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  • Articles  (2,309)
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  • Springer  (2,309)
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  • 1965-1969  (2,012)
  • 1950-1954  (297)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,309)
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  • Articles  (2,309)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume. Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit. Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt. Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
    Abstract: Résumé Problèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale). Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes. La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif. L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite. L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
    Notes: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
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  • 2
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 198-206 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung der Spannung in Gesteinen mit linearen oder nichtlinearen Elastizitätskennlinien Ein nichtlineares Elastizitätsgesetz wird vorgeschlagen, in dem jede der Hauptspannungen als die Summation von zwei Reihen ausgedrückt wird, von denen die eine eine Funktion der dilatorischen (hydrostatischen) oder oktaedrischen Normalspannung und die andere eine Funktion der deviatorischen oder oktaedrischen Schubspannung ist. Die Konstanten in diesen Reihen können durch einen einfachen einachsigen Druck- oder Zugversuch an dem Werkstoff ermittelt werden. Mittels dieser so gewonnenen Ausdrücke kann die Spannung aus Dehnungsmessungen ermittelt werden, die an Gesteinen mit nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungskennlinien durchgeführt wurden; ferner wird die Anwendung dieser Ausdrücke erläutert, wenn das dreiachsiale Dehnungsmeßgerät des CSIR zur Untersuchung dieser Gesteine benutzt wird.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination des contraintes dans une roche à caractéristiques élastiques linéaires ou non-linéaires Cet exposé propose une loi non-linéaire d'élasticité d'après laquelle chaque effort principal s'exprime comme la sommation de deux séries, l'une étant fonction de la déformation dilatoire (hydrostatique) ou octaédrique normale, et l'autre, fonction de la déformation de cisaillement déviatrice ou octaédrique. Les constantes dans les séries peuvent être obtenues par un simple essai de compression ou de traction uniaxiales sur le matériau. On peut employer ces fonctions pour déterminer l'effort d'après les lectures de déformation dans une roche caractérisée par des déformations non-linéaires sous contrainte. On démontre l'application de ces fonctions en utilisant la cellule tensimétrique à trois axes du CSIR.
    Notes: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.
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  • 3
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rock Fabric Analysis and Its Importance for the Solution of Rock Mechanical Problems Rock fabric analysis enables the identification of mechanically important mineral orientations, which usually are invisible for the naked eye. It may be used to solve problems in rock mechanics and for the analysis of residual stresses.
    Abstract: Résumé Analyse structurale des roches et son importance pour la solution des problèmes de la mécanique des roches Des études concernant l'analyse structurale des roches ignées permettent à recenser le réglage de ces roches qui n'est pas perceptible macrocoscopiquement mais du point de vue de mécanique des roches très efficace. On peut utiliser les résultats de ces études pour la solution de problèmes de mécanique des roches et pour des conclusions sur l'état de contraintes résiduelles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.
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  • 4
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 249-249 
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  • 5
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 252-256 
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  • 6
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 32-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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  • 7
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 76-85 
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  • 8
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 211-220 
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  • 9
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 135-142 
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  • 10
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 148-158 
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  • 11
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 192-201 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 47-65 
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  • 14
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 111-126 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 168-178 
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  • 16
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 8-15 
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  • 17
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 55-66 
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  • 18
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 86-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Conclusions Three conclusions have come from this research. First, the elements of the gravity model, its three variables (distance, population and per capita income) and one parameter (λ), cannot be separated and investigated independently. Secondly, to say more about how the model predicts and the number of grid divisions for a desired accuracy depends on empirical investigation of actual income density gradients. The final conclusion, while tentative and subject to empirical verification is the feeling that perhaps the usefulness of a very fine grid system has been over emphasized. This conclusion in no way obviates concern by location practitioners of grid size as a source of error, but highlights the possibility that the costs associated with smaller grid divisions may be out of proportion to any increase in predictive accuracy which may or may not accrue.
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  • 19
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 167-178 
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  • 20
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 210-215 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 75-84 
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    Notes: Conclusion The complexity of the production process and the importance of nonmarket or intangible inputs and outputs pose special problems in the allocation of wildlands resources. By restricting the production possibilities to a finite number of management alternatives, the land manager can use activity analysis to develop operational plans. The systematic use of constraints within the frame-work of activity analysis can bring a measure of analysis to the allocation of nonmarket resources. Ultimately, the manager must rely upon his intuition in selecting a particular plan-whether he selects one of the “efficient” bundles of outputs maximizing net revenues, or he assigns “values” to outputs and maximizes the social value of his activities. In either case, by formalizing the planning process, the manager can assess policy alternatives systematically and can widen his grasp of the potential of his resources.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 27-46 
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    Notes: Conclusions What are the conclusions that we have to draw from the foregoing discussion? We must conclude that the prevailing practice of evaluating benefits and costs in terms of present costs and prices is not only likely to lead to an under-statement of actual costs, but also may lead to gross inefficiencies in project selection. This danger is particularly great in cases of hydro projects with long construction time horizons or long-term project sequences that depend for their feasibility on some common facility. While the need to estimate future price relationships may seem to introduce new uncertainties into project evaluations the use of prevailing prices is even less satisfactory. A somewhat inaccurate estimate of future changes, as long as it points in the right direction and as long as it is backed up by a sensitivity analysis that tests the effects of the assumptions on overall benefits and costs will provide a better and more realistic picture. Today this issue is of particular urgency since the traditional cost advantage of hydro over thermal alternatives is quickly disappearing. Given the very dramatic cost reductions expected from the introduction of second and third generation atomic power plants it becomes mandatory for any power system planner to take these expected changes explicitly into account.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 139-147 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 179-191 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 221-237 
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  • 26
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 41-54 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 22-31 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 96-106 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 238-247 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 143-155 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 192-199 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 202-210 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 1-7 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 107-114 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 125-134 
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    Notes: Conclusions It was found that for the three functions examined, local schools, highways, and health and hospitals, wider variations existed for the capital outlay component than for the current expenditure component. Despite these wide variations in capital outlay, in the case of local school and highway expenditures, the independent variables were able to account for 64 percent and 85 percent of the variance in capital outlay respectively. In short, although wide variations existed in capital outlays, these variations were explained largely by systematic rather than random factors. In the case of highway expenditures our systematic variables explained more of the variation in capital outlay (R2=0. 853), than of the variation in current expenditures (R2=0.678). However, for local school expenditures, our systematic variables explained a larger proportion of the variation in current expenditures than in capital outlay (R2=0.750 and R2=0. 641, respectively). Only 27 percent of the health and hospital capital outlay were explained, while 50 percent of the current expenditures were accounted for. Further study might improve upon our results for health and hospitals. Finally, it is of significance to note that when comparing our equations for capital outlay with current expenditure for the same function that, in general, the explanatory variables differ. This may have important policy implications which past studies concentrating on aggregates of current and capital outlays, failed to uncover.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 156-166 
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    Notes: Summary This paper has briefly discussed the problem of judging regional economic forecasting accuracy from the point of view of assessing the quality of industry employment forecasts for the SF Bay Area on an expost basis. Because of the formidable problems associated with regional economic forecasting a sophisticated econometric approach toex ante analysis was rejected in favor of accuracy analysis of employment projection along lines suggested by Henri Theil. This accuracy analysis involved a slightly modified version of Theil's inequality coefficient. The coefficient permits easy comparison of a given model's output with an assumed naive model, the comparison being predicated upon acceptance of a quadratic loss criteria. The results suggest that the SF Model functions substantially better than two versions of “naive models: the no-change and the average historical change models. Forecasting with the model, however, is independent upon ability to obtain sufficiently detailed forecasts of national economic developments. While the development of econometric art is promising, no national models predict all the exogenous variables required. One model, the Wharton School's, is presently producing results which are being modified for inclusion in the exogenous variables of this model. In the absence of completion of this task, estimates prepared for the State of California's quarterly forecasting model have been used to generate forecasts to 1970, Tests of these forecasts over the period 1964–1966 suggest that errors in the exogenous variables seriously affect the outcome of the regional model. Nonetheless, the results are still superior to the naive model against which the regional model has been tested.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 15-26 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 100-110 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 179-191 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 200-209 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Conclusions While a great deal more work needs to be done to assess the factors contributing to the stability and instability of the local tax base, these findings do provide some basis for understanding why central cities have been constantly plagued by fiscal problems. While increasing the quality of public services may result in the in-migration of some upper-income families, the limited findings of this paper appear to suggest that this has limited significance as a policy objective. However, it would be worth some controlled experimentation on the part of central city school boards to test this hypothesis further. It may be that if the area allows the level of its expenditure to fall too low relative to surrounding areas, the tax base may fall below the critical level necessary to maintain a competitive level of services, and cumulative deterioration will follow unless the system is saved by some outside source of funds. It is hoped that these results, although they are limited, will stimulate further research, not only on the dynamic interaction of public and private decisions but also on the question of what structural changes may be possible to shift the whole function.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 16-21 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 67-75 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 115-124 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 85-99 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 66-74 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 127-138 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 159-167 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 7-9 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of capillary tension on drying shrinkage of cement paste and concrete is explained. The theory is based on principles of thermo-dynamics and theory of elasticity.
    Notes: Résumé On explique l'action de la pression capillaire sur le retrait de la pâte de ciment et du béton. La théorie s'appuie sur les principes de la thermodynamique et la théorie de l'élasticité.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 11-16 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By taking into account the increase of internal friction of hardened cement paste under permanent stress a relation for the macroscopic activation energy is derived, from which activation energy can be evaluated for the complete creep process. In the same way another equation for the change of activation energy is found as function of the duration of load. By means of extrapolation the activation energy at the beginning of the creep process can be determined approximately. Then the activation energy can be calculated throughout the duration of the creep process. Microscopic activation energy of hardened cement paste is calculated from relaxation experiments. The values of all tested specimens are more than two orders of magnitude greater than those from other solids and from water. Thus it can be concluded, as far as the size of the particles and the amount of displacement is concerned, that the contribution of the shift of single molecules is negligible. On the contrary, it can be deduced that gel particles must be considered as being the creep unity.
    Notes: Résumé On établit une relation pour l'énergie d'activation macroscopique en tenant compte de l'accroissement du frottement interne de la pâte de ciment durcie sous une charge permanente; elle permet d'évaluer l'énergie d'activation pour l'ensemble du processus de fluage. De la même manière, une autre équation pour la modification de l'énergie d'activation apparaît comme une fonction de la durée de chargement. Par extrapolation, l'énergie d'activation au début du processus de fluage peut être déterminée approximativement. L'énergie d'activation peut être ensuite calculée autant que dure le processus de fluage. D'après les expériences de relaxation, on calcule l'énergie d'activation microscopique de la pâte de ciment durcie. Les valeurs pour toutes les éprouvettes essayées sont de plus de deux ordres de grandeur supérieures à celles trouvées pour d'autres solides et pour l'eau. On peut donc conclure, autant qu'il s'agit des dimensions des particules et de l'importance des déplacements, que la composante formée par le déplacement des simples molécules apparaît comme négligeable. Au contraire, on peut en déduire que les particules de gel doivent être considérées comme des unités de fluage.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 17-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Low-temperature dynamic mechanical measurements in the system hardened cement paste and water indicated the existence of an internal friction peak and a modulus transition. The transition occurred in the temperature range −160° to −60°C. The transition was found to be enhanced by increasing the moisture content and the extent of the internal surface. The transition is believed to be associated with a phase change of the adsorbed water. Hence the name “adsorbate transition” seems appropriate. Though the true nature of the low-temperature phase is not known, possible means of determining the characteristics of this phase are referred to and suggested. Stress induced phase transition is regarded as a possible cause for the internal friction peak. The method is regarded as having a great potential value in studying water adsorbing systems. In particular, calibration of the internal friction peak versus some other measure of the internal surface area, yields a new method for determining the extent of internal surface areas on a relative scale.
    Notes: Résumé Les measures dynamiques à basse température faites sur le système pâte de ciment durcie-eau montrent l'existence d'une valeur maximale du frottement interne et d'un changement de module. Ce changement de module se produit entre −160° et −60°C et on établit qu'il est accentué par l'accroissement de la teneur en eau et de la surface interne. L'auteur pense que ce changement est associé à un changement de phase de l'eau adsorbée. On pourrait donc la désigner comme «transition d'adsorbat». Quoique la nature véritable de la phase à basse température soit inconnue, l'auteur suggère des moyens de détermination des caractéristiques de cette phase. Le changement de phase induit par la contrainte est considéré comme une cause possible de la valeur maximale du frottement interne. L'auteur pense que la méthode peut avoir une grande valeur pour l'étude des systèmes à adsorption d'eau. En particulier, de l'étalonnage de la valeur maximale du frottement interne en fonction de quelque autre mesure de la surface interne découle une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer l'extension relative des surfaces internes.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 23-34 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The authors studied about drying shrinkage of hardened cement paste specimens, which were different in physical properties, by curing at various temperatures ranging from normal to high temperature. 2. Water vapour absorption test and drying shrinkage test were made on the specimens which were same in size, mixing proportion and curing conditions. 3. By research cancerning mechanism and some causes of the drying shrinkage of hardened cement paste, the authors were able to define the following relations. a) Drying shrinkage is proportional to the strength of capillary tension. b) Drying shrinkage is proportional to the amount of evaporable water held at equilibrium in unit volume of hardened cement paste. c) Drying shrinkage is inversely proportional to the dynamic Young's modulus. 4. The shrinkage of hardened cement paste due to the escape of interlayer water in its gelatinous material is probably caused by very low relative humidity.
    Notes: Résumé 1. Les auteurs ont étudié le retrait au séchage d'éprouvettes de pâte de ciment durcie, aux propriétés physiques différentes, par conservation à différentes températures, des températures normales jusqu'aux températures élevées. 2. Les essais d'absorption de vapeur d'eau et de retrait au séchage ont été faits sur des éprouvettes ayant les mêmes dimensions, le même dosage, et conservées dans les mêmes conditions. 3. Des recherches sur le mécanisme et quelques-unes des causes du retrait au séchage de la pâte de ciment durcie ont permis aux auteurs de définir les relations suivantes: a) le retrait au séchage est proportionnel à la valeur de la pression capillaire; b) le retrait au séchage est proportionnel à la quantité d'eau évaporable maintenue à l'équilibre dans le volume unitaire de la pâte de ciment durcie; c) le retrait au séchage est inversement proportionnel au module d'élasticité dynamique de Young. 4. Le retrait de la pâte de ciment durcie dû au départ de l'eau interstitielle à l'état de gel est probablement provoqué par de très faibles humidités relatives.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 43-48 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the data presented it is apparent that besides normal gas diffusion surface diffusion also occurs in cement-bonded building materials. Only with further measurements of the gas diffusion at varying total pressures will it be possible to determine the effective porosity which plays a role in any transportation effects in the material, and hence allow the labyrinth factor (η) and the effective pore radius (r eff ) to be calculated, using the equation Measurements of the gas diffusion at normal pressure have already shown a close connection between the texture and useful technical properties.
    Notes: Résumé Les résultats présentés montrent que, outre la diffusion gazeuse normale, il se produit une diffusion en surface dans les matériaux comprenant un squelette lié par un ciment. Seules des mesures supplémentaires de la diffusion gazeuse à différentes pressions totales permettront de déterminer la porosité effective qui joue un rôle dans tout effet de transfert à l'intérieur du matériau, et donc de calculer le facteur de labyrinthe (η) et le rayon de pore effectif (r cff ) avec l'équation Les mesures de diffusion gazeuse à pression normale ont déjà montré une étroite connection entre la texture et les propriétés technologiques.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 59-71 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Prismatic specimens of different concrete mixes were subjected shortly after casting to high evaporation in a wind tunnel under controlled climates. Exposure time ranged from zero to twenty-two hours, and evaporation and shrinkage of the fresh material were continously measured. After removal from the tunnel, all specimens underwent identical curing-28 day' immersion and subsequent storage at 20°C and 50% R.H. At 60 days all specimens were loaded for compressive creep and the following effets were observed at regular time intervals up 50 425 days: 1. Creep. 2. Shrinkage of control specimens. 3. Weight loss. The above results (as well as strength values) were analyzed as affected by exposure time. The main conclusions are that short exposures improve all properties, while beyond a certain optimum time exposure is detrimental to creep and strength but not to shrinkage. The proposed theory, accounting for these phenomena, is based on the mutually-counteractive action of two mechanisms, both resulting from evaporation: densification and internal cracking.
    Notes: Résumé Des éprouvettes prismatiques confectionnées avec différentes gâchées de béton ont été soumises peu après le coulage à une forte évaporation dans une soufflerie à atmosphère contrôlée. Les temps d'exposition, entre 0 et 22 heures, l'évaporation et le retrait du béton frais ont été mesurés en continu. Une fois retirées de la soufflerie, toutes les éprouvettes ont été soumises à une conservation identique: 28 jours d'immersion et ensuite stockage à 20°C et 50% H.R. A 60 jours, toutes les éprouvettes ont été chargées en vue du fluage sous compression, et les effets consécutifs ont été observés à intervalles réguliers jusqu'au terme de 425 jours: 1. fluage;2. retrait des éprouvettes témoin: 3. perte de poids. Les résultats (ainsi que les valeurs de la résistance) ont été analysés en considérant l'influence du temps d'exposition. Les principlaes conclusions sont que des temps d'exposition courts améliorent toutes les propriétés, alors qu'audelà d'un certain temps optimal, l'exposition se révèle nocive tant pour le fluage que pour la résistance, mais non pour le retrait. Compte tenu de ces phénomènes, la théorie proposée repose sur les actions réciproques antagonistes des deux mécanismes, l'un et l'autre dû à l'évaporation. Voici donc les deux mécanismes: accroissement de densité et fissuration interne.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Creep tests on concrete specimens kept under load with the object of relating strengths with applied loads must be performed taking into accout the influence of three factors deemed basic: 1. The increase in ultimate strength due to the permanent load applied on the specimen. 2. The change in the rupture strength of the concrete kept under creep, due to the changes in the moisture gradient with time. 3. The dispersion of the ultimate strength values yielded by the concrete, which is unavoidable however careful the preparation and casting of the specimens and renders uncertain the values obtained for the actual stresses in the concrete in percentage of its ultimate strength. The tests described in the present paper yielded the following increases in the rupture strength due to the application of a permanent load: about 0.20 when the load is applied on 7 day' old specimens and 0.10 in the case of 6 months' old specimens. This increase of the ultimate strength is ascribed to an additional and forced hydration of the cement due to the changing pressures to which the cement components are subjected in the presence of free water inside the hydrated cement. This assumption is confirmed by the fact that more free water (which is dried out at 105°C) is present in the concrete not subjected to creep. Prisms 5×5×21 cm in size stored in 48% relative humidity and loaded at 7 days' age (for which their ultimate strength is maximum, fig. 3) fail under stresses exceeding 0,86 of the ultimate strength. Under stresses 0.85 the ultimate strength, prisms remained 5 years loaded without rupture. Analogous prisms loaded at 6 months' age underwent a stress 0.96 the breaking strength for more than 4 years without failing. Under higher stresses, breaking occurs in a few hours or minutes. The present paper also describes a method by means of which more accurate values of the percentage of the ultimate strength really applied in the specimen can be determined from the rate of increase of deformation under a stress increasing at a constant rate (of e.g. 1 kg/cm2/min).
    Notes: Résumé Quand on procède à des essais de fluage du béton sous contrainte que l'on désire faire correspondre à sa contrainte de rupture, il faut tenir compte de trois facteurs que l'on considère comme fondamentaux: 1. L'augmentation de la contrainte de rupture due à l'application d'une charge permanente. 2. La variation, avec le temps, de la contrainte de rupture de la pièce soumise au fluage, en vertu de l'altération de son gradient d'humidité avec le temps. 3. La dispersion de la valeur de la contrainte de rupture de la pièce de béton, même si elle est fabriquée et moulée avec le plus grand soin, ce qui rend précaire la connaissance suffisamment précise de la fraction de la contrainte de rupture qui est appliquée à la pièce. Dans les essais décrits dans cette note, on a déterminé la valeur de l'augmentation de la contrainte de rupture due à l'application d'une contrainte constante dans le temps: environ 0,20 dans le cas où l'on charge à 7 jours et 0,10 dans le cas où le béton est chargé à 6 mois. On suppose que cette augmentation de la contrainte de rupture est due à une hydratation supplémentaire et forcée du ciment, à cause de l'altération de la pression à laquelle sont soumis les composants du ciment en présence de l'eau libre qui se trouve à l'intérieur du ciment hydraté. Ce phénomène est confirmé du fait que l'eau libre (qui sort à 105 °C) est plus abondante si le béton n'a pas été soumis au fluage que s'il l'a été. Des prismes de 5×5×21 cm conservés constamment à 48% H.R. et chargés à 7 jours (quand ils présentent le maximum de la contrainte de rupture, fig. 3) ne se rompent que si la contrainte appliquée est supérieure à 0,86 de la contrainte de rupture. Des prismes chargés à 0,86 de la contrainte de rupture se sont maintenus en charge pendant cinq ans sans se rompre. Des prismes identiques de 6 mois ont été soumis à une contrainte de 0,96 de la contrainte de rupture pendant plus de quatre ans sans se rompre. Si la contrainte est supérieure, la rupture a lieu au bout de peu d'heures ou de minutes. Dans cette note l'on décrit aussi une méthode qui permet de connaître plus rigoureusement que d'habitude la fraction de la contrainte de rupture appliquée à l'éprouvette en essai. Cette méthode est basée sur la détermination de l'accroissement de la déformation quand la contrainte augmente à une vitesse constante (par exemple de 1 kg/cm2/min).
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 87-90 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 35-41 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The communication that the authors are here presenting does not aim to propose a new physico-mechanical theory of creep. Too many of these have been presented for us to be able to add another with a sufficient certainty. Our present wish is simply to report some experimental facts that can be interpreted, for the results that we give have been obtained with all precautions needed to guarantee their objectivity. First of all we can state that creep continues to occur for 5 to 10 years with a slight but sure increase at least in dry atmosphere (50% R.H.). The age of loading has a very distinct influence on later creep in dry atmosphere. Creep at eight years diminishes in accordance with an approximate law in A—B log t. In water the effect of the age of loading is much less marked. The absolute dimension of the test pieces is a factor: creep diminishes in extent and in its rate when the dimension increases (of the order of 1/4 between prisms of 7 cm and 20 cm side). The deformation of creep under load is not accompanied by a measurable loss of water greater than that which accompanies shrinkage without load. The variation in moisture of the curing medium between two valuesa andb (100% and 50% R.H.) gives an average creep slightly inferior to the average of creeps under hygrometriesa andb. It is probable (but not proved) that deformations of creep in compression respond to the principle of superposition of forces, when the latter are inferior to one-third of the failure load. If cement is batched within the limits of from 250 to 450 kg/m3, the amount of creep diminishes as this batching increases.
    Notes: Résumé Le mémoire que présentent les auteurs n'a pas pour objet de proposer une théorie physico-mécanique du fluage. On en a présenté un trop grand nombre pour que nous puissions en ajouter une autre avec une certitude suffisante. Notre désir actuel est simplement d'apporter des faits expérimentaux susceptibles d'être interprétés car les résultats que nous donnons ont été obtenus avec toutes les précautions nécessaires pour en garantir l'objectivité. Tout d'abord nous pouvons affirmer que le fluage se poursuit entre 5 ans et 10 ans avec un accroissement faible mais certain au moins dans l'atmosphère sèche (50% H.R.). L'âge de chargement a une influence très nette sur le fluage ultérieur en atmosphère sèche. Le fluage à 8 ans diminue suivant une loi approximative en A—B log t. Dans l'eau, l'effet de l'âge de chargement est beaucoup moins important. La dimension absolue des pièces d'essais intervient: le fluage diminue en grandeur et en vitesse lorsque la dimension augmente (de l'ordre de 1/4 entre des prismes de 7 cm et de 20 cm de côté). La déformation de fluage sous charge n'est pas accompagnée d'une perte d'eau mesurable supérieure à celle qui accompagne le retrait sans charge. La variation d'humidité du milieu de conservation entre deux valeursa etb (100% et 50% H.R.) donne un fluage moyen légèrement inférieur à la moyenne des fluages sous les hygrométriesa etb. Il est probable (mais non prouvé) que les déformations de fluage en compression répondent au principe de superposition des forces, lorsque celles-ci sont inférieures au tiers de la charge de rupture. Dans les limites de dosage en ciment de 250 à 450 kg/m3, l'amplitude du fluage diminue lorsque ce dosage augmente.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper introduces some preliminary results from a compre-hensive investigation into the influence of the structure of concrete on its internal and overall deformational behaviour under combined stresses. Two-dimensional plate models were loaded in uniaxial compression and the local strain distribution in the fine mortar matrix around aggregate particles was measured using electrical resis-tance strain gauges and photo-elastic coatings. Triaxial strain measurements at discontinuity and ultimate stress were made on cylindrical specimens, of the fine mortar matrix using a special hydraulic triaxial cell. The local and composite material strains at fracture initiation in the plate models were compared with the corresponding values obtained from the triaxial compression tests on the fine mortar matrix and uniaxial compression tests on idealized “three dimensional” concretes. Results indicate that the presence of aggregate particles alters considerably the local strains in the mortar matrix. The restraining influence of strong, hard aggregates induces shrinkage cracks in unloaded specimens which may or may not weaken the material depending on the local and applied stress states. For the models tested under uniaxial compression, cracking was initiated in the mortar matrix at composite material strains which were smaller than for the pure mortar and decreased with increasing volume fraction of coarse aggregate.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport fournit quelques résultats préliminaires d'une étude complète de l'influence de la structure du béton sur les caractéristiques de ses déformations, internes et apparentes, sous des efforts combinés. Des modèles bi-dimensionnels en forme de plaques ont été soumis à une compression uniaxiale et la répartition des déformations locales dans le mortier fin enrobant les grains d'agrégat a été mesurée au moyen de jauges à résistances électriqués et de vernis photo-élastiques. Les mesures de la déformation volumétrique à l'endroit de la discontinuité et la mesure de rupture ont été faites sur des éprouvettes cylin-driques constituées par le mortier fin d'enrobage, à l'aide d'une cellule de mesure triaxiale hydraulique spéciale. Les déformations locales et celles du matériau composé au début de la rupture des modèles ont été comparées avec les valeurs correspondantes obtenues par l'essai de compression volumétrique du mortier fin d'enrobage et par l'essai à la compression uniaxiale sur les bétons «tri-dimensionnels idéalisés». Les résultats indiquent que la présence de grains d'agrégat altèrefortement les déformations locales du mortier d'enrobage. L'effet restrictif d'agrégats durs et résistants provoque des fissures de retrait dans les éprouvettes non-chargées, ce qui peut affaiblir ou non le matériau suivant l'état des déformations imposées. Pour les modèles soumis à la compression uniaxiale, la fissuration commençait dans le mortier d'enrobage, pour des déformations de l'ensemble du matériau composé inférieures à celles subies par le mortier pur, et qui diminuaient avec l'accroissement de la part volumique du gross agrégat.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 91-91 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 92-93 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 111-115 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The text presented summarizes the results of creep tests on concrete in terms of temperature, taking one of the materials studied, concrete with quartzite aggregates, as an example. An attempt at analysis is made, taking the variation of activation energy and the Arrhenius equation as the basis of approach. The conclusions seem encouraging when the results obtained with concretes deprived of free water are examined.
    Notes: Résumé Le texte présenté résume les résultats d'essais de fluage du béton en fonction de la température en prenant comme exemple l'un des matériaux étudiés, le béton d'agrégats de quartzite. Une tentative d'analyse est faite en prenant comme support de raisonnement la variation de l'énergie d'activation et l'équation d'Arrhénius; les conclusions semblent encourageantes lorsqu'on examine les résultats obtenus sur des bétons privés de leur eau libre.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 125-131 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following report gives a short summary of tests results that deal with the influence of the water content and of the drying liable to continue in the course of testing.
    Notes: Résumé Le présent rapport résume brièvement les résultats des essais relatifs à l'influence de la teneur en eau et du séchage susceptible de se poursuivre au cours des essais.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From considerations of the gel compliance factor and of a creep parameter P, involving the volume concentrations of gel and of cement paste, and using a hyperbolic creep-time expression, an expression for creep of the type of Eq. (13) has been derived. This indicates that creep is proportional to the stress-strength ratio, and that it also increases with an increase in the volume of gel and, in the case of drying creep, with concurrent shrinkage. Test results on concretes made with Type I cement are presented and analyzed with respect to the proposed expression. It is shown that creep recovery is higher under wet storage conditions than at a relative humidity of 50%. The time necessary for the recovery to be complete is at least 100 days.
    Notes: Résumé L'examen du facteur de facilité de formation d'un gel et du paramètre P de fluage, ce qui inclut les concentrations en volume du gel et de la pâte de ciment, ainsi que l'emploi d'une réaction hyperbolique fluage-temps, ont permis d'élaborer une expression du fluage du type de l'équation (13), qui indique que le fluage est proportionnel au rapport contrainte-résistance et qu'il s'accroît avec le volume du gel et, dans le cas de fluage au séchage, avec le retrait simultané. Les résultats d'essais effectués sur des bétons confectionnés avec un ciment de type I sont présentés et analysés en fonction de l'expression proposée. On montre que la réactivité est plus forte dans des conditions de stockage à l'humidité que dans une atmosphère à 50% h.r. Il faut au moins 100 jours pour que la réactivité s'accomplisse.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 103-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The research work described here was carried out to investigate the stress relaxation and creep processes of concretes of 7 days and 2 1/2 years ages, subjected to various loads with special regard to the state of concrete structure at the time of the first loading. The second part of the paper is concerned with our hypotheses on the relationships between the deformation process due to long term loading and the state of concrete structure as well as the results of some of our preliminary experiments in this field.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude qu'on décrit ici porte sur la relaxation des contraintes et les processus de fluage de divers bétons, à 7 jours et à 2 ans 1/2, soumis à différentes charges, une attention particulière étant accordée à l'état de la structure du béton au moment de l'application de la charge. La seconde partie du rapport traite des hypothèses de l'auteur sur les relations entre le processus de déformation sous charge de longue durée et l'état de la structure du béton, ainsi que des résultats de quelques-unes de ces expériences préliminaires dans ce domaine.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 153-162 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 163-164 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 133-143 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Results of long term creep measurements on a number of concretes in a sealed state loaded at ages for 7 days to 400 days at temperatures ranging from 20° to 95° C, show that deformation increases directly with time when both deformation and time are plotted logarithmically. The change in creep rate from this deformation presentation was then related to temperature using a modified Arrhenius expression and indicated that a reasonable correlation existed for sealed, moisture stable, concrete for certain test conditions. Prediction of concrete deformation from multiphase composite material theory is shown to give erroneous long term creep predictions at this stage of its development.
    Notes: Résumé Les résultats d'essais de fluage à long terme sur différents bétons chargés après avoir été recouverts d'un anti-évaporant, entre 7 et 400 jours, et entre 20 et 95°C, montrent que la déformation est directement proportionnelle au temps si temps et déformation sont en coordonnées logarithmiques. La modification de la vitesse du fluage d'après cette représentation de la déformation a été étudiée en fonction de la température, selon une relation d'Arrhénius modifiée, et il est apparu qu'il existe une corrélation suffisante pour le béton sous anti-évaporant, dans un état d'humidité constante, et dans certaines conditions d'essai. On montre que les prédictions à long terme sur le fluage du béton, d'après les données théoriques relatives à un matériau complexe à plusieurs phases, ne peuvent être qu'erronées à ce stade de l'étude.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 145-152 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper gives a short description of the different types of test series on creep and shrinkage of concrete, which are under work at the Cement and Concrete Research Institute at the Technical University of Norway. Some results are given concerning creep and shrinkage of concrete under periodic changes in moisture content. It is found that a very short time of immersion in water— 6 hours weekly— will reduce the creep permanently. This holds also if the concrete later on is exposed to rather hard drying conditions. A study of concrete under periodically varying stresses showed that a characteristic stress, σB, applied as a constant stress equalized the periodically varying stresses within reasonable limits for the creep development. A rough estimation for the characteristic stress is given. Creep under decreasing and under increasing stresses as well as creep and shrinkage of concrete with low prehardening values are studied in special test series.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport décrit brièvement les différents types d'essais en série du fluage et du retrait du béton entrepris à l'Institut de Recherches sur le Ciment et le Béton de l'Université Technique de Norvège. On présente quelques résultats relatifs au fluage et au retrait du béton soumis à des variations périodiques de teneur en eau. On établit que l'immersion de très courte durée dans l'eau— 6 heures par semaine— doit diminuer le fluage de façon permanente, même dans le cas où le béton serait ultérieurement placé dans des conditions de rigoureuse sécheresse. L'étude du béton soumis à des contraintes périodiquement valables montre qu'une contrainte caractéristique σB, appliquée de façon constante, équilibre les contraintes périodiquement valables dans des limites raisonnables pour le développement du fluage. On estime de façon approximative cette contrainte caractéristique. Par des essais en série spéciaux, on a étudié le fluage sous contrainte décroissante et croissante, de même que le fluage et le retrait d'un béton à prédurcissement peu poussé.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 165-165 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 253-266 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 269-273 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper contains the recommendations accepted at the RILEM “Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete” Working Group Meeting held at Varna in September 1968 regarding the resonance methods for testing concrete, part 1. Resonance Frequency Measurements. The following parameters are discussed: apparatus characteristics; shape, dimensions, curing conditions and age of specimen; support conditions; positioning of driver and pick-up of vibrations; calculations formulae for dynamic elasticity moduli; symbols and units in SI, and MKfS, systems.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport renferme les recommandations relatives aux essais du béton par mise en vibration, première partie: measure de la fréquence de résonance, acceptées à la réunion de la commission technique de la RILEM sur les «essais non destructifs du béton» qui s'est tenue à Varna en septembre 1968. Ont été examinés les paramètres suivants: caractéristiques des appareils; forme, dimensions, conditions de conservation et âge des éprouvettes; appuis; positionnement des commandes et des capteurs de vibrations; calcul des modules d'élasticité dynamiques; symboles et unités dans les systèmes SI et MKfS.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 285-291 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 275-284 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These recommendations deal with the application of the ultrasonic pulse method to derive the elastic properties, strength and homogeneity of structural concrete, and for locating internal defects, etc. Methods of measuring the pulse velocity, and the influence of test conditions on the accuracy of the measurements are discussed. Recommendations are made which it is hoped will lead to better standardization of measuring techniques. Interpretational difficulties associated with the derivation of elastic properties and strength from in-situ measurements of pulse velocity are given, and methods are recommended for overcoming these difficulties.
    Notes: Résume Ces recommandations concernent l'application des ultra-sons à la détermination des propriétés élastiques, de la résistance et de l'homogénéité du béton structural, ainsi qu'à la localisation des défauts internes, etc. On examine les méthodes de mesure de la vitesse de propagation et l'influence des conditions d'essai sur la précision des mesures. On attend de ces recommandations qu'elles entraînent une meilleure normalisation des techniques de mesure. On expose les difficultés d'interprétation associées à la détermination des propriétés élastiques et de la résistance à partir des mesures sur chantier; des méthodes sont recommandées pour venir à bout de ces difficultés.
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 301-303 
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    Materials and structures 2 (1969), S. 293-299 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 1-2 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 3-9 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 29-31 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 10-15 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 16-19 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 20-24 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 25-28 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 35-37 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 32-34 
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    Soil mechanics and foundation engineering 6 (1969), S. 38-43 
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