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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Coral Reefs 30 (2011): 23-38, doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3.
    Description: Sediment traps are commonly used as standard tools for monitoring “sedimentation” in coral reef environments. In much of the literature where sediment traps were used to measure the effects of “sedimentation” on corals, it is clear from deployment descriptions and interpretations of the resulting data that information derived from sediment traps has frequently been misinterpreted or misapplied. Despite their widespread use in this setting, sediment traps do not provide quantitative information about “sedimentation” on coral surfaces. Traps can provide useful information about the relative magnitude of sediment dynamics if trap deployment standards are used. This conclusion is based first on a brief review of the state of knowledge of sediment trap dynamics, which has primarily focused on traps deployed high above the seabed in relatively deep water, followed by our understanding of near-bed sediment dynamics in shallow-water environments that characterize coral reefs. This overview is followed by the first synthesis of near-bed sediment trap data collected with concurrent hydrodynamic information in coral reef environments. This collective information is utilized to develop nine protocols for using sediment traps in coral reef environments, which focus on trap parameters that researchers can control such as trap height (H), trap mouth diameter (D), the height of the trap mouth above the substrate (z o ), and the spacing between traps. The hydrodynamic behavior of sediment traps and the limitations of data derived from these traps should be forefront when interpreting sediment trap data to infer sediment transport processes in coral reef environments.
    Keywords: Sediment trap ; Coral reefs ; Sedimentation ; Waves ; Currents ; Shear stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Katabatic flow ; Spectra ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations obtained over a glacier surface in a predominantlykatabatic flow and with a distinctwind maximum below 13-m height are presented. The data werecollected using a 13-m high profilemast and two sonic anemometers (at about 2.5-m and 10-m heights).The spectra at frequencies belowthat of the turbulence range appear to deviate considerably fromthe curves obtained by Kaimal andco-workers during the 1968 Kansas experiment. The characteristicsof these deviations are compared tothe observations of others in surface-layers disturbed by anykind of large-scale outer-layer (orinactive) turbulence. In our case the disturbances arelikely to be induced by the highmountain ridges that surround the glacier. Moreover, the deviationsobserved in the cospectra seemto result from an, as yet, unspecified interaction between theinactive outer-layer turbulenceand the local surface-layer turbulence. Near the distinctwind maximum turbulence production ceasedwhile turbulence itself did not, probably the result ofturbulence transport from other levels. Consequently, we studied thelocal similarity relations using σw instead of u* as an alternative velocity scale. Wellbelow the wind maximum, and for relatively low stability(0〈 Rig 〈0.2), the flow behaves accordingto well established local-scaling similarity relationshipsin the stable boundary layer. For higherstability (Rig 〉 0.2), and near or above the wind maximum, the boundary-layer structure conforms tothat of z-less stratification suggesting that the eddy sizeis restricted by the local stability ofthe flow. In line with this we observed that the sensibleheat fluxes relate remarkably well to thelocal flow parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 433-446 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Waves ; periodic dielectrics ; periodic acoustic media ; pseudogaps in the spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problems of existence and structure of gaps (pseudogaps) in the spectra associated with Maxwell equations and equations that govern the propagation of acoustic waves in periodic two-component media. The dielectric constant ε is assumed to be real and positive, and the value of ε = ε b on the background is supposed to be essentially larger than the value of ε = ε a on the embedded component. We prove the existence of pseudogaps in the spectra of the relevant operators. In particular, we give an accurate treatment of the term “pseudogap.” We also show that if the contrast ε b /ε a approaches infinity, then the bands of the spectrum shrink to a discrete set which can be identified with the set of eigenvalues of a Neumann-type boundary value problem and thus can be effectively calculated.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics & optimization 30 (1994), S. 307-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Stochastic equations ; Limit theorems ; Random media ; Waves ; 60H15 ; 35R60 ; 70B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a class of distribution-valued stochastic processes that arise in the study of pulse reflection from random media and we analyze their asymptotic properties when they are scaled in a natural way.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 447-455 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Waves ; periodic dielectrics ; periodic acoustic media ; gaps in the spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the band-gap structure of some second-order differential operators associated with the propagation of waves in periodic two-component media. Particularly, the operator associated with the Maxwell equations with position-dependent dielectric constant ∈(x),xεR 3, is considered. The medium is assumed to consist of two components: the background, where ε(x) = ε b , and the embedded component composed of periodically positioned disjoint cubes, where ε(x) = ε a . We show that the spectrum of the relevant operator has gaps provided some reasonable conditions are imposed on the parameters of the medium. Particularly, we show that one can open up at least one gap in the spectrum at any preassigned point λ provided that the size of cubesL, the distancel=δL betwen them, and the contrast ε = ε b /ε a are chosen in such a way thatL −2∼λ, and quantities ε-1δ-3/2 and εδ2 are small enough. If these conditions are satisfied, the spectrum is located in a vicinity of widthw∼(εδ3/2)-1 of the set {π2 L -2 k 2:k∈Z3}. This means, in particular, that any finite number of gaps between the elements of this discrete set can be opened simultaneously, and the corresponding bands of the spectrum can be made arbitrarily narrow. The method developed shows that if the embedded component consists of periodically positioned balls or other domains which cannot pack the space without overlapping, one should expect pseudogaps rather than real gaps in the spectrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 695-704 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Plasma equilibrium and confinement ; Plasma devices and applications ; Waves ; oscillations ; and instabilities in plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The onset of chaotic field line trajectories on tokamak plasmas perturbed by external resonant helical currents has been investigated. The spatial distribution of field lines is obtained integrating numerically the differential equations for the perturbed field lines and investigating the Poincaré maps characteristic of these fields. Several algorithms have been computed to identify the transition to large-scale stochasticity for this quasi-integrable dynamical system, which, for a given m.h.d. equilibrium, is determined by the enhancement of the coupling between the helical perturbation and the toroidicity, as the helical current increases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 729-738 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Waves ; oscillations ; and instabilities in plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper presents a rigorous theoretical investigation of the relativistic and nonrelativistic modulational instability of a high-power laser radiation propagating in a collisionless and unmagnetized laser-produced plasma. The kinetic equationviz. the relativistic Vlasov equation has been employed to find the nonlinear response of electrons for this four-wave parametric process in the plasma. The actual motivation behind this theoretical investigation is to find the relativistic effect on this four-wave paremetric processviz. the modulational instability. Here, it can be noted that the modulational instability of the laser radiation under our situation has not a large but considerable relativistic effect and for the same set of plasma parameters the growth rate of the instability in ultrarelativistic consideration is approximately three times higher than that in the nonrelativistic consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 9 (1992), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Waves ; dispersion ; shock tube ; gas bubbles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of compressional waves in a porous medium is investigated in case the pore liquid contains a small volume fraction of gas. The effect of oscillating gas bubbles is taken into account by introducing a frequency-dependent fluid bulk modulus, which is incorporated in the Biot theory. Using a shock tube technique, new experimental data are obtained for a porous column subjected to a pressure step wave. An oscillatory behaviour is observed, consisting of two distinct frequency bands, which is predicted by the theoretical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 13 (1991), S. 845-858 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Plasma production and heating by laser beams ; Waves ; oscillations and instabilities in plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Side emitted 3ω/2 radiation was studied by interacting 1.064 μm laser light with plasmas obtained from exploding thin foils. Both focusing (f/8) and collecting (f/7) optics were designed in order to reduce the instrumental bandwidth of the 3ω/2 spectrum. Time-resolved spectra and time-resolved images were obtained and analysed. All the observed spectral features, including the substantial lack of a «blue» component, the amount of red shift and bandwidth, are consistent with the Karttunen theory of half-integer harmonics generated in plasmas. This theory takes into account the propagation of ω/2 plasmons produced by «two plasmon decay» and their coupling with laser light.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 10 (1988), S. 1181-1191 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Waves ; oscillations and instabilities in plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto In questo lavoro si è effettuata una ricerca teorica sull’instabilità di decadimento di due plasmoni della radiazione laser in presenza del campo magnetico autogenerato nella regione di densità quarto-critica in un plasma prodotto dal laser. L’equazione di Vlasov in termini di coordinate del centro di girazione è stata usata per ottenere la risposta non lineare degli elettroni nel plasma. La densità di potenza di soglia della radiazione laser incidente per l’instabilità di decadimento dei due plasmoni è sempre superata nelle densità di potenza attualmente impiegate negli esperimenti a bersaglio laser e oltre la soglia la velocità di crescita dell’instabilità è abbastanza alta. Si nota anche che il campo magnetico autogenerato aumenta notevolmente la soglia, riducendo quindi drasticamente la velocità di crescita dell’instabilità.
    Abstract: Резуме В этой статье теоретически исследуется неустойчивость, связанная с двух-плазмо ным распадом, лазерного излучения в присутсвии самообразующегося магнитного поля в лазерной плазме. Используется уравнение Власова для получения нелинейного отклика для электронов в плазме. Пороговая плотность энергии падающего лазерного излучения для неустойчивости, связанной с двух-плазмонным распадом, всегда превЫшает обЫчно используемЫе плотности знергии в экспериментах по взаимодействию лазерного пучка с мишенью. ВЫше порога скорость роста неустойчивости довольно большая. Также отмечается, что самообразуещееся магнитное поле увеличивает порог возникновения неустойчивости, но существенно уменьшает скорость роста неустойчивости.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we have made a theoretical investigation on the two-plasmon decay instability of laser radiation in the presence of the selfgenerated magnetic field at the quarter-critical density region in a laserproduced plasma. The Vlasov equation in terms of guiding centre coordinates has been employed to obtain the nonlinear response of electrons in the plasma. The threshold power density of the incident laser radiation for the two-plasmon decay instability is always exceeded in currently employed power densities in laser-target experiments and above the threshold the growth rate of the instability is quite large. It is also noticed that the selfgenerated magnetic field enhances the threshold to a large extent, thus drastically reducing the growth rate of the instability.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 23 (1985), S. 55-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Oscillators ; Waves ; Perturbation theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Coupled oscillators in a ring are studied using perturbation and numerical methods. Stability of waves with nearest neighbor weak coupling is shown for a class of simple oscillators. Linkens' [23] model for colorectal activity is analyzed and several stable modes are found. Stability of waves with general (non nearest neighbor coupling) is determined and comparisons to the nearest neighbor case are made. Approximate solutions to a ring with inhomogeneities are compared with numerical simulations.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geomagnetics ; Planetology ; solar ; system ; Bosum ; Busse ; Chapman ; Gierloff-Emden ; Haak ; Hagedorn ; Jacoby ; Lubinova ; Rucher ; Roeser ; Schmucker ; Soffel ; Stacey ; Voppel
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  • 13
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    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. a, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geomagnetics ; Planetology ; solar ; system ; Anderson ; Brosche ; Busse ; Dziewonski ; Groten ; von ; Herzen ; Jackson ; Janle ; Kahle ; Maelzer ; Meissner ; Mueller ; Prodehl ; Rybach ; Schneider ; Suendermann ; Waenke ; Wilhelm ; Zuern
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  • 14
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Physical Properties of Rocks, Heidelberg, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. a, pp. 61-83, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Waves ; Muller ; Zuern ; Zurn
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 11 (1981), S. 269-294 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Oscillation ; Excitability ; Waves ; Pulse waves ; Rings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple one variable caricature for oscillating and excitable reaction-diffusion systems is introduced. It is shown that as a parameter, λ, varies the system dynamics change from oscillatory (λ 〉 λ 0) to excitable (λ 〈 λ 0) and the frequency of the oscillation vanishes as $$\sqrt {(\lambda - \lambda _0 )}$$ for λ ↘ λ0. When such dynamics are coupled by continuous diffusion in a ring geometry (1-space dimension), propagating wave trains may be found. On an infinite ring excitable devices lead to unique solitary waves which are analogous to “pulse” waves. A solvable example is presented, illustrating properties of dispersion, excitability, and waves. Finally it is shown that the caricature arises in a natural way from more general excitable/oscillatory systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
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    In:  New York, 1108 pp., Springer, vol. 96, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: FROTH ; RUB ; GMG ; 3.15.80 ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Waves ; Wavelet processing ; SModelling ; Dislocation ; Elasticity theory of dislocations ; Source
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 706-719 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Waves ; Baroclinic ; Influence of static stability on
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the time change of static stability and wind shear on a two-level quasigeostrophic baroclinic wave is considered. First, by keeping the wind shear as a constant the effect of the increase of static stability is that the amplitude of the temperature wave reaches a maximum first while that of the stream field is still amplifying and, as that of temperature wave reaches a minimum, that of the stream field becomes a maximum, and both are in phase. Next, by keeping the static stability as a constant, a life cycle of disturbance associated with the time change of wind shear is obtained. In this case the maximum amplitude of the wave appears at about 6 days and the life cycle is about 11 days for reasonable values of the model parameters. Finally, both effects are considered. The results show that as the wind shear decreases, the static stability increases, and the percentage change of wind shear is larger than that of static stability. This paper is not an entirely convincing analysis of the finite amplitude dynamics of an unstable wave in the two-level model, but rather a pedagogically useful approximate theory in which the retention of some terms rather than others is justified in view of the plausibility of the results.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 473-489 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Barotropic instability ; Dynamic meteorology ; Tropical meteorology ; Waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to use the barotropic vorticity equation in spectral form in order to study barotropic instability when the basic current has east-west quasi-stationary asymmetries on the scale of long waves. This is done by expressing the spectral equations in three different ways. In the first experiment a 9-component system is integrated and the long waves are allowed to propagate freely. In the second experiment the long waves are constrained to propagate slowly and in the third experiment, they are removed altogether. The motivation behind the present investigation is due to observations made in the motion fields of the tropics. These are characterized by quasi-stationary long waves and very energetically active and propagating short waves. The presence of quasi-stationary long waves seems to enhance the energy exchanges between the short waves and the mean zonal current and also allow for larger energy values for the short waves. Long term integration (90 days) shows a 6-day mode in thev time spectra at latitude 10°N and a 15-day mode in theu time spectra at individual grid points in the equatorial latitudes. Any possible connection between this peak and the observed peak of 15 days in the completely different physics of ‘Kelvin waves’ is left as a conjecture.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 937-949 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Waves ; Currents ; Reflection ; Caustics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The refraction and reflection of linear water waves entering a following jet-type current is considered. A short-wave asymptotic solution is presented and the reflection coefficient found. This varies continuously from zero when the waves are normal to the current to unity when they are very oblique to it. The trapping of waves by an opposing current is also considered.
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  • 20
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    In:  Professional Paper, Landolt Börnstein (6. Edition) III. Band: Astronomie und Geophysik, Berlin, Springer, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 375-384, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1952
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves
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