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  • Chemical Engineering  (17,974)
  • Deutschland
  • Finance
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (17,974)
  • Duncker & Humblot  (36)
  • Im Selbstverlag des Institutes für Physische Geographie der Freien Universität Berlin
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  • 1
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: »Robert Davidsohn (1853-1937). People I knew – Memories of an Octogenarian« The book presents the annotated edition of the memoir of Robert Davidsohn (1853–1937), a German-Jewish scholar, still known for his history of Medieval Florence. The autobiography is the document of a life between Germany and Italy, of a man who after a career as a journalist and a newspaper publisher in ›Kaiserreich‹ Berlin, chose to become an independent historian living in Florence and gaining international academic recognition, and, as an old man, had to confront the triumph of Fascism and Nazism.
    Description: Published
    Description: Robert Davidsohn (1853–1937) ist bis heute aufgrund seiner monumentalen Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Florenz in Fachkreisen ein Begriff. Kaum etwas weiß man von seinem ungewöhnlichen Werdegang. Aus einer assimilierten jüdischen Danziger Kaufmannsfamilie stammend, war er als junger Mann als Journalist und Zeitungsunternehmer in Berlin erfolgreich. Nach einem späten Geschichtsstudium wählte er die Lebensform eines Privatgelehrten in Florenz, wo er Aufnahme in die Kreise der gebildeten wohlhabenden städtischen Eliten fand und internationale Anerkennung als Historiker gewann. Die vor wenigen Jahren entdeckte Autobiographie Davidsohns, die hier als kommentierte Erstedition vorgelegt wird, ist ein einmaliges Zeugnis eines deutsch-jüdischen Grenzgängers zwischen Deutschland und Italien, zwischen Journalismus und Geschichtswissenschaft, zwischen zünftiger und freier historischer Forschung, in einem weiten Bogen von den 1850er Jahren bis in die Zeit von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus.; »Robert Davidsohn (1853-1937). People I knew – Memories of an Octogenarian« The book presents the annotated edition of the memoir of Robert Davidsohn (1853–1937), a German-Jewish scholar, still known for his history of Medieval Florence. The autobiography is the document of a life between Germany and Italy, of a man who after a career as a journalist and a newspaper publisher in ›Kaiserreich‹ Berlin, chose to become an independent historian living in Florence and gaining international academic recognition, and, as an old man, had to confront the triumph of Fascism and Nazism.
    Keywords: Privatgelehrtentum ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Kulturbeziehungen ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Biographie ; Biografie ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuß hat sich in den Jahren 1992 bis 1995 mit den Finanzierungsproblemen der deutschen Einheit beschäftigt, die eng mit Finanzausgleichsvorgängen verbunden sind. Auf seiner Tagung 1996 in Hamburg hat er daran anknüpfend Fragen des Finanzausgleichs in Europa diskutiert, die mit fortschreitender europäischer Integration an Bedeutung gewinnen dürften. Der vorliegende Band enthält drei Beiträge zu diesem Themenkreis. In einem ersten Aufsatz behandelt Hans-Werner Sinn das Verhältnis von »Selektionsprinzip und Systemwettbewerb«. Sein Ziel ist es zu zeigen, daß die gedankliche Gleichsetzung von staatlichem und privatem Wettbewerb, die sich in der Literatur findet, nicht gerechtfertigt werden kann, da das staatliche Handeln auf Aktivitäten gerichtet ist, die ungeeignet für Wettbewerbsprozesse sind. Stefan Homburg geht auf »Ursachen und Wirkungen eines zwischenstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs« ein. Vor allem will er zeigen, wie Entscheidungen innerhalb der Europäischen Union voraussichtlich zustande kommen, wenn zunehmend das Mehrheitsprinzip angewendet wird, und welche Folgerungen sich daraus für die Gestaltung der europäischen Finanzbeziehungen ergeben. Ewald Nowotny beschreibt in seinem Beitrag die föderalen Aspekte der gegenwärtigen Finanzverfassung der EU, wobei er auf die allokativen, stabilitäts- und distributiven Wirkungen eingeht. Hieraus leitet er dann wirtschaftspolitische Schlußfolgerungen für die zukünftige Haushaltspolitik ab.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Es ist das Bestreben des Ausschusses, die Themen seiner Tagungen an aktuellen Fragen der Finanzpolitik auszurichten. Nach einer intensiven Diskussion der verschiedenen Aspekte der Finanzierung der deutschen Einheit und des nationalen und internationalen Finanzausgleichs in den Vorjahren hat sich der Ausschuß - beginnend mit der Tagung 1997 in Rostock - Problemen der Besteuerung zugewandt. Diese dürften in den kommenden Jahren das finanzwirtschaftliche Handeln des Staates in noch stärkerem Maße als früher bestimmen. W. Buchholz und W. Wiegard beschäftigen sich in dem ersten Beitrag mit der Zeit(in)konsistenz im Rahmen der Steuerpolitik. Da letztere sich im Zeitablauf an die sich ändernden Bedingungen anpaßt, ergeben sich nicht nur bei der Vermögensbesteuerung Abweichungen von den ursprünglichen Optimallösungen. A. Greiner und H. Hanusch analysieren im Rahmen eines Modells gleichgewichtigen Wachstums, welche wohlfahrtssteigernden und wohlfahrtsmindernden Effekte durch eine Einkommensteuer im Vergleich zu einer Konsumsteuer hervorgerufen werden. M. Rose legt sodann in seinem Beitrag dar, welche Probleme aufgrund der empirischen Erfahrungen in Kroatien bei der praktischen Ausgestaltung einer konsumorientierten, zinsbereinigten Einkommensteuer auftreten und wie diese gelöst werden können.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuß des Vereins für Socialpolitik hat sich auf vier Arbeitstagungen in den Jahren 1992 bis 1995 mit den verschiedenen Finanzierungsproblemen des deutschen Einigungsprozesses auseinandergesetzt. Auf der letztjährigen Tagung in Dresden, deren Referate der vorliegende Band enthält, hat er abschließend einige spezielle Themen aufgegriffen, die für die Erklärung der Entwicklung Ostdeutschlands und die politischen Gestaltungserfordernisse von großer Bedeutung sind. Einleitend zur Tagung behandelte der sächsische Finanzminister G. Milbradt - zugleich als Mitglied des Ausschusses - die aktuellen finanzwirtschaftlichen Probleme der neuen Bundesländer. In den Ausführungen kommen die enormen Schwierigkeiten zum Ausdruck, mit denen die dortigen Gebietskörperschaften konfrontiert waren und noch konfrontiert sind. Trotz der raschen Expansion sind nach wie vor hohe Transfers Westdeutschlands erforderlich. Einen ersten großen Transfer stellte bereits die Währungsumstellung dar, mit deren Wirkungen sich H.-H. Francke in seinem Aufsatz beschäftigt. Für die Absatzmöglichkeiten der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft, aber auch für die konjunkturelle Entwicklung spielt die staatliche Exportkreditversicherung in Form der Hermes-Bürgschaften eine erhebliche Rolle. W. Richter untersucht die damit verbundenen theoretischen Zusammenhänge. D. Dickertmann beschreibt anschließend umfassend die konkreten Gestaltungen in der BRD und die subventionspolitischen Aspekte. In die Zukunft voraus greifen die Überlegungen von W. Kitterer zu den intergenerativen Belastungen, die aus der staatlichen Tätigkeit im allgemeinen und für die neuen Bundesländer im besonderen erwachsen. Insgesamt sind daher in diesem Band IV spezielle Finanzierungsaspekte aufgegriffen, die sich im Zeitablauf aus dem Wiedervereinigungsprozeß ergaben. Vorwort des Herausgebers
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Public Policy & Administration ; Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts »Duncker & Humblot reprints« heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht.
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Sind Liberalismus und Demokratie widersprüchliche Ideale? Ist das deutsche Parteiensystem effizient organisiert? Warum delegiert ein Staat hoheitliche Aufgaben auf private Anbieter? Ist es überhaupt rational, Steuern zu zahlen? Diese und andere Fragen thematisierten die Autoren und unterziehen Institutionen aus der Politik einer ökonomischen Analyse. Zunächst wird das Verhältnis von Demokratie und Liberalismus beleuchtet, zwischen denen ein Spannungsverhältnis zu bestehen scheint, wenn Vertreter des Liberalismus die persönliche Freiheit betonen und umgekehrt Befürworter demokratischer Entscheidungsfindung großen Wert auf Bürgersouveränität legen. Hieran anschließend wird das deutsche Parteiensystem betrachtet, das den Parteien einen umfassenden, aus einem formalen Legitimationsmonopol abgeleiteten Machtanspruch einräumt. Politische Karriere setzt deshalb zumeist Parteienmitgliedschaft voraus, was zwar hohe Disziplinierungswirkungen entfaltet, sich aber negativ auf Partizipation und Repräsentativität bei der Rekrutierung zu politischen Ämtern auswirkt. Ein weiteres Thema des Bandes sind hybride Regulierungen, die öffentliche und private Regulierungselemente miteinander verbinden, weil entweder die Inhaltssetzung oder die Durchsetzung von Regeln privat erfolgt. Sie resultieren aus einem Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkül, wobei hybride Lösungen vor allem bei transnationalen Transaktionen bessere Ergebnisse als rein staatliche oder rein private Regulierungen erzielt. Schließlich präsentiert der Band eine Lösung für das "tax payer puzzle" und erklärt, warum Steuerzahler weit weniger Steuern hinterziehen oder schwächer auf mögliche Strafandrohungen reagieren, als dies Erwartungsnutzenkalküle vorhersagen.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts »Duncker & Humblot reprints« heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht.
    Keywords: Finance ; Economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics
    Language: German
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts »Duncker & Humblot reprints« heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht.
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Band enthält die Beiträge, die auf der Potsdamer Tagung 1999 des Finanzwissenschaftlichen Ausschusses des Vereins für Socialpolitik vorgetragen wurden. Stefan Homburg untersucht die Unternehmensbesteuerung in offenen Volkswirtschaften. Der theoretischen Bestandsaufnahme folgt eine Darstellung des internationalen Unternehmensteuerrechts, wobei das deutsche Steuerrecht im Vordergrund steht. Er unterbreitet einen konkreten Vorschlag für eine europäische Körperschaftsbesteuerung sowie als Gegenentwurf ein System weltweiter Quellenbesteuerung. Clemens Fuest und Bernd Huber untersuchen Beschäftigungseffekte einer Reform des Steuer- und Abgabensystems in Deutschland. In unterschiedlichen Lohnbildungssystemen analysieren sie die Verlagerung der Belastung auf den Konsum einerseits und auf international mobile Faktoren wie z. B. Energie andererseits. Positive Beschäftigungseffekte werden aus einer Reduzierung der auf die Lohnsumme bezogenen Belastung für zusätzlich Beschäftigte relativ zur Belastung der Basislohnsumme erwartet. Wolfgang Buchholz und Kai A. Konrad analysieren die Wirkung der Besteuerung auf die Risikoallokation in Partial- und Totalmodellen unter Berücksichtigung der Verwendung des Steueraufkommens. Ein Positionswahlmodell bezieht auch die Entscheidung zwischen der Tätigkeit als Unternehmer und als Arbeitnehmer ein. Die Autoren untersuchen sodann die risikokonsolidierende Wirkung der Ertragsteuer in informationstheoretischen Modellen unter Berücksichtigung von Moral hazard und Adverser Selektion.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Tagungsband 2003 des Finanzwissenschaftlichen Ausschusses zum Thema "Finanzpolitik und Umverteilung" bietet einen kompetenten Überblick über neuere Entwicklungen auf dem politisch aktuellen Forschungsfeld der Umverteilungspolitik, den in dieser synoptischen und kompakten Form Fachzeitschriften und Monographien nicht bieten können. (http://www.socialpolitik.org/aussch.htm bietet eine Dokumentation der Tagungsbände der letzten Jahre.) Johann Brunner (Universität Linz) analysiert aus verteilungspolitischer Perspektive die Theorie der Optimalbesteuerung und deren Erweiterungsansätze wie das Zusammenwirken von direkter und indirekter Besteuerung, dynamische Modelle mit dynastischer und überlappender Generationenstruktur sowie die Einbeziehung von Vermögenstransfers. Giacomo Corneo (Universität Osnabrück) analysiert das individuelle Verhalten von Bürgern gegenüber öffentlichen Umverteilungsprogrammen und betont die Relevanz von Altruismus, Streben nach gesellschaftlichem Status und von Vertrauen in die Fairness von Marktergebnissen für die Ausbildung von Umverteilungspräferenzen. Diese Hypothesen werden in neueren Untersuchungen auch für Deutschland bestätigt. Wolfgang Peters, Silke Gottschalk und Christine Schuler (Universität Viadrina Frankfurt a. d. Oder) untersuchen die Frage, ob die Globalisierung Ursache für eine Verringerung der Steuer- und Abgabenbelastung und einen schleichenden Sozialabbau ist. Im theoretischen Teil ihrer Arbeit entwickeln sie Hypothesen über die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung auf das Wählerverhalten und die nationale Steuerpolitik, die sie dann empirisch überprüfen. Dietmar Wellisch (Universität Hamburg) analysiert an Hand eines theoretischen Modells die Auswirkungen von Zuwanderung auf die Verteilung. Bürger, die endogene Bildungsentscheidungen treffen, werden trotz verschärfter Konkurrenz auf dem Arbeitsmarkt bereit sein, die Grenzen für Migranten zu öffnen, werden aber gleichzeitig die Finanzierung ihres Bildungssystems auf die Immigranten überwälzen, die in ihrem Gastland keine Bildungsleistungen in Anspruch nehmen können.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 15
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Tagungsband zur Arbeitstagung 2004 des Finanzwissenschaftlichen Ausschusses zum Thema "Haushaltsdisziplin und öffentliche Verschuldung" bietet in vier Beiträgen einen kompetenten Überblick über Erklärungsansätze für die angespannte Lage der öffentlichen Haushalte und über Instrumente zu deren Überwindung. Hans Fehr und Gitte Halder (Universität Würzburg) quantifizieren mit Hilfe eines intertemporalen Gleichgewichtsmodells die Budget- und Wohlfahrtswirkungen der demographischen Entwicklung in Deutschland. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Probleme durch erhöhte Geburten- und Zuwanderungsraten alleine nicht lösbar sind und weitere Reformen der Sozialsysteme unerlässlich sind, um deren Finanzierung zu sichern. Heinz Grossekettler (Universität Münster) untersucht, welche Anforderungen der Europäische Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt an die Koordinierung der Haushaltspolitik der EU Mitgliedsstaaten stellt. Im internationalen Vergleich erweist sich der deutsche Stabilitätspakt als wenig funktionsfähig und es werden substanzielle Verbesserungen eingemahnt. Reinhard Neck (Universität Klagenfurt) erweitert die Steuerglättungstheorie Barros zur Erklärung der Staatsschuldenentwicklung durch ökonomische und politische Einflussfaktoren und überprüft diese Hypothesen ökonometrisch am Beispiel Österreichs. Gunnar Schwarting (Mainz) konstatiert eine besorgniserregende Finanzlage der deutschen Kommunen. Deren Bewältigung erwartet er weder von gängigen Konsolidierungskonzepten noch von den in Diskussion stehenden regulatorischen und marktorientierten Instrumenten, sondern am ehesten von Kapitalmarkt-Ratings der Kommunen.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuss des Vereins für Socialpolitik hat in seiner Arbeitstagung 2002 finanzpolitische Ansatzpunkte einer nachhaltigen Umweltpolitik diskutiert. Die drei Grundsatzreferate des Tagungsbandes arbeiten die Weiterentwicklung der Forschung in drei zentralen umweltökonomischen Aufgabenfeldern auf und schließen damit die Informationslücke zwischen dem Wissensstand, den moderne umweltökonomische Lehrbücher vermitteln, und der aktuellen finanzwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Michael Ahlheim gibt einen Überblick über die zentralen theoretischen und praktischen Probleme einer ökonomischen Umweltbewertung, deren Lösung zur Durchführung von zuverlässigen Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen für umweltverbessernde staatliche Maßnahmen ebenso erforderlich ist wie für eine transparente Schadensbemessung nach Umweltunfällen oder zur ökologischen amtlichen Sozialproduktsstatistik. Wolfgang Buchholz zeigt, dass die finanzwissenschaftliche Theorie der freiwilligen Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter einen adäquaten ökonomischen Rahmen für die Analyse und Lösung von internationalen Umweltproblemen bietet. Theoriegestützte Erkenntnisse zur Stabilität von freiwilligen Koalitionen, zur Wirkung von Subventions- und Matching-Mechanismen und zu den Allokationswirkungen von Einkommenstransfers liefern wichtige neue Impulse für die Konzeption einer erfolgreichen Zusammenarbeit souveräner Staaten in der internationalen Umweltpolitik. Rüdiger Pethig entwickelt einen Gleichgewichtsmodellrahmen, um die Effizienz der deutschen Abfallbewirtschaftung umfassend und konsistent zu analysieren. Im Vergleich mit alternativen Regulierungsszenarien zeigt sich, dass eine zentrale Abfall-Management-Organisation nach dem Muster des Grünen Punktes zwar einer direkten Rücknahmeverpflichtung durch den Produzenten unterlegen ist, solange die Rücknahmekosten ein kritisches Niveau nicht übersteigen, dass der Grüne Punkt aber immer noch deutlich besser abschneidet als Abfallregimes, die die Abfallbeseitigung dem Konsumenten überantworten.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In einem empirischen und drei theoretischen Aufsätzen befassen sich die Autoren des vorliegenden Bandes mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Steuerhinterziehung. Friedrich Schneider liefert eine umfassende Schätzung des Umfangs der Schattenwirtschaft in allen Erdteilen sowie eine Übersicht über die Literatur und die verschiedenen empirischen Schätzmethoden. In einer Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Steuerhinterziehung und Bestrafungsmaßnahmen betrachtet Wolfram F. Richter die Überlegungen eines rational handelnden Individuums, das sich für oder gegen den Versuch, Steuern zu hinterziehen, entscheidet. Es wird dafür plädiert, daß das auf Gerechtigkeitsüberlegungen aufbauende Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip der deutschen Gesetzgebung durch Maßnahmen mit sinnvollen Anreizen für ein rational handelndes Individuum zu ersetzen ist. Georg Tillmann untersucht das Zusammenspiel von Steuerhinterziehung und Steuerwettbewerb. Im Wettbewerb zwischen Staaten setzen diese Steuersätze als strategische Instrumente ein, um ihre eigenen Interessen zu fördern. Tillmann vergleicht die Gleichgewichte in diesem Spiel mit einer optimalen kooperativen Lösung. Marcel Thum zeigt, daß es eine Komplementarität zwischen Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft gibt. Im Spiel zwischen korrupten Bürokraten reduziert die Existenz der Schattenwirtschaft die Möglichkeiten der korrupten Bürokraten, Schmiergeld zu fordern. Daher ist der offizielle Sektor in einer korrupten Wirtschaft größer, wenn es auch eine Schattenwirtschaft gibt.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 18
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuss des Vereins für Socialpolitik hat in seiner Arbeitstagung 2001 die finanzpolitischen Ansatzpunkte zur Behebung von Arbeitsmarktproblemen diskutiert. Der Tagungsband enthält die drei Grundsatzreferate von Axel Börsch-Supan (Universität Mannheim), Christian Keuschnigg (Universität St. Gallen) und Bernd Raffelhüschen (Universität Freiburg). Axel Börsch-Supan weist darauf hin, dass die Bevölkerungsalterung neben der viel diskutierten Finanzlücke in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in zwei weiteren Politikbereichen Handlungsbedarf einfordert. Da die bloße Erhöhung der Kapitalintensität nicht ausreichen wird, um die Arbeitsproduktivität so weit zu steigern, dass negative Auswirkungen der Alterung auf das Bruttoinlandsprodukt kompensiert werden können, muss die Akkumulation von Humankapital durch Aus- und Weiterbindung verstärkt werden. Außerdem wird die veränderte Altersstruktur auf die Zusammensetzung der aggregierten Güternachfrage durchschlagen und eine deutlich höhere sektorale Faktormobilität verlangen, um sektorale Beschäftigungskrisen zu vermeiden. Christian Keuschnigg erklärt in einem intertemporalen Gleichgewichtsmodell das Auftreten von Kreditrationierung und Arbeitslosigkeit als Folge von Suchfriktionen auf Kapital- und Arbeitsmärkten. Finanzpolitische Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Unternehmensgründungen stellen sich dabei als ein wirksames Instrument zur Bekämpfung von Arbeitslosigkeit heraus. Bernd Raffelhüschen weist darauf hin, dass die sozialpolitische Reformagenda zur Renten- und Krankenversicherung erweitert werden muss, weil auch die Grundsicherung durch Sozialhilfe, Wohngeld, Arbeitslosenhilfe und Pflegegeld reformbedürftig ist. Er entwickelt eine Blaupause für eine Grundsicherungsreform, die auf zwei Kerngedanken basiert: subsidiäre Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe und Subvention von Beschäftigung anstatt Untätigkeit. Verwandte Reformkonzepte im internationalen Vergleich und bestehende Anknüpfungspunkte im deutschen Sozialrechtssystem stimmen Raffelhüschen optimistisch, dass sein Reformvorschlag nicht nur ökonomisch attraktiv, sondern auch juristisch umsetzbar und politisch mehrheitsfähig ist.
    Keywords: Public Policy & Administration ; Economics ; Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuß des Vereins für Socialpolitik hat 1997 auf der Rostocker Tagung begonnen, sich mit Problemen der Besteuerung zu befassen (vgl. den von A. Oberhauser herausgegebenen Band "Probleme der Besteuerung I", Berlin 1998). Diese Diskussion wurde 1998 auf der Regensburger Tagung mit drei Beiträgen weitergeführt. B. Genser geht am Beispiel der Mehrwertsteuer der Frage nach, ob der Verlust der Besteuerungsautonomie der Preis für die europäische Integration ist. Im Zentrum seiner Analyse stehen das praktizierte Übergangssystem der EU sowie bestimmungsland- und ursprungslandbasierte Alternativen dazu. J. Hackmann vergleicht die Zinsbereinigte Einkommensteuer und die Sollzinsbesteuerung. Sie werden im Rahmen der propagierten Hinwendung von der Einkommensteuer traditioneller Art zur (direkten) Konsumbesteuerung vorgeschlagen bzw. ansatzweise praktiziert. R. Windisch befaßt sich mit dem Systemwettbewerb, seinen Funktionen und seiner Bewertung allgemein, als Steuerwettbewerb in einer globalisierten Welt im besonderen.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts »Duncker & Humblot reprints« heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht.
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCA Economic theory and philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 21
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Steuerreformen haben weltweit Konjunktur - nachdem es viele Jahre so schien, als würden gerade dabei die politischen Kosten höher als die Erfolgsaussichten eingeschätzt. Viele Wege zu den Steuersystemen der Zukunft werden eingeschlagen und noch mehr vorgeschlagen. Welche davon zu Hauptverkehrsadern und welche zu Sackgassen werden, wird auch erst die Zukunft erweisen. Dies gilt nicht weniger für die Ideen und Konzepte, auf die sich die Reformen stützen. Freilich: Steuergesetze kommen und gehen, Ideen aber überdauern. Mit der Auswahl der Themen und Referate hofft die Kommission, den weiten Bogen von den historischen Quellen steuerpolitischer Ideale über die aktuellen steuerpolitischen Anforderungen und Probleme bis zu richtungweisenden Reformen gespannt zu haben.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 22
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance
    Language: German
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  • 23
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Die große Bedeutung institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen für das Auftreten und für die Vermeidung sowie für die Wirkungen von Krisen tritt mit jeder neuen Krise in den Fokus wissenschaftlicher Diskussionen. Dieser Sammelband konzentriert sich auf die institutionellen Bezüge von Krisen, so etwa der Finanzmarktkrise von 2008/09, der Krise der kommunalen Haushalte und der Verschuldungskrisen von Entwicklungsländern. Analysiert werden zahlreiche Facetten eines komplexen Zusammenhangs, die u. a. Ursachen, Wirkungskanäle sowie Konsequenzen von Krisen enthalten. Der Band enthält drei Schwerpunkte. In einem ersten Teil werden politische Institutionen thematisiert, die krisenfördernde Anreize beinhalten. Der zweite Teil enthält Beiträge, in denen nach institutionellen Reformen für eine bessere Bewältigung von Krisen gesucht wird. Komplexere institutionelle Zusammenhänge als Ursache für Krisen bilden die Klammer für den dritten Teil des Tagungsbandes.
    Keywords: Economics ; Political Science ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 24
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Die Arbeitsgruppe Wettbewerb des Wirtschaftspolitischen Ausschusses im Verein für Sozialpolitik hat ihre Jahrestagung 2010 der Frage "Reform der Finanzmarktregulierung" gewidmet. Der vorliegende Band, der von Prof. Peter Oberender (Universität Bayreuth) herausgegeben wird, setzt seinen Schwerpunkt in der Betrachtung wettbewerblicher und regulativer Konsequenzen der Finanz- und Kapitalkrise. Neben einer grundsätzlichen volkswirtschaftlichen Einordnung der Finanz- und Kapitalmärkte stehen unterschiedliche Regulierungsperspektiven im Vordergrund des Bandes. Dabei wird insbesondere deutlich, dass die Analyse des Anreizverhaltens der verschiedenen Akteure im Finanz- und Kapitalmarkt viel stärker die Debatte um Regulierungsüberlegungen hätte prägen müssen. Die Probleme der Eigenkapitalregulierung im Kontext der einhergehenden Haftungsregulierungen stehen für diese Perspektive Pate. In allen Beiträgen des Bandes wird deutlich, dass eine national wie international durchzogene einheitliche Regulierungsstrategie, die insbesondere auch die wettbewerbsökonomischen Probleme eines "too big to fail" adäquat berücksichtigt, nur in Ansätzen vorhanden ist. Der Band bietet dem Leser sowohl Einblick in eine wettbewerbsbezogene Problemanalyse als auch eine Zusammenstellung von Problem- und Lösungsbeschreibungen aus angewandter Sicht der Finanzwirtschaft.
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Das Buch beinhaltet sieben Abhandlungen theoretischer und grundlegender Natur zu verschiedenen Aspekten öffentlicher Finanzen sowie deren sozialpolitischen Auswirkungen. Die ersten drei Beiträge befassen sich mit einer (optimalen) föderalen Finanzverfassung. Ausgehend von Theorien fiskalen Wettbewerbs werden Effizienzprobleme und die Internalisierung externer Effekte (Beckmann und Engelmann), insbesondere Agglomerationsvorteile (Wrede), eingehend analysiert. Die Folgen des deutschen Gesetzes zum Länderfinanzausgleich sind ein weiteres Thema einer kritischen Betrachtung (Lenk). Eine Arbeit befasst sich mit der Staatsverschuldung und ermittelt Möglichkeiten einer nachhaltigen Staatsverschuldung. Sie wendet die Analyse auf das Beispiel Österreich an (Neck). Die letzten drei Aufsätze behandeln verschiedene wohlfahrtsökonomische Auswirkungen öffentlicher Steuer- und Transferpolitik. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine wachstumsmaximierende Politik nicht unbedingt wohlfahrtsmaximierend ist (Greiner). Als Ausgangspunkt für den Vorschlag einer effizienzerhöhenden Reform der Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Unterstützung Geringqualifizierter wird unter anderem der politische Realismus genommen (Schöb). Der Wettbewerb zwischen den Einheiten einer föderalen Struktur wird in der letzten Untersuchung auf die Hochschulfinanzierung angewandt (Schwager). Es wird gezeigt, wie eine dezentrale Gebühren- sowie Einkommensteuerstruktur zu allokativer Effizienz führen können.
    Keywords: Public Policy & Administration ; Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts »Duncker & Humblot reprints« heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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  • 28
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Rudolf Oster gibt eine umfassende Übersicht über die Auswirkungen von Umlagen im Finanzausgleich zwischen den Kommunen. Die weiteren Beiträge behandeln Auswirkungen der Gewinnbesteuerung. Christian Keuschnigg zeigt, daß Investitionen im Inland gehemmt werden können und Kapital ins Ausland fließt. Andreas Haufler befaßt sich mit dem Steuerwettbewerb zwischen Staaten und der Gewinnbesteuerung multinationaler Unternehmen: Was passiert, wenn inländische und multinationale Unternehmen unterschiedlich besteuert werden? Was geschieht, wenn ein multinationales Unternehmen die Bemessungsgrundlage auf mehrere Staaten aufteilen kann? Wie beeinflußt ein gemeinsamer Mindeststeuersatz mehrerer Staaten den Steuerwettbewerb? Johannes Hackmann unterzieht die Bemessungsgrundlage der Unternehmensbesteuerung einer systematischen enzyklopädischen Behandlung und schlägt weitgehende Reformen vor. Die Neutralität der Besteuerung bezüglich des "Trade-off" zwischen einbehaltenen Gewinnen und Fremdfinanzierung wird von Alfons J. Weichenrieder untersucht und mit der empirischen Literatur verglichen. Clemens Fuest und Philipp Tillesen arbeiten heraus, daß Informationsasymmetrien im Kapitalmarkt bei Unternehmensgründungen i.d.R. zu unverhältnismäßig vielen Gründungen führen können.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Public Policy & Administration ; Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Public Policy & Administration ; Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Globalisierung beschreibt einen weltweiten Prozeß sinkender Kosten der Überwindung von Raum und Zeit. Sie ist ein weltweites Programm der Mehrung von Exit-Optionen für die Privaten. Ihnen bieten sich zunehmende Möglichkeiten des physischen oder funktionalen Verlassens einer Jurisdiktion. Die institutionellen Arrangements werden damit in einen Wettbewerbskontext gestellt: Standortgebundene Institutionen stehen in Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkülen mobiler Entscheidungsträger auf dem Prüfstand ihrer internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Das nennen wir Systemwettbewerb. Nationale Wirtschaftspolitik muß sich also im Systemwettbewerb dem Test auf ihre internationale Konkurrenzfähigkeit stellen. Die Exit-Optionen entmonopolisieren mithin die Regierenden in ihrer exklusiven Regelungskompetenz und Durchsetzungsmacht gegenüber den Privaten, weil letzteren nunmehr das Ausweichen in andere Standorte möglich ist. Diese exitbedingte Entmonopolisierung staatlichen Handelns gibt den Privaten Macht, den Staat in die Funktion eines Mitbewerbers im Systemwettbewerb um die mobilen Ressourcen zu zwingen. Wirtschaftspolitik unterliegt im Systemwettbewerb folglich schärferen externen Restriktionen und entmachtet die traditionelle Staatlichkeit, fordert aber die Entscheidungsträger auch stärker zu innovativen Lösungen ihres Handelns heraus, um in der Dynamik des Systemwettbewerbs bestehen zu können. Dies war der thematische Hintergrund der Jahrestagung des Wirtschaftspolitischen Ausschusses im Verein für Socialpolitik, die vom 15. bis 17. März 2005 in Marburg stattfand und deren Referate in diesem Band publiziert werden. Es liegt in der Natur der Sache, daß unter der Generalüberschrift "Wirtschaftspolitik im Systemwettbewerb" die Breite und Tiefe der behandelten Themen groß ist. Die Themenspektren der vorliegenden Referate dokumentieren dies.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Economics ; Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCC Microeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Der vorliegende Band, der die überarbeiteten und erweiterten Referate dieser Tagung enthält, beschäftigt sich mit dem Ausbau der Infrastruktur und dem kommunalen Finanzausgleich in den neuen Bundesländern. Der Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs und der Transformationsprozeß der osteuropäischen Volkswirtschaften haben schlaglichtartig deutlich gemacht, welch enorme Bedeutung der Infrastruktur eines Landes für die Höhe und Entwicklung des Sozialproduktes zukommt. Allzu oft - vor allem auch in der wirtschaftstheoretischen Literatur - wird implizit unterstellt, daß eine ausreichende Ausstattung mit staatlichem Infrastrukturkapital vorhanden ist. Eine der erschreckenden Erfahrungen nach der Öffnung der Grenzen war, daß von dieser Voraussetzung keineswegs ausgegangen werden kann. Die sozialistischen Länder hatten mit dem Infrastrukturkapital weitgehend Raubbau betrieben. Ein großer Teil der Erhaltungsinvestitionen war unterblieben. Einen mit den westdeutschen Bundesländern vergleichbaren Infrastrukturbestand zu schaffen, wird nicht nur Jahre, sondern Jahrzehnte dauern. Es bedarf dazu überdurchschnittlich hoher staatlicher Investitionen. Auf die damit verbundenen Probleme sind die beiden ersten Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes gerichtet. Günter Hedtkamp arbeitet die ökonomischen Funktionen der Infrastruktur aus makroökonomischer Sicht heraus, bietet also eine Theorie der Infrastruktur und listet für deren wichtigste Teilbereiche die Schätzungen zum Umfang des Nachholbedarfs auf. Wilhelm Pfähler, Ulrich Hofmann und Ulrich Lehmann-Grube beschäftigen sich aus mikroökonomischer Perspektive mit der Bedeutung der Infrastrukturausstattung für die Unternehmensentscheidungen und erläutern dies an Fallstudien aus Ostdeutschland.
    Keywords: Finance ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KF Finance and accounting::KFF Finance and the finance industry::KFFD Public finance and taxation
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Dieser Band enthält die Beiträge, die auf der Tagung des Finanzwissenschaftlichen Ausschusses des Vereins für Socialpolitik im Jahre 2000 in Konstanz zum Thema "Probleme der kommunalen Finanzen" vorgelegt worden sind. Im Zentrum der Arbeit von Wolfgang Scherf "Perspektiven der kommunalen Besteuerung" steht der Vorschlag, die Gewerbesteuer zugunsten einer Wertschöpfungsteuer, die auf die Umsatzsteuer - alternativ auf die Einkommensteuer - anrechenbar ist, abzulösen. Gisela Färber befaßt sich mit "Theorie und Praxis kommunaler Gebührenkalkulation". Im praxisbezogenen Schwerpunkt wird zunächst der bundesdeutsche rechtliche Rahmen dargelegt, sodann die Gebührenpolitik ganz überwiegend am Beispiel der Gemeinde Speyer aufgezeigt. Hans Georg Schmitz untersucht das traditionelle gemeindliche Rechnungswesen und diskutiert im Anschluß daran Reformvorschläge. Karl-Dieter Grüske und Michael Maier befassen sich mit dem "Neuen Steuerungsmodell (NSM)". Nach einer Mängelanalyse der traditionellen Kommmunalverwaltung und nach einer Analyse von Ansätzen für eine theoretische Fundierung einer Verwaltungsreform werden Grundidee, Hauptelemente und Effizienzpotentiale des NSM auf der kommunalen Ebene dargestellt und gewürdigt.
    Keywords: Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFD Public finance
    Language: German
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    Duncker & Humblot
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Keywords: HB1-3840 ; Deutschland ; Verbrauchsforschung ; Mikroökonomie ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management
    Language: German
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    Im Selbstverlag des Institutes für Physische Geographie der Freien Universität Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | FB 23640:2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Zur Vereinfachung wird die Vielfalt der Karstformenbezeichnungen bereinigt. Erdfall wird als Form, die in nicht verkarstungsfähigen Serien liegt, aber auf Tiefensubrosion zurückgeht, der Doline, einer Form, die in verkarstungsfähigem Material liegt, gegenübergestellt. Als Grundlage der Arbeit wurde eine detaillierte Kartierung der Auslaugungsformen durchgeführt. Hinsichtlich rezenter Subrosion erwies es sich als notwendig, die in Oberflächenwässern und wasserwirtschaftlich erfaßten Wässern gelösten Bestandteile von Chlorid, Sulfat und Karbonat zu ermitteln. Die Auswertung der gewonnenen Daten zeigt, daß ein Zusammenhang mit Gebieten besteht, die durch aktuelle Erdfälle und Dolineneinbrüche gekennzeichnet sind. Als Voraussetzung zur Reliefgenese gilt, daß das Gebiet des Unterwerra-Sattels entscheidend durch die saxonische Gebirgsbildung an der Wende Jura/Kreide und die nachfolgende klimageomorphologische Entwicklung geprägt ist. Anhand der geomorphographischen Analyse wird der Einfluß der Salz-, aber auch der Sulfatauslaugung auf die Landschaftsgenese belegt. Die Auslaugung des Salzes (Nal), dessen Mächtigkeit im Untersuchungsgebiet mit mindestens 120 m angenommen wird, und der unterlagernden ca. 130 m nächtigen Zechsteingipse (A 1 - A 3) zerrüttet die überlagernden triassischen Schichten weiter. Darüber hinaus wirkt die Subrosion von mehr als 30 m Rötgipsen und 50 m Gipsen des Mittleren Muschelkalkes im Hangenden des Zechsteins reliefformend. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse - rezente und subrezente Formen, Lösungswerte – werden zunächst in kleineren Gebietseinheiten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Nasseranalysen bestätigen das geomorphographische Ergebnis, so daß in Anlehnung an die Gipshorizonte von Stockwerkssubrosion gesprochen werden kann. Entscheidend geprägt ist die heutige Situation jedoch durch vorangegangene Zechsteinsalzauslaugung im tieferen Untergrund. Diese hat in den Hangendserien die Wasserwegsamkeit verstärkt, so daß die nachfolgende Sulfatsubrosion den Kleinformenschatz vor der Schichtstufe des Mittleren Buntsandsteins steuern konnte. Aufgrund ihrer für Auslaugungsgebiete typischen Ausprägung wird die Lage der Schichtstufe in weiten Teilen des Untersuchungsgebietes an das in Auslaugung befindliche Salz geknüpft. Das Auftreten von Subrosionsformen vor der Landstufe des Kaufunger Waldes, den östlichen Meißnerhängen, dem Anstieg des Schlierbachswaldes sowie vor dem Anstieg des Buntsandsteins zwischen Heldra, Frieda und Bad Sooden-Allendorf untermauert diese Interpretation. In der südlichen und südöstlichen Umrahmung des Untersuchungsgebietes wird der Salzhang aufgrund geomorphographischer Kriterien unter dem Steilanstieg des Unteren Muschelkalkes ausgewiesen. Aufgrund dieser Befunde wird die primäre Salzverbreitung als über den Unterwerra-Sattel reichend angenommen, womit sich, abgesehen von den Einflüssen der saxonischen Tektonik, alle Reliefentwicklungsprozesse allein durch Auslaugung und folgende geomorphologische Überprägung erklären lassen. Darüber hinaus ist dieses Gebiet in Nordhessen nicht nur durch eine über alle Schichten hinweggreifende Rumpfflächenbildung gekennzeichnet, sondern die Resistenzunterschiede wurden - unabhängig vom Klima - beständig herausgearbeitet. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein übergeordnetes Modell zur Reliefentwicklung erstellt. Danach existieren im Untersuchungsgebiet fünf Reliefgenerationen, wobei die postsaxonische Reliefentwicklung mit zerstörtem, die Auslaugung begünstigendem Hangendverband nach der Landhebung bzw. dem Einbruch der das Gebiet begrenzenden Grabenstrukturen, die bis ins Alttertiär reicht, nicht erfaßt werden konnte. [...]
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 910.02 ; Hessisch-thüringisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Morphogenese einzelner Regionen {Geomorphologie} ; Deutschland ; Hessen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
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    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Im Selbstverlag des Institutes für Physische Geographie der Freien Universität Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | ZB 20559:60
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Ergebnisse hydrologischer und stratigraphischer Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Brandenburger Kesselmooren vorgestellt. Für die Erfassung der aktuellen und historischen biotischen und abiotischen Standortfaktoren wurden verschiedene Methoden angewandt: floristische und vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen sowie hydrologische, hydrochemische, geochemische, geophysikalische und sedimentologische Untersuchungen und Makrorest-‚ Mikrorest- und Pollenanalyse. Der zeitlichen Einordnung der entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Prozesse dienten Radiocarbondatierungen und die pollenanalytischen Untersuchungen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Entwicklungsstadien auszuscheiden, die von den untersuchten Mooren seit ihrer Entstehung durchlaufen wurden. Aufgrund der stratigraphischen Untersuchungen wurden Aussagen zur Beckengenese und zu den einzelnen See- und Moorentwicklungsphasen getroffen, zum Verlandungsvorgang, zu Moorbildungsbedingungen und Sukzessionsstadien. Den Entwicklungsstadien konnten über geochemische und -physikalische Untersuchungen abiotische Standortfaktoren zugeordnet werden. Die aktuellen Standortveränderungen wurden erfaßt und die vorgenommenen Erhaltungs- und Wiedervernässungsmaßnahmen dokumentiert und bewertet.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Teilfragen zu Brandenburg {Geographie} ; Moorkunde {Geomorphologie} ; Ostdeutschland, Berlin, Brandenburg {Hydrologie} ; Moorkunde {Geologie} ; Brandenburg ; Kessel-Moor ; Stratigraphie ; Hydrologie ; Geschichte ; Hochschulschrift ; Deutschland ; C/N ; Moor ; Pollen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
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    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research was carried out to develop improved protection guidelines for silane handling systems through enhanced understanding of the behavior of releases of this pyrophoric gas. The approach involved addressing three aspects of the problem: the prompt ignition behavior of silane; the reactivity characteristics of quiescent silane/air mixtures; and the rates of reaction of silane leaked into enclosures with and without explosion venting, in the presence of ventilation air flow. A first conclusion, reached from tests in a ventilated cabinet, was that, contrary to prevailing belief, the ventilation flow has no measurable effect on the prompt ignition of the release. From experiments in a 5.1-liter (311-in.3) sphere it was found that silane/air mixtures of concentrations between 1.4 and 4.1% (by volume) are explosive but stable. In this case, piloted ignition tests yielded laminar burning velocities up to 5 m/s (1000 ft/min). Mixtures between 4.5 and 38% (the maximum reached in the tests) were found to be metastable, and would undergo spontaneous ignition after a delay ranging from 15 to 120 seconds, with the shorter values corresponding to higher silane concentrations. Experiments were also performed in a 0.645-m3 (22.8-ft3) vessel both with and without explosion venting, to measure the rates of energy release associated with impulsively-started silane leaks from 1/8 and 1/4-in. (3.2 and 6.4-mm) lines. A method for the prediction of the venting requirements of partial-volume deflagrations (PVD) was evolved into a tool to quantify the pressure rise from ignition of silane leaks in enclosures. These results represent a significant step toward updating existing design recommendations which prescribe ventilation requirements that are based on outdated and, in some instances, misinterpreted data.
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 278-287 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas explosion simulators are often used as tools in process plant design. This article presents some properties of gas explosions found using the EXSIM simulation software on three offshore modules with a total of nearly 10,000 simulations. The selected results are chosen for their supposed applicability to structural design in the process industries.Generalized data are presented for the effect of gas cloud size, explosion impulse vs. explosion pressure, pressure and impulse vs. duration, the probability of a “short” explosion, loading rate, pressure-time “shape” function, and the effect of introducing louvers.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 104-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Computational fluid dynamics methods are used to provide three-dimensional simulations of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) autoclave reactor under normal operating conditions. For the conditions used, the reactor is not very well mixed; thus, the common model approximation of a perfectly stirred reactor is not warranted. The simulations verify the sensitive nature of the polymerization reactors and indicate a need for optimizing operating parameters.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 118-126 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous approach was developed for the simulation of the decoking of an industrial cracking furnace. A one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model, which accounts for the interfacial gradients between the process gas and the coke surface, was used to simulate reactor coils. Both the combustion and steam gasification of the coke layer were taken into account. The reactor model for the decoking was coupled with a detailed firebox simulation model. The initial profile of the coke layer thickness, required for the decoking calculations, was obtained by a run-length simulation. The evolution with time of the temperature distribution inside the cracking coil and in the furnace was generated simultaneously, which made it possible to understand the decoking operation in detail and to predict its duration accurately.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semibatch flow scheduling strategy proposed by Teymour and Ray (1989, 1996) is evaluated for a polymerization reaction conducted in a pilot-plant reactor. The reaction used is the free radical terpolymerization of styrene, α-methyl styrene, and acrylic acid monomers initiated by an organic peroxide initiator and carried out in the presence of a reactive glycol ether solvent. This strategy was tested in both single batch and sequential semibatch modes. The process was shown to produce polymer of constant molecular weight properties and composition as inferred from acid number and monomer conversion measurements. This process could be used for obtaining polymer products from a semibatch reactor that are of comparable quality to CSTR products. Results indicate success of this process at meeting this objective; however, practical considerations relating to agitation and temperature control need to be properly addressed to ensure this success.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady-state simulation of a cocurrently cooled autothermal fixed-bed reactor was carried out using a 2-D heterogeneous mathematical model. The ammonia synthesis was chosen as a case study. Unlike the not-autothermal cocurrent reactor, which is unconditionally stable, the autothermal cocurrent reactor shows multiple steady states within a broad range of operating conditions. This finding, not reported in the literature, is explained through the mass transport from the bottom to the top of the reactor, associated with a feedback of energy. The feedback of heat, which is inherent to autothermal reactors, leads to an ignition-extinction phenomenon similar to that found in the countercurrent configuration. The influence of different parameters on the stability of the autothermal cocurrent reactor was analyzed. The regions where steady-state multiplicity occurs were compared with those presented by the autothermal countercurrent reactor. The influence of an additional heat exchanger on the reactor stability was considered.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the boiling heat-transfer characteristics in a thermosyphon condenser-reboiler of air-separation plants. The test section was a plate-fin heat exchanger of practical size of 0.106 m width and 2.56 m length. The testing fluid was nitrogen. Experiments were carried out within a range of pressure from 150 to 300 kPa, submergence from 1.95 to 2.80 m, and heat flux up to 11 kW/m2 under constant wall-temperature condition. The liquid superheat at the onset of boiling was rather significant. The boiling heat-transfer coefficients obtained agreed well with Chen's correlation modified by Colburn's J factor within a mean deviation of 9.3%.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 440-447 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of robust design involves identification of design settings that make the product performance less sensitive to the effects of seasonal and environmental variations. This concept is discussed in this article in the context of batch distillation column design with feed stock variations, and internal and external uncertainties. Stochastic optimization methods provide a general approach to robust/parameter design as compared to conventional techniques. However, the computational burden of these approaches can be extreme and depends on the sample size used for characterizing the parametric variations and uncertainties. A novel sampling technique is presented that generates and inverts the Hammersley points (an optimal design for placing n points uniformly on a k-dimensional cube) to provide a representative sample for multivariate probability distributions. The example of robust batch-distillation column design illustrates that the new sampling technique offers significant computational savings and better accuracy.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations were derived that describe the dynamics of cake growth in cake filtration, and methods for their solutions were developed. In deriving the equations, the moving boundary nature of the cake formation process and the effect of fine particle retention were considered. It was shown that fine particle retention may contribute significantly to the decrease of cake permeability and thus alters the performance of cake filtration even if the amount of fine particles involved is small. Through numerical examples, it was also demonstrated that fine particle retention in filter cakes may cause serious errors in determining the constitutive relationships from filter test data.
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  • 100
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fundamental characteristics of liquid-solid fluidization at high pressures (up to 21 MPa) and moderate temperatures (up to 89°C) are investigated. Properties under study include minimum fluidization velocity (umf), bed voidage at minimum fluidization, and bed expansion. Devices for in-situ measurements of physical properties of the liquid in the bed are developed, and measurements are carried out to quantify the pressure and temperature effects on the fluidization behavior. The results indicate that under high pressures and moderate temperatures, liquid-solid fluidization behavior is affected significantly by the variation of liquid density and viscosity with pressure. As the pressure increases, the liquid viscosity and density increase, yielding an increased drag force and buoyancy force on the particles, and hence a decreasing umf and an increasing bed expansion for a given liquid flow rate. An increase in temperature has an opposite effect on the physical properties of the liquid, increasing umf and decreasing the bed expansion for a given liquid flow rate. Various correlations proposed in the literature for umf and bed expansion, including those by Richardson and Zaki (1954) and Chitester et al. (1984), are applicable to high-pressure and high-temperature conditions when proper account is made of the liquid physical properties under bed operating conditions.
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