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  • Articles  (52,632)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (52,632)
  • Biology  (51,785)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blue light negatively regulates the sexual filamentation via the Cwc1 and Cwc2 proteins in Cryptococcus neoformans (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cryptococcus neoformans is a heterothallic basidiomycetous yeast that primarily infects immunocompromised individuals. Dikaryotic hyphae resulting from the fusion of the MATa and MATα mating type strains represent the filamentous stage in the sexual life cycle of C. neoformans. In this study we demonstrate that the production of dikaryotic filaments is inhibited by blue light. To study blue light photoresponse in C. neoformans, we have identified and characterized two genes, CWC1 and CWC2, which are homologous to Neurospora crassa wc-1 and wc-2 genes. Conserved domain analyses indicate that the functions of Cwc1 and Cwc2 proteins may be evolutionally conserved. To dissect their roles in the light response, the CWC1 gene deletion mutants are created in both mating type strains. Mating filamentation in the bilateral cross of cwc1 MATa and MATα strains is not sensitive to light. The results indicate that Cwc1 may be an essential regulator of light responses in C. neoformans. Furthermore, overexpression of the CWC1 or CWC2 gene requires light activation to inhibit sexual filamentation, suggesting both genes may function together in the early step of blue light signalling. Taken together, our findings illustrate blue light negatively regulates the sexual filamentation via the Cwc1 and Cwc2 proteins in C. neoformans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04549.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrotransposition strategies of the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB group II intron are dictated by host identity and cellular environment (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Group II introns are mobile retroelements that invade their cognate intron-minus gene in a process known as retrohoming. They can also retrotranspose to ectopic sites at low frequency. Previous studies of the Lactococcus lactis intron Ll.LtrB indicated that in its native host, as in Escherichia coli, retrohoming occurs by the intron RNA reverse splicing into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through an endonuclease-dependent pathway. However, in retrotransposition in L. lactis, the intron inserts predominantly into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), in an endonuclease-independent manner. This work describes the retrotransposition of the Ll.LtrB intron in E. coli, using a retrotransposition indicator gene previously employed in our L. lactis studies. Unlike in L. lactis, in E. coli, Ll.LtrB retrotransposed frequently into dsDNA, and the process was dependent on the endonuclease activity of the intron-encoded protein. Further, the endonuclease-dependent insertions preferentially occurred around the origin and terminus of chromosomal DNA replication. Insertions in E. coli can also occur through an endonuclease-independent pathway, and, as in L. lactis, such events have a more random integration pattern. Together these findings show that Ll.LtrB can retrotranspose through at least two distinct mechanisms and that the host environment influences the choice of integration pathway. Additionally, growth conditions affect the insertion pattern. We propose a model in which DNA replication, compactness of the nucleoid and chromosomal localization influence target site preference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04554.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nck-independent actin assembly is mediated by two phosphorylated tyrosines within enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Tir (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) stimulates tyrosine-kinase signalling cascades to trigger localized actin assembly within mammalian cells. During actin ‘pedestal’ formation, the EPEC effector protein Tir is translocated into the plasma membrane, becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine-474 (Y474) and promotes recruitment of the mammalian adaptor protein Nck to efficiently activate N-WASP-Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Tir also triggers localized actin assembly in the absence of Nck, but the Tir sequences involved in this signalling cascade have not been defined. To identify and characterize the phosphotyrosines that contribute to Nck-independent pedestal formation, we investigated the regulation of Tir tyrosine phosphorylation and found that phosphorylation is stimulated by Tir clustering. In addition to Y474, residue Y454 is also phosphorylated, although at lower efficiency. These tyrosines differentially contribute to actin polymerization in a fashion reminiscent of actin ‘tail’ formation mediated by the vaccinia virus envelope protein A36R, which utilizes two similarly spaced phosphotyrosines to recruit the adaptors Nck and Grb2, respectively, in order to stimulate N-WASP. Neither phosphorylated Y454 nor Y474 directly bind Grb2, but Tir derivatives harbouring these residues ultimately recruit N-WASP and Arp2/3 independently of Nck, suggesting that EPEC exploits additional phosphotyrosine-binding adaptors capable of initiating actin assembly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04558.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The TyrR regulon (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The TyrR protein of Escherichia coli can act both as a repressor and as an activator of transcription. It can interact with each of the three aromatic amino acids, with ATP and, under certain circumstances, with the C-terminal region of the α-subunit of RNA polymerase. TyrR protein is a dimer in solution but in the presence of tyrosine and ATP it self-associates to form a hexamer. Whereas TyrR dimers can, in the absence of any aromatic amino acids, bind to certain recognition sequences referred to as ‘strong TyrR boxes’, hexamers can bind to extended sequences including lower-affinity sites called ‘weak TyrR boxes’, some of which overlap the promoter. There is no single mechanism for repression, which in some cases involves exclusion of RNA polymerase from the promoter and in others, interference with the ability of bound RNA polymerase to form open complexes or to exit the promoter. When bound to a site upstream of certain promoters, TyrR protein in the presence of phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan can interact with the α-subunit of RNA polymerase to activate transcription. In one unusual case, activation of a non-productive promoter is used to repress transcription from a promoter on the opposite strand. Regulation of individual transcription units within the regulon reflects their physiological function and is determined by the position and nature of the recognition sites (TyrR boxes) associated with each of the promoters. The intracellular levels of the various forms of the TyrR protein are also postulated to be of critical importance in determining regulatory outcomes. TyrR protein remains a paradigm for a regulator that is able to interact with multiple cofactors and exert a range of regulatory effects by forming different oligomers on DNA and making contact with other proteins. A recent analysis identifying putative TyrR boxes in the E. coli genome raises the possibility that the TyrR regulon may extend beyond the well-characterized transcription units described in this review.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04385.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential binding of SeqA protein to nascent DNA segments at replication forks in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To demonstrate that sequestration A (SeqA) protein binds preferentially to hemimethylated GATC sequences at replication forks and forms clusters in Escherichia coli growing cells, we analysed, by the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using anti-SeqA antibody, a synchronized culture of a temperature-sensitive dnaC mutant strain in which only one round of chromosomal DNA replication was synchronously initiated. After synchronized initiation of chromosome replication, the replication origin oriC was first detected by the ChIP assay, and other six chromosomal regions having multiple GATC sequences were sequentially detected according to bidirectional replication of the chromosome. In contrast, DNA regions lacking the GATC sequence were not detected by the ChIP assay. These results indicate that SeqA binds hemimethylated nascent DNA segments according to the proceeding of replication forks in the chromosome, and SeqA releases from the DNA segments when fully methylated. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that a single SeqA focus containing paired replication apparatuses appears at the middle of the cell immediately after initiation of chromosome replication and the focus is subsequently separated into two foci that migrate to 1/4 and 3/4 cellular positions, when replication forks proceed bidirectionally an approximately one-fourth distance from the replication origin towards the terminus. This supports the translocating replication apparatuses model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04389.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses two distinct dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Plasmodium falciparum genome contains genes encoding three α-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes (KADHs) that have central metabolic functions. The parasites possess two distinct genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases (LipDH), which are indispensable subunits of KADHs. This situation is reminiscent of that in plants, where two distinct LipDHs are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, that are part of the organelle-specific KADHs. In this study, we show by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that the genes encoding subunits of all three KADHs, including both LipDHs, are transcribed during the erythrocytic development of P. falciparum. Protein expression of mitochondrial LipDH and mitochondrial branched chain α-ketoacid dihydrolipoamide transacylase in these parasite stages was confirmed by Western blotting. The localization of the two LipDHs to the parasite's apicoplast and mitochondrion, respectively, was shown by expressing the LipDH N-terminal presequences fused to green fluorescent protein in erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and by immunofluorescent colocalization with organelle-specific markers. Biochemical characterization of recombinantly expressed mitochondrial LipDH revealed that the protein has kinetic and physicochemical characteristics typical of these flavo disulphide oxidoreductases. We propose that the mitochondrial LipDH is part of the mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and that the apicoplast LipDH is an integral part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which occurs only in the apicoplast in P. falciparum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04398.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Sin recombinase by accessory proteins (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sin recombinase from Staphylococcus aureus acts selectively on directly repeated resH sites, assembling an intertwined synapse in which exactly three supercoils are trapped between the points of strand exchange. Resolution requires the two Sin binding sites in resH (site I, where strand exchange occurs, and site II) and a non-specific DNA-bending protein (e.g. Hbsu). We show that a single amino acid substitution in Sin (I100T) is sufficient to relax the normal requirements for site II and Hbsu. Using this hyperactive protein, and the variant recombination site resHAT, we investigate the roles of site II and Hbsu in synapsis and strand exchange. We conclude that Sin bound at site II, and Hbsu, act together to control site I alignment and the topology of the synapse, and to stimulate strand exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04550.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein kinase C modulates light responses in Neurospora by regulating the blue light photoreceptor WC-1 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Neurospora protein kinase C (NPKC) is a regulator of light responsive genes. We have studied the function of NPKC in light response by investigating its biochemical and functional interaction with the blue light photoreceptor white-collar 1 (WC-1), showing that activation of NPKC leads to a significant decrease in WC-1 protein levels. Furthermore, we show that WC-1 and NPKC interact in a light-regulated manner in vivo, and that protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates WC-1 in vitro. We designed dominant negative and constitutively active forms of PKC which are able to induce either a large increase of WC-1 protein level or a strong reduction respectively. Moreover, these changes in PKC activity result in an altered light response. As WC-1 is a key component of Neurospora circadian clock and regulates the clock oscillator component FRQ we investigated the effect of NPKC-mutated forms on FRQ levels. We show that changes in PKC activity affect FRQ levels and the robustness of the circadian clock. Together these data identify NPKC as a novel component of the Neurospora light signal transduction pathway that modulates the circadian clock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04545.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-regulation of Salmonella enterica genes required for virulence and resistance to antimicrobial peptides by SlyA and PhoP/PhoQ (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the transcriptome of slyA mutant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revealed that many SlyA-dependent genes, including pagC, pagD, ugtL, mig-14, virK, phoN, pgtE, pipB2, sopD2, pagJ and pagK, are also controlled by the PhoP/PhoQ regulatory system. Many SlyA- and PhoP/PhoQ-co-regulated genes have functions associated with the bacterial envelope, and some have been directly implicated in virulence and resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Purified His-tagged SlyA binds to the pagC and mig-14 promoters in regions homologous to a previously proposed ‘SlyA-box’. The pagC promoter lacks a consensus PhoP binding site and does not bind PhoP in vitro, suggesting that the effect of PhoP on pagC transcription is indirect. Stimulation of pagC expression by PhoP requires SlyA. Levels of SlyA protein and mRNA are not significantly changed under low-magnesium PhoP-inducing conditions in which pagC expression is profoundly elevated, however, indicating that the PhoP/PhoQ system does not activate pagC expression by altering SlyA protein concentration. Models are proposed in which PhoP may control SlyA activity via a soluble ligand or SlyA may function as an anti-repressor to allow PhoP activation. The absence of almost all SlyA-activated genes from the Escherichia coli K12 genome suggests that the functional linkage between the SlyA and PhoP/PhoQ regulatory systems arose as Salmonella evolved its distinctive pathogenic lifestyle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04553.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulocytes govern the transcriptional response, morphology and proliferation of Candida albicans in human blood (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Survival in blood and escape from blood vessels into tissues are essential steps for the yeast Candida albicans to cause systemic infections. To elucidate the influence of blood components on fungal growth, morphology and transcript profile during bloodstream infections, we exposed C. albicans to blood, blood fractions enriched in erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytes, blood depleted of neutrophils and plasma. C. albicans cells exposed to erythrocytes, mononuclear cells, plasma or blood lacking neutrophils were physiologically active and rapidly switched to filamentous growth. In contrast, the presence of neutrophils arrested C. albicans growth, enhanced the fungal response to overcome nitrogen and carbohydrate starvation, and induced the expression of a large number of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. In particular, SOD5, encoding a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored superoxide dismutase localized on the cell surface of C. albicans, was strongly expressed in yeast cells that were associated with neutrophils. Mutants lacking key genes involved in oxidative stress, morphology or virulence had significantly reduced survival rates in blood and the neutrophil fraction, but remained viable for at least 1 h of incubation when exposed to erythrocytes, mononuclear cells, plasma or blood lacking neutrophils. These data suggest that C. albicans genes expressed in blood were predominantly induced in response to neutrophils, and that neutrophils play a key role during C. albicans bloodstream infections. However, C. albicans is equipped with several genes and transcriptional programmes, which may help the fungus to counteract the attack of neutrophils, to escape from the bloodstream and to cause systemic infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04557.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mutation G145S in PrfA, a key virulence regulator of Listeria monocytogenes, increases DNA-binding affinity by stabilizing the HTH motif (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular human pathogen, causes systemic infections with high mortality rate. The majority of the known pathogenicity factors of L. monocytogenes is regulated by a single transcription factor, PrfA. Hyperhaemolytic laboratory strains of L. monocytogenes express the constitutively active mutant PrfAG145S inducing virulence gene overexpression independent of environmental conditions. PrfA belongs to the Crp/Fnr family of transcription factors generally activated by a small effector, such as cAMP or O2. We present the crystal structures of wild-type PrfA, the first Gram-positive member of the Crp/Fnr family, and of the constitutively active mutant PrfAG145S. Cap (Crp) has previously been described exclusively in the cAMP-induced (DNA-free and -bound) conformation. By contrast, the PrfA structures present views both of the non-induced state and of the mutationally activated form. The low DNA-binding affinity of wild-type PrfA is supported both structurally (partly disordered helix–turn–helix motif, overall geometry of the HTH α-helices deviates from Cap) and by surface plasmon resonance analyses (KD = 0.9 µM). In PrfAG145S the HTH motifs dramatically rearrange to adopt a conformation comparable to cAMP-induced Cap and hence favourable for DNA binding, supported by a DNA-binding affinity of 50 nM. Finally, the hypothesis that wild-type PrfA, like other Crp/Fnr family members, may require an as yet unidentified cofactor for activation is supported by the presence of a distinct tunnel in PrfA, located at the interface of the β-barrel and the DNA-binding domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04561.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspG disrupts microtubules and in conjunction with Orf3 enhances perturbation of the tight junction barrier (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: EspG, a secreted effector of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), as well as its homologue Orf3, has been shown to disrupt microtubules (MTs) in fibroblasts and non-polarized epithelial cells. The roles of MTs and the effects of MT disruption in these cell types differ significantly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EspG on polarized, host target intestinal epithelial cells. Immunofluorescent labelling of tubulin showed that EPEC caused progressive fragmentation and loss of the MT network in cells harbouring attached organisms. Immunoblots of proteins extracted from EPEC-infected cells showed a corresponding loss of α-tubulin. Type III secretion system (TTSS)-deficient strains had no effect on MT suggesting TTSS dependence. Mutation of espG, but not espF or map, ablated EPEC's effects on MTs for up to 6 h. Ectopic expression of EspG in HeLa cells caused MT disruption. While deletion of espG alone had no effect on the EPEC-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), mutation of both espG and orf3 significantly delayed the kinetics of this response. Complementation of the double mutant with espG alone restored the kinetics of TER drop to that of wild type. Herein, we describe a previously unrecognized phenotype for the EPEC effectors EspG and Orf3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04571.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erwinia chrysanthemi requires a second iron transport route dependent of the siderophore achromobactin for extracellular growth and plant infection (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Full virulence of the pectinolytic enterobacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 depends on the production in planta of the catechol-type siderophore chrysobactin. Under iron-limited conditions, E. chrysanthemi synthesizes a second siderophore called achromobactin belonging to the hydroxy/carboxylate class of siderophore. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized a 13 kb long operon comprising seven genes required for the biosynthesis (acs) and extracellular release (yhcA) of achromobactin, as well as the gene encoding the specific outer membrane receptor for its ferric complex (acr). The promoter of this operon was negatively regulated by iron. In a fur null mutant, transcriptional fusions to the acsD and acsA genes were constitutively expressed. Band shift assays showed that the purified E. chrysanthemi Fur repressor protein specifically binds in vitro to the promoter region of the acsF gene confirming that the metalloregulation of the achromobactin operon is achieved directly by Fur. The temporal production of achromobactin in iron-depleted bacterial cultures was determined: achromobactin is produced before chrysobactin and its production decreases as that of chrysobactin increases. Pathogenicity tests performed on African violets showed that achromobactin production contributes to the virulence of E. chrysanthemi. Thus, during infection, synthesis of these two different siderophores allows E. chrysanthemi cells to cope with the fluctuations of iron availability encountered within plant tissues. Interestingly, iron transport mediated by achromobactin or a closely related siderophore probably exists in other phytopathogenic bacterial species such as Pseudomonas syringae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04383.x
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Cell size and nucleoid organization of engineered Escherichia coli cells with a reduced genome (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The minimization of a genome is necessary to identify experimentally the minimal gene set that contains only those genes that are essential and sufficient to sustain a functioning cell. Recent developments in genetic techniques have made it possible to generate bacteria with a markedly reduced genome. We developed a simple system for formation of markerless chromosomal deletions, and constructed and characterized a series of large-scale chromosomal deletion mutants of Escherichia coli that lack between 2.4 and 29.7% of the parental chromosome. Combining deletion mutations changes cell length and width, and the mutant cells with larger deletions were even longer and wider than the parental cells. The nucleoid organization of the mutants is also changed: the nucleoids occur as multiple small nucleoids and are localized peripherally near the envelope. Inhibition of translation causes them to condense into one or two packed nucleoids, suggesting that the coupling of transcription and translation of membrane proteins peripherally localizes chromosomes. Because these phenotypes are similar to those of spherical cells, those may be a consequence of the morphological change. Based on the nucleoid localization observed with these mutants, we discuss the cellular nucleoid dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04386.x
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  • 15
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    New insertion sequences of Sulfolobus: functional properties and implications for genome evolution in hyperthermophilic archaea (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analyses of complete genomes indicate that insertion sequences (ISs) are abundant and widespread in hyperthermophilic archaea, but few experimental studies have measured their activities in these hosts. As a way to investigate the impact of ISs on Sulfolobus genomes, we identified seven transpositionally active ISs in a widely distributed Sulfolobus species, and measured their functional properties. Six of the seven were found to be distinct from previously described ISs of Sulfolobus, and one of the six could not be assigned to any known IS family. A type II ‘Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element’ (MITE) related to one of the ISs was also recovered. Rates of transposition of the different ISs into the pyrEF region of their host strains varied over a 250-fold range. The Sulfolobus ISs also differed with respect to target-site selectivity, although several shared an apparent preference for the pyrEF promoter region. Despite the number of distinct ISs assayed and their molecular diversity, only one demonstrated precise excision from the chromosomal target region. The fact that this IS is the only one lacking inverted repeats and target-site duplication suggests that the observed precise excision may be promoted by the IS itself. Sequence searches revealed previously unidentified partial copies of the newly identified ISs in the Sulfolobus tokodaii and Sulfolobus solfataricus genomes. The structures of these fragmentary copies suggest several distinct molecular mechanisms which, in the absence of precise excision, inactivate ISs and gradually eliminate the defective copies from Sulfolobus genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04391.x
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  • 16
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    The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has only one pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is located in the apicoplast (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relict plastid (apicoplast) of apicomplexan parasites synthesizes fatty acids and is a promising drug target. In plant plastids, a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, the major fatty acid precursor, whereas a second, distinct PDH fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the mitochondria. In contrast, the presence of genes encoding PDH and related enzyme complexes in the genomes of five Plasmodium species and of Toxoplasma gondii indicate that these parasites contain only one single PDH. PDH complexes are comprised of four subunits (E1α, E1β, E2, E3), and we confirmed four genes encoding a complete PDH in Plasmodium falciparum through sequencing of cDNA clones. In apicomplexan parasites, many nuclear-encoded proteins are targeted to the apicoplast courtesy of two-part N-terminal leader sequences, and the presence of such N-terminal sequences on all four PDH subunits as well as phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that the P. falciparum PDH is located in the apicoplast. Fusion of the two-part leader sequences from the E1α and E2 genes to green fluorescent protein experimentally confirmed apicoplast targeting. Western blot analysis provided evidence for the expression of the E1α and E1β PDH subunits in blood-stage malaria parasites. The recombinantly expressed catalytic domain of the PDH subunit E2 showed high enzymatic activity in vitro indicating that pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in the apicoplast, possibly for use in fatty acid biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04407.x
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  • 17
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    Pseudoreplication Problems in Studies of Dolphin and Porpoise Reactions to Pingers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01220.x
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    OCEANS PAST-MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON THE HISTORY OF MARINE ANIMAL POPULATIONS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01221.x
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    FROM THE EDITOR: REFLECTIONS WITH COMMENTS ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01222.x
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    CONTINUING SEA OTTER POPULATION DECLINES IN THE ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01218.x
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    ACOUSTIC ECOLOGY OF FORAGING BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS), HABITAT-SPECIFIC USE OF THREE SOUND TYPES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The function(s) of a particular sound can be explored in detail only if the context of its use is well understood. The behavior of the signaler, and the habitat in which that behavior is observed, are two of the most important components of understanding context specific use of a sound. Bottlenose dolphin foraging behavior is often inferred from relatively few behavioral cues that are visible from the surface. To investigate the use of three specific sound types: echolocation, whistles, and pops during foraging, I recorded sound use by animals engaged in a set of previously defined specific foraging behaviors using a system that allowed me to see animals throughout the water column. Lone foraging animals produced all three sounds at significantly higher rates than animals foraging in groups, and the rate of sound production per animal in multi-animal foraging groups did not vary even as the groups reached up to five individuals. Production of echolocation and pops by lone foraging animals accounted for much of the difference. Foraging dolphins also displayed habitat-specific use of particular sound types. They preferentially produced echolocation and pops in the sand habitat and, at least for lone animals, in the seagrass edge habitat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01253.x
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    FISHING GEAR INVOLVED IN ENTANGLEMENTS OF RIGHT AND HUMPBACK WHALES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Interactions between marine mammals and fishing gear are an issue of global concern. Entanglements in the western North Atlantic are a major source of injury and mortality for endangered large whales. In this study, entanglements of 31 right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and 30 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were analyzed to determine the types and parts of gear involved. When gear was identified, 89% (n= 32) of the entanglements were attributed to pot and gill net gear; however, a wide range of specific gear types were implicated. Despite gear recovery, gear type was not identified in 20% (n= 9) of the cases. Although pot gear was recovered from both species equally, gill net gear was less frequently retrieved from right whales (n= 2) than humpback whales (n= 11). When gear part was identified, 81% (n= 21) involved entanglements in buoy line and/or groundline. For right whales, the most common point of gear attachment was the mouth (77.4%); for humpback whales, the tail (53%) and the mouth (43%) were common attachment sites. Four right and three humpback whales in this sample were known to have died subsequent to entanglement. However, when identified, the gear types and parts involved in lethal cases were not substantially different from entanglements with non-lethal outcomes. Large whales can become entangled in a wide variety of fishing gear types and parts, and additional insight will depend on continued efforts to document entanglements and recover associated gear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01256.x
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    KILLER WHALE ATTACKS ON MINKE WHALES: PREY CAPTURE AND ANTIPREDATOR TACTICS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe nine incidents of predation or attempted predation of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) by mammal-hunting “transient” killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia, Washington, and southeastern Alaska. Pursuits of minke whales were characterized by prolonged chases on a straight heading at velocities of 15–30 km/h. In four of the nine cases the adultsized minke whale gradually outdistanced the killer whales, which abandoned the high-speed pursuit after 0.5–1 h. In one case the minke beached itself and died. Four attacks were successful. In one instance a subadult minke was killed in open water following a chase. In two cases the fleeing minke entered a confined bay and was killed by the killer whales. One adult minke was taken after apparently attempting to seek cover beside a large sailboat. Minke whales made no attempt to physically defend themselves and were killed by repeated ramming or by asphyxiation. Although killer whales are capable of sprinting speeds greater than those of minke whales, it appears that adult minkes can maintain higher sustained speeds and evade capture if sufficient space for an extended escape trajectory is available. Successful predation of minke whales in coastal waters is rare compared to pinnipeds and small cetaceans, the main prey of transient killer whales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01254.x
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    GENETIC VARIATION OF KOGIA SPP. WITH PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR TWO SPECIES OF KOGIA SIMA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Concordance between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers and morphologically based species identifications was examined for the two currently recognized Kogia species. We sequenced 406 base pairs of the control region and 398 base pairs of the cytochrome b gene from 108 Kogia breviceps and 47 K. sima samples. As expecred, the two sister species were reciprocally monophyletic to each other in phylogenetic reconstructions, but within K. sima, we unexpectedly observed another reciprocally monophyletic relationship. The two K. sima clades resolved were phylogeographically concordant with all of the haplotypes in one clade observed solely among specimens sampled from the Atlantic Ocean and with those in the other clade observed solely among specimens sampled from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. These apparently allopatric clades were observed in all phylogenetic reconstructions using the maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighborjoining algorithms, with the mtDNA gene sequences analyzed separately and combined. The nucleotide diversity for the combined gene sequence haplotypes of the two K. sima clades resolved in our analyses was 0.58% and 1.03% for the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, respectively, whereas for the two recognized sister species, nucleotide diversity was 1.65% and 4.02% for K. breviceps and K. sima, respectively. The combined gene sequence haplotypes have accumulated 44 fixed base pair differences between the two K. sima clades compared to 20 fixed base pair differences between the two recognized sister species. Although our results are consistent with species-level differences between the two K. sima clades, recognition of a third Kogia species awaits supporting evidence that these two apparently allopatric clades represent reproductively isolated groups of animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01255.x
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    HOW A HARBOR SEAL SEES THE NIGHT SKY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Astronavigation is a possible mechanism of offshore orientation in marine mammals. However, the basic prerequisite for astronavigation is to see enough stars of the night sky. This cannot be taken for granted in seals as, due to adaptations of their dioptric apparatus to the optical properties of water, seals are supposed to be myopic and astigmatic when out of the water under low light conditions. Using various real and artificial stars in a go/no-go response paradigm we therefore determined the minimum brightness at which a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) can detect stars. The dark-adapted seal was trained to look through an empty tube (“seal telescope”) and to retract its head only when a star appeared at the opposite aperture. The seal reliably detected Venus or Sirius becoming suddenly visible when the telescope was moved across the night sky. Detection thresholds were determined using artificial stars (parallel light identical to starlight coming from the universe) of predefined brightness generated by an optical system installed in front of the seal's telescope. The seal detected artificial stars down to 4.4 stellar magnitudes. Although these results cannot present evidence for astronavigation, they imply that seals should see enough stars to allow such orientation mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01257.x
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    TRENDS IN ABUNDANCE AND CURRENT STATUS OF HARBOR SEALS IN OREGON: 1977–2003 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The distribution and abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Oregon were monitored from 1977 to 2003 by aerial photographic surveys. Harbor seals on shore were counted each year during the reproductive period. Mean annual counts of non-pups (adults and subadults) were used as an index of population size and the trend in the counts was modeled using exponential (density-independent) and generalized logistic (density-dependent) growth models. Models were fit using maximum likelihood and evaluated using Akaike's Information Criterion. The population dynamics of harbor seals in Oregon were best described by the generalized logistic model. The population grew following protection under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 until stabilizing in the early 1990s. The estimated absolute abundance of harbor seals (all age classes) during the 2002 reproductive period was 10,087 individuals (95% confidence interval was 8,445–12,046 individuals). The current predicted population size for harbor seals in Oregon is above its estimated maximum net productivity level and hence within its optimum sustainable population range. We speculate that recent increases in ocean productivity in the eastern Pacific Ocean may lead to an increase in carrying capacity and renewed growth in Oregon's harbor seal population.
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    DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS BY HARBOR SEAL PUPS IN CONTRASTING ALASKA ENVIRONMENTS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Movement patterns of Alaska harbor seal pups were studied using satellite telemetry during 1997–2000. Mean tracking duration was 277.3 d (SD = 105.8) for Tugidak Island pups (n= 26) and 171.2 d (108.3) for Prince William Sound (PWS) pups (n= 27). Movements were similar for males and females and were largely restricted to the continental shelf. Multiple return trips of 〉 75 km from the natal area and up to ∼3 wk duration were most common, followed by movements restricted to 〈25 km from the natal area; one way movements from the natal site were rare. Distances moved and home range sizes remained relatively stable or increased gradually from July through winter, then decreased markedly through spring. Monthly movements (maximum distance from tagging location, mean distance from haul-outs to at-sea locations, and home range size) were significantly greater for Tugidak vs. PWS pups. Six of seven pups from each region that traveled farthest and were tracked the longest had returned to their tagging site when their last location was recorded, indicating philopatry or limited dispersal during their first year of life. Seal pups exhibited similar movement patterns in the distinct habitats of the two regions, but differed in the spatial extent of their movements.
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    COLONIZATION HISTORY OF THE BALTIC HARBOR SEALS: INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND GENETIC DATA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Detailed knowledge about the history of colonization, population dynamics and behavior greatly enhance evaluation of genetic models of population units and migration rates in spatially structured populations. Here, the genetic uniqueness of harbor seals (Phoca vitulinia) in the eastern Baltic is evaluated in the light of new information on the distribution and abundance of Baltic and eastern North Sea populations during the last 11,000 yr, recent hunting statistics, and population counts. Archaeological records reveal that the Baltic population of harbor seals was founded about 8,000 yr ago. Adjacent populations in the North Sea areas were either small, or went extinct, and became significant only during the last 300 yr. This information generates the hypothesis that the Baltic population has been isolated during the last 8,000 yr, despite the lack of geographical barriers. We show that stochastic effects, isolation, and a documented recent population bottleneck can account for the low observed genetic variation in Baltic harbor seals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01260.x
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    EFFECTIVE, FIELD-BASED INHALATION ANESTHESIA FOR ICE SEALS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Thirty five adult crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) were anesthetized with combinations of the sedative midazolam and the gaseous anesthetic isoflurane during three research cruises to the Antarctic Peninsula (∼67°S, 67°W) in the austral winters of 2001 and 2002. Modifications were required to gas anesthetic equipment to achieve field portability and sufficient heating to allow operations in temperatures as low as -20°C. Seals were sedated with an average intramuscular dose of midazolam of 0.55 ± 0.14 mg/kg delivered via a pole syringe (n= 32). One seal was not given midazolam and two seals were injected intravenously. Premedication with midazolam provided moderate sedation, making capture and masking practical and safe. Mean induction time with isoflurane was 8 ± 4.8 min. Mean maintenance concentration over the anesthetic period were 2.3%± 0.9% of isoflurane. Average recovery time was 18.2 ± 8.8 min. No substantial difficulties were experienced and anesthetics were easily managed. This drug combination and the use of modified, heated equipment provide an effective anesthetic procedure for crabeater seals.
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    LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SPINNER DOLPHIN (STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01264.x
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    Difficulties in Publishing Research Results from Scientific Whaling (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01266.x
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    Signal-to-Noise: Funding StructureVersus Ethics as a Solution to Conflict-of-Interest (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01265.x
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    PROJECTING THE TREND OF STELLER SEA LION POPULATIONS IN WESTERN ALASKA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper attempts to project the trends of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) populations in six subdivisions of the western Alaska population. The overall Western Alaska population has declined dramatically since the 1970s. Trends in half of the areas appear to have leveled-off and possibly to be on the increase. Bootstrapping has been used to provide confidence intervals on predictions for the 2004 counts. For the three areas in which we expect increases, the 95% confidence intervals on predictions were: Eastern Gulf (2,430–3,740), Central Gulf (3,260–3,660) and Central Aleutians (5,160–6,580). The Western Gulf counts have been somewhat erratic, with a gradual rate of decrease (about 2% per year) and wide confidence limits on a linear prediction (logarithmic scale) of 2,690–3,240. Trends in the Eastern Aleutians have been even more erratic, so that about all that can be inferred is that the population may be roughly stabilized. Only the Western Aleutians appear to be rapidly declining at about 10% per year, with a 95% confidence interval on a linear trend of 610–1,100. The predictions were made before the 2004 counts and are in reasonable accord with the 2004 counts. Age structure changes do not appeat to provide a viable explanation for the changing trends.
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    In Memorium (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01267.x
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    INFLUENCE OF POWER PLANTS AND OTHER WARM-WATER REFUGES ON FLORIDA MANATEES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Because of limited tolerance to cold, most Florida manatees survive cold winter periods by aggregating at warm-water discharges from power plants and natural springs in central and northern Florida. Many power plants used by manatees may soon be retired. When this occurs, some people assume manatees will move to warmer areas in southern Florida; others fear they will stay near retired plants and sustain high levels of cold-related deaths causing a decline in abundance. To assess these possibilities, we examine warm-water habitats, population structure and movement, cold-related deaths, and information on possible historical manatee distribution. Winter water temperatures even in southernmost Florida periodically fall below manatee tolerance levels. To survive such periods, manatees use two types of warm-water refuges: warm-water discharges, and passive thermal basins that cool slowly, thereby temporarily retaining warm temperatures. During the coldest periods, perhaps 60% of all manatees use 10 power plants and 15% use four natural springs; most others use thermal basins in southern Florida. Site fidelity to these refuges appears to be the principal factor segregating manatees into at least four subpopulations. Since 1986, rates of cold-related deaths in southernmost Florida (10.0%) have exceeded those in areas with natural springs in central and northern Florida (8.8%). Our findings suggest that warm-water springs in northern Florida offer better winter habitat than thermal basins in southern Florida and are better able to support large numbers of manatees. Although evidence is scant, we suggest that manatees historically overwintered principally at northern springs, but that Pre-Columbian and European hunting restricted their winter range to southernmost Florida by the early 1900s. We also suggest that southernmost Florida may not be able to sustain a large influx of displaced of manatees in the absence of power plants, and that warm-water springs in northern Florida should be considered the most important source of natural warm-water habitat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01263.x
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    BILATERAL DIRECTIONAL ASYMMETRY OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON OF THE HARBOR PORPOISE (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Directional asymmetry (DA) of the lengths, diameters, and masses of the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna were analyzed on a sample of 213 harbor porpoises from Denmark and West Greenland. The levels of DA were consistent across yearlings and older animals, mature and immature animals, sexes, and populations. All investigated variables showed significant DA favoring the right side. For the pooled sample, DA of lengths ranged from 0.2% SE 0.1 (ulna) to 1.2% SE 0.1 (scapula). DAs of diameters were 1.5% SE 0.2 for the humerus, 0.6% SE 0.1 for the radius, and 1.3% SE 0.2 for the ulna. DA of mass ranged from 2.8% SE 0.5 (humerus) to 4.3% SE 0.7 (ulna). The humerus and ulna had significantly larger mean diameter/ length ratios on the right side than the left, making them more robust. The large DA of scapula length indicates larger muscle mass associated with the right flipper, while the generally more robust right humerii and ulnae may be designed for higher levels of mechanical stress. These DAs and the examples of lateralized behavior recorded in cetaceans, point to the existence of lateralized use of the flippers at the population level in harbor porpoises and possibly other cetacean species.
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    PATTERNS OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN DIVING SPERM WHALES IN THE NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Passive acoustic tracking of sperm whales was conducted during three cruises (2001, 2002, and 2003) in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean Sea using a 128-element towed linear array with real-time beamforming capabilities. This allowed angular separation of sperm whales clicking from different horizontal directions, as well as an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, when several diving animals were present, the description of individual click series was possible. Over a total of 279 complete dives, sperm whales were recorded clicking an average of 35 min per dive. The acoustic repertoire heard from diving sperm whales consisted of usual clicks, creaks, codas, and ttumpets. Trumpets occurred at the beginning of 45 dives. One hundred and thirty-one codas, 98% belonging to the Mediterranean pattern 3+1, were recorded, usually at the end of the dive.
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    DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DOLPHIN, THE AUSTRALIAN SNUBFIN DOLPHIN ORCAELLA HEINSOHNI SP. N. (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Comparisons of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, between Australian and Asian sites documented geographic differences in height of dorsal fin, presence or absence of a median dorsal groove in front of the dorsal fin, and coloration (presence or absence of a dorsal cape). Analysis of genetic data provided support for two clades within the Asian samples, the Mekong River samples from Cambodia and southern Laos, and all other marine and freshwater sites from Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The major separation, however, was between sites in Asia and those from Australia (5.9% of base pair differences, compared with 1.2% for within Australia and 1.5% for within Asia). Within a 403 base segment of the mtDNA control region, Australian specimens had 17 diagnostic sites with 16 fixed base pair differences and one insertion/deletion. Consistent, statistically significant differences in skull characters of Australian specimens have previously been demonstrated and are reviewed in this paper. There was a high concordance in character differences demonstrated between O. brevirostris from all Asian sites and Australian specimens, especially in the genetic and osteological characters. Based on the range and concordance of character differences, we propose that the Australian dolphins be recognized as a new species, Orcaella heinsohni (suggested common name: Australian snubfin dolphin).
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    VERTEBRAL OSTEOLOGY AND COMPLEXITY IN LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS (DELPHINIDAE) WITH COMPARISON TO OTHER DELPHINOID GENERA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The vertebral column of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, reflects the radical reorganization of the cetacean column for locomotion in water. Both posterior thoracic and anterior caudal vertebrae have been “lumbarized,” and discontinuities occur within the caudal series at the synclinal point and fluke base. Morphology changes subtly as body size increases. Neural process height increases more rapidly, and centrum length more variably, than other vertebral parameters. As a result, large animals have disproportionately tall neural processes, short necks, long mid-body regions, and short flukes. Vertebral columns of large animals also show greater complexity (range, irregularity, and polarization) of centrum length than do those of smaller animals. Comparisons among dolphins reveal that complexity trends with respect to differentiation of parts run counter to the trend with respect to number of parts, a relationship predicted by Williston in 1914.
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    THE GUNSHOT SOUND PRODUCED BY MALE NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA GLACIALIS) AND ITS POTENTIAL FUNCTION IN REPRODUCTIVE ADVERTISEMENT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) make a short, distinctive broadband sound that is produced internally called a Gunshot sound. This sound has been recorded in the Bay of Fundy, Canada from both single whales (n= 9) and social surface active groups (n=49). Those single whales producing Gunshot sounds whose sex could be determined (n= 9) were all mature males. Gunshot sounds were produced as part of a stereotyped behavioral sequence by these individuals, including frequent head-lifts and flipper slapping at the surface. In surface active groups, Gunshot sounds were commonly recorded when males were present in the group. The rate of production of Gunshot sounds was weakly correlated with the total number of males present in the group. Given the behavioral context of Gunshot sound production, and production of the sound only by male whales, Gunshots may function in a reproductive context as an advertisement signal to attract females, an agonistic signal directed toward other males, or a combination of the two functions.
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    ESTIMATES OF SPERM WHALE ABUNDANCE IN THE NORTHEASTERN TEMPERATE PACIFIC FROM A COMBINED ACOUSTIC AND VISUAL SURVEY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We estimate the abundance of sperm whales in a 7.8 million km2 study area in the eastern temperate North Pacific using data from a ship-based acoustic and visual line-transect survey in spring 1997. Sperm whales were detected acoustically using a hydrophone array towed at 15 km/h and 100 m depth. The hydrophone array was towed for 14,500 km, and locations were estimated acoustically for 45 distinct sperm whale groups. Whales producing slow clicks (〉2-s period) were detected at greater distance (up to 37 km), and the estimation of effective strip widths was stratified based on initial click period. Visual survey effort (using 25° binoculars and naked eyes) covered 8,100 km in Beaufort sea states 0–5 and resulted in only eight sightings. The effective strip width for visual detections was estimated from previous surveys conducted using the same methods and similar vessels in the eastern Pacific. Estimated sperm whale abundance in the study area was not significantly different between acoustic (32,100, CV = 0.36) and visual (26,300, CV = 0.81) detection methods. Acoustic techniques substantially increased the number of sperm whales detected on this line-transect survey by increasing the range of detection and allowing nighttime surveys; however, visual observations were necessary for estimating group size.
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    DUGONG (DUGONG DUGON) ABUNDANCE ALONG THE ANDAMAN COAST OF THAILAND (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In 2000 and 2001, dugong abundance was estimated using aerial surveys in three provinces along the Andaman coast of Thailand. A microlite aircraft was used to fly aerial transects over seagrass areas. All surveys were done during rising tides as the dugongs came to the seagrass beds to feed. The largest population was found in Trang province. In Trang, the total number of sightings during 22 surveys was 264, out of which 31.5% were single dugongs. The largest group seen in 2000 was 30, and in 2001, 53. The maximum number of calves seen in one day was 13. The best minimum estimate of population abundance is 123 animals (CV = 60.8%) in Trang province. Higher numbers of dugong sightings and group sizes corresponded with higher tides until water turbidity impeded sightings after the highest spring tide. In other areas the number of animals seen was too small for population estimates.
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    A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE REGIME SHIFT-“JUNK FOOD”-NUTRITIONAL STRESS HYPOTHESIS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE WESTERN STOCK OF STELLER SEA LION (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the central and western Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea have declined by 80% in the last 30 yr. One hypothesis for the decline in this western Steller sea lion population is that a climate regime shift in 1976–1977 changed the species composition of the fish community and reduced the nutritional quality (energy density) of the sea lion prey field. This in turn led to nutritional stress and reduced individual fitness, survival, and reproduction of sea lions. Implications of this regime shift-“junk food” hypothesis are that (1) the recruitment and abundance of supposed high quality species (e.g., Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi) decreased while those of supposed low quality (e.g., species in the family Gadidae) increased following the regime shift, (2) Steller sea lion diets shifted in response to this change in fish community structure, and (3) a diet composed principally of gadids (e.g., walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma) is detrimental to sea lion fitness and survival. We examine data relating to each of these implications and find little support for the hypothesis that increases in the availability and consumption of gadids following the regime shift are primarily responsible for the decline of the western population of Steller sea lion.
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    CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE OF HARBOR SEALS IN MAINE, 1981–2001 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Aerial counts of harbor seals (Pboca vitulina concolor) on ledges along the Maine coast were conducted during the pupping season in 1981, 1986, 1993, 1997, and 2001. Between 1981 and 2001, the uncorrected counts of seals increased from 10,543 to 38,014, an annual rate of 6.6 percent. In 2001 30 harbor seals were captured and radio-tagged prior to aerial counts. Of these, 19 harbor seals (six adult males, two adult females, seven juvenile males, and four juvenile females) were available during the survey to develop a correction factor for the fraction of seals not observed. The corrected 2001 abundance estimate was 99,340 harbor seals. Productivity in this population has increased since 1981 from 6.4% pups to 24.4% pups. The number of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) counted during the harbor seal surveys increased from zero in both 1981 and 1986 to 1,731 animals in 2001.
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    Notes: KILLER WHALE PREDATION IN COASTAL WATERS OF THE CHUKOTKA PENINSULA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    NOTES: SONGS INDICATE INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE) POPULATIONS IN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    THE “SEAL PRICK”: A LOW INVASIVE METHOD FOR BLOOD SAMPLING IN MALE ELEPHANT SEALS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Books (2005)
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Sea Ice: an Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Geology. David N. Thomas and Gerhard S. Dieckmann, eds.
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    NOTES: EFFECTS OF SQUID BEAK SIZE ON THE ROUTE OF EGESTION IN NORTHERN FUR SEALS (CALLORHINUS URSINUS): RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE FEEDING TRIALS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FISHERY-DEPENDENT AND FISHERY-INDEPENDENT ESTIMATES OF SINGLE-AND MIXED-SPECIES DOLPHIN SCHOOLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SINGLE-SPECIES STOCK ASSESSMENTS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Since 1979, fishery-independent data and fishery-dependent data have been used to estimate trends in the abundance of the northeastern stock of spotted dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific. Data collected aboard tuna vessels have been used to estimate trends in relative abundance, while data collected from fishery-independent research vessels have been used to estimate trends in actual abundance. One of the largest discrepancies between the two data sources is that tuna vessels tend to report dolphin schools that are 400%—500% larger than schools observed by research vessels. After comparing research vessel and tuna vessel observations overlapping in space and time, it appears that either measurement error or selective reporting of large schools is the most likely explanation for the disparity. Comparing single-species schools against portions of mixed- species schools introduced bias. Revised fishery-dependent abundance estimates were generated using only single-species dolphin schools, resulting in estimates that appear more similar to recent fishery-independent abundance estimates.correctable in fishery-dependent data, suggesting that data on mixed-species schools should not be considered if fishery-dependent data are to be combined with fishery-independent data for stock assessment purposes.
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    CAPTURE-RECAPTURE ESTIMATES OF HECTOR'S DOLPHIN ABUNDANCE AT BANKS PENINSULA, NEW ZEALAND (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Capture-recapture techniques have been extensively used to estimate survival rates of Hector's dolphins at Banks Peninsula, but not abundance. We analyzed nine seasons of photo-identification data using a model-fitting approach in the computer program MARK, and then used MARK's estimates of capture probabilities to calculate the abundance of distinctive individuals. We extrapolated these estimates to include unmarked individuals using five seasons of data on the proportion of identifiable individuals in this population, obtained from “random photography.” This capture-recapture approach suggests a 1996 population of about 1,100 (CV = 0.21). This is very similar to the 1997 line-transect estimate of about 900 (CV = 0.28), especially considering that the two techniques do not necessarily measure the same thing. An important advantage of the capture-recapture approach stems from the inherent versatility of photo-ID data. If the sampling design is appropriate, an unbiased abundance estimate can be achieved as a spin-off from work directed at other questions. However, in our view, line-transect estimates are easier to interpret because the sampling design is explicit.
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    EFFECTS OF AN OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENT ON LOCAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RINGED SEALS (PHOCA HISPIDA) OF THE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study investigates how densities of ringed seals were affected by construction and oil production activities at Northstar, an artificial island built in the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Intensive and replicated aerial surveys of seals on landfast ice were conducted during six spring seasons: for three seasons before island construction began (1997–1999); after a winter of intensive island construction (2000); and after more limited construction plus drilling (2001) and drilling plus oil production (2002). A Poisson regression model was used to examine seal densities relative to distance from Northstar after allowance for environmental covariates. Post hoc power analysis indicated that the study design and Poisson regression approach had high power to detect small-scale changes in seal densities near Northstar if such changes had occurred. However, seal densities during spring were not significantly affected by proximity to Northstar in 2000–2002. Habitat, temporal, and weather factors did have significant effects on seal densities. This study shows that effects of the Northstar oil development on local distribution of basking ringed seals are no more than slight, and are small relative to the effects of natural environmental factors. An understanding of environmental effects is essential when assessing potential impacts of industrial activity on ringed seals.
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    PUP PRODUCTION AND POPULATION TRENDS OF THE AUSTRALIAN FUR SEAL (ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS DORIFERUS) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We estimated the number of live Australian fur seal pups using capture-markresights, direct ground counts, or aerial photography at all breeding sites following the pupping season of November-December 2002. Pups were recorded at 17 locations; nine previously known colony sites, one newly recognized colony and seven haul-out sites where pups are occasionally born. In order of size, the colonies were Lady Julia Percy Island (5,899 pups), Seal Rocks (4,882), The Skerries (2,486), Judgment Rocks (2,427), Kanowna Island (2,301), Moriarty Rocks (1,007), Reid Rocks (384), West Moncoeur Island (257), and Tenth Island (124). The newly recognized site was Rag Island, in the Cliffy Group, where we recorded 30 pups. We also recorded pups at the following haul-out sites: Cape Bridge-water (7 pups), Bull Rock (7), Wright Rock (5), Twin Islet (1), The Friars (1), He des Phoques (1), and Montague Island (1). In total, we estimate there were 19,819 (SE = 163) live pups at the time of the counts. We discuss trends in pup numbers and derive current population estimates for the Australian fur seal.
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    DIVING BEHAVIOR OF THE PACIFIC HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII) IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Physical environment and physiological characteristics of marine mammals potentially affect the duration and depth of diving. Härkönen (1987b) proposed a hypothesis that the harbor seal would gain maximum energy by foraging at intermediate depths. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied diving behavior of the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina ricbardii) during 1995 through 1997 in Monterey Bay, California. Dive depths (n = 13,063 dives) were recorded via time-depth recorders. Approximately 80% of recorded dives were classified as square dives (type I), which typically were associated with foraging in pinnipeds. Approximately 11% of dives were V dives (type II; 1,402 dives), and the remainder (1,225 dives) were skewed dives (type III and IV). The deepest recorded dive was 481 m, while the greatest duration was 35.25 min. Body mass explained the variability of durations of long dives for females (95th percentile; D95♂=-5.47 + 0.18 × (mass♀), r2= 0.91, 95% CI for slope = [0.08, 0.28], n= 5) and for males (D95♂=-5.86 + 0.18 × (mass♀), r2= 0.83, 95% CI for slope = [0.12, 0.24], n= 11). The large proportion of variability in deep dives, however, was explained by body mass only for males (95th percentile; Z95♂=-363.9 + 6.05 × (mass♀), r2= 0.83, 95% CI for slope = [3.93, 8.17], n= 11) and not for females (Z95,♂=−148.1 +3.11 × (mass♀), r2= 0.58, 95% CI for slope = [-1.7, 7.9], n= 5, 95% CI for slope= [−1.7, 7.9]). Median depths of presumed foraging dives of harbor seals in the Monterey Bay area were between 5 and 100 m, which were within the range of the previously reported depths for other areas (〈 100 m). Our findings generally supported Härkönen's hypothesis that harbor seals forage in the intermediate depth in their environment.
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    FEEDING METHOD AFFECTS OTOLITH DIGESTION IN CAPTIVE GRAY SEALS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIET COMPOSITION ESTIMATION (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Analysis of prey structures from scats has become widely used for assessing the diet of free-ranging seals. Captive feeding experiments have played an important role in the development of scat analysis but methodology has varied. We investigated whether using an experimental otolith-carrier species or in situ otolith experimental prey to feed haddock, plaice, and sand eel otoliths to two captive gray seals affected the amount of otolith digestion, and therefore our ability to estimate fish size and diet composition. Otolith recovery rates varied among the three prey species, but were not affected by feeding method. Otoliths were more digested in carrier experiments; resulting digestion coefficients were greater than those from in situ experiments. As a result, while the lengths of whole fish fed experimentally could be accurately predicted by applying in situ digestion coefficients, the lengths of these fish could not be accurately predicted using carrier digestion coefficients. Consequently, the estimated proportion by weight of each species in the diet can change markedly when carrier, as opposed to in situ, digestion coefficients are used. The implications for diet composition estimation are significant.
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    Notes: CODA PLAYBACKS TO SPERM WHALES IN CHILEAN WATERS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION OF SATELLITE-LINKED DIVE RECORDER DATA: SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF ALL BINS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Statistical analysis of diving behavior data collected from satellite-linked dive recorders (SDKs) can be challenging because: (1) the data are binned into several depth and time categories, (2) the data from individual animals are often temporally autocorrelated, (3) random variation between individuals is common, and (4) the number of dives can be correlated among depth bins. Previous analyses often have ignored one or more of these statistical issues. In addition, previous SDR studies have focused on univariate analyses of index variables, rather than multivariate analyses of data from all depth bins. We describe multivariate analysis of SDR data using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and demonstrate the method using SDR data from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) monitored in Prince William Sound, Alaska between 1992 and 1997. Multivariate regression provides greater opportunities for scientific inference than univariate methods, particularly in terms of depth resolution. In addition, empirical variance estimation makes GEE models somewhat easier to implement than other techniques that explicitly model all of the relevant components of variance. However, valid use of empirical variance estimation requires an adequate sample size of individual animals.
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    DO BREEDING MALE SPERM WHALES SHOW PREFERENCES AMONG VOCAL CLANS OF FEMALES? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF CETACEAN MASS STRANDING SITES IN FLORIDA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    PHOTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF FIN WHALES (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS) OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    HOLOCENE RECORD OF THE DUGONG (DUGONG DUGON) FROM VICTORIA, SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    MOBBING OF A GREAT WHITE SHARK (CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS) BY ADULT MALE AUSTRALIAN FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS DORIFERUS) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    COMPARISON OF BETWEEN-TOOTH AGE ESTIMATES OF ATLANTIC WALRUS (ODOBENUS ROSMARUS ROSMARUS) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01236.x
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    MATERNAL ATTENDANCE AND DIVING BEHAVIOR OF A LACTATING MEDITERRANEAN MONK SEAL (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01235.x
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    Books (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Marine Mammals Of India. Kumaran Sathasivam.
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    SPOTTED DOLPHIN EVASIVE RESPONSE IN RELATION TO FISHING EFFORT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spotted dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean associate with yellowfin tuna. During the chase and encirclement phases of purse-seining for tunas, dolphin attempt to evade encirclement with the purse-seine net. We used data on evasive behavior (1982–2001) and numbers of purse-seine sets (1959–2001) to study the relationship between evasion and fishing effort. Results show that in nearshore areas first exploited by the fishery in the early 1960s, dolphins exhibited high evasion, but with a limited correlation between evasion and cumulative effort. In areas farther offshore next exploited in the mid-to late-1960s, dolphins showed high evasion and a significant correlation between evasion and cumulative effort. Dolphins in far-western and southern areas, first exploited in the late 1960s to early 1970s, exhibited low evasion, with little relationship to cumulative effort. We hypothesize that this spatial pattern is the result of two types of pressure from fishing: early effort in nearshore areas with a high risk of mortality that generated a lasting evasive response, followed by a longer period of even greater effort but with lower risk of mortality that generated evasion by longer-term learning.
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    BUBBLESTREAM WHISTLES ARE NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF A BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN'S VOCAL REPERTOIRE (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Whistling bottlenose dolphins sometimes identify themselves with a concurrent bubblestream, and some researchers use these bubblestream whistles as their sole whistle sample. However, bubblestream whistles are not known to be representative of the entire repertoire. Bubblestreams and whistles were recorded from three captive female dolphins and their newborn calves. Bubblestreams were rare (0.13/min), with calves producing ten times as many as adults. Overall, 79% of bubblestreams were associated with whistles, but only 1 % of whistles were associated with bubblestreams. Bubblestream whistles were not independent: 49% occurred within 1 sec of another bubblestream, and 72% of these had the same contour as other bubblestream whistles in the bout. Bubblestream use was context-dependent: adults were more likely to bubblestream when caring for a calf (P 〈 0.001), and calves were more likely to bubblestream when other calves were present (P 〈 0.001). Bubblestreams were not associated with all whistle types. Bubblestream whistles were not evenly distributed across the clusters of a hierarchical cluster analysis of contour parameters using 300 randomly selected non-bubblestream whistles and 92 independent bubblestream whistles (10 clusters, P= 0.003). In conclusion, bubblestreams are rare visual cues that dolphins produce in association with certain whistles in certain contexts and are not representative of the dolphin's repertoire.
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    WINTER FEEDING INTENSITY OF NARWHALS (MONODON MONOCEROS) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stomach contents from 121 narwhals (Monondon monoceros) harvested in the eastern Canadian High Arctic and West Greenland were used to quantify seasonal changes in feeding activity and prey selection. Stomachs collected from summer harvests were mostly empty with little evidence of recent feeding. Stomachs collected in late fall and winter harvests had considerable amounts of undigested material with evidence of recent feeding. In summer, Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis), polar cod (Boreogadus saida), and Gonatus squid spp. constituted the narwhal diet. In fall, Gonatus fabricii was the only prey item observed. In late fall and winter, Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and G. fabricii were the dominant prey items, observed in 51% and 73% of stomachs collected, respectively. Greenland halibut taken by narwhals were on average 39 cm (SD 8) and 556 g (306) and G. fabricii were on average 23 g (15) with mean mantle lengths of 85 mm (24). The low diversiry of prey species indicates narwhals have a restricted diet across all seasons. This study presents the first information on the winter diet of the narwhal and suggests Baffin Bay and Davis Strait are heavily utilized for feeding, in contrast to limited food intake during the summer period.
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    DIEL VARIATION IN ECHOLOCATION BEHAVIOR OF WILD HARBOR PORPOISES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The echolocation rate and behavior of wild harbor porpoises were studied using a harbor porpoise click detector (POD) deployed close to the bottom at 40 m depth in Scottish waters, UK, April—June 2001. Echolocation variables were compared among four diel phases; morning, day, evening, and night. The echolocation encounter rate, the minimum interclick interval per train, and the proportion of echolocation click trains with a minimum interclick interval below 10 msec were all significantly higher at night than during the day. The variation in echolocation rate implies that porpoises increased their echolocation rate and/or visited the depth of the POD more often at night than during the day. Further, the changes in minimum interclick interval per train suggest that they used their echolocation for foraging or investigating objects at a close range to a higher extent, and acoustically explored the environment at greater distances at night than during the day.
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    GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE MATRILINEAL WHALES: MODELS OF CULTURAL HITCHHIKING AND GROUP-SPECIFIC NON-HERITABLE DEMOGRAPHIC VARIATION (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cultural hitchhiking is the process by which cultural selection reduces the diversity of genes that are being transmitted in parallel to selective cultural traits. I use simulation models to investigate cultural hitchhiking in geographically unstructured populations of culturally homogeneous tribes. Substantial reduction of genetic diversity required: a reasonably low mutation rate; that tribes split fairly frequently when they constitute a substantial part of the population; a fairly low migration rate (〈∼10 migrants per tribe per generation); only a low rate of cultural evolution (mean culturally determined fitness change 〉∼0.005%/ generation); and that cultural assimilation from other tribes change the fitness of a tribe less than cultural innovation within it. Cultural hitchhiking tends to increase mean tribe size. Measures of genetic and cultural variation among tribes poorly indicate past cultural hitchhiking. Demographic effects, in which tribal fitness varies but is not heritable, can also reduce a population's genetic diversity if the fitness varies very considerably, or tribal extirpation is added. In such cases populations frequently become extinct. Four species of matrilineal whales have remarkably low mitochondrial DNA diversity. Knowledge of the population and social structure of these species is consistent with the conditions for cultural hitchhiking. However, there remain important information gaps.
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    MULTISITE MARK-RECAPTURE FOR CETACEANS: POPULATION ESTIMATES WITH BAYESIAN MODEL AVERAGING (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mark-recapture techniques are widely used to estimate the size of wildlife populations. However, in cetacean photo-identification studies, it is often impractical to sample across the entire range of the population. Consequently, negatively biased population estimates can result when large portions of a population are unavailable for photographic capture. To overcome this problem, we propose that individuals be sampled from a number of discrete sites located throughout the population's range. The recapture of individuals between sites can then be presented in a simple contingency table, where the cells refer to discrete categories formed by combinations of the study sites. We present a Bayesian framework for fitting a suite of log-linear models to these data, with each model representing a different hypothesis about dependence between sites. Modeling dependence facilitates the analysis of opportunistic photo-identification data from study sites located due to convenience rather than by design. Because inference about population size is sensitive to model choice, we use Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches to estimate posterior model probabilities, and base inference on a model-averaged estimate of population size. We demonstrate this method in the analysis of photographic mark-recapture data for bottlenose dolphins from three coastal sites around NE Scotland.
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    FORAGING OF JUVENILE MONK SEALS AT FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAII (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Emaciation and poor survivorship of juvenile Hawaiian monk seals at French Frigate Shoals atoll prompted a study of their foraging, using video camera technology (crittercam). Nine juveniles between the ages of 1 and 3 yr (six males, three females) were fitted with crittercam to identify their foraging habitat and feeding behavior. All feeding was directed at small (≤ 10 cm), cryptic, benthic prey. Older seals (ages 2 and 3), varied in their foraging intensity with most of their attention directed at shallow atoll depths (10–30 m). In contrast, the three yearlings focused all their feeding in the sand fields (50–100 m) on the atoll's outer slope. Bottom trawls were used to assess the prey abundance of the sand habitat and found 70% of the numerical catch was flounder (Bothidae). Extrapolating the yearlings' prey capture rate (0.13/min, derived from the crittercam video) over their total bottom time yielded an estimated 1–1.3 kg/day of flounder. The mean size of flounder (5 ± 1.7 cm) caught in the bottom trawls was close to the size at which larval flounder settle from the plankton (3 cm), suggesting that localized changes in oceanography could directly impact the seals' prey supply. Extensive use of sand communities by young seals may be the strongest link yet identified between juvenile survivorship and oceanographic dynamics.
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    CLIMATE CHANGE AND RINGED SEAL (PHOCA HISPIDA) RECRUITMENT IN WESTERN HUDSON BAY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Climate warming is predicted to reduce the extent of ice cover in the Arctic and, within the Hudson Bay region, the annual ice may be significantly decreased or entirely lost in the foreseeable future. The ringed seal (Phoca hispida), a key species that depends on sea ice, will likely be among the first marine mammals to show the negative effects of climatic warming. We used 639 ringed seals killed by Inuit hunters from western Hudson Bay (1991–1992, 1999–2001) to assess trends in recruitment relative to snow depth, snowfall, rainfall, temperature in April and May, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) from the previous winter, and timing of spring break-up. Snowfall and ringed seal recruitment varied from lower than average in the 1970s, to higher in 1980s and lower in 1990s. Prior to 1990, seal recruitment appeared to be related to timing of spring ice break-up which was correlated with the NAO. However, recent 1990–2001 environmental data indicate less snowfall, lower snow depth, and warmer temperatures in April and May when pups are born and nursed. Decreased snow depth, particularly below 32 cm, corresponded with a significant decrease in ringed seal recruitment as indicated by pups born and surviving to adults that were later harvested. Earlier spring break-up of sea ice together with snow trends suggest continued low pup survival in western Hudson Bay.
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    LUNAR CYCLES AND SPERM WHALES (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS) STRANDINGS ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC COASTLINES OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND EASTERN CANADA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01214.x
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    Notes: MOVEMENTS AND DIVE HABITS OF A SATELLITE-MONITORED LONGFINNED PILOT WHALE (GLOBICEPHALA MELAS) IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    OBSERVER VARIABILITY IN PINNIPED COUNTS: GROUND-BASED ENUMERATION OF WALRUSES AT HAUL-OUT SITES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pinnipeds are often monitored by counting individuals at haul-out sites, but the often large numbers of densely packed individuals at these sites are difficult to enumerate accurately. Errors in enumeration can induce bias and reduce precision in estimates of population size and trend. We used data from paired observers monitoring walrus haul-outs in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to quantify observer variability and assess its relative importance. The probability of a pair of observers making identical counts was 〈 0.1 for walrus groups with 〉50 individuals. Mean count differences ranged up to 25% for the largest counts, depending on beach and observers. In at least some cases, there was a clear tendency for counts of one observer to be consistently greater than counts of the other observer in a pair, indicating that counts of at least one of the observers were biased. These results suggest that efforts to improve accuracy of counts will be worthwhile. However, we also found that variation among observers was relatively small compared to variation among visits to a beach so that efforts to account for other sources of variation will be more important.
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    VOCALIZATIONS OF A FEMALE HUMPBACK WHALE IN ARRAIAL DO CABO (RJ, BRAZIL) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    POSTPARTUM DYNAMICS OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES IN GRAY AND HOODED SEALS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    IMPLANTATION OF SUBCUTANEOUS RADIO TRANSMITTERS IN THE HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Books (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 21 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins. J. A. Thomas, C. F. Moss, and M. Vater, eds.
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    Submerged macrophytes, zooplankton and the predominance of low- over high-chlorophyll states in western boreal, shallow-water wetlands (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Shallow-water (〈2 m deep) wetlands in northern Alberta's western boreal forest tend to have either extremely high-chlorophyll, pea-green water or water that is low in chlorophyll and clear. The relative importance of top-down processes (e.g. zooplankton grazing) compared with bottom-up processes (e.g. nutrient limitation) for regulating the existence of these alternate states has yet to be explicitly investigated in these poorly studied waterbodies.2. To assess the relationship between chemical and biological factors and the predominance of low-chlorophyll over high-chlorophyll states, a survey of 24 shallow-water wetlands in northern Alberta was conducted over the summers of 2001 and 2002.3. In wetlands without fish, statistical analysis indicated that high- and low-chlorophyll sites could be differentiated with 82% accuracy based solely on whether submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) coverage was greater or less than 25%. Further, high-SAV lakes with zooplankton communities dominated by large cladocerans were clear 96% of the time.4. In the few wetlands that supported stickleback populations, large cladocerans were absent. However, the development of zooplankton communities dominated by small cladocera (Bosmina) with calanoid copepods in fish-containing wetlands corresponded with a shift from high- to low-chlorophyll states.5. Results suggest that in fishless wetlands high-SAV coverage and grazing by large, SAV-associated cladocerans promotes low-chlorophyll states. Results also suggest that suppression of macroinvertebrate predators by sticklebacks allowing Bosmina to flourish may also promote low-chlorophyll, clear-water conditions.
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    Flood effects on invertebrates, sediments and particulate organic matter in the hyporheic zone of a gravel-bed stream (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We investigated the effects of a flood on the fauna and physical habitat of the hyporheic zone of the Kye Burn, a fourth order gravel-bed stream in New Zealand.2. Freeze core hyporheic samples (to 50 cm depth) and benthic samples (to 10 cm) were taken, along with measurements of vertical hydrological gradient, before, 2 days after and 1 month after the flood (estimated return period: 1.5 years, estimated Qmax = 10.4 m3 s−1).3. The composition of the hyporheos differed over the three sampling occasions with fewer taxa collected immediately postflood than preflood. The equitability of the community was higher on both postflood occasions, consistent with the reduced densities of two abundant taxa (Leptophlebiidae and Copepoda).4. Total invertebrate abundance was lower on the postflood occasions than preflood in both benthic (0–10 cm) and hyporheic (10–50 cm) sediments. Several taxa, including asellotan isopods and amphipods, recovered within 1 month of the event. Hyporheic densities of larval Hydora and nematodes did not differ among the three sampling occasions, but the water mite Pseudotryssaturus was more abundant 1 month after the flood than preflood. There was no evidence of vertical movements (to 50 cm) by any taxa in response to the flood.5. The proportion of fine sediments (〈1 mm) in the subsurface sediments (10–50 cm) increased over the three sampling occasions and median particle size declined, but sediment porosity did not change. More particulate organic matter was found in the sediments after the flood.6. Our study provides little evidence that the hyporheic zone (to 50 cm) acted as a significant refuge during the flood event, although movements to or recolonisation from sediments deeper than 50 cm could explain the recovery of many crustacean and mite taxa within 1 month.
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    Impact of migratory snow geese on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a freshwater reservoir (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We examined impacts of nutrient loading, particularly of nitrogen and phosphorus, from greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) on a reservoir in south-eastern Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Approximately 100 000 geese use the reservoir for 2–6 weeks prior to their spring migration northward.2. We estimated the magnitude of nutrient loading by geese during their presence and compared that to surface input and output rates. We also conducted nutrient limitation bioassay experiments to examine patterns of algal nutrient limitation upstream and downstream of the reservoir.3. During their presence from 1 February to 27 March 2001, snow geese contributed 85–93% of the phosphorus and 33–44% of the nitrogen loaded to the reservoir. Both nutrients were exported from the reservoir slowly rather than as a quick pulse. Consequently, phosphorus concentrations in the outflow were higher than in the inflow from February to the end of July. However, nitrogen concentrations were consistently lower in the outflow than the inflow.4. Nutrient limitation bioassays conducted in June and July indicated that primary production in the outflow was limited by nitrogen whereas the inflow was co-limited by nitrogen and phosphorus. Further downstream from the reservoir, primary production was consistently phosphorus limited. Therefore, nitrogen limitation persisted long after the geese had left, but was relatively localised.
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    Benthic–pelagic coupling in the population dynamics of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. In eutrophic lakes, large amounts of the cyanobacterium Microcystis may overwinter in the sediment and re-inoculate the water column in spring.2. We monitored changes in pelagic and benthic populations of Microcystis in Lake Volkerak, The Netherlands. In addition, sedimentation rates and the rate of recruitment from the sediment were measured using traps. These data were used to model the coupling between the benthic and pelagic populations and to calculate the contribution of overwintering benthic and pelagic populations to the magnitude of the pelagic summer bloom.3. Changes in the benthic Microcystis population showed a time lag of 3–14 weeks compared with the pelagic population. This time lag increased with lake depth. The largest amount of benthic Microcystis was found in the deepest parts of the lake. These observations suggest horizontal transport of sedimented Microcystis from shallow to deep parts of the lake.4. Recruitment from and sedimentation to the sediment occurred throughout the year, with highest recruitment and sedimentation rates during summer. Model simulations indicate that the absence of benthic recruitment would reduce the summer bloom by 50%.5. In spring, the total pelagic population was three to six times smaller than the total benthic population. Yet, model simulations predict that the absence of this small overwintering pelagic population would reduce the summer bloom by more than 64%.6. Reduction of the overwintering pelagic populations, for instance by flushing, may be a useful management strategy to suppress or at least delay summer blooms of Microcystis.
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    Flagellate nutritional versatility as a key to survival in two contrasting Antarctic saline lakes (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Seasonal patterns of grazing and photosynthesis were investigated in two saline Antarctic lakes (Highway and Ace) in the Vestfold Hills (68°S). The phototrophic nanoflagellate (PNAN) community was dominated by Pyramimonas gelidicola and two morphological forms of a cryptophyte species that occurred throughout the year. Both species were mixotrophic on bacteria, and in Highway Lake they also exploited dissolved organic carbon as determined by the uptake of fluorescently labelled dextrans.2. Clearance rates ranged between 0.02 and 0.21 nL h−1 cell−1 in Ace Lake and 0.004–1.05 nL h−1 cell−1 in Highway Lake. On occasion cryptophyte grazing equalled that of the heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNAN).3. Photosynthetic rates showed similar trends in both lakes, but there were differences in chlorophyll a specific rates and photosynthetic efficiency, probably related to the meromictic characteristic of Ace Lake. Primary production was measurable in winter and peaked in summer following the maxima of mixotroph grazing.4. The HNAN community of Highway Lake achieved clearance rates of 0.02–1.80 nL h−1 cell−1 and removing between 50 and 693 ng bacterial carbon L−1 day−1, with highest impact in winter when HNAN were most abundant. The HNAN also ingested fluorescently labelled dextrans showing a preference for 4 and 500 kDa molecules. The more diverse HNAN community of Ace Lake had lower clearance rates (0.04–0.37 nL h−1 cell−1) and exerted a lower grazing pressure on bacterioplankton. In Highway Lake, where the HNAN community was dominated by the choanoflagellate Diaphanoeca grandis, there was a significant correlation between mean cell volume and clearance rate.5. The major feature was that the microbial plankton functioned throughout the year by employing nutritional versatility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01369.x
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    Author index (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.v50_i12_auindex.x
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    Top-down and bottom-up impacts of juvenile fish in a littoral reed stand (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Research has often focused on pelagic food chains and processes of lakes; less is known about the contribution of benthic energy flows to whole-lake ecosystem energetics. This stems from the fact that the shoreline and littoral habitats, which provide a key linkage between sediment and water column, have only recently become a significant focus for study.2. This study aimed to quantify the feeding and phosphorus allocation of a juvenile fish community in a littoral zone of a shallow lake in response to the biomass succession of the invertebrate prey community. Habitats comprising reed and adjacent open water were sampled over two consecutive years during day and night.3. Although there were substantial year-to-year differences in the biomass of invertebrates, the fish community composition, diet consumption rates and phosphorus allocations were very similar in both study years. Biomasses and predation impacts by juvenile fish on prey groups were substantially higher within the reeds than in the adjacent open water habitat. This may be explained by the refuge-seeking behaviour of the fish.4. In general, invertebrates were negligibly influenced by fish feeding, with the exception for a strong top-down control of large cladocerans. In response to the resulting low Daphnia biomass, fish were forced to switch to a higher degree of benthivory. Consequently, juvenile fish in littoral reed stands may shift benthic-derived energy and phosphorus via the excretion of soluble reactive phosphorus into the open water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01361.x
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    Mitochondrial dysfunction enhances Gal4-dependent transcription (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to elicit broad effects on nuclear gene expression. We show here that transcription dependent on the prototypical acidic activator Gal4 is responsive to mitochondrial dysfunction. In cells with no mitochondrial DNA, Gal4-dependent gene expression is elevated. A minimal Gal4 activator containing the DNA binding and activation domain is sufficient for this response. Transcription dependent on a fusion of Gal4 to a heterologous DNA binding domain is similarly elevated in a mitochondrial mutant. Analysis of different Gal4-dependent promoters and gel mobility shift assays suggest that the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on Gal4 activity is related to increased DNA binding to the cognate Gal4 element. Given that fermentation is the only means to obtain energy in respiratory deficient cells, it is possible that higher Gal4 activity in cells with dysfunctional mitochondria works to promote more efficient fermentation of galactose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.033
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    Isolation of a triazophos-degrading strain Klebsiella sp. E6 effectively utilizing triazophos as sole nitrogen source (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A triazophos-degrading strain, Klebsiella sp. E6, was isolated by enrichment technology from soil that had been exposed long-term to triazophos. The strain grew well at pH 7.0–8.0 with a broad temperature profile ranging from 32 to 37 °C. It could keep good growth on methanol as carbon source and TAP as additional carbon source or nitrogen source. The experiment on the degradation activities of strain E6 showed that it utilized TAP more effectively when TAP was supplied as the sole nitrogen source, as opposed to additional carbon source. The intermediates of triazophos metabolism indicated that degradation occurred through a hydrolysis mechanism, one of the products of which, 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, was also mineralized by strain E6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.044
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    The heme-binding lipoprotein (HbpA) of Haemophilus influenzae: Role in heme utilization (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Haemophilus influenzae has an absolute growth requirement for heme and a heme binding lipoprotein (HbpA) has been implicated in the utilization of this essential nutrient. HbpA was identified by examining clones from an H. influenzae genomic library that caused Escherichia coli harboring the clone to bind heme. However, HbpA has not been shown to mediate heme acquisition in H. influenzae. We constructed an insertional mutation of hbpA in a nontypeable H. influenzae strain and demonstrated a role for the gene in utilization of multiple heme sources. This is the first report confirming a role for HbpA in utilization of heme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.016
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    Characteristics of Streptococcus mutans strains lacking the MazEF and RelBE toxin–antitoxin modules (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two pairs of genes were identified in Streptococcus mutans with similarity to relBE and mazEF toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules of Escherichia coli. Transcription of mazEF and relBE was repressed by amino acid starvation, and relBE expression was repressed by low pH. Mutants lacking MazF, RelE, or both toxins (MRT1) grew in broth media and formed biofilms as well as the parent. Biofilm populations of MRT1 were more resistant to acid killing than the parent or single mutants. MRT1 also exhibited a longer diauxie during growth on glucose and inulin and displayed decreased phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase activity. This is the first report that demonstrates a physiological role for TA modules in Gram-positive bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.045
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    PscF is a major component of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion needle (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, translocates exoenzymes (Exo) directly into the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. This is accomplished by a type III secretion/translocation machinery. Here, we show that the P. aeruginosa type III secretory needle structure is composed essentially of PscF, a protein required for secretion and P. aeruginosa cytotoxicity. Partially purified needles, detached from the bacterial surface, are 60–80 nm in length and 7 nm in width, resembling needles from Yersinia spp. YscF of Yersinia enterocolitica was able to functionally complement the pscF deletion, but required 11 P. aeruginosa-specific amino acids at the N-terminus for its function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.028
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    Norovirus protein structure and function (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Noroviruses are positive strand RNA viruses that have received increased attention in recent years because their role as etiologic agents in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks is now clearly established. Much has been learned about the epidemiology of these viruses and the extent of genetic diversity among circulating strains. In contrast, progress on understanding the basic mechanisms of virus replication has been far slower due to the inability to cultivate virus in the laboratory. Despite this limitation, significant progress has been made in defining some basic functions of the norovirus proteins, and the structures of two have been solved to near atomic resolution. This minireview summarizes these recent advances in understanding the structure and function of the norovirus proteins and provides speculation about what roles they may play in the virus replication cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.031
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    Small proteins of plant-pathogenic fungi secreted during host colonization (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Small proteins secreted by plant pathogenic fungi in their hosts have been implicated in disease symptom development as well as in R-gene mediated disease resistance. Characteristically, this class of proteins shows very limited phylogenetic distribution, possibly due to accelerated evolution stimulated by plant–pathogen arms races. Partly due to lack of clues from primary sequences, insight into the biochemical functions or molecular targets of these proteins has been slow to emerge. However, for some proteins important progress has recently been made in this direction. Expression of the genes for small secreted proteins is in many cases specifically induced after infection, which should help to advance our still very limited understanding of how plant pathogens recognize and respond to the host environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.014
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    An avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolate induces caspase 3/7 activation in J774 macrophages (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains, the etiological agent of colibacillosis in poultry, must resist the attack of incoming macrophages in order to cause disease. In this work, we show that an APEC strain (APEC17) remained viable inside J774 macrophages for at least 8 h and was cytotoxic to them 6–8 h after infection. APEC17 induced caspase 3/7 activation, the central caspases in apoptosis, in infected macrophages already at 2 h after infection. Both cytotoxicity and caspase 3/7 activation were reduced when cells were infected with heat-killed APEC17, showing that bacteria must be viable to induce apoptosis. Our findings using APEC17 suggest that APEC may escape destruction by triggering macrophage apoptotic death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.024
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    Functional coupling between vanillate-O-demethylase and formaldehyde detoxification pathway (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pseudomonas putida vanillate-O-demethylase consisting of VanA and VanB was expressed in Escherichia coli strain K-12. Recombinant E. coli strain K-12 cells expressing VanAB efficiently converted vanillate into protocatechuate with glucose consumption. Mutant lacking either pgi or zwf showed higher or lower converting activity than the parental strain, respectively. Formaldehyde, which is the by-product of the demethylation, was converted into formate in the cellular reaction. Formate accumulation was blocked by gene disruption of the E. coli frmA that coded glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.036
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    Molecular cloning and functional expression of d-arabitol dehydrogenase gene from Gluconobacter oxydans in Escherichia coli (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 252 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A NADP-dependent d-arabitol dehydrogenase gene was cloned from Gluconobacter oxydans CGMCC 1.110 and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. With d-arabitol as sole carbon source, E. coli transformants grew rapidly in minimal medium, and produced d-xylulose. The enzymatic properties of the 29 kDa enzyme were documented. The DNA sequence surrounding the gene suggested that it is part of an operon with several components of a sugar alcohol transporter system, and the d-arabitol dehydrogenase gene belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.023
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    Corrigendum to: “Listeria monocytogenes ferritin protects against multiple stresses and is required for virulence” [FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 250 (2005) 253–261] (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.10.001
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    Tuber borchii mycelial protoplasts isolation, characterization and functional delivery of liposome content, a new step towards truffles biotechnology (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 253 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The filametous ascomycete Tuber borchii is a plant-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal microrganism with an high value due to the production of hypogeous fruitbodies (truffles). The present work was undertaken to develop a procedure for the release of T. borchii viable protoplasts from Tuber mycelium, isolate ATTC 96540; several factors which affect the isolation, morphology and viability were examined and developed in order to improve applications of T. borchii protoplasts in morphological, biochemical and genetic investigations (protoplast fusion or transformation). Functional delivery of liposome content into T. borchii protoplasts has also been examined with a cytotoxic ribosome inactivator as saporin. T. borchii protoplasts incubation/fusion with saporin containing liposomes were made to demonstrate the absence of cell wall of 16 days cultured protoplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.10.003
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    The appearances of autolytic and apoptotic markers are concomitant but differently regulated in carbon-starving Aspergillus nidulans cultures (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 251 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In ageing, carbon-depleted cultures of Aspergillus nidulans strain FGSC 26 progressing apoptotic-type cell death was detected, characterised by increasing numbers of Annexin V and TUNEL stained cells after protoplastation. DAPI staining of autolysing mycelia revealed numerous nuclei with elongated, stick-like morphology, which was not observed in surviving hyphal fragments representing a cell population adapted to carbon starvation. Apoptotic cell death was also progressing in aging cultures of the non-autolysing loss-of-function fluG and ΔbrlA mutants, indicating that apoptotic cell death and autolysis were regulated independently. In accordance with this, sphingosine derivatives added to A. nidulans cultures increased cell death rates without influencing autolytic biomass losses and hydrolase production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.015
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