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  • Articles  (587)
  • Chemical Engineering  (583)
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  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • 1955-1959  (587)
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  • Articles  (587)
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  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theoretical-empirical approach to the mechanism of particle entrainment from fluidized beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A means of calculating the rate of entrainment of solids from commercial-size continuously operating fluidized beds was developed from the combined results of a theoretical and an empirical approach which through different channels arrived at the same fundamental mechanism. The calculation method shows agreement with data obtained from an apparatus simulating flow characteristics in large-scale equipment and compares favorably with smaller scale tests reported in the literature at pressures up to 200 1b./sq. in. gauge.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040417
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum: Heats of vaporization of hydrogen bonded substances (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 493-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040420
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  • 203
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The derivation of an equation for predicting minimum spouting velocity (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 497-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040423
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  • 204
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical reaction engineering, International Series of Monographs on Chemical Engineering, Vol. 1, K. Rietema, editor. Pergamon Press, New York (1957). 200 pages. $12.50. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 10D-10D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040427
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  • 205
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040101
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  • 206
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer between fluidized-solids beds and boundary surfaces - correlation of data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A broad empirical study of nine independent sets of data on fluidized-bed heat transfer is presented, with correlation of the data in two groups. A wide range of the many variables is covered, and some data on commercial units are included. Data for external (i.e., walls of the fluidizing vessel) and internal (i.e., tubes in the bed) heat transfer surfaces are correlated graphically. The correlations indicate the importance of heat transport by the mobile particles and of unsteady state conduction in the gas.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040104
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  • 207
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convective heat transfer from hightemperature air inside a tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local rates of convective heat transfer from air at high temperature to a cold wall were measured in the inlet region of a circular tube. Air entered the tube with a flat velocity and temperature profile at temperatures from 480° to 2,000°F. and flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 4,500 to 22,500. The inner surface of the 1.0-in. I.D. tube was maintained at approximately 100°F. by water cooling. Local rates of heat transfer were determined at 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 tube diameters from the entrance by measuring the radial temperature profile in thermally isolated, annular sections of the tube wall.The local rate data for all gas temperatures are well represented by previous correlations for small temperature differences if the gas properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature rather than at the film temperature. The data agree well with the data of previous investigators wherever the experimental ranges overlap.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040108
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  • 208
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Film boiling from vertical tubes (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer measurements were made with vertical stainless steel bayonet tubes, 3/8 to 3/4 in. O.D., with lengths from 2.6 to 6.5 in. The heat source was steam. The boiling film ΔT ranged from 154° to 314°F. for three organic liquids and from 547° to 788°F. for nitrogen, all at 1 atm. No forced convection was used. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrogen on the longer tubes had h values two or three times greater than predicted by the Bromley equation; however, the Reynolds numbers were found to exceed 2,000. Nitrogen on the 2.6-in. length obeyed the equation; the Reynolds numbers were less than 2,000, the flow was proved by photography to be turbulent and the h values were much higher than predicted for viscous flow. A correlation is given which fits all the data except for methanol. It shows that a vertical orientation is superior to the horizontal for liquids boiling outside tubes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040112
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  • 209
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid-particle heat transfer in packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat transfer experiments were carried out in a 4-in. I.D. transite tube packed with 3/8-, 1/4-, and 5/32-in. steel spheres. Heat was generated in the pellets by means of a high-frequency induction coil surrounding the test section. Average heat transfer coefficients between the bed of spheres and a stream of air passing through the bed were calculated for Reynolds numbers of from 200 to 10,400. To ensure the reproducibility of the data, the bed was repacked six times for each pellet size.A study of the effect of the tube-to-pellet-diameter ratio indicates that this effect is large for low values of the ratio, but much smaller for higher ratios. The results are presented both graphically and in terms of empirical equations. The analogies among heat, mass, and momentum transfer are discussed, and it was found that no simple relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor exists for packed beds with a gas as the fluid.An attempt is made to predict the heat transfer rates for packed beds from heat transfer data for single spheres and from pressure-drop measurements for the packed bed; however, the rates predicted from the pressure-drop measurements are somewhat lower than the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040114
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  • 210
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of superatmospheric pressures on nucleate boiling of organic liquids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 102-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Superatmospheric pressures greatly reduce the temperature differences in nucleate boiling of or ganic liquids. Since nucleate boiling is characterized by bubble formation at the heating surface, it seems logical to investigate the pressure difference that causes bubble formation. It has been found that for organic liquids the difference in vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature difference behaves in a regular manner with pressure but does not vary greatly. This regular behavior permits prediction of temperature differences at higher pressures with a knowledge of only vapor-pressure and boiling data at one pressure. New boiling data have been obtained in the investigation.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040119
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  • 211
    Electronic Resource
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    Longitudinal dispersion in a packed bed (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 14M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040122
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  • 212
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040201
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  • 213
    Electronic Resource
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    Velocity profile for fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equivalent Poiseuille's Law is derived for a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field. The derivation is based on an analogy between momentum transfer and heat and mass transfer, three coefficients being used to characterize the exchange process: (1) the molecular viscosity µ, (2) an intensity parameter to characterize the magnitude of the turbulent velocity fluctuations ν2, and (3) a scale parameter to characterize the scale of the turbulence T.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040204
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  • 214
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing of fluids flowing through beds of packed solids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040209
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  • 215
    Electronic Resource
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    Axial dispersion and void-cell mixing efficiency in fluid flow in fixed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 13M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040121
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  • 216
    Electronic Resource
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    Rates of flow through microporous solids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 90-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of flow of pure gases, both those with no adsorption and those with appreciable adsorption, were studied as a function of pressure level, pressure drop, and temperature for flow through 1/2-in.-diameter cylindrical plugs of activated carbon and of unsintered Vycor glass. Adsorption isotherms for the pure gases on Vycor glass were measured over the range of variables covered in the flow studies. A few measurements were made for bulk liquid flowing through a Vycor plug.Permeabilities, which are proportional to the rate of flow per unit of pressure drop, were satisfactorily correlated for hydrogen, helium, argon, and nitrogen by employing existing gas-phase flow theory. Permeabilities considerably larger than the values predicted from the nonadsorbed gas correlation, sometimes more than seventeen times as large, were observed for ethylene, propylene, and isobutane flowing through a Vycor plug. For the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems, permeabilities for vapor flow are as much as sixty times larger than for bulk liquid flow.The unusual flow phenomena for the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems are attributed to a rapid transport in the adsorbed layer. The total transport is treated as being the sum of gas-phase and adsorbed-layer flow. An equation describing adsorbed-layer movement is derived by utilizing a force balance together with thermodynamic principles. The resulting equation has just one empirical constant, and its use requires adsorption-isotherm data. It correlates very well the surface flow rates for the major range of the variables covered in this investigation. Rate measurements were made for adsorbed-layer concentrations ranging from about one tenth of a monolayer up through the capillary condensation region. Deviations in the one constant form of the equation are observed below one tenth of a monolayer. The available literature data on flow in adsorbed layers are reasonably well correlated by the same equation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040117
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  • 217
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    Heat transfer to water in turbulent flow in internally heated annuli (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nearly 900 values of local heat transfer coefficients were correlated for water flowing through long annuli 1/8, 1/4, and 3/8 in. wide, electrically heated at their inner surfaces and containing three spacer ribs. Both cosine and uniform lengthwise heat-flux distributions were employed. All heat transfer coefficients were computed for positions corresponding to (L/De) ratios larger than 150. Several methods of correlation were attempted and compared, especially with respect to the method of evaluating physical properties. The proportionality of the Colburn j factor to the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with their usual exponents was verified, and the dependence of j upon D2/D1 was analyzed. There was no significant effect of cosine heat-flux distribution on the heat transfer coefficients. Evaluating physical properties at the usual film temperature gave the best correlation. A simplified dimensional equation for water at moderate temperatures and pressures was also developed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040203
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  • 218
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    Kinetic studies of carbonation reactions using radioactive tracers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study a radioactive tracer technique was used to determine the kinetic reaction rate constants in the CO2—NaHCO3—Na2CO3—H2O system at temperatures of 32, 50, and 68°F., and at various values of pH ranging from 5.6 to 7.6. By operating with this system at chemical equilibrium but at isotopic disequilibrium, it was possible to divorce the influence of the diffusion of CO2 into and out of the aqueous solution from the kinetic effects of the chemical reaction. Radioactive carbon-14 in the form of CO2 was analyzed by means of the Bernstein-Ballentine technique in order to measure the rates of reaction.By this treatment, without using intricate equipment, reaction rate constants were computed from simple, integrated first-order equations. Results showed that values for the forward rate constant of the reaction CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+ agreed well with the values published by previous investigators. On the other hand, the forward rate constants of the reaction CO2 + OH- ⇌ HCO3- were about 100 times as large as previously reported values. This difference is believed due to the complete elimination of any mass transfer effects in this study. In addition, values for the rate constants of the reverse reactions were measured for the first time, and the calculated values of the equilibrium constants for the two reactions agreed within 6% on the average with those given by Harned and Owen. The technique used, with its variations, is expected to have numerous applications in the study of the kinetics of heterogeneous systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040206
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  • 219
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    Mathematical development of tube loading in horizontal condensers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations were derived by Nusselt for condensation on a vertical bank of horizontal tubes employing several questionable assumptions. His theoretical results indicate that the average condensing coefficient for a tube in an n-tube vertical bank should be n-1/4 times the single-tube coefficient. An empirical modification for turbulence previously suggested by the present author changed the factor to n-1/6. To facilitate further experimental studies and design calculations, precise equations are developed for condensate loading for the different common tube layouts bounded by a circle. These equations use a generalized factor n-1/s where a value of s/4 〉 1.0 becomes an index of turbulence.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040208
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  • 220
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    Momentum and mass transfer by eddy diffusioin in a wetted-wall channel (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 190-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of eddy diffusion of mass (water vapor) and momentum was investigated in a specially devised wetted-wall channel in which the rippling of the liquid film was eliminated. The experimental measurements of the turbulent exchange coefficients for mass and momentum transport were carried out in a fully developed turbulent flow of air within the range of Reynolds numbers of 8,00 to 160,000. A correlation with Reynollds number revealed an approximately linear relationship of the eddy diffusivties to Reynolds number revealed an approximately linear relationship of the eddy diffusivities to Reynolds number [Equation (4)]. From the hot-wire measurements it was found that within the main protion of the turbulent core eddy diffusivities remained fairly constant.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040213
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  • 221
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    Pulsations in sieve-tray and bubble-cap distillation towers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A periodic pulsation of the frothing mass of liquid and vapor on a sieve tray and a bubblecap tray is reported. An equation is proposed which relates the frequency of the oscillation to the velocity of sound, the physical dimensions of the systems, and the flow rates of the gas and liquid. The equation is a modification of the acoustical analogy to the classical Helmholtz resonance in electrical circuits having both capacitance and inductance. The oscillation is shown to decrease back-mixing on the tray, and thus to result in an increase in the Murphree vapor efficiency.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040309
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  • 222
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    Some properties of the poisson distribution (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 290-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper lists various properties of the Poisson distribution and related functions which can be derived from elementary principles without reference to theories of probability or statistics. They are intended for use by persons who may have to deal with Poisson distributed variables but not from a satistical point of view. Limit values and sums of the Poisson distribution, the sums of related functions, and different relations between its sums and integrals are given.Differential and difference equations which lead to solutions in the form of a Poisson distribution are discussed. The general elution equation is derived by setting up the differential-difference equation for plate n in a chromatographic column and showing that the Poisson distribution is a solution to this equation. The complete solution is then obtained by applying the boundary conditions of the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040311
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  • 223
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    Freezing points of binary mixtures of methane (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 317-318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental freezing-point data of the methane-n-hexane and the methane-n-octane binaries are presented and compared with the methane-carbon dioxide system investigated by Donnelly and Katz. A step-by-step variation of the freezing point in the paraffin homologous series is exploited to provide reasonably accurate extrapolation of the experimental data on the two binaries and scattered freezing-point data on the methane-n-butane mixture to other paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures of methane in which the heavier constituent ranges from ethane to n-nonane, inclusive.A composite graph of the freezing points of the various binaries with methane, from ethane to n-nonane, is presented.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040316
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  • 224
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    Shape factors for conductive heat flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 330-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of shape factors to problems of conductive heat flow eliminates the need for lengthy calculations by numerical approximation methods. Shape factors for several systems, determined bvy electrical analogues, are given in the accompanying article.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040319
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  • 225
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    The formation of interfacial area in immiscible liquids by orifice mixers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another (water in kerosene) by means of an orifice mixer. The degree of mixing was determined by measuring the area per unit volume of the dispersed phase. The area was measured with a photoelectric device, which had been calibrated photographically. The interfacial area formed at high Reynolds numbers (10,000 to 45,000, based on the diameter of the orifice) was found to increase with increases in both the volume fraction of water in the water-kerosene mixture and the change in kinetic energy across the orifice. In addition, other aspects such as the rate of coalescence of the dispersed phase downstream from the orifice are treated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040323
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  • 226
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    The viscosity of acetone-water solutions up to their normal boiling points (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The viscosity of acetone-water liquid solutions has been measured over the entire concentration range at temperatures from 20°C. to generally within 1° to 10°C. of the normal boiling point. A capillary suspended-level viscometer was used, and the authors estimate that the results are accurate to ±0.2%. Both kinematic and absolute viscosities are given, and the results have been extrapolated to the boiling point of the solutions. The calibration of the Cannon-Ubbelohde viscometer is discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040326
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    Liquid-phase adsorption equilibria (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlating equation for liquid-phase adsorption equilibria, including the effects of temperature and pore diameter, is presented, together with a derivation of the equation ascribing the equilibration process of physical adsorption to van der Waal's forces. The derivation is based on the effect of temperature and surface configuration on the concentration of adsorbate at the surface. The correlating equation was tested with experimental data for the benzene-cyclohexane-silica-gel system and the toluene-isooctane-silica-gel system. Temperatures ranged between 23.9° and 99°C. and the pore diameters between 20.7 and 149.5 Å.
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    Dissolution rates of solids in mercury and aqueous liquids: The development of a new type of rotating dissolution cell (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 418-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040408
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    Kinetics of steady state phase transitions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 436-439 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fundamental investigation of the departure from equilibrium in steady-state phase transitions has been made in terms of irreversible thermodynamics and absolute rate theory. The present status of the concept of accommodation coefficients was reviewed and hypotheses were advanced for the reconciliation of opposing viewpoints. Formulas for the magnitude of the departure from equilibrium were derived for single- and multicomponent systems. The deviation from equilibrium appeared to be small for ordinary rates of phase change, but interpretation of the available data was hampered by lack of a detailed molecular picture of the phase-change process.
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    Federal aid (?) to education (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 247-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040302
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    Diffusion in a pore of varying cross section (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity of a material diffusing within porous solids is less than unity. In the simple theory the porosity and tortuosity, or labyrinth, factors are used to explain the magnitude of this ratio and to account respectively for the reduced cross-sectional area and the increased diffusion distance. However, abnormally large values of the tortuosity factor are obtained from experimentally measured effective diffusivities within pelleted or extruded porous solids. This work is concerned with the quantitative effect of periodic pore constrictions on the effective diffusivity. The pore model assumed for this study is a hyperbola of revolution giving a pore constriction at the vertex of the hyperbola. Solutions to the steady state diffusion equation in a pore of this shape were obtained at various values of β, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum cross-section in the pore. Comparison of the rate of diffusive transport in this pore and an equivalent cylindrical pore indicates that δ, the ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity, is about 0.33 at β = 25 for large pores. At the same value of β, δ would be smaller for diffusion in the Knudsen region.
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    Heat transfer to a liquid fluidized bed (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 376-380 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of the rate of heat transfer from the retaining wall to a fluidized bed of solids was carried out for liquid water and glass spheres. The independent variables included mass velocity, particle size, bulk temperature, and wall temperature. Significant increases in heat transfer were observed, owing to the presence of the suspended solids, even to the extent of tripling the coefficient. For each of several particle sizes, the coefficient passed through a maximum corresponding to a particular mass velocity. The behavior of the bed at velocities below and above those for maximum coefficient was studied and categorized. Tentative correlations for both regions are offered.
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    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040401
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    II. The ammonia - isooctane system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 296-299 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the paucity of data on the phase behavior of binary systems that form azeotropes, the P-V-T-x relations of the ammonia-isooctane system were determined at the liquid-vapor boundaries from room temperature to the critical temperature of issoctane. Evidence of an azeotrope existing over a very limited pressure and temperature range was obtained. The sistem is unique in that the critical locus contains a minimum temperature point as well as a minimum and a maximum pressure point. These relations are shown to fit a general pattern of phase relations characteristic of binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region. This pattern serves as an aid for the qualitative prediction of the P-T-x relations of such systems.
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    Electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 338-342 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convection-controlled mass transfer process in which the rate of mass transfer results in an electrical signal should have certain advantages as the working principle for a velocity-and turbulence-measuring device. The velocity can be read at a remote place as a calibrated electrical signal. Compensation for phase shift and amplitude attenuation of a fluctuating signal should be small because the measuring probe would have no capacity for the transferred quantity. In water, such processes are possible whenever electrolysis occurs under conditions of concentration polarization, and they exist in relatively uncomplicated from as the limiting currents of polarographic analysis. The investigation reported here was intended as a survey and evaluation of electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities.The series of experiments that was performed showed that a working instrument could be designed on the principle of convection-controlled electrolysis, but that the chemical reactions involved were unreliable for consistent trouble-free results. Practical instruments appear to be possible only after long development and considerable study of chemical mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040321
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    An improved experimental reactor for applied kinetic studies (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recirculation type of reactor has been designed and tested on a rapid reaction which characteristically causes difficult temperature-control problems and high diffusional resistances (hydrogenation of propylene on nickel catalyst). Descriptions of the reactor and its operation are given, together with an assessment of errors and the advantages and disadvantages of the recirculation technique. A rate equation and rate constants are determined so that the data will be more readily comparable with the work of other investigators.
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    Absorption into an accelerating film (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 382 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040330
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    Surface dynamics of fluidized beds and quality of fluidization (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 423-429 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solutions of linearized Navier-Stokes equations have been developed for the motion of arbitrary two-dimensional waves occurring at any interface between the emulsion phase of a fluidized bed and the particle-free, fluid phase. In all cases for which the bed particles are denser than the fluidizing fluid the solutions showed that the lower interface of a bed always is unstable and the upper, stable. The quality of fluidization is suggested to be related at least in part to the rate of growth of surface waves, this rate depending upon physical properties of the system and length of the disturbing wave.
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    Volumetric properties of nonpolar gaseous mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 430-435 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumetric data of nonpolar gaseous mixtures are analyzed in terms of the theory of corresponding states. Special attention is given to an analysis of the second virial coefficient and to the calculation of pseudocritical constants.Second virial coefficients are calculated from experimental data for ten binary systems. These coefficients, with those previously published, are correlated by means of a generalized equation involving three parameters for each component: the critical volume, the reduced temperature, and the acentric factor.Equations are derived for the pseudocritical temperature and pressure of mixtures. These equations are considerably more accurate than those given by Kay's rule. Because of the complexity of the proposed equations for the pseudocritical parameters, a simplified pseudocritical method is presented which is sufficiently accurate for most chemical engineering purposes, especially at reduced temperatures exceeding 1.3.
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    Characteristics of gas pockets in fluidized beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 445-452 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some characteristics of gas pockets rising through beds of fluidized solids have been measured directly with a light probe technique. The vertical thickness, numerical frequency, and rate of rise of the bubbles were obtained from oscillographs of dual probe signals. Room-temperature air at 1-atm. pressure was used in 4- and 6-in. columns. Glass beads, a crushed rock, commerical cracking catalysts, coal, and hollow resin spheres were studied in particle sizes from 12-µ fluid cracking catalyst to 450-µ coal.Vertical bubble thickness was found to increase with particle size, distance above the bed support, and gas velocity. Size growth upon rising was mainly the result of coalescence of bubbles. The rise velocity ranged from 1 to 2 ft./sec., relatively unaffected by operating conditions. Bubble frequency decreased with height above the bed support owing to coalescence. Total bed-depth variation from 1.0 to 2.5 ft. did not significantly influence the results, which should be of interest in studying gas by-passing in fluidized beds and predicting the slugging behavior and fluidization uniformity.
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    Density: Reduced-state correlations for the inert gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 480-484 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of corresponding states has been adopted to the correlation of densities and found to be applicable for nonopolar substances when the critical compressibility factor is introduced as an independent parameter. For the inert gases, densities available in the literature for the gaseous and liquid states have been referred to their critical densities to produce reduced-state correlations which are identical only when their corresponding critical compressibility factors are the same. As a result, a consolidated reduced density correlation for zc = 0.291 has been developed from experimental data for argon, krypton, and xenon. Although the zc values for helium and neon are essentially alike, different reduced-state correlations for these substances were found to exist. This behavior is expected in view of the radical nature of helium, which can be accounted for by its excessive quantum deviation. Therefore the reduced density correlation for neon (zc = 0.307) is selected as representative of that class of substances having similar zc values.The validity of both correlations has been extended beyond the monatomic gases to include substances having comparable critical compressibility factors. With the generalized chart for zc = 0.291 gaseous densities at elevated temperatures and pressures have been calculated for nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and methane to produce an average deviation of 1.4% from reported values in the literature. For these substances the average deviation becomes 1.5% for densities in the liquid state. With the reduced density chart for neon (zc = 0.307) densities calculated for hydrogen (zc = 0.305) in the gaseous region produced an average deviation of 2.5% and covered pressures in excess of 500 atm. and temperatures as high as 500°C.
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    Note on the analogy between momentum transfer and heat or mass transfer for a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 495-496 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The properties of gases and liquids: Their estimation and correlation, Robert C. Reid and Thomas K. Sherwood, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1958). 386 pages. $10.00. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 500 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040426
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    Heat transfer to non-newtonian fluids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 92-100 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the first theoretical analyses combined with an experimental study of the variables controlling heat transfer rates to non-Newtonian fluids in the streamline-flow region. The theoretical analyses, for the limiting types of non-Newtonian materials, were related to the intermediate case of Newtonian behavior to form a coherent theory applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids alike.The experimental data covered Graetz numbers between 100 and 2,000 and were correlated with a mean deviation of 13.5%. The flow-behavior indexes of the three non-Newtonian fluids used varied form 0.18 to 0.70.Some preliminary non-Newtonian results are presented on the problems of nonisothermal fluid-flow pressure losses and heat transfer outside the laminar-flow region. Further theoretical work is recommended in both these areas. Additional experimental data would be of value in all of the problems discussed.
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    Heat-conduction losses in reactor waste basins (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 143 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030123
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    Dispersed-phase holdup (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 144 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030125
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    Unit operations of chemical engineering. Warren L. McCabe and Julian C. Smith. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New Yark (1956). 945 pages. $10.50 (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030126
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    Computing machines and the patterns of research (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 145-145 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030202
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    Performance of packed columns. IV. Effect of gas properties, temperature, and pressure on gasphase mass transfer coefficients (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To test the applicability, over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and gas physical properties, of the mass transfer correlation presented earlier, 0.5-in. naphthalene Berl saddles were vaporized into air, carbon dioxide, and Freon-12 in a 4.0-in. column. Temperatures from 15° to 73°C. and pressures from 0.26 to 1 atm. were covered.The correlation was found to represent all the experimental data when the surface temperature of the naphthalene was used to evaluate the correct driving force.This correlation, when combined with effective interfacial areas presented previously, makes it possible to estimate the volumetric mass transfer coefficeint, kGa, for any gas-liquid-solute system.
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    A study of laminar-flow heat transfer in tubes (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 172-175 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The general problem of heat transfer to fluids in laminar flow in tubes is discussed, a new procedure for the measurement of local laminar-flow heat transfer coefficients is described, and an empirical equation is presented for the correlation of data for local heat transfer rates to liquids flowing upward in laminar flow in vertical tubes under conditions of constant heat flux at the tube wall.
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    Ion exclusion equilibria in the system glycerol-sodium chloride-water-Dowex-50 (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ion exclusion is an operation in which an ion exchange resin is used to separate an electrolyte from a nonelectrolyte in a polar solvent. An ion exchange resin tends to absorb a nonelectrolyte and to exclude an electrolyte. This is described quantitatively by the equilibrium distribution of the electrolyte, the nonelectrolyte, and the solvent between the resin phase and the liquid phase surrounding the resin.As no ternary distribution data applicable to ion exclusion are available, and only a few binary data have been published, a principal purpose of this investigation was to determine the distribution data for a typical system: glycerol-sodium chloride-water-Dowex-50.
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    Diffusion in three-component gas mixtures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 198-207 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the Stefan-Maxwell diffusion equations for equimolal countercurrent diffusion in a three-component gas mixture is obtained which is similar in form to Gilliland's equation for diffusion of two gases through a third inert gas. The important features of both types of diffusion are investigated and the conditions under which the following phenomena occur are determined: (1) diffusion barrier (the rate of diffusion of a component is zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero); (2) osmotic diffusion (the rate of diffusion of a component is not zero even though its concentration gradient is zero); (3) reverse diffusion (a component diffuses against the gradient of its concentration).A generalized driving force which describes these phenomena is introduced, and approximate equations are developed which give the individual rates of diffusion directly.
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    Control of continuous-flow chemical reactors. II. Frequency-response relations for reactor chains, tubular reactors, and unit reactor control loops (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 256-261 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030222
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    Some remarks on longitudinal mixing or diffusion in fixed beds (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 280-282 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that the radial Peclet number in a packed bed approaches about 11. If it is assumed that the interstitial volume of the bed forms mixing cells, then a comparison of the solutions obtained from the mixing and turbulent diffusive mechanisms shows that the axial Peclet number for agreement of the two must be about 2, as a limiting case for high Reynolds numbers. This is substantiated by experiment.
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    A rate equation for molecular diffusion in a dispersed phase (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 8J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030231
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    Approximate operational calculus in chemical engineering (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 289-293 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Approximations are suggested to extend the usefulness of operational calculus in solving boundary-value problems of interest to the chemical engineer. General approximations are outlined and specific ones illustrated. The use of computing machines with operational calculus is also considered.
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    Fluidization and sedimentation of spherical particles (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are presented in support of an expression describing the relation between the sedimenting velocity or the fluidizing velocity and the fraction voids. This expression which contains no empirical constants may be obtained by considering a particle in a fluid having the average properties of the suspension. Stokes's law is used to calculate the force on the particle, and an equation derived by Vand is used to describe the viscosity of the suspension. The equation based on this model is valid for particle Reynolds numbers less than 0.07. The model may be used as an approximation of bed behavior at higher Reynolds numbers by application of a correction to Stokes's law.
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    Errata (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 7S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030326
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    Masthead (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030401
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    Prediction of cake-washing results with continuous filtration equipment (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 433-438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a theory of filter-cake washing on continous filtration equipment based upon the assumption that mixing of the strong liquor and wash fluid is controlling. The theory can be conventiently applied to experimental filtration leaf tests for determining wash efficiency and is easily extrapolated to full-scale results with the normally experienced uneven cake thickness and wash-fluid distribution taken into account.To obtain the necessary wash-fluid volume for proper soluble removal, a correlation method of wash time as a function of wash ratio with parameters of cake-formation time has been derived from commonly accepted filtration theory. Experimental and plant data indicate a close agreement with the theory, and the method can be employed to predict filtration rate as a function of wash ratio. A typical illustration has been given to determine filtration requirements for recovering soluble uranium after leaching of the ore by continuous filtration. Washing rate was proved to be conrolling, and this design based only on cake-formation rate would yield insufficient wash ratios and excessive soluble uranium loss. Final filter and flow-sheet design must be based on uranium recovery which can be predicted by the proposed methods.
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    Masthead (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Engineering in history (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Mass transfer in a continuous-flow mixing vessel (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients have been determined for the dissolution of Na2S2O3·5H2O crystals in water under conditions of turbulent agitation in a mixing vessel. The dissolution was carried out in a steady-flow process in which the area of selt crystals and the concentration of the solution in the mixing vessel were constant during each run. A comparison is made with previously unpublished results for batch runs in a similar system, and a method is developed for calculating the surface area of salt particles suspended in the mixing vessel under steady-flow conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Grimm and Andersen: Move over (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 297-297 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030302
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    Nusselt values for estimating turbulent liquid metal heat transfer in noncircular ducts (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 313-317 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple expression for estimating the turbulent forced-convection heat transfer performance of liquid metals flowing through noncircular ducts is presented. This equation requires the knowledge of the slug Nusselt number evaluated for the specific geometry and for the pertinent boundary conditions. Such Nusselt values are presented herein for a number of technically important geometries. One check on the heat transfer prediction given by Equation (4) is in the case of an annular duct with constant heat flow through the outer wall with the inner wall insulated, for which experimental data exist. The prediction agrees within 20% with the experimental data.Several possible boundary conditions that may exist in noncircular cross sections are throughly discussed, and it is hoped that as a result this paper may serve to clarify some of the confusion existing in the literature.
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    Simple theory of an idealized turbulent mixer (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 329-330 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With stationary isotropic turbulence postulated, the rate of decrease in concentration fluctuations of a scalar contaminant is estimated in terms of the turbulence scale and the power input to the system.
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    Measured plate efficiencies and values predicted from single-phase studies (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 336-342 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plate efficiencies measured on 18-in.-diam. sieve plates are reported for the acetic acid-water system and for the methyl isobutyl ketone-water system at atmospheric pressure. In the former system the major resistance to mass transfer is in the gas phase; liquid-phase resistance to mass transfer is controlling in the latter. Efficiencies are also reported for the aniline-nitrobenzene system (gas-phase resistance controlling) at 5 mm. Hg absolute on 6-in.-diam. sieve plates. Pure gas- and liquid-phase efficiencies for both plate designs were determined by the adiabatic humidification of air and the desorption of oxygen from water into air. Predicted values of plate efficiency for each of the binary systems studied were computed from the pure phase efficiencies according to the procedure outlined by Gerster et al. A comparison between measured and predicted efficiencies is presented as a guide for future research in this field.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Heat transfer coefficients for condensing organic vapors of pure components and binary mixtures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 348-352 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of the film coefficient of heat transfer for the condensation of organic vapor mixtures was investigated experimentally to establish a satisfactory basis for applying the Nusselt equation to binary systems. Five ideal and nonideal pairs, all of which gave miscible condensates, were studied; the work was carried out under conditions of almost total condensation on a horizontal condensing surface designed to comply as rigidly as possible with the conditions for which Nusselt's equation is valid.The same behavior was observed for all systems and all concentrations studied: the experimental coefficients fell between those for the pure components and followed the behavior pattern for pure components when the temperature difference was taken as that between the bubble point of the condensate and the surface temperature, rather than between the dew point or the measured vapor temperature and the surface temperature, Correlation of the film coefficient showed it to vary approximately linearly with composition if the coefficients were compared at a constant value of the temperature difference, defined as above. This permits determination of the coefficient for a mixture by interpolation between the coefficients for the pure components, which are easily obtained, in preference to making the calculations with the properties of the mixture obtained by laborious and uncertain weighting of the corresponding properties of the pure components.When results are interpreted in the light of the theories of Colburn and Drew, the presence of a vapor-phase resistance to heat and mass transfer, as postulated by them, is indicated.
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    Catalyzed gas-liquid reactions in trickling-bed reactors (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 366-372 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies were made in a differential flow reactor of the hydogenation of α-methyl-styrene with the liquid trickling over a bed of catalyst pellets countercurrent to a stream of hydrogen. The catalysts consisted of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and nickel supported on the external surfaces of aluminal pellets.With palladium at pressures above 3 atm. the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene both adsorbed on different type of active sites. Below 3 atm. pressure the reactants competed for similar active sites. With platinum the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene on similar active sites. Rhodium and nickel catalyzed the polymerization α-methylstyrene together with slow hydrogenation. Ruthenium had negligible activity for catalyzing the hydrogenation under the moderate conditions used in this work.In all cases mass transfer resistances were negligible.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Determination of the chemical properties of an oxide catalyst in a closed system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 386-390 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bulk chemical properties of an impregnated chromia-alumina catalyst with respect to several gases, CO, CO2, C3H6, were determined as a function of the degree of oxidation of the surface of the catalyst. The importance of the results lies in the demonstration that a simple method described herein can be used to obtain significant data on catalytic surfaces. Briefly, the prior adsorption of oxygen by the catalyst tended to promote the adsorption of carbon monoxide and to prohibit the adsorption of carbon dioxide. Far more carbon monoxide was adsorbed by the highly oxidized surface than could be accounted for on the basis of adsorbed carbon dioxide. The quantity of propylene adsorbed also increased with an increase in the oxidation of the surface. The results are explained on the basis of two types of adsorbed oxygen atoms.
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    Effects of bubbling and stirring on mass transfer coefficients in liquids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 411-417 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene by means of a suspended palladium-alumina catalyst in a stirred reactor the mass transfer of hydrogen through the liquid is the rate-controlling step and the resistance to chemical reaction at the catalyst surface is negligible except at extremely rapid rates of stirring. This system therefore provides an excellent means of establishing the effects of operating variables and mechanical construction on mass transfer coefficients in liquids in stirred reactors. It is convenient to consider the total resistance to mass transfer as consisting of two separate resistaces: in the liquid adjoining the bubbles and in the liquid adjoining the suspended solid particles; thus R = Rb + Rs.A general equation was evaluated from experimental data based upon unit volume of liquid.
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    Critical constants of the aromatic hydrocarbons (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 428 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Following an approach similar to that presented for the aliphatic (6, 7) and naphthenic (8) hydrocarbons, methyl-group contributions have been developed that now make possible the calculation of van der Waals' constants for aromatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity. These constants are then utilized to calculate the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes for these aromatic hydrocarbons.In addition, simple relationships have been developed that permit the evaluation of both van der Waals' constants for the unsubstituted linearly fused aromatic hydrocarbons.Comparisons of calculated critical constants with values presented in the literature for over twenty aromatic hydrocarbons produced average absolute deviations of 0.70% for the critical temperature and 2.14% for the critical pressure.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Chemical engineering kinetics. J. M. Smith. McGraw-Hill Book Cpmpany, Inc., New York (1956). 402 pages. $8.00. (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 12S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030328
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    Viscous flow in multiparticle systems: Motion of spheres and a fluid in a cylindrical tube (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 506-513 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approximate theory for the behavior of multiparticle systems suspended in a viscous fluid is developed, based on a rigorous treatment for the case of a single sphere occupying any position in a cylindrical tube. The results obtained include estimates of the effect of some of the parameters involved on the particle velocities and spatial distribution of particles in very dilute sedimenting and fluidized beds as well as on the pressure drop resulting from passage of fluid. The conclusions presented are in agreement with such experimental data as are available and suggest a basis for more exact treatment of these systems.
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    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: Methane in the liquid phase of the methane-n-heptane system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 449-453 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production and refining of petroleum involve many processes in which conditions deviate markedly from equilibrium. For prediction of the behavior of such nonequilibrium systems, information concerning the molecular-transport characteristics of the paraffin hydrocarbons is of practical interest.Fick diffusion coefficients for methane were measured in the liquid phase of the methane-n-heptane system at temperatures between 40° and 340°F. at pressures up to 3,500 lb./sq. in., but the pressure range was limited at the higher temperatures by approach to the critical state of this binary system.The measurements obtained confirmed the fact that the Fick diffusion coefficients for methane decrease with an increase in the concentration of this component and increase rapidly with an increase in temperature for a constant composition. These data together with similar information for other binary paraffin hydrocarbon systems indicate that the Fick diffusion coefficients for methane decrease with an increase in the molecular weight of the less volatile component.
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    Thermal-conductivity-reduced-state correlation for the inert gases (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 454-461 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fragmentary thermal-conductivity data for argon available in the literature have been correlated by use of a residual thermal conductivity k - k* vs. density ρ relationship. This correlation produced a unique continuous curve which was found to be singularly independent of temperature and pressure for both gaseous- and liquid-state data. From low-pressure thermal-conductivity values k* and the relationship given above, it is possible to determine thermal conductivities at any condition of temperature and pressure for which a corresponding density is available. This procedure was used to calculate reliable thermal conductivities k for high-pressure regions where experimental data were lacking.In a similar manner the critical thermal conductivity kc for argon was established directly from the critical density and the quantity kTc*. The kc value permitted the calculation of reduced thermal conductivities kR and made possible the construction of an extensive reduced-state chart. Although this correlation was developed mainly from data for argon, it was found to apply equally as well to the other inert gases as postulated from the theory of corresponding states.A comparison of thermal conductivities calculated from the reduced-state plot with over 200 experimental points produced an average deviation of 1.8% for all the inert gases. This chart was also found applicable to the diatomic gases and their mixtures but produced significant deviations for substances having more than two atoms per molecule.
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    Mass transfer between two liquids with chemical reaction (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 490-496 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Unsteady state heat transfer in stationary packed beds (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 513-516 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new solution is presented of the differential equations describing unsteady state heat transfer in stationary beds of small granular solid particles through which a fluid is flowing. Arbitrary initial solid temperature distribution and arbitrary variation of inlet gas temperature are allowed. The solution presented appears easier to apply in practice than those previously published and affords an example of the versatility of Fourier integrals and series. An application of the solution to the regeneration of Dow type-B butylene dehydrogenation catalyst is described.
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    Thermal resistance of an eddy (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 523-527 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By experimental means a relation is obtained between the thermal resistance of an eddy and its angular momentum. The eddy is stationary, and no extraneous motion is present. The secondary motion which may develop in the annulus between concentric rotating cylinders is used to obtain the eddies. The fluid motion is well defined at all times and at all points of space. Heat is passed through the eddies, and the Nusselt number is obtained, which varies linearly with the angular momentum. Both Nusselt number and angular momentum vary linearly with the peripheral velocity of the inner rotating cylinder, which can be interpreted in terms of a Reynolds number associated with fluid flow perpendicular to a cylinder.
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    Viscous flow theory: I, Laminar Flow. Shih-I Pai. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1956). 384 pages. $7.75. (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9D-9D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030421
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    Heats of vaporization of hydrogen-bonded substances (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 473-479 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is proposed for the calculation of the heat of vaporization of hydroxylated compounds to an accuracy of about ±0.5 kcal./mole from no more data than the molecular structure and a boiling point. The older methods, by comparison, achieved an accuracy of about ±1 kcal./mole with a far greater computational effort, since they required the (usually hypothetical) critical temperature and critical pressure in addition to a boiling point.The method is here applied to aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, to ether-alcohols (e.g., the cellosolves), and to alcohols conaining keto or aldehyde groups (e.g., salicylaldehyde) and supersedes previous correlations covering the heats of vaporization of these compounds. The method can also be used to assess the quality of vapor-pressure data of the compounds covered by it.The method is based on the assumption that the heat of vaporization consists of two terms, the dispersion energy and the hydrogen-bond increment (close but not equal to the hydrogen-bond strength). The first term is calculated from a knowledge of the heat of vaporization of the equistructural hydrocarbon, now easily available from the Tables of A.P.I. Research Project 44. The hydrogen-bond term is calculated from a set of rules given in the report.The application of the increment method of this report to other properties and other functional groups is the subject of a continuing investigation.
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    Continuous-flow stirred tank reactors: Solid-liquid systems (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 497-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory and design of continuous stirred tank reactors are extended to the complex but industrially important field of continuous-heterogeneous-reaction systems. The present investigation is concerned with the elementary process occurring when solid particles and a liquid flow into and from a single reactor or a chain of these reactors. The equations are developed for dissolution processes, and the theoretical size distributions and specific areas are confirmed experimentally. Performance is also related to operating conditions and reactor design.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria and heat of mixing: n-octane-ethylbenzene-cellosolve system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 517-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapor-liquid equilibria of the systems n-octane-Cellosolve, ethylbenzene-Cellosolve, and n-octane-ethylbenzene-Cellosolve were determined at 760 mm. Hg. The activity coefficient data of Yang and Van Winkle (23) for the system n-octane-ethylbenzene and the data of this work on other systems were expressed by Wohl's three-suffix Margules equations. The ternary data are predicted satisfactorily from the binary constants and no noticeable ternary effects seem to exist for this ternary system.
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    Hydroextraction: Flow in submerged cakes (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 528-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow equations have been proposed for hydroextractor cakes wherein the pores are filled with moving liquid. These equations have been confirmed for the effect of each variable by use of different experimental techniques. The critical wetting rate has provided the most informative steady state, in which the cake is fed with liquid to maintain the inner surface of the liquid at radius rL coincident with that of the cake at radius rc. Transient techniques have also been used wither with a probe to time the movement of a liquid level between two radii less than rc, or with a photoelectric detector to observe the coincidence of rL = rc. The tests have proved the validity of the hydrodynamic assumptions involved in the equations and have provided both precise methods for research and practical methods for industrial purposes.
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    Agitation of non-Newtonian fluids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Since the shear rate of a non-Newtonian fluid is of importance in fixing the rheological or viscometric behavior of such a material, the present study has been concerned with the development of a general relationship between impeller speed and the shear rate of the fluid. The resulting relationship was then used to interpret and correlate power-consumption data on three non-Newtonian fluids by use of a generalized form of the conventional power-number-Reynolds-number plot for Newtonians.Flat-bladed turbines from 2 to 8 in. in diameter were used exclusively. Tank diameters ranged from 6 to 22 in. and power inputs from 0.5 to 176 hp./1,000 gal. The study encompassed a 130-fold range of Reynolds numbers in the laminar and transition regions. The results to date indicate that power requirements for the rapid mixing of non-Newtonian fluids are much greater than for comparable Newtonian materials.
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    Material transport in turbulent gas streams: Radial diffusion in a circular conduit (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies of the mixing of coaxial streams of a natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure were made at Reynolds numbers of 44,000 and 79,000 under conditions where the turbulent-velocity profile of nearly uniform flow was altered as little as feasible by the blending of the two streams.Total diffusivities of natural gas in air for the region near the center of the conduit were computed from the data for turbulent, steady, nonuniform flow. The total diffusivities were found to be rather complicated functions of the conditions of flow. Limitations in the configuration of the apparatus did not permit a study of the behavior of the total diffusivities to be made over as wide a range of flow rates as would be necessary to investigate the large-scale trends indicated by this study.
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    Calculated performance of a dissolved - gas-drive reservoir by a phase-behavior method (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phase-behavior approach to the prediction of the performance characteristics of a dissolved-gas-drive reservoir is unique in that the problem of choosing flash, differential, or composite-solution gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors has been circumvented. Data required are a compositional analysis of the reservoir fluid, the bubble point of this fluid, and the relative-permeability curves for the reservoir rock.Gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors were calculated under conditions duplicating the performance of the reservoir. A comparison was then made between these results and those obtained by calculations involving a differential, a flash, and a composite process. A vital factor in the solution of the problem is the accuracy of the calculated equilibrium constant. Agreement within 3% was obtained when a calculated differential formation-volume curve was compared with an experimentally determined curve.
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    Study of bubbling performance in relation to distillation and absorption (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the efficiency of vapor-liquid contacting operations is the relationship between available interfacial area and contact time.Because of the difficulties in measuring these quantities, little information has heretofore been made available on them. Previous studies have been confined to extreme over-simplifications of the turbulent type of contacting taking place in fractionation devices. The present investigation consisted of the determination of interfacial area and contact time for the formation of air bubbles submerged in water and aqueous solutions. The bubbles were produced at single vertical slots and rose through a flowing liquid. In order to complete the study on physical contacting, a companion study is concerned with vapor-liquid behavior in the forth and entrainment zones. The experimental technique in this study involved taking high-speed motion pictures of the bubbling action. Measurements of the area and volume of bubbles were made at intervals during the course of their growth, and values of total contact time and average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor are presented.It was found that both the average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor a and the total contact time tm were primarily affected by the head of flowing liquid on the slot. Below slot submergence of approximately 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was shown to decrease with increasing slot submergence and increasing slot area. Above 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was a function of skirt clearance, liquid viscosity, and surface tension.Total contact time was found to increase with increasing slot submergence and to decrease with increasing vapor rate and skirt clearance.Through the use of an integrated mass transfer-rate equation, the terms a and tm can be used in conjunction with the appropriate mass transfer coefficient for predicting the point efficiencies on bubble-cap plates.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria for hydrogen-light-hydrocarbon systems at low temperatures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental equilibrium vapor and liquid compositions are reported for the hydrogen-methane system at -150°, -200°, and -250°F. and at pressures of 500 to 4,000 lb./sq. in. The ternary system hydrogen-methane-propane was studied at 0°, -100°, and -200°F. at 500 and 1,000 lb./sq. in. Phase compositions were determined for a limited number of similar conditions for the hydrogen-methane-propylene and hydrogen-methane-ethylene-ethane-propylene-propane systems.
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    Mass transfer at low pressures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are reported for the evaporation of spheres of naphthalene into air, helium, carbon dioxide, and Freon-12, and of liquid diethyl adipate into air at pressures from 0.1 to 3,000μ Hg and at Reynolds numbers from 0 to 1.37. By use of suitable values of the surface-evaporation coefficient and the assumption of additivity of surface evaporation and diffusional resistances, the data are well correlated. The results lend semiquantitative support to the theory of sublimation of crystals developed by Stranski.
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    Mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from boundary-layer theory. The velocity distributions which are assumed to exist are those derived from the linearized Navier-Stokes equations by Tomotika and Aoi.In the case of the sphere the Nusselt number is found to be a function only of the Peclet group when the Stokes streamline function is assumed to apply. Experimental data for mass and heat transfer to singel spheres fall 10 to 40% higher than predicted from the theory. Experimental data for heat and mass transfer to single cylinders at large NPe check the theory.Curves are also plotted for the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles by combined direct interception and diffusion for both spheres and cylinders.
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    Mechanics of vertical-moving fluidized systems (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Liquid-liquid extraction in a pulsed perforated-plate column (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 56-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid extractions of benzoic acid-toluene solutions by means of water were studied under varying flow rates of both solvents in a 2-in. perforated-plate column to which pulsations of different frequencies and amplitudes were applied. Studies on reversal of the phase of the dispersion were made. With fixed flow rates of both solvents, the rate of extraction increased much more rapidly when the flow through the perforation became turbulent. The results are correlated by means of Reynolds number based on the flow through the perforations and are calculated from the product of the frequency and amplitude of the pulsations.
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    Heat transfer in the critical region (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for carbon dioxide in turbulent flow in an 0.18-in. I.D. pipe. The pressure was 1,200 lb./sq. in. abs. and the bulk temperature varied from 70° to 120°F. In this critical region the coefficients between fluid and tube wall ranged from 300 to 2,600 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft./°F.) over a Reynolds number interval of 30,000 to 300,000.Existing empirical and semitheoretical correlations were found inadequate in this region, where the thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat are all varying rapidly and nonuniformly with temperature. A method of integrating the heat and momentum transfer equations with variable physical properties, recently proposed by Deissler, was applied to the experimental data and found to fit well. The application required extensive calculations, which were carried out with an Electrodata digital computer.A simplified procedure was proposed for estimating heat transfer coefficients in the critical region by using a semitheoretical equation developed for zero heat flow. Simple rules were suggested for estimating the temperature at which to evaluate the physical properties when this equation is applied to the realt case of finite heat transfer. The method worked well when compared with the computed heat transfer coefficients of Deissler for supercritical wate but showed about 30% deviation when compared with the carbon dioxide results. This discrepancy is believed due to the fact that the carbon dioxide was very close to the critical point (reduced pressure = 1.1) but the water was somewhat further removed (reduced pressure = 1.6).
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    Effect of concentration level on mass transfer rates (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon tetrachloride was evaporated into a stream of air over ranges of gas concentration from 0 to 0.70 mole fraction carbon tetrachloride, Reynolds number from 600 to 15,000, and Schmidt number from 0.23 to 1.17. The data were correlated by an equation and also by a computer solution to the differential equation describing mass transfer from values of eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity obtained from the literature.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria of nitrogenargon-oxygen mixtures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations and graphs presented here for the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the nitrogen-argon-oxygen low-temperature system are based on published binary and ternary experimental data involving mixtures of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen, and on careful thermodynamic study over a period of years of accurate plant-performance data on tall, large air-rectifying columns operating near the minimum reflux ratios. The plants have achieved separations that are impossible according to some of the published equilibrium data, and thus the plant data have made a major contribution toward the preparation of this paper.
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    Heats of mixing of liquids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for the heats of mixing of liquids at 25°C. and 1 atm. pressure for ten binary and five ternary systems. For nonpolar binary systems a two-constant equation has been developed which correlates the data within experimental accuracy. Several equations which have been proposed for the calculation of ternary heats of mixing from binary data are tested for the systems studied. The method of Jost and Röck (4) for determining the constants in power-series functions from experimental data is considered.
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    Densities of liquid-acetone-water solutions up to their normal boiling points (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The densities of acetone-water liquid solutions have been measured over the entire composition range from 20°C. to within 3° to 7°C. of the normal boiling point of the mixture. The density was measured with a Robertson pycnometer (13), which was modified slightly. The density values are thought to be accurate to within ±0.00005 density units. The technique for determining density values of the volatile mixture near the boiling temperature is given in some detail. The refractive index (nD25) of pure acetone has been redetermined and equals 1.35596 ± 0.00003.
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    Absorption and stripping-factor functions for distillation calculation by manual- and digital-computer methods (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New absorption- and stripping-factor functions have been developed for use in computing multicomponent separations in fractionators, reboiled absorbers, refluxed strippers, and columns with side-stream strippers. Charts of fraction not absorbed vs. A factor and fraction not stripped vs. S factor are included with the equations for these operations.These functions and procedures are of particular advantage in computing complex columns, i.e., two or more feeds and three or more products, where the proposed A and S factor equations provide a method for converging on a solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030207
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    Froth-frothate concentration relations in foam fractionation (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 180-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Concentration relations between foams and their residual liquids (frothates) have been examined.Clean air streams of 88, 91, and 96% water saturation were bubbled into aqueous solutions of isobutyl alcohol. The concentration of the alcohol in the collected and collapsed foam was plotted against its concentration in the bulk liquid.Varying the saturation of the air stream resulted in both positive and negative enrichment of the foam with the surface-active alcohol. This suggests that where froth-frothate-concentration relations are unfavorable, a change in operating conditions may advantageously affect these relations and allow the mixture to be foam separated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030210
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