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  • Biophysics
  • Catalysis
  • Springer  (37)
  • Cell Press  (3)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Physical Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hirst, W. G., Kiefer, C., Abdosamadi, M. K., Schäffer, E., & Reber, S. In Vitro reconstitution and imaging of microtubule dynamics by fluorescence and label-free microscopy. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100177, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100177.
    Description: Dynamic microtubules are essential for many processes in the lives of eukaryotic cells. To study and understand the mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and regulation, in vitro reconstitution with purified components has proven a vital approach. Imaging microtubule dynamics can be instructive for a given species, isoform composition, or biochemical modification. Here, we describe two methods that visualize microtubule dynamics at high speed and high contrast: (1) total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and (2) label-free interference reflection microscopy.
    Description: We thank the AMBIO imaging facility (Charité, Berlin) and Nikon at MBL for imaging support. We thank all former and current members of the Reber lab for discussion and helpful advice, in particular Christoph Hentschel and Soma Zsoter for technical assistance. S.R. acknowledges funding by the IRI Life Sciences (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Excellence Initiative/DFG). W.H. was supported by the Alliance Berlin Canberra co-funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2290 and the Australian National University. C.K. thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG, JA 2589/1-1). C.K. and M.A. thank Steve Simmert and Tobias Jachowski former and current members of the Schäffer lab.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Microscopy
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geisterfer, Z. M., Oakey, J., & Gatlin, J. C. . Microfluidic encapsulation of Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts using hydrogel photolithography. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100221, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100221.
    Description: Cell-free extract derived from the eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is a well-established model system that has been used historically in bulk aliquots. Here, we describe a microfluidic approach for isolating discrete, biologically relevant volumes of cell-free extract, with more expansive and precise control of extract shape compared with extract-oil emulsions. This approach is useful for investigating the mechanics of intracellular processes affected by cell geometry or cytoplasmic volume, including organelle scaling and positioning mechanisms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Geisterfer et al. (2020).
    Description: This work was made possible by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant no. 2P20GM103432. It was also supported by additional funding provided by the NIGMS under grant no. R01GM113028, the NSF Faculty CAREER Program under award no. BBBE 1254608, Whitman Center fellowships at the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Biomedical Scholars program of the Pew Charitable Trusts. We thank Drs. Aaron Groen and Tim Mitchison for their intellectual contributions and involvement in some of the pioneering experiments that set the foundation for this approach.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Cell isolation ; Microscopy ; Model Organisms
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  • 4
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    JBIC 5 (2000), S. 2-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Iron-sulfur clusters ; Cluster interconversions ; Electron transfer ; Sensing and regulating ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    JBIC 5 (2000), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Nitrosothiols ; Copper(I) ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Copper and other transition metal ions and their complexes are catalysts for the decomposition of nitrosothiols. In this way they catalyze the biological functions of nitrosothiols. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of two nitrosothiols, S-nitrosothiolactic acid and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), with copper(I) are reported. The kinetics of the reaction of Cu(MeCN) n + (n=0–3) with the nitrosothiols were studied. The results indicate that Cu+ aq is the active species in the GSNO system, with k(Cu+ aq+GSNO)=(9.4 ±2.0)×107 dm3 mol−1 s−1 . The results also indicate that the Cu(MeCN) n + (n=0–3) complexes react with S-nitrosothiolactic acid. Transient species are formed in these processes. The results suggest that these species contain copper(I) and thiol. The results shed light on the catalytic role of copper complexes in the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols.
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  • 6
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 69 (2000), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalysis ; methane ; lanthanum oxide ; stronlium ; nickel ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methane transformation over Ni and Cu modified Sr2+/La2O3 catalysts has been studied. These species favor formation of reducible mixed oxides and change the surface reactivity of the Sr2+/La2O3 system, modifying the reaction mechanism, since Sr2+/La2O3 favors methane oxidative coupling but with copper methane combustion is favored and nickel favors partial oxidation.
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  • 7
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalysis ; polypeptides ; p-nitrophenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrolysis kinetics ofp-nitrophenyl acetate by basic polypeptides with a variety of amino acid residues were analyzed. The results suggest that the tertiary structure of microenvironment brought about by random coil assembly is more important as a binding site than the number of basic residues (catalytic sites).
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Decarboxylation ; Enantioselectivity ; Catalysis ; β-Ketoacid ; Aminoalcohol ; Circular dichroism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Katalytische Mengen von enantiomerenreinen Aminoalkoholen beschleunigen die Decarboxylierung von 2-Carboxy-2-methyl-1-tetralon. Es werden Enantiomerenüberschüsse von bis zu 35% erzielt. CD-Spektroskopie erlaubt eine schnelle Abschätzung der Effizienz von Aminoalkoholen und anderen Verbindungen als Katalysatoren für asymmetrische Reaktionen.
    Notes: Summary Catalytic amounts of enantiopure aminoalcohols assist the decarboxylation of 2-carboxy-2-methyl-1-tetralone to 2-methyl-1-tetralone affording enantiomeric excesses of up to 35%. A rapid screening of the efficiency of various potential inductors of enantioselectivity has been carried out using circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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  • 9
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 127 (1996), S. 1005-1011 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Rate constant ; Activation energy ; Active sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde gefunden, daß katalytische Reaktionen mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsenergien verlaufen können. Der Wechsel der Geschwindigkeitskonstante tritt periodisch bei bestimmten Substratmengen auf, besonders wenn zu Beginn der Reaktion die Substratmenge gegenüber der Katalysatormenge hoch ist. Der Unterschied in der Molzahl zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Änderungen der Geschwindigkeitskonstante wurde als Maß für die effektive Katalysatorkonzentration (in homogenen Systemen) oder für die Zahl der aktiven Zentren an der Katalysatoroberfläche (in heterogenen Systemen) vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary It has been observed that catalytic reactions can proceed according to several rate constants andArrhenius activation energies. Changes of rate constants occurs periodically with increasing numbers of moles of substrate, especially when the number of moles of substrate at the initial state is high compared with the amount of catalyst. It has been suggested that the difference in the mole number between two consecutive changes of a rate constant can be used as a measure of the effective catalyst concentration in homogeneous systems or of the number of active site on the surface of a catalyst in heterogeneous systems.
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  • 10
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 127 (1996), S. 1305-1308 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Carbonyl compounds ; Catalysis ; Sulfated zirconia ; Thioacetalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung ZrO2/SO 2− 4 katalysiert die Reaktion von Carbonylverbindungen mit 1,2-Ethandiol oder Thiophenol zu den als Organoschwefelsynthonen wertvollen entrsprechenden Dithioacetalen. Ein wichtiges Merkmal der Methode ist die einfache Isolierung der Produkte in guten Ausbeuten durch Filtration und Entfernung des Lösungsmittels.
    Notes: Summary Sulfated zirconia effectively catalyzes the reaction of carbonyl compounds with 1,2-ethanedithiol or thiophenol to afford the corresponding dithioacetals as useful organosulfur synthons. Isolation of pure products in high yields by simple filtration and evaporation is an important feature of this method.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogenase ; Analogs ; Function ; Catalysis ; Reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Reactivity studies of clusters that contain the MFe3S4 cores (M = Mo, V) with catecholate, multicarboxylate (or DMF) ligands coordinated to the Mo (or V) atoms, and Cl ligands coordinated to the Fe atoms have been carried out. These studies show the M/Fe/S single cubane clusters to be effective catalysts in the reduction of nitrogenase substrates such as hydrazine, acetylene and protons to give ammonia, ethylene and dihydrogen respectively. The same molecules do not activate or catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen. The results indicate that the observed catalyses are occurring at the Mo (V) sites by a process that, in the case of hydrazine, involves substrate protonation prior to reduction. The facile catalytic reduction of hydrazine by clusters that contain coordinatively saturated polycarboxylate-bound Mo atoms is rationalized in terms of a possible protonation/proton delivery function of the coordinated polycarboxylate ligands. The reactivity characteristics of the M/Fe/S clusters (structurally quite similar to the nitrogenase cofactor) have led to the suggestion that the Mo (V) atoms may be involved in the reduction of hydrazine in the later stages of dinitrogen reduction.
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  • 12
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Computer simulation ; Electronic structure techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Quantum chemistry ; Zeolites ; Transition metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 59 (1996), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalysis ; ultrahigh vacuum ; surface roughening ; morphology ; platinum ; surface defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal treatment of Pt foil model catalysts under UHV conditions leads to an enhanced activity for H2-D2 exchange. For the enhanced activity, the UHV atmosphere, a temperature of 1073 K and a Cl-impurity are essential. This was identical with the surface roughening behavior of Pt foils upon the UHV treament reported previously (Ref. [7]). These results indicate that the UHV treatment brought about a roughening of the surface and the rough surface resulted in an enhanced activity.
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  • 15
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 57 (1996), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalysis ; energetics ; nuclear ; renewable enert, y sources ; nontraditional energy sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The presentation gives an overview of modern trends in developing new catalytic technologies to use nuclear, nontraditional and renewable sources of energy, to produce mechanical or electrical energy from chemical energy carriers, as well as to recover middle or low potential heat wastes and temperature gradients.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Pyridinologous tripyrrole ; Pyridinologous tetrapyrrole ; Metal complexes ; X-ray crystallography ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Cu(II)-Komplexe eines pyridinologen Tri- und Tetrapyrrolliganden, für welche katalytische Aktivität nachgewiesen worden war, wurden zusammen mit den (Ni(II)-, Co(II)- und Zn(II)-Komplexen des erstgenannten Liganden röntgenstrukturanalytisch untersucht. Diese Liganden zeigten ein erstaunlich variables Komplexierungsverhalten, welches auf einzigartige Weise die Anpassung des Liganden an die spezifischen Bedürfnisse des Ligandfeldsystems eines bestimmten Metallions erlaubt. Dieses Verhalten scheint eine ideale Voraussetzung für katalytisch aktive Systeme zu sein.
    Notes: Summary The Cu(II) complexes of a pyridinologous tri- and tetrapyrrole ligand which have recently been shown to be catalytically active were investigated by X-ray crystallography together with the Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) complexes of the first ligand. These ligands displayed an astonishingly variable complexation behavior which uniquely allows to accommodate specific ligand field demands of a certain metal ion. This behavior seems to be an ideal prerequisite to provide catalytically active systems.
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  • 17
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    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 389-417 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Catalysis ; chance ; determinism ; emergence of life ; evolution ; non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; panspermia ; protometabolism ; reduction ; RNA world ; self-organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper calls attention to a philosophical presupposition, coined here “the continuity thesis” which underlies and unites the different, often conflicting, hypotheses in the origin of life field. This presupposition, a necessary condition for any scientific investigation of the origin of life problem, has two components. First, it contends that there is no unbridgeable gap between inorganic matter and life. Second, it regards the emergence of life as a highly probable process. Examining several current origin-of-life theories. I indicate the implicit or explicit role played by the “continuity thesis” in each of them. In addition, I identify the rivals of the “thesis” within the scientific community — “the almost miracle camp.” Though adopting the anti-vitalistic aspect of the “continuity thesis”, this camp regards the emergence of life as involving highly improbable events. Since it seems that the chemistry of the prebiotic stages and of molecular self-organization processes rules out the possibility that life is the result of a “happy accident,” I claim that the “almost miracle” view implies in fact, a creationist position.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Catalysis ; Ring opening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Kinetic parameters for the ring opening of cyclohexane over modified ZSM-5 zeolites can be measured simultaneously under non-steady state conditions using reversed-flow gas chromatography. At relatively low temperatures, the main product detected and measured was propene. The mathematical relations used for the calculation of adsorption-desorption rate constants, surface reaction rate constants and adsorption equilibrium constants for the reactant cyclohexane are different from previously studied catalytic reactions, owing to the different experimental arrangement for feeding the catalytic bed. The diffusion bands obtained experimentally for reactant or product are described by the sum of two or three exponential functions of time, respectively. From the exponential coefficients of time and the pre-exponential factors, all determined by simple PC programs, the above kinetic parameters are calculated.
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  • 19
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    Catalysis letters 25 (1994), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; partial oxidation ; oxidative coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative reactivity of ethane and ethylene compared to methane over the Ca/Ni/K catalyst was determined. The reactivities are in the order of ethylene 〉 ethane ≫methane. The catalyst was also studied using temperature-programmed reaction, desorption and decomposition.
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  • 20
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 1 (1994), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Zeolites ; Catalysis ; Lattice simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Lattice simulations and quantum mechanical techniques are used to study the energetics involved in the activation of the Ni-zeolite-Y catalyst, which requires migration of the Ni2+ cation from the S1 (hexagonal prism) to the supercage. We show that the barrier to migration of the nickel ions may be overcome by interaction of the migrating ion with molecules such as H2O, NH3 and C2H2 in the supercage, thereby explaining the role of the latter species in the activation process.
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  • 21
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    Catalysis letters 17 (1993), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; effect of pressure ; structure insensitive reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At 445 K, and equimolar ratio of reactants, the turnover rate for CO oxidation on unsupported and supported Pd is constant within experimental error between ≈ 0.1 and 100 mbar. As first proposed in 1922 by Langmuir, the overall rate is the rate of adsorption on a surface almost saturated with CO. Thus the rate is proportional to the ratio of concentrations of O2 and CO and is pressure independent. At quasi-saturation, the few vacant sites form an ideal dilute solution in the CO-Pd solvent. Adsorption on these sites is dominated by pressure invariant interactions with the solvent. Hence, the rate obeys Langmuir kinetics and the reaction is structure insensitive.
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  • 22
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    Pharmacy world & science 15 (1993), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Drug stability ; Mitomycins ; Reaction kinetics ; Reaction mechanisms ; Stereoisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The acid-catalyzed degradation of mitomycin C is supposed to be governed, to a certain extent, by the protonation status of the aziridine nitrogen in the molecule as well as the protonation degree of the opened aziridine function in a key intermediate species, formed during mitomycin degradation. In order to obtain information about the contribution of the protonation degrees of these functions in controlling the degradation processes, we investigated the degradation of 1a-acetylmitomycin C in acidic aqueous solutions. In the presence of 0.001 mol/l phosphate buffers five 1-hydroxy and mono-acetyl mitosenes are formed, whereas in 1.0 mol/l acetate buffers a total of eight products could be identified, two of them being diacetyl mitosenes. Over the whole pH range studied the formation of 1,2-Z-mitosenes prevails, indicating that, contrary tomitomycin C, a pH-independent factor controls the ultimate 1,2-stereochemistry.
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  • 23
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    Catalysis letters 12 (1992), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; clean fuels ; reformulated gasoline ; ethers ; oil refining ; natural gas conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New and more stringent environmental legislation is expected to have a major impact on the refining industry. Reformulated gasoline which is currently being introduced into parts of the United States is an example of the shift towards “cleaner” burning fuels. To achieve future government specifications for such fuels significant changes will likely be required in refinery operations to produce products with good combustion characteristics and reduced emissions. Catalysis is expected to play a dominant role in both modifying existing processes and developing new routes to these more environmentally acceptable fuels. Both new and improved catalysts systems which will be required for the production of so-called reformulated gasoline are discussed. For example, oxygenated components in gasoline such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) will continue to be required on a large scale necessitating new process and catalyst technology to achieve improved economics. Natural gas can be considered as a “clean” feedstock from which to produce liquid fuels of high quality. A number of new process routes to convert remote natural gas into readily transportable liquid fuels are also discussed. This area of technology offers considerable scope for further major improvements based on innovation in the field of syngas catalysis.
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  • 24
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    Catalysis letters 12 (1992), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; zeolites ; palladium ; ion exchange ; solid-state ; hydrogenation ; hydroisomerisation ; ethylbenzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bifunctional catalysts containing an acidic as well as a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation function were prepared by solid-state ion exchange. Preparation and properties of Pd-loaded H-ZSM-5 are described in detail. The catalytic behavior of the reduced catalysts was investigated using hydrogenation and hydroisomerisation of ethylbenzene as a test reaction. The catalytic performance of the catalysts could be significantly improved by concomitant incorporation of Ca2+. This was advantageously achieved in a two-step procedure, where first a solid-state ion exchange with CaCl2 and subsequently a second solid-state ion exchange with PdCl2 was carried out. A Ca, H-ZSM-5 with 1.5 wt-% Pd obtained via this two-step procedure and subsequent reduction in H2 exhibited high activity, long life-time and good selectivity with respect to hydrogenation and hydroisomerisation of ethylbenzene to ethylcyclohexane and dimethylcyclohexanes, respectively. Electron micrographs of the reduced catalyst showed finely dispersed palladium with maximum size of about 2.0 nm.
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  • 25
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    Catalysis letters 14 (1992), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; aromatization ; propane ; ZSM-5 ; hydrogen acceptor ; intermetallic compound ; hydride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the hydride-forming intermetallic compound Zr2Fe on the aromatization of propane over high-silica zeolites of CVM type (Russian equivalent of ZSM-5) modified by Zn, Ga or Pt cations has been investigated. Aromatics yield and selectivity of aromatization are shown to increase essentially as a result of releasing hydrogen elimination by the intermetallic acceptor. The effect of hydrogen acceptor on propane conversion and product distribution appeared to be different depending on the composition of the catalyst used. Possible changes in the reaction mechanism in hydrogen removal conditions are discussed.
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  • 26
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    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Sugar synthesis ; Glyceraldehyde ; Iron(III) hydroxide oxide ; Catalysis ; Aldol condensation ; Prebiotic ; Molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Iron(III) hydroxide oxide [Fe(OH)O] efficiently catalyzed the condensation of 25 MM dl-glyceraldehyde to ketohexoses at 25°C (pH 5–6). At 16 days the yields were sorbose (15.2%), fructose (12.9%), psicose (6.1%), tagatose (5.6%), and dendroketose (2.5%) with 19.6% of triose unreacted. Analysis at 96 days showed no decomposition of hexoses. Under these conditions Fe(OH)O also catalyzed the isomerization and rearrangement of glyceraldehyde to dihydroxyacetone and lactic acid, respectively. In these reactions, about 10% of the glyceraldehyde was oxidized to glyceric acid with concurrent reduction of the iron(III) to iron(II). The partial reduction of Fe(OH)O did not noticeably reduce its ability to catalyze hexose synthesis. The relationship of these results to prebiotic sugar synthesis is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 398-410 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Catalysis ; Hydrodenitrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Many important parameters of surface catalysed reactions can be determined simultaneously, under nonsteady state conditions using Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography. A simple, slightly modified gas chromatograph is required. The distorted diffusion bands, obtained experimentally for reactant and product(s), can be analysed mathematically, using simple PC programs, to give the pre-exponential factors and the exponential coefficients of a function consisting of the sum of two-four exponential functions of time. From these, and some geometrical and diffusional characteristics of the reaction cell, the values of adsorption, desorption and reaction rate constants, the overall mass transfer coefficients in the gas and in the solid catalyst, and the adsorption equilibrium constant, for both reactant and product(s) can be calculated. The above parameters were determined at various temperatures and over three catalysts for the hydrodenitrogenation of piperidine ton-pentane, an industrially important hydrotreating process. The results obtained can help to understand the mechanism of reactions on solid surfaces and to confirm experimentally theoretical calculations on adsorption and surface reactions.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; rare-earths ; lanthanides ; ytterbium ; oligomerization ; polymerization ; ethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ytterbium catalysts such as YbCl3/n-BuLi and (Cp2YbCl)2/RLi (R = Me, t-Bu, n-Bu,-CH2SiMe3) have been applied for the C-C-linkage of ethylene. Highly linear oligomers (n-alkanes) and polymers (high molecular weight polyethylene) were obtained. A reaction mechanism based on ytterbium-hydrides is proposed.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; platinum ; microemulsion ; isomerisation ; hydrogenolysis ; hexanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Platinum catalysts have been prepared by depositing on alumina monodispersed particles of platinum prepared in reversed micellar solution. After deposition, the particles are well dispersed on the support and the size distribution has a sharp maximum around 2 nm. The isomerization and hydrogenolysis of hexanes were studied in order to get more information about the particle size effects on the selectivities of Pt catalysts in these reactions. It was found that this catalyst exhibits the same selectivities as a low dispersed ordinary platinum catalyst. These selectivity values are quite different from the ones given by a highly dispersed classical catalyst in spite of the fact that the catalysts have fairly similar average particle size. Such results confirm the conclusions previously proposed that isomerisation via cyclic mechanism and non selective hydrogenolysis of hexanes take place only on platinum particles smaller than 1 nm.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Alkynes ; Catalysis ; Dinitrogen complex ; Nitriles ; Pyrimidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Komplex [CoH(N2)(PPh 3)3] katalysiert Oligomerisations- und Cyclisierungsreaktionen von Alkinen unter milden Bedingungen. Die Cyclotrimerisierung von Propinsäureethylester ergibt die drei möglichen Isomeren von Tricarbethoxybenzol; Phenylacetylen reagiert hauptsächlich zu linearen Dimeren (vor allemtrans-PhC≡CCH=CHPh) und Trimeren; lineare Dimere herrschen auch bei 3-Hexin vor, während 1-Octin (mit langer Alkylkette) vorwiegend zu 2-Octin isomerisiert wird. In allen Fällen werden ebenfalls höhere Oligomere gebildet. Außer bei Propinsäureethylester entstehen ebenfalls in geringer Menge hydrierte Dimere (z. B.trans,trans-PhCH=CHCH=CHPh aus Phenylacetylen). Eine neue Art von Cocyclisierungsreaktion mit einem Nitril (NCMe) scheint bei der Bildung (in geringer Ausbeute) von 4,6-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidin aus Phenylacetylen vorzuliegen. Alkinole reagieren unter den Versuchsbedingungen nicht.
    Notes: Abstract The complex [CoH(N2)(PPh 3)3] catalyses oligomerization and cyclization reactions of alkynes under mild conditions. Hence, alkyne cocyclotrimerization to benzene derivatives was mainly observed for ethyl propiolate, affording the three possible isomers of tricarbethoxybenzene; phenylacetylene undergoes mainly linear dimerization totrans-PhC≡CCH=CHPh and trimerization; linear dimers are also the predominant products from 3-hexyne, but 1-octyne (with a long chain) undergoes mainly isomerization to 2-octyne; higher oligomers are also usually formed. Except for ethyl propiolate, hydrogenated dimers are detected in low yields (e.g.trans,trans-PhCH=CHCH=CHPh from phenylacetylene), whereas 3-hexene is formed in considerable yield from 3-hexyne. A novel type of cocyclization reaction with a nitrile (NCMe) appears to occur with phenylacetylene to give (although in low yield) 4,6-dimethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine. Alkynols are unreactive under the chosen conditions.
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  • 31
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 117 (1986), S. 617-619 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Photochemistry ; Supported platinum complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultraviolettbetrahlung des siliziumverknüpften Komplexes Pt(C2O4)L 2 [L=(H3CO)3Si(CH2)2PEt 2] ergab eine [SiO2]-L 2Pt-Spezies, die die Hydrosilierung von Olefinen katalysiert oder unter Bildung eines Oberflächen-Dicarbonylkomplexes 2 CO addiert.
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of the silica attached complex Pt(C2O4)L 2, [L=(H3CO)3Si(CH2)2PEt 2], yields a [SiO2]-L 2Pt species that catalyzes olefin hydrosilation or adds 2 CO to yield a surface dicarbonyl complex.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Dinitrogen complexes ; Ethyldiazoacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Komplexetrans-[Mo(N2)2(dppe)2] (dppe=Ph 2PCH2CH2PPh 2) reagieren mit NN=CHCOOEt in benzolischer Lösung zuPh-N=N-CH3 als organischem Hauptprodukt. Andererseits wird bei der Bestrahlung vontrans-[W(N2)2(dppe)2] inTHF-Lösung in der Gegenwart von Ethyldiazoacetat das PhosphazenPh 2P(N2CHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(N2CHCOOEt)Ph 2 gebildet; in feuchter Lösung erleidet die Phosphazen-Bindung eine teilweise Hydrolyse und die Phosphonium-Spezies [Ph 2P(NHNCHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(NHNCHCOOEt)Ph 2]2+ scheint gebildet zu werden.
    Notes: Abstract Complextrans-[Mo(N2)2(dppe)2] (dppe=Ph 2PCH2CH2PPh 2) reacts with NN=CHCOOEt in benzene solution to afford benzene-azomethane,Ph-N=N-CH3, as the main organic product. However, the phosphazene speciesPh 2P(N2CHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(N2CHCOOEt)Ph 2 is formed by irradiating aTHF solution oftrans-[W(N2)2(dppe)2] in the presence of ethyldiazoacetate; in moist solution, the phosphazene bonds undergo a partial hydrolysis, and the phosphonium species [Ph 2P(NHNCHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(NHNCHCOOEt)Ph 2]2+ appears to be formed.
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  • 33
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    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HCN ; HCN Oligomers ; Chemical Evolution ; Primitive Earth ; Formaldehyde ; Cyanohydrins ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formaldehyde and other simple carbonyl compounds are known to react rapidly with HCN in aqueous solution to produce the corresponding cyanohydrin compounds. We have observed that these cyanohydrins markedly accelerate the rate of HCN oligomeri-zation, both in homogeneous solution as well as in the frozen state. These results, for which a tentative mechanism is suggested, significantly extend the possible range of conditions for HCN oligomerization on the prebiotic Earth.
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  • 34
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Activated carbon ; Adsorption ; Catalysis ; Competitive adsorption ; Haemoperfusion ; Intraparticle diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thein vitro measurement of adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities for three types of activated carbon and four exogenous and endogenous toxins is described. Complications due to the chemical breakdown of creatinine and paracetamol in the presence of activated carbon are discussed. Three methods are compared for the estimation of intraparticle diffusivity from the kinetic data. The simplest method is also used to reinterpret literature data comparing diffusivity values using plasma or HSA solution as opposed to buffer as the solvent. The adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities comprise the fundamental data used to validate the mass transfer model of a haemoperfusion column developed in Part 2.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 36
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Clay ; Histidyl-histidine ; Oligopeptide ; Protoenzyme ; Autocatalysis ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The condensation of glycine to form oligoglycines during wet-dry fluctuations on clay surfaces was enhanced up to threefold or greater by small amounts of histidyl-histidine. In addition, higher relative yields of the longer oligomers were produced. Other specific dipeptides tested gave no enhancement, and imidazole, histidine, and N-acetylhistidine gave only slight enhancements. Histidyl-histidine apparently acts as a true catalyst (in the sense of repeatedly catalyzing the reaction), since up to 52 nmol of additional glycine were incorporated into oligoglycine for each nmol of catalyst added. This is the first known instance of a peptide or similar molecule demonstrating a catalytic turnover number greater than unity in a prebiotic oligomer synthesis reaction, and suggests that histidyl-histidine is a model for a primitive prebiotic protoenzyme. Catalysis of peptide bond synthesis by a molecule which is itself a peptide implies that related systems may be capable of exhibiting autocatalytic growth.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
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  • 39
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    European biophysics journal 2 (1976), S. 181-218 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Spin-label method ; Spectra analysis ; Biophysics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present status of the spin labeling method as applied to Biophysics is examined. After an outline of the chemical and physical properties of NO radicals, the analysis of linear and non-linear ESR spectra of spin labels and the informations it yields is described. The possibilities of the method are critically discussed in the light of recent experiments.
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  • 40
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Collagen ; Catalysis ; Inhibition ; Tendon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les propriétés d'inhibition de la calcification réticulaire et des réactions d'échanges de H32PO4 et45Ca2+, induites par la matrice calcifiée de tendon de boeuf, ont été étudiées pour divers produits. L'inhibition des deux types de réaction, par la méthylènediphosphonate et une fraction dérivée de l'urine humaine peut être diminuée en augmentant la proportion de la phase minérale liée. Mg2+ n'inhibe pas les réactions d'échanges, mais l'inhibition de la calcification réticulaire peut être inversée en augmentant la concentration en Ca2+ de la phase soluble; mais une telle réaction ne peut être obtenue ni par le phosphate inorganique, ni en augmentant la proportion du minéral lié. Le phosphono-acétate inhibe la calcification réticulaire, mais non les réactions d'échanges, et l'inhibition n'est diminuée ni en augmentant la concentration en Ca2+ ou HOP4 2−, ni en augmentant la proportion du minéral lié. Les actions d'inhibition peuvent s'expliquer par leur interaction avec la matrice insoluble, bien que l'affinité pour le méthylènediphosphonate et l'inhibiteur urinaire soit plus grande que pour les autres produits testés. Un mécanisme catalytique hétérogène et multifonctionnel est proposé pour la calcification matricielle du tendon. Selon ce mécanisme, la calcification matrieielle est catalysée par une entité macromoléculaire, sensible à l'urée, qui contient un minimum de trois régions actives. La première est une région sensible au Mg et capable de se lier avec Ca2+, qui facilite la réaction avec HPO4 2− de la phase soluble pour constituer un complexe Ca−P au niveau d'une deuxième région sensible au phosphonoacétate. Le complexe Ca−P réagit ensuite avec une troisième région matricielle pour la formation de la phase minérale et la croissance cristalline. Les agrégats Ca−P, qui sont présents au niveau des régions en voie de croissance, fournissent les ions mobiles qui participent aux réactions d'échanges45Ca et H32PO4 2− et qui constituent aussi les zones de liaison pour le méthylènediphosphonate, ainsi que pour les inhibiteurs sériques et urinaires de la calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Hemmeigenschaften von verschiedenen Substanzen in bezug auf effekte Verkalkung sowie die45Ca2+ und H32PO4 2− Austauschreaktionen, hervorgerufen durch verkalkte Rindersehnenmatrix, wurden untersucht. Die Hemmung beider Reaktionen durch Methylendiphosphonat und durch eine aus menschlichem Urin gewonnene Fraktion kann bei Erhöhung der Menge der gebundenen Mineralphase herabgesetzt werden. Mg2+ hemmt die Austauschreaktionen nicht; die Hemmung der effektiven Verkalkung durch Mg2+ kann jedoch aufgehoben werden, indem die Konzentration von Ca2+ in der löslichen Phase erhöht wird; dies gilt nicht, wenn anorganisches Phosphat zugefügt oder die Menge des gebundenen Minerals erhöht wird. Phosphonoacetat hemmt die effektive Verkalkung, nicht aber die Austauschreaktionen. Dabei wird die Hemmung weder durch Erhöhung der Konzentration von Ca2+ oder HPO4 2−, noch durch Erhöhung der Menge gebundenen Minerals vermindert. Die Hemmwirkungen können durch ihre Wechselwirkung mit der unlöslichen Matrix erklärt werden, obwohl die Affinität für Methylendiphosphonat und den Urin-Hemmkörper größer ist als für die anderen Substanzen. Ein polyfunktioneller, heterogener, katalytischer Mechanismus für die Sehnenmatrixverkalkung wird vorgeschlagen. Nach diesem Schema wird die Matriverkalkung durch einen Harnstoff-empfindlichen, makromolekulären Stoff katalysiert, der im Minimum drei aktive Zentren enthält. Das erste ist ein Mg-empfindliches, Ca2+-bindendes Zentrum, welches das zusammenwirken der löslichen Phase mit HPO2 2− erleichtert, um einen Ca−P-Komplex an einem zweiten, Phosphonoacetat-empfindlichen Zentrum zu bilden. Dieser Ca−P-Komplex reagiert darauf mit einem dritten Zentrum auf der Matrix, um die Bildung der Mineralphase auszulösen und das Kristallwachstum anzuregen. Die an den Wachstumsstellen vorliegenden Ca−P-Aggregate liefern jene mobilen Ionen, welche an den45Ca und H32PO4 2− Austauschreaktionen teilnehmen; diese bilden auch die Bindungsstellen für Methylendiphosphonat sowie für die Serum- und Urinverkalkungshemmer.
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory properties of several compounds with respect to net calcification and the45Ca2+ and the H32PO4 exchange reactions induced by calcified bovine tendon matrix have been investigated. The inhibition of both reactions by methylenediphosphonate and a fraction derived from human urine can be decreased by increasing the amount of the bound mineral phase. Mg2+ does not inhibit the exchange reactions but the inhibition of net calcification by Mg2+ can be reversed by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ of the soluble phase but not by inorganic phosphate or by increasing the amount of bound mineral. Phosphonoacetate inhibits net calcification but not the exchange reactions and the inhibition is decreased neither by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ or HPO4 2− nor by increasing the amount of bound mineral. The inhibitory effects can be explained by their interaction with the insoluble matrix, although the affinity is greater for methylene diphosphonate and the urine inhibitor than for the other compounds. A polyfunctional heterogeneous catalytic mechanism for tendon matrix calcification is proposed. According to this scheme, matrix calcification is catalyzed by a urea-sensitive macromolecular assembly that contains a minimum of three reactive sites. The first is a Mg-sensitive, Ca2+-binding site that facilitates the interaction with HPO4 2− of the soluble phase to form a Ca−P complex at a phosphonoacetate-sensitive second site. This Ca−P complex then reacts with a third matrix site for mineral phase initiation and crystal growth. The Ca−P aggregates present in the growth sites provide those mobile ions which participate in the45Ca and H32PO4 2− exchange reactions and which also constitute the binding sites for methylenediphosphonate as well as the serum and urine calcification inhibitors.
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