unfolded protein response in virus infections (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular adaptive response for restoring endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to ER stress. Perturbation of the UPR and failure to restore ER homeostasis inevitably leads to diseases. It has now become evident that perturbation of the UPR is the cause of many important human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cystic fibrosis, diabetes and cancer. It has recently emerged that virus infections can trigger the UPR but the relationship between virus infections and host UPR is intriguing. On one hand, UPR is harmful to the virus and virus has developed means to subvert the UPR. On the other hand, virus exploits the host UPR to assist in its own infection, gene expression, establishment of persistence, reactivation from latency and to evade the immune response. When this delicate balance of virus-host UPR interaction is broken down, it may cause diseases. This is particularly challenging for viruses that establish a chronic infection to maintain this balance. Each virus interacts with the host UPR in a different way to suit their life style and how the virus interacts with the host UPR can define the characteristic of a particular virus infection. Understanding how a particular virus interacts with the host UPR may pave the way to the design of a new class of anti-viral that targets this particular pathway to skew the response towards anti-virus. This knowledge can also be translated into the clinics to help re-design oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy. In this research topic we aimed to compile a collection of focused review articles, original research articles, commentary, opinion, hypothesis and methods to highlight the current advances in this burgeoning area of research, in an attempt to provide an in-depth understanding of how viruses interact with the host UPR, which may be beneficial to the future combat of viral and human diseases.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; ERAD ; virus-host interaction ; innate immunity ; Gene Therapy ; Pathogenesis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Unfolded Protein Response ; Autophagy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Cell Signaling in Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Host Point of View (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The ability of pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses to invade, persist and adapt in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts is multifactorial and depends on both pathogen and host fitness. Communication between a pathogen and its host relies on a wide and dynamic array of molecular interactions. Through this constant communication most pathogens evolved to be relatively benign, whereas killing of its host by a pathogen represents a failure to adapt. Pathogens are lethal to their host when their interaction has not been long enough for adaptation. Evolution has selected conserved immune receptors that recognize signature patterns of pathogens as non-self elements and initiate host innate responses aimed at eradicating infection. Conversely, pathogens evolved mechanisms to evade immune recognition and subvert cytokine secretion in order to survive, replicate and cause disease. The cell signaling machinery is a critical component of the immune system that relays information from the receptors to the nucleus where transcription of key immune genes is activated. Host cells have developed signal transduction systems to maintain homeostasis with pathogens. Most cellular processes and cell signaling pathways are tightly regulated by protein phosphorylation in which protein kinases are key protagonists. Pathogens have developed multiple mechanisms to subvert important signal transduction pathways such as the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathways. Pathogens also secrete effectors that manipulate actin cytoskeleton and its regulators, hijack cell cycle machinery and alter vesicular trafficking. This research topic focuses on the cellular signaling mechanisms that are essential for host immunity and their subversion by pathogens.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; host-pathogen interaction ; Protein Kinases ; innate immunity ; immune signaling ; host response to microorganisms ; Cell signaling ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Structure and Function of Chloroplasts (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth. Chloroplasts also provide diverse metabolic activities for plant cells, including the synthesis of fatty acids, membrane lipids, isoprenoids, tetrapyrroles, starch, and hormones. The biogenesis, morphogenesis, protection and senescence of chloroplasts are essential for maintaining a proper structure and function of chloroplasts, which will be the theme of this Research Topic. Chloroplasts are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes which encompass a third complex membrane system, the thylakoids, including grana and lamellae. In addition, starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. are also important structures of chloroplasts. It is widely accepted that chloroplasts evolved from a free-living photosynthetic cyanobacterium, which was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts retain a minimal genome, most of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and the gene products are transported into the chloroplast through complex import machinery. The coordination of nuclear and plastid genome expressions establishes the framework of both anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways. As the leaf develops from the shoot apical meristem, proplastids and etioplastids differentiate into chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are divided by a huge protein complex, also called the plastid-dividing (PD) machinery, and their division is also regulated by many factors to get an optimized number and size of chloroplasts in the cell. These processes are fundamental for the biogenesis and three-dimensional dynamic structure of chloroplasts. During the photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other cellular signals can be made. As an important metabolic hub of the plant cell, the chloroplast health has been found critical for a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, high light, cold, heat, oxidative stresses, phosphate deprivation, and programmed cell death at sites of infection. Therefore, a better understanding the responses of chloroplasts to these stresses is part of knowing how the plant itself responds. Ultimately, this knowledge will be necessary to engineer crops more resistant to common stresses. With the current global environment changes, world population growth, and the pivotal role of chloroplasts in carbon metabolism, it is of great significance to represent the advancement in this field, for science and society. Tremendous progresses have been made in the field of chloroplast biology in recent years. Through concerted efforts from the community, greater discoveries definitely will emerge in the future.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; envelope ; development ; chloroplast ; thylakoid ; Photosynthesis ; Lipid ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    The Role of Aire, microRNAs and Cell-Cell Interactions on Thymic Architecture and Induction of Tolerance (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The focus of this eBook is to bring new insights into central immune tolerance. To fulfill that, much has been discussed about the master in the regulation of tolerance, the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene the main thymus cell type that expresses this gene, the medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). It includes one Editorial and 12 other excellent contributions in the format of mini reviews or original research papers covering one or more of these aspects: promiscuous gene expression (PGE), epigenetics, miRNAs, association of the Aire gene and miRNAs, thymocyte–TEC interaction, coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes, exosomes in the thymus, thymic crosstalk, thymic B cells, T cell development, chemokines and migration of T cells, miRNAs and the thymic atrophy, cell–cell interactions, and thymus ontogeny. Authors raised hypothesis, discuss concepts, and show open questions. The remaining important issues to resolve questions within the central tolerance research are briefly discussed below.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; thymic crosstalk ; Central Tolerance ; promiscuous gene expression ; Aire gene ; cell-cell interaction ; thymocyte ; microRNA ; Thymic B cell ; Chemokines ; Thymus ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Health and Disease (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for proper development, homeostasis and termination of immune responses in multicellular organisms. Thus, cellular and molecular players taking part in the sequential events of this process are of great interest. Research in the last 20 years has indicated that specific ligands and receptors take part in the attraction of immune cells toward apoptotic targets and in the interactions between apoptotic cells and professional as well as non-professional phagocytes that engulf them. Moreover, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) leads to significant phenotypic changes in the engulfing cells suggesting that it is a major fate-determining event for phagocytes. Particularly, efferocytosis has an important impact on the inflammation-resolution axis as well as embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis. Deficiencies in these processes can result in health threats, such as autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, bone loss, obesity, infertility, neurodegeneration, fibrosis and cancer. This eBook brings together 24 original research and review manuscripts that cover various aspects of apoptotic cell removal during normal development and homeostasis as well as in tumorigenesis and regenerative processes following injury.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Phagocytes ; immune-regulation ; development ; Efferocytosis ; Homeostasis ; neurodegeneration ; tumorigenesis ; Apoptosis ; receptor-ligand interactions ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Dendritic Cell Control of Immune Responses (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Dendritic cells (DC) are among the first cells to encounter pathogens and damage in peripheral tissues and, upon activation, DC migrate to lymph nodes where they activate and educate T cells to initiate and shape the immune response. DC present pathogen-derived antigen to T cells and drive T cell differentiation into particular effector cells through the expression and secretion of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines respectively. The study of DC biology has included the identification of multiple DC subsets in tissues and lymphoid organs, the differentiation and plasticity of DC subsets, the functional consequences of DC interaction with pathogen, control of DC migratory properties and the impact of DC on T cell activation and differentiation. In recent years sophisticated systems biology approaches have been developed to deepen our understanding of DC function. These studies have identified differences between DC subsets located in various tissues and critical factors that drive the outcome of the interaction between DC and T cells. DC are currently being used in in various clinical therapeutic settings, including as vaccines for cancer and autoimmune disease. A clear understanding of DC factors that contribute to specific immune responses is vital to the success of DC based therapies. This research topic will give a comprehensive overview of current issues in DC biology and provides an update on the clinical uses of DC in the therapy of autoimmunity and cancer.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Autoimmunity ; Dendritic Cells ; Immune Regulation ; T cells ; Cancer ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Tailoring NK Cell Receptor-Ligand Interactions: an Art in Evolution. 2nd Edition (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Recognition and killing of aberrant, infected or tumor targets by Natural Killer (NK) cells is mediated by positive signals transduced by activating receptors upon engagement of ligands on target surface. These stimulatory pathways are counterbalanced by inhibitory receptors that raise NK cell activation threshold through negative antagonist signals. While regulatory effects are necessary for physiologic control of autoimmune aggression, they may restrain the ability of NK cells to activate against disease. Overcoming this barrier to immune surveillance, multiple approaches to enhance NK-mediated responses are being investigated since two decades. Propelled by considerable advances in the understanding of NK cell biology, these studies are critical for effective translation of NK-based immunotherapy principles into the clinic. In humans, dominant inhibitory signals are transduced by Killer Immunoglobulin Like Receptors (KIR) recognizing cognate HLA class I on target cells. Conversely, KIR recognition of “missing self-HLA” - due to HLA loss or HLA/ KIR mismatch - triggers NK-mediated tumor rejection. Initially observed in murine transplant models, these antitumor effects were later found to have important implications for the clinical outcome of haplotype-mismatched stemcell transplantation. Here, donor NK subsets protect against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse through missing self recognition of donor HLA-C allele groups (C1 or C2) and/or Bw4 epitope. These studies were subsequently extended by trials investigating the antileukemia effects of adoptively transferred haplotype-mismatched NK cells in non-transplant settings. Other mechanisms have been found to induce clinically relevant NK cell alloreactivity in transplantation, e.g., post-reconstitution functional reversal of anergic NK cells. More recently, activating KIR came into the spotlight for their potential ability to directly activate donor NK cells through in vivo recognition of HLA or other ligands. Novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) may optimize NK-mediated effects. Examples include obinutuzumab (GA101), a glyco-engineered anti-CD20 mAb with increased affinity for the FcγRIIIA receptor, enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; lirilumab (IPH2102), a first-in-class NK-specific checkpoint inhibitor, blocking the interaction between the major KIR and cognate HLA-C antigens; and elotuzumab (HuLuc63), a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for SLAMF7, whose anti-myeloma therapeutic effects are partly due to direct activation of SLAMF7-expressing NK cells. In addition to conventional antibodies, NK cell-targeted bispecific (BiKEs) and trispecific (TriKEs) killer engagers have also been developed. These proteins elicit potent effector functions by binding target ligands (e.g., CD19, CD22, CD30, CD133, HLA class II, EGFR) on one arm and NK receptors on the other. An additional innovative approach to direct NK cell activity is genetic reprogramming with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). To date, primary NK cells and the NK92 cell line have been engineered with CAR specific for antigens expressed on multiple tumors. Encouraging preclinical results warrant further development of this approach. This Research Topic welcomes contributions addressing mechanisms of NK-mediated activation in response to disease as well as past and contemporary strategies to enhance NK mediated reactivity through control of the interactions between NK receptors and their ligands.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Chimeric antigen receptors ; Checkpoint inhibitors ; NK receptors ; Immunotherapy ; Transplantation ; Natural killer cells ; Immune evasion ; Cancer ; Bispecific antibodies ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Ethylene: A Key Regulatory Molecule in Plants (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Ethylene is a simple gaseous phytohormone with multiple roles in regulation of metabolism at cellular, molecular, and whole plant level. It influences performance of plants under optimal and stressful environments by interacting with other signaling molecules. Understanding the ethylene biosynthesis and action through the plant’s life can contribute to improve the knowledge of plant functionality and use of this plant hormone may drive adaptation and defense of plants from the adverse environmental conditions. The action of ethylene depends on its concentration in cell and the sensitivity of plants to the hormone. In recent years, research on ethylene has been focused, due to its dual action, on the regulation of plant processes at physiological and molecular level. The involvement of ethylene in the regulation of transcription needs to be widely explored involving the interaction with other key molecular regulators. The aim of the current research topic was to explore and update our understanding on its regulatory role in plant developmental mechanisms at cellular or whole plant level under optimal and changing environmental conditions. The present edited volume includes original research papers and review articles describing ethylene’s regulatory role in plant development during plant ontogeny and also explains how it interacts with biotic and abiotic stress factors. This comprehensive collection of researches provide evidence that ethylene is essential in different physiological processes and does not always work alone, but in coordinated manner with other plant hormones. This research topic is also a source of tips for further works that should be addressed for the biology and molecular effects on plants.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Ethylene ; Phytohormones ; Tolerance ; Physiology ; Metaboilsm ; Signaling molecules ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
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    The Origin of the Plasma Cell Heterogeneity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated B-cells producing large amounts of immunoglobulins (Ig). In humans, most of circulating Ig are produced by bone marrow plasma cells. PCs differentiate from activated naïve or memory B-cells usually activated by specific antigens. It is still controversial whether the regulation of PCs numbers and the “active” in vivo Ig diversity depend or not on non-specific reactivation of B-cells during infections. Depending on the stimulus (T-independent/T-dependent antigen, cytokines, partner cells) and B-cell types (naïve or memory, circulating or germinal center, lymph nodes or spleen, B1 or B2...), both the phenotype and isotype of PCs differ suggesting that PC diversity is either linked to B-cell diversity or to the type of stimulus or to both. Knowledge of the mechanisms supporting PC diversity has important consequences for the management of i) plasma cell neoplasia such as Multiple Myeloma and Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, ii) vaccine protection against pathogens and iii) auto-immune diseases.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; IL21 ; Autoimmunity ; differentiation ; Cell Cycle ; B-cell ; Plasma cell ; Myeloma ; Autophagy ; B1 ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Why vaccines to HIV, HCV and Malaria have so far failed - Challenges to developing vaccines against immunoregulating pathogens (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Despite continuous progress in the development of anti-viral and anti-bacterial/parasite drugs, the high cost of medicines and the potential for re-infection, especially in high risk groups, suggest that protective vaccines to some of the most dangerous persistent infections are still highly desirable. There are no vaccines available for HIV, HCV and Malaria, and all attempts to make a broadly effective vaccine have failed so far. In this Research Topic we look into why vaccines have failed over the years, and what we have learn from these attempts. Rather than only showing positive results, this issue aims to reflect on failed efforts in vaccine development. Coming to understand our limitations will have theoretical and practical implications for the future development of vaccines to these major global disease burdens.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; influenza ; HIV ; Malaria ; Infectious Disease ; Genetics ; Vaccine ; HCV ; immunology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Phenomics (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: "Phenomics" is an emerging area of research whose aspiration is the systematic measurement of the physical, physiological and biochemical traits (the phenome) belonging to a given individual or collection of individuals. Non-destructive or minimally invasive techniques allow repeated measurements across time to follow phenotypes as a function of developmental time. These longitudinal traits promise new insights into the ways in which crops respond to their environment including how they are managed. To maximize the benefit, these approaches should ideally be scalable so that large populations in multiple environments can be sampled repeatedly at reasonable cost. Thus, the development and validation of non-contact sensing technologies remains an area of intensive activity that ranges from Remote Sensing of crops within the landscape to high resolution at the subcellular level. Integration of this potentially highly dimensional data and linking it with variation at the genetic level is an ongoing challenge that promises to release the potential of both established and under-exploited crops.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; RGB data ; Multispectral imaging ; RGB image analysis ; artificial vision ; Phenomics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Recent Advances of Epigenetics in Crop Biotechnology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Epigenetics is a new field that explains gene expression at the chromatin structure and organization level. Three principal epigenetic mechanisms are known and hundreds of combinations among them can develop different phenotypic characteristics. DNA methylation, histone modifications and small RNAs have been identified, and their functions are being studied in order to understand the mechanisms of interaction and regulation among the different biological processes in plants. Although, fundamental epigenetic mechanisms in crop plants are beginning to be elucidated, the comprehension of the different epigenetic mechanisms, by which plant gene regulation and phenotype are modified, is a major topic to develop in the near future in order to increase crop productivity. Thus, the importance of epigenetics in improving crop productivity is undoubtedly growing. Current research on epigenetics suggest that DNA methylation, histone modifications and small RNAs are involved in almost every aspect of plant life including agronomically important traits such as flowering time, fruit development, responses to environmental factors, defense response and plant growth. The aim of this Research Topic is to explore the recent advances concerning the role of epigenetics in crop biotechnology, as well as to enhance and promote interactions among high quality researchers from different disciplines such as genetics, cell biology, pathology, microbiology, and evolutionary biology in order to join forces and decipher the epigenetic mechanisms in crop productivity.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Biotechnology ; DNA Methylation ; small non-coding RNAs ; crop ; epigenetics ; Histone posttranslational modifications ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Lipid Signalling In Plant Development And Responses To Environmental Stresses (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In response to environmental stresses, or during development, plant cells will produce lipids that will act as intracellular or intercellular mediators. Glycerophospholipid and/or sphingolipid second messengers resulting from the action of lipid metabolizing enzymes (e.g. lipid-kinases or lipases) are commonly found within cells. The importance of such mediating lipids in plants has become increasingly apparent. Responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and to plant hormones, all appear to involve and require lipid signals. Likewise, developmental processes, in particular polarized growth, seem also to involve signalling lipids. Amongst these lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) has received the most attention. It can be produced by phospholipases D, but also by diacylglycerol kinases coupled to phospholipases C. Proteins that bind phosphatidic acid, and for which the activity is altered upon binding, have been identified. Furthermore, other lipids are also important in signalling processes. PA can be phosphorylated into diacylglycerol-pyrophosphate, and plants are one of the first biological models where the production of this lipid has been reported, and its implication in signal transduction have been demonstrated. PA can also be deacylated into lyso- phosphatidic acid. The phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, i.e. the phosphoinositides, can act as substrate of phospholipases C, but are also mediating lipids per se, since proteins that bind them have been identified. Other important lipid mediators belong to the sphingolipid family such the phosphorylated phytosphingosine, or long-chain bases. Many questions remain unanswered concerning lipid signalling in plants. Understanding and discussing current knowledge on these mechanisms will provide insights into plant mechanisms in response to constraints, either developmental or environmental.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; lipid-kinases ; Inositolphosphates ; diacylglycerolpyrophosphate ; Phospholipases ; phosphatidic acid ; lipid signaling ; phosphoinositides ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Agrobacterium biology and its application to transgenic plant production (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The broad host range pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been widely studied as a model system to understand horizontal gene flow, secretion of effector proteins into host cells, and plant-pathogen interactions. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation also is the major method for generating transgenic plants for research and biotechnology purposes. Agrobacterium species have the natural ability to conduct interkingdom genetic transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes, including most plant species, yeast, fungi, and even animal cells. In nature, A. tumefaciens causes crown gall disease resulting from expression in plants of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis genes encoded by the transferred (T-) DNA. Gene transfer from A. tumefaciens to host cells requires virulence (vir) genes that reside on the resident tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. In addition to T-DNA, several Virulence (Vir) effector proteins are also translocated to host cells through a bacterial type IV secretion system. These proteins aid in T-DNA trafficking through the host cell cytoplasm, nuclear targeting, and T-DNA integration. Genes within native T-DNAs can be replaced by any gene of interest, making Agrobacterium species important tools for plant research and genetic engineering. In this research topic, we provided updated information on several important areas of Agrobacterium biology and its use for biotechnology purposes.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Agrobacterium ; crown gall ; Quorum Sensing ; plant defense ; T DNA ; Virulence ; Biofilm ; Attachment ; genetic transformation ; Membrane lipid ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Mucosal Wound Healing (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: 80% of the bodies’ immune cells are harbored within the intestine. They are only separated from 1014 microorganisms by a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a secreted superficial mucus layer. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial surface represents a main frontier in host defense. Providing an intact mucosal barrier is vital for the host to limit bacterial entry and spread to the circulation. This specialized localization requires dynamic responses of intestinal epithelial cells to both pathogen- and immune-derived signals. Moreover, emergency barriers are needed in the setting of epithelial damage, which allow provisional microbial control and a timely restitution of mucosal integrity. Epithelial cells constantly interact with subjacent immune cells and fibroblasts, actively directing the immune response and also shaping the luminal microbiota. Epithelial dysfunction has been appreciated in recent years as a driving element in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Additionally, primary immune deficiencies may manifest in the form of chronic intestinal inflammation mimicking features of IBD. Recent advances in the techniques of epithelial cell culture and the discovery of new immune cell types and cellular properties have tremendously advanced the understanding in this interesting field of research. In this research topic, we want to focus on the complex interaction of intestinal epithelial cells, luminal flora and adjacent immune cells and invite manuscripts which highlight the dynamic responses of both epithelium and immune cells under steady-state or inflammatory conditions, and envision how this may be translated to the benefit of patient-care.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; lymphocytes ; inflammatory bowel diseases ; immune system ; intestinal epithelium ; mucosal immunity
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    From soil to seed: micronutrient movement into and within the plant (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In all living organisms, essential micronutrients are cofactors of many ubiquitous proteins that participate in crucial metabolic pathways, but can also be toxic when present in excessive concentrations. In order to achieve correct homeostasis, plants need to control uptake of metals from the environment, their distribution to organs and tissues, and their subcellular compartmentalization. They also have to avoid deleterious accumulation of metals and metalloids such as Cd, As and Al. These multiple steps are controlled by their transport across various membrane structures and their storage in different organelles. Thus, integration of these transport systems required for micronutrient trafficking within the plant is necessary for physiological processes to work efficiently. To cope with the variable availability of micronutrients, plants have evolved an intricate collection of physiological and developmental processes, which are under tight control of short- and long-range signaling pathways. Understanding how plants perceive and deal with different micronutrient concentrations, from regulation to active transport, is important to completing the puzzle of plant metal homeostasis. This is an essential area of research, with several implications for plant biology, agriculture and human nutrition. There is a rising interest in developing plants that efficiently mobilize specific metals and prosper in soils with limited micronutrient availability, as well as those that can selectively accumulate beneficial micronutrients in the edible parts while avoiding contaminants such as Cd and As. However, there is still an important gap in our understanding of how nutrients reach the seeds and the relative contribution of each step in the long pathway from the rhizosphere to the seed. Possible rate-limiting steps for micronutrient accumulation in grains should be the primary targets of biotechnological interventions aiming at biofortification. Over the last 10 years, many micronutrient uptake- and transport-related processes have been identified at the molecular and physiological level. The systematic search for mutants and transcriptional responses has allowed analysis of micronutrient-signaling pathways at the cellular level, whereas physiological approaches have been particularly useful in describing micronutrient-signaling processes at the organ and whole-plant level. Large-scale elemental profiling using high-throughput analytical methodologies and their integration with both bioinformatics and genetic tools, along with metal speciation, have been used to decipher the functions of genes that control micronutrients homeostasis. In this research topic, we will follow the pathway of metal movement from the soil to the seed and describe the suggested roles of identified gene products in an effort to understand how plants acquire micronutrients from the soil, how they partition among different tissues and subcellular organelles, and how they regulate their deficiency and overload responses. We also highlight the current work on heavy metals and metalloids uptake and accumulation, the studies on metal selectivity in transporters and the cross-talk between micro and macronutrients. Thus, we believe a continued dialogue and sharing of ideas amongst plant scientists is critical to a better understanding of metal movement into and within the plant.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; Ubiquitination ; mineral accumulation ; biofortification ; Remobilization ; uptake ; partitioning ; transport ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    New Therapies and Immunological Findings in Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: New therapies are currently being developed in the field of skin cancer. In particular, advances in melanoma now represent the frontline of cancer immunotherapy, as immunological findings in the disease have led to the development of highly effective immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, these immune-checkpoint inhibitors are only effective in a subset of patients, and may not work in other skin cancer types, thus highlighting the need for further innovation in the field of skin cancer treatment. The purpose of this Research Topic is therefore to provide an up-to-date overview of immune processes and new therapies for melanoma and other skin cancers in order to further stimulate the development of new and even more successful treatments.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; RC254-282 ; skin cancer ; immunotherapy ; melanoma ; cell carcinoma ; oncology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Harnessing oncolytic virus-mediated immunity (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a promising anticancer treatment. OVs selectively infect, replicate in, and kill tumor cells. Oncolytic viral therapy occurs in two phases: an initial phase where the virus mediates direct oncolysis of tumor cells, and a second phase where an induced post-oncolytic immune response continues to mediate tumor destruction and retards progression of the disease. For a long time, the therapeutic efficacy was thought to depend mainly on the direct viral oncolysis based on their tumor selective replication and killing activities. But the post-oncolytic anti-tumor activity induced by the OV therapy is also a key factor for an efficient therapeutic activity. The topic adresses various strategies how to optimize OVs anti-tumor activity.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; RC254-282 ; anti-tumor activity ; immunovirotherapy ; oncolytic virus ; oncolytic virotherapy ; tumor-associated antigen ; immunotherapeutic approaches ; anti-viral response ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Advances and Trends in Development of Plant Factories (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The plant factory is a facility that aids the steady production of high-quality vegetables all year round by artificially controlling the cultivation environment (e.g., light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and culture solution), allowing growers to plan production. By controlling theinternal environment,plant factories can produce vegetables about two to four times faster than by typical outdoor cultivation. In addition, as multiple cultivation shelves (a multi-shelf system) are used, the mass production of vegetables in a small space is facilitated. This research topic presents some new trends on intelligent measuring systems; environment controlled and optimization; favonoids; phenylpropanoids, transcriptomes, and bacteria.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Genetic Engineering ; Environment Controlled and Optimization ; biofertilizers ; pharmaceuticals ; Intelligent systems ; plant factories ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Novel Aspects of Nucleolar Functions in Plant Growth and Development (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The nucleolus is a prominent nuclear domain that is common to eukaryotes. Since the nucleolus was first described in the 1830s, its identity had remained a mystery for longer than 100 years. Major advances in understanding of the nucleolus were achieved through electron microscopic and biochemical studies in the 1960s to 1970s followed by molecular biological studies. These studies finally established the view of the nucleolus that it is a large aggregate of RNA-protein complexes associated with the rRNA gene region of chromosome DNA, serving mainly as a site of ribosome biogenesis, where pre-rRNA transcription, pre-rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly occur. This function of the nucleolus appears to indicate that the nucleolus plays a constitutive and essential role in fundamental cellular activities by producing ribosomes. Recent research has shown, however, that the nucleolus is more dynamic and can have more specific and wider functions. In plants, nucleolar functions have been implicated in developmental regulations and environmental responses by accumulating pieces of evidence obtained mostly from genetic studies of nucleolar factor-related mutants. Comprehensive analysis of nucleolar proteins and molecular cytological characterization of sub-nucleolar and peri-nucelolar bodies have also provided new insights into behaviors and functions of the plant nucleolus.〈/p〉In this Research Topic, we would like to collect physiological and molecular links between the nucleolus to plant growth and development, shed light on novel aspects of nucleolar functions beyond its classical view, and stimulate research activities focusing on the nucleolus across various fields of plant science, including molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, developmental biology, physiology, and evolutionary biology.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; environmental response ; development ; plant ; nucleolus ; growth ; ribosome biogenesis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Grassland-Invertebrate Interactions: Plant Productivity; Resilience and Community Dynamics (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Natural and anthropogenic grasslands such as prairies, meadows, rangelands, and pastures cover more than 40% of the planet’s surface and provide a wealth of ecological services. Grasslands alone store one third of the global carbon stocks and grass roots, through their specific architectures, ensure water cycling and prevent the erosion of fertile topsoil. In addition, grasslands are of vital importance for human food production as vast areas of rangelands and pastures provide feed for livestock. Pastoral legumes mobilize atmospheric nitrogen and improve fertility of arable soils. Not least, grasslands are an essential genetic resource. The three major crop species that feed half of the global population have been bred from wild grasses. Ancestors of our contemporary turf cultivars, common components of urban landscapes and recreation spaces, originated from wild grasslands. Although natural and managed grasslands represent pivotal ecosystems, many aspects of how they function are poorly understood. To date, most attention has focused on grassland primary producers (i.e. forage plants) and mammalian grazers but invertebrates are likely to play an equally, if not more important role in grassland ecosystem functioning. In Australian pastures, for example, the biomass of root-feeding scarab beetles can often exceed that of sheep and plant damage caused by invertebrates is sometimes equivalent to an average dairy cow’s grass consumption. Indeed, grasslands are one of the most densely populated ecosystems with invertebrates being probably the most important engineers that shape both plant communities and the grassland as a whole. In a rapidly changing world with increasing anthropogenic pressure on grasslands, this Research Topic focuses on: 1. How grassland habitats shape invertebrate biodiversity 2. Impacts of climate change on grassland-invertebrate interactions 3. Plant and invertebrate pest monitoring and management 4. Plant-mediated multitrophic interactions and biological control in grasslands 5. Land use and grassland invertebrates 6. Plant resistance to invertebrate pests Given the increasing demand for food and land for human habitation, unprecedented threats to grasslands are anticipated. Resilient to some extent, these key ecosystems need to be better comprehended to guarantee their sustainable management and ecosystem services.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; QH540-549.5 ; Q1-390 ; plant defense ; grassland management ; root ; plant-insect interaction ; pest management ; grassland ecology ; insect pest ; climate change ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Relevance of Translational Regulation on Plant Growth and Environmental Responses (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Plants, as sessile organisms, are exposed to a large array of challenging external and internal alterations that may restrict plant growth. These limiting growth conditions activate plant signalling responses which eventually target the protein synthesis machinery to rapidly reprogram plant metabolism to adapt to the new situation. Thus, the control of mRNA translation is one key regulatory step of gene expression and it is an essential molecular mechanism used by plants to bring about impressive growth plasticity. Compared to the vast number of studies aimed to identify plant transcriptional changes upon hormonal or environmental cues, the subsequent steps of mRNA transport, stability, storage, and eventually translational regulation, have been less studied in plants. This lack of knowledge concerns not only the fate of protein-coding transcripts in plants, but also the biogenesis and maturation of rRNAs, tRNAs and the plant translation factors involved. In this eBook we have focused on how internal cues and external signals of either biotic or abiotic origin impact translation to adjust plant growth and development. We have collected altogether ten scientific contributions to extend the knowledge on plant post-transcriptional and translational events that regulate the production of proteins that execute the required cellular functions. We hope that this compilation of original research articles and reviews will provide the readers with a detailed update on the state of knowledge in this field, and also with additional motivation to improve plant growth adaptation to future environmental challenges.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; mRNA translation ; post-transcriptional regulation ; translatome ; translation factors ; organellar gene expression ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Quality of Horticultural Crops: A Recurrent/New Challenge for Plant Scientists in a Changing World (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Besides increasing crop yield to feed the growing population, improving crop quality is a challenging and key issue. Indeed, quality determines consumer acceptability and increases the attractivity of fresh and processed products. In this respect, fruit and vegetables, which represent a main source of vitamins and other health compounds, play a major role in human diet. This is the case in developing countries where populations are prone to nutritional deficiencies, but this is also a pending issue worldwide, where the growing middle class is increasingly aware and in search of healthy food. So a future challenge for the global horticultural industry will be to answer the demand for better quality food in a changing environment, where many resources will be limited. This e-collection collates state-of-the-art research on the quality of horticultural crops, covering the underlying physiological processes, the genetic and environmental controls during plant and organ development and the postharvest evolution of quality during storage and processing.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; pre- and post-harvest ; modeling ; ripening ; fruit ; taste ; grafting ; horticultural crops ; vegetable ; health value ; aroma ; quality ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Structural and computational glycobiology: immunity and infection (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Interest in understanding the biological role of carbohydrates has increased significantly over the last 20 years. The use of structural techniques to understand carbohydrate-protein recognition is still a relatively young area, but one that is of emerging importance. The high flexibility of carbohydrates significantly complicates the determination of high quality structures of their complexes with proteins. Specialized techniques are often required to understand the complexity of carbohydrate recognition by proteins. In this Research Topic, we will focus on structural and computational approaches to understanding carbohydrate recognition by proteins involved in immunity and infection. Particular areas of focus include cancer immunotherapeutics, carbohydrate-lectin interactions, glycosylation and glycosyltransferases.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; infection ; signaling ; molecular modeling ; cancer immunotherapy ; lectins ; molecular recognition ; structural biology ; glycobiology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Is the Recent Burst of Therapeutic Anti-Tumor Antibodies the Tip of an Iceberg? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The high effectiveness of antibodies as anti-tumor therapeutic agents has led to a burst of research aiming to increase their therapeutic applications by the use of antibodies against new targets, new antibody formats or new combinations. In this e-book we present relevant research depicting the current efforts in the field.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; antibody formats ; anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies ; checkpoint antibodies ; Immunotherapy ; therapeutic antibodies ; effective cancer therapies ; antibodies in combinations ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    How Can Secretomics Help Unravel the Secrets of Plant-Microbe Interactions? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Secretomics describes the global study of proteins that are secreted by a cell, a tissue or an organism, and has recently emerged as a field for which interest is rapidly growing. The term secretome was first coined at the turn of the millennium and was defined to comprise not only the native secreted proteins released into the extracellular space but also the components of machineries for protein secretion. Two secretory pathways have been described in fungi: i) the canonical pathway through which proteins bearing a N-terminal peptide signal can traverse the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and ii) the unconventional pathway for proteins lacking a peptide signal. Protein secretion systems are more diverse in bacteria, in which types I to VII pathways as well as Sec or two-arginine (Tat) pathways have been described. In oomycete species, effectors are mostly small proteins containing an N-terminal signal peptide for secretion and additional C-terminal motifs such as RXLRs and CRNs for host targeting. It has recently been shown that oomycetes exploit non-conventional secretion mechanisms to transfer certain proteins to the extracellular environment. Other non-classical secretion systems involved in plant-fugal interaction include extracellular vesicles (EVs, Figure 1 from Samuel et al 2016 Front. Plant Sci. 6:766.). The versatility of oomycetes, fungi and bacteria allows them to associate with plants in many ways depending on whether they are biotroph, hemibiotroph, necrotroph, or saprotroph. When interacting with a live organism, a microbe will invade its plant host and manipulate its metabolisms either detrimentally if it is a pathogen or beneficially if it is a symbiote. Deciphering secretomes became a crucial biological question when an increasing body of evidence indicated that secreted proteins were the main effectors initiating interactions, whether of pathogenic or symbiotic nature, between microbes and their plant hosts. Secretomics may help to contribute to the global food security and to the ecosystem sustainability by addressing issues in i) plant biosecurity, with the design of crops resistant to pathogens, ii) crop yield enhancement, for example driven by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helping plant hosts utilise phosphate from the soil hence increase biomass, and iii) renewable energy, through the identification of microbial enzymes able to augment the bio-conversion of plant lignocellulosic materials for the production of second generation biofuels that do not compete with food production. To this day, more than a hundred secretomics studies have been published on all taxa and the number of publications is increasing steadily. Secretory pathways have been described in various species of microbes and/or their plant hosts, yet the functions of proteins secreted outside the cell remain to be fully grasped. This Research Topic aims at discussing how secretomics can assist the scientists in gaining knowledge about the mechanisms underpinning plant-microbe interactions.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; secretomics ; extracellular proteins ; Host-fungi interactions ; Secretome ; pathogenic fungi ; Virulence Factors ; protein effectors ; Diseases ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Significance of antigen and epitope specificity in tuberculosis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Dissection of the specificity of host immune responses following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is essential for designing effective vaccination and diagnostic biomarkers as well as for better understanding of immunopathogenesis of active tuberculosis. The articles in this volume of the Topics in Microbial Immunology review the significance of this area of research from both experimental models and clinical surveys. This includes T cell recognition of MHC permissive epitopes, use of algorithms for genome-based prediction of immunodominant epitopes, evaluation of candidate antigens/epitopes and adjuvants for vaccination and immunodiagnosis. Future research strategies indicate the need for better understanding of the relationship between epitope specificity and the phenotype of responding T cells and search for biomarkers with a capacity to discriminate and predict the change from latent infection to active disease. These research avenues have important potentials for improving the prevention and control of tuberculosis.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Antigens ; Tuberculosis ; bacterial ; MHC restriction ; TB diagnosis ; T-lymphocyte ; vaccine adjuvant ; Epitopes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Regulation of immune system cell functions by protein kinase C (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of Ser/Thr kinases are encoded by nine distinct but closely related genes, which give rise to more than 12 different protein isoforms via a mechanism of alternative RNA splicing. Most PKC proteins are ubiquitously expressed and participate in a plethora of functions in most cell types. A majority of PKC isoforms is also expressed in cells of the immune system in which they are involved in signal transduction downstream of a range of surface receptors, including the antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes. PKC proteins are central to signal initiation and propagation, and to the regulation of processes leading to immune cell proliferation, differentiation, homing and survival. As a result, PKC proteins directly impact on the quality and quantity of immune responses and indirectly on the host resistance to pathogens and tendency to develop immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases. A significant progress was made in recent years in understanding the regulation of PKC enzymes, their mechanism of action and their role in determining immunocyte behavior This volume reviews the most significant contributions made in the field of immune cell regulation by PKC enzymes. Several manuscripts are devoted to the role of distinct PKC isoforms in the regulation of selected immunocyte responses. Additional manuscripts review more general mechanisms of regulation of PKC enzymes, either by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or controlled proteolysis, or by interaction with different binding proteins that may alter the conformation, activity and subcellular location of PKC. Both types of mechanisms can introduce conformational changes in the molecule, which may affect its ability to interact with cofactors, ATP, or substrates. This topic will be followed by a discussion on the positive and negative impact of individual PKC isoforms on cell cycle regulation. A second section of this volume concentrates on selected topics relevant to role of the novel PKC isoform, PKC-theta, in T lymphocyte function. PKC-theta plays important and some non-redundant roles in T cell activation and is a key isoform that recruits to the immunological synapse - the surface membrane area in T cells that comes in direct contact with antigen presenting cells. The immunological synapse is formed in T cells within seconds following the engagement of the TCR by a peptide-bound MHC molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It serves as a platform for receptors, adaptor proteins, and effector molecules, which assemble into multimolecular activation complexes required for signal transduction. The unique ability of PKC-theta to activate the NF-kB, AP-1 and NF-AT transcription factors is well established, and recent studies contributed essential information on the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of PKC-theta to the center of the immunological synapse and the nature of its substrates and the role of their phosphorylated forms in signal transduction. Additional review manuscripts will describe the unique behavior of PKC-theta in regulatory T cells and its role in the regulation of other cell populations, including those of the innate immune response. This volume brings together leading experts from different disciplines that review the most recent discoveries and offer new perspectives on the contributions of PKC isoforms to biochemical processes and signaling events in different immune cell populations and their impact on the overall host immune response.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; T cell activation ; lymphocyte stimulation ; cell growth regulation ; Protein Kinase C ; signal transduction pathways ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Reversible Ubiquitylation in Plant Biology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Reversible ubiquitylation plays an important regulatory role in almost all aspects of cellular and organismal processes in plants. Its pervasive regulatory role in plant biology is primarily due to the involvement of a large set of ubiquitin system constituents (encoded by approximately 6% Arabidopsis genome), the huge number of important cellular proteins targeted as substrates, and various drastic effects on the modified proteins. The major components of the ubiquitin system include a large set of enzymes and proteins involved in ubiquitin conjugation (E1s, E2s, and E3s) and deconjugation (deubiquitinases of different classes) and post ubiquitin conjugation components such as ubiquitin receptors, endocytic machineries, and 26S proteasome. The established substrates include transcriptional activators and repressors, signaling components, key metabolic enzymes, and critical mechanistic components of major cellular processes and regulatory mechanisms. Post-translational modification of proteins by reversible ubiquitylation could drastically affects the modified proteins by proteolytic processing and turnover, altering catalytic activity, subcellular targeting, and protein-protein interaction. Continued efforts are being carried out to identify novel substrates critical for various cellular and organismal processes, to determine effects of reversible ubiquitylation on the modified substrates, to determine signaling determinants triggering reversible ubiquitylation of specific substrates, to illustrate individual components of the ubiquitin system for their in vivo functions and involved mechanistic roles, and to determine mechanistic roles of modification acting on critical components of major cellular processes and regulatory mechanisms. The aim of this special topic is to serve as a platform to report most recent advances on those above listed current research endeavors. We welcome article types including original research, review, mini review, method, and perspective/opinion/hypothesis.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; Ubiquitin ; ubiquitin ligase ; plant innate immunity ; NEDD8/RUB ; self-incompatibility ; deubiquitination ; histone ; abiotic stress ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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    Macrophages Role in Integrating Tissue Signals and Biological Processes in Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Macrophages comprehend a heterogeneous mononuclear phagocytic population with wide range phenotypes and roles in homeostasis maintenance and diseases, such as infections, autoimmunity and cancer. Technology improvements enable researchers to track different macrophage populations in different tissues and situations and hypothesize on their role in promoting inflammation or stimulating tissue repair. Through innate immune recognition system macrophages can launch several effector artilleries that culminate in the production of various types of inflammatory mediators as cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and oxygen reactive species, which in turn, influence the behavior of other cells. Furthermore, macrophages and interacting cells are also susceptible to metabolic changes that ultimately will define the outcome macrophage signaling and its effect in the tissue. Here, we present a concise series of discussions on the role of macrophages, its response to the microenvironment and effects on other cells during tissue injury and repair. Triggering of inflammasome in macrophage activation and function is of special interest in this issue. We will emphasize the role of different macrophage subpopulations and the plasticity of these cells during fibrotic process in different models of diseases.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; macrophage subtypes ; inflammation ; chronic diseases ; fibrosis ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Transplant Rejection and Tolerance: Advancing the Field through Integration of Computational and Experimental Investigations (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Organ transplantation is a life-saving surgical procedure through which the functionality of a failing organ system can be restored. However, without the life-long administration of immunosuppressive drugs, the recipient’s immune system will launch a massive immune attack that will ultimately destroy the graft. Although successful at protecting the graft from an immune attack, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs leads to serious complications (e.g., increased risk of infection, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer). Moreover, recipients suffer from limited long-term graft survival rates due to the inability of current treatments to establish tolerance to the transplanted tissues. Thus, there is a great medical need to understand the complex network of immune system interactions that lead to transplant rejection so that new strategies of intervention can be determined that will redirect the system toward transplant acceptance while preserving immune competence against offending agents. In the past 20 years, the discovery and growing understanding of the positive and negative regulators of the activation of the immune system have fostered new interventional procedures targeting one or the other. While pre-clinical results proved the validity of these strategies, their clinical implementation has been troublesome. These results underscore the need for additional methods to determine the most effective interventions to prevent long-term transplant rejection. New tools of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are being implemented in powerful analyses that promise the development of better, safer personalized treatments. In parallel, theoretical modeling has emerged as a tool that transcends investigations of individual mechanistic processes and instead unravels the relevant mechanisms of complex systems such as the immune response triggered by a transplant. In this way, theoretical models can be used to identify important behavior that arises from complex systems and thereby delineate emergent properties of biological systems that could not be identified studying single components. Employing this approach, interdisciplinary collaborations among immunologists, mathematicians, and system biologists will yield novel perspectives in the development of more effective strategies of intervention. The aim of this Research Topic is to demonstrate how new insight and methods from theoretical and experimental studies of the immune response can aid in identifying new research directions in transplant immunology. First, techniques from various theoretical and experimental studies with applications to the immune response will be reviewed to determine how they can be adapted to explore the complexity of transplant rejection. Second, recent advances in the acquisition and mining of large data sets related to transplant genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics will be discussed in the context of their predictive power and potential for optimizing and personalizing patient treatment. Last, new perspectives will be offered on the integration of computational immune modeling with transplant and omics data to establish more effective strategies of intervention that promote transplant tolerance.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; systems biology ; theoretical modeling ; transplant immunology ; biomarkers ; big data and bioinformatics ; transplant rejection ; transplant tolerance ; mechanistic models ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Good News - Bad News: The Two Faces of Immune Privilege (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Immune privilege was once thought to be the property of a few select sites that include the eye, brain, testis, pregnant uterus and (of all things) the hamster cheek pouch, and was believed to be mainly based on sequestration behind blood-tissue barriers. This view has changed. Immune privilege is now considered to constitute a more general phenomenon through which tissues are able to actively direct and control immune responses taking place in their “territory” to preserve their structural and functional integrity in the face of inflammatory processes. These positive aspects of immune privilege can be hijacked by tumors to their survival advantage and to the detriment of the host. This Research Topic dissects the beneficial and deleterious consequences of immune privilege in terms of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that various tissues and tumors use, each in its own fashion, to regulate immune processes that affect them, at the local and the systemic level.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Eye ; Immune Privilege ; immune suppression ; tolerance ; regulatory cells ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Proceedings of ICI Milan 2013 (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: This Research Topic covers all of the major lectures and symposia addresses delivered by invited speakers at the 2013 International Congress in Immunology (ICI) at Milan, Italy, August 22-27, 2013.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; SIICA ; Milan ; IUIS ; ICI2013 ; immunology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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    Antibody Repertoire and Graft Outcome Following Solid Organ Transplantation (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: The first real major breakthrough that laid the basis of HLA antibody detection in the field of solid organ transplantation, came with the introduction of the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) test in 1964 by Terasaki and McClelland. Since then, methods for antibody detection have evolved remarkably from conventional cell-based assays to the current advanced solid phase systems on the Luminex platform, with increasing degree of sensitivity and specificity. The latter have been indispensable for more accurate identification of donor specific HLA antibodies in broadly reactive allo antisera, and to guide donor selection and kidney paired exchange programs through virtual crossmatching, in addition to serving as excellent tools for initiating pre-transplant desensitization and post- transplant antibody monitoring. Consensus is evolving on the optimal routine employment of these methods in donor selection strategies along with an understanding of the clinical relevance of antibodies detected by each of them. The immunoassays based on the Luminex platform and flow cytometric beads are however unable to discriminate complement fixing from non-complement fixing HLA antibodies. This is important because the former are considered clinically more pertinent in the peri-transplant period. The C1q assay which is a modification of the solid phase assay based on Luminex single antigen beads, which can be used effectively to monitor high dose IVIG desensitization is essentially a surrogate complement fixing assay, retaining the exquisite sensitivity and specificity of the Luminex platform. Currently, information obtained from these assays is preliminary and much needs to be done to standardize technologies and set a consensus ‘MFI cut off’ for antibody positivity. Besides the overriding influence of anti-HLA antibodies on overall solid organ graft survival, immune response to non-HLA antigens has become a topic of substantial interest in recent years. An ever expanding list of non-HLA antigens has been implicated in graft rejection for various organs, of which the most noted are the Major Histocompatibility Complex class I chain-related molecule A (MICA), Vimentin, Myosin, Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), Tubulin and Collagen. MICA is one of the most polymorphic and extensively studied non-HLA antigenic targets especially in renal transplantation. Although there are clear indications of MICA antibodies being associated with adverse graft outcome, to date a definitive consensus on this relationship has not been agreed. Because MICA molecules are not expressed constitutively on immunocompetent cells such as T and B lymphocytes, it is of utmost importance to address the impact of MICA donor specific antibodies (DSA) as compared to those that are non- donor specific (NDSA) on graft outcome. The soluble isoform of MICA molecule (sMICA) that is derived from the proteolytic shedding of membrane bound molecules has the potential to engage the NK-cell activating receptor NKG2D and down-regulate its expression. Consequent to the interaction of NKG2D by sMICA, the receptor ligand complex is endocytosed and degraded and thus suppresses NKG2D mediated lysis of the target by NK cells. Thus interaction between NKG2D and sMICA leads to expansion of immunosuppressive/anergic T cells thereby resulting in suppression of NKG2D mediated host innate immunity. These concept support the possible involvement of an immunosuppressive role for sMICA during allotransplantation as shown recently for heart transplantation. This research topic focuses on the clinical utility of investigating the complete antibody repertoire in solid organ transplantation.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; HLA matching ; donor specific antibodies ; antibody mediated rejection ; B cell immunity ; Graft outcome ; solid organ transplantation ; non HLA antibodies ; MICA antibodies ; antibody subclass ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Aquaporins: Dynamic Role and Regulation (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Aquaporins (AQPs), a class of integral membrane proteins, form channels facilitating movement of water and many other solutes. In solute transport systems of all living organisms including plants, animals and fungi, AQPs play a vital role. Plants contain a much higher number of AQP genes compared to animals, the likely consequence of genome duplication events and higher ploidy levels. As a result of duplication and subsequent diversification, plant AQPs have evolved several subfamilies with very diverse functions. Plant AQPs are highly selective for specific solutes because of their unique structural features. For instance, ar/R selectivity filters and NPA domains have been found to be key elements in governing solute permeability through the AQP channels. Combination of conserved motifs and specific amino acids influencing pore morphology appears to regulate the permeability of specific solutes such as water, urea, CO2, H2O2, boric acid, silicic acid and many more. The discovery of novel AQPs has been accelerated over the last few years with the increasing availability of genomic and transcriptomic data. The expanding number of well characterised AQPs provides opportunities to understand factors influencing water transport, nutritional uptake, and elemental balance. Homology-based search tools and phylogenetic analyses offer efficient strategies for AQP identification. Subsequent characterization can be based on different approaches involving proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomic tools. The combination of these technological advances make it possible to efficiently study the inter-dependency of AQPs, regulation through phosphorylation and reversible phosphorylation, networking with other transporters, structural features, pH gating systems, trafficking and degradation. Several studies have supported the role of AQPs in differential phenotypic responses to abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Crop improvement programs aiming for the development of cultivars with higher tolerance against stresses like drought, flooding, salinity and many biotic diseases, can explore and exploit the finely tuned AQP-regulated transport system. For instance, a promising approach in crop breeding programs is the utilization of genetic variation in AQPs for the development of stress tolerant cultivars. Similarly, transgenic and mutagenesis approaches provide an opportunity to better understand the AQP transport system with subsequent applications for the development of climate-smart drought-tolerant cultivars. The contributions to this Frontiers in Plant Science Research Topic have highlighted the evolution and phylogenetic distribution of AQPs in several plant species. Numerous aspects of regulation that seek to explain AQP-mediated transport system have been addressed. These contributions will help to improve our understanding of AQPs and their role in important physiological aspects and will bring AQP research closer to practical applications.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; protein interactions ; advanced tools ; Aquaporin evolution ; conserved motifs ; phylogeny ; solute specificity ; omics approaches ; transport system ; physiological processes ; biotic and abiotic stresses ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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    Abiotic Stresses in Agroecology: A Challenge for Whole Plant Physiology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Understanding plant responses to abiotic stresses is central to our ability to predict the impact of global change and environmental pollution on the production of food, feed and forestry. Besides increasing carbon dioxide concentration and rising global temperature, increasingly frequent and severe climatic events (e.g. extended droughts, heat waves, flooding) are expected in the coming decades. Additionally, pollution (e.g. heavy metals, gaseous pollutants such as ozone or sulfur dioxide) is an important factor in many regions, decreasing plant productivity and product quality. This Research topic focuses on stress responses at the level of whole plants, addressing biomass-related processes (development of the root system, root respiration/fermentation, leaf expansion, stomatal regulation, photosynthetic capacity, leaf senescence, yield) and interactions between organs (transport via xylem and phloem, long-distance signaling and secondary metabolites). Comparisons between species and between varieties of the same species are helpful to evaluate the potential for species selection and genetic improvement. This research topic is focused on the following abiotic stresses and interactions between them: - Increased carbon dioxide concentration in ambient air is an important parameter influenced by global change and affects photosynthesis, stomatal regulation, plant growth and finally yield. - Elevated temperature: both the steady rise in average temperature and extreme events of shorter duration (heat waves) must be considered in the context of alterations in carbon balance through increased photorespiration, decreased Rubisco activation and carboxylation efficiency, damage to photosynthetic apparatus, as well as loss of water via transpiration and stomatal sensitivity. - Low temperatures (late frosts, prolonged cold phases, freezing temperature) can decrease overwintering survival rates, productivity of crop plants and species composition in meadows. - Water availability: More frequent, severe and extended drought periods have been predicted by climate change models. The timing and duration of a drought period is crucial to determining plant responses, particularly if the drought event coincides with an increase in temperature. Drought causes stomatal closure, decreasing the cooling potential of transpiration and potentially leading to thermal stress as leaf temperature rises. Waterlogging may become also more relevant during the next decades and is especially important for seedlings and young plants. It is not the presence of water itself that causes the stress, but the exclusion of oxygen from the soil which causes a decrease in respiration and an increase in fermentation rates followed by a period of potential oxidative stress as water recedes. - Salinity: high salt concentration in soil influences soil water potential, the water status of the plant and hence affects productivity. Salt tolerance will become an important trait driven by increased competition for land and the need to exploit marginal lands.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; heat ; salt ; Climate Change ; Whole plant physiology ; yield ; Carbon Dioxide ; Low temperature ; water availability ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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