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  • Engineering General  (489)
  • Life Sciences  (125)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (614)
  • Wiley
  • 1970-1974  (614)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (614)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boussinesq problem of plane micropolar elasticity (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with a finite element formulation and solution of the boundary value problem of a concentrated force acting on a semi-infinite micropolar solid. A stiffness matrix is derived for a flat micropolar rectangular element in a plane state and use is made of this element to solve the case of the semi-infinite micropolar solid both in a state of plane stress and plane strain. An immediate application of the plane strain case is the important practical problem of a long line load acting on a soil mass which may be simulated as a micropolar body.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved transfer matrix procedure (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an extension to the Matrix Transfer Method which gives quadratic convergence to a natural frequency from within a range on either side.The method is described and illustrated by application to: 1A torsional vibration problem, and2A lumped mass beam vibration problem.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080110
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  • 3
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    Application of finite element methods to thermohydrodynamic lubrication (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation is presented for the equations governing the steady thermohydrodynamic behaviour of liquid lubricated bearings. This formulation permits application of the iterative solution scheme to bearings of arbitrary geometry.A generalized Reynolds equation resulting from the combination of the mass and momentum conservation equations is cast into variational form and used to derive general finite element equations. The method of weighted residuals with Galerkin's criterion is used to generate finite element matrix equations for the thermal energy equation. In addition to the finite element formulation, a discussion of appropriate finite difference techniques is also given for problems without complex geometry.As an example, the formulations are applied to obtain numerical solutions for a three-dimensional sector thrust bearing operating in the thermohydrodynamic regime. Pressure, velocity and temperature distributions are give, and the thermohydrodynamic solutions are compared with the results of classical isothermal theory.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080112
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  • 4
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    Finite element approach to bending of micropolar plates (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080210
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  • 5
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    Flow of plastic and visco-plastic solids with special reference to extrusion and forming processes (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When large, progressive, deformation occurs under plastic or visco-plastic conditions, elastic deformations are negligible and the material flows in a viscous manner. The flow is non-Newtonian and the viscosity is a function of the current strain rates. An effective numerical treatment of such non-Newtonian flow by the finite element method is indicated here and is illustrated by examples of an extrusion process for which approximate slip line solutions are known.The methodology is extended to the solution of transient, quasi-static situations and coupling with thermodynamic equations is discussed.A stream function formulation of the problem is used.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080102
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  • 6
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    A finite element analysis for time-dependent problems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to dynamic linear viscoelastic analysis. The arising system of differential equations is integrated by means of the Laplace transformation. The direct numerical evaluation of the inversion integral seems to be appropriate in case of vibrational problems. The method is applied to examples of transient vibrations of elastic bodies. Initial conditions and arbitrary damping matrices can be considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080106
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  • 7
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    On the accuracy of finite element solutions to the transient heat-conduction equation (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses three numerical integration schemes connected with a finite element solution to the transient heat-conduction equation. The main emphasis is on the achievable accuracy. A simple recurrence relation derived from the Galerkin process is suggested for the treatment of fast-varying boundary conditions as being significantly better than the usual Crank-Nicholson scheme in matters of short-time accuracy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080109
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  • 8
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    A discussion on a modified conjugate gradient method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 431-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080221
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  • 9
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    The rectangular plane stress element by Turner, Pian and Wilson (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 433-437 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: One of the first finite elements presented was that by Turner et al.1 Pian2 presented a hybrid plane stress element and Wilson et al.3 presented a non-conforming displacement element. It is shown that the three resulting stiffness matrices are identical.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080223
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  • 10
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    Effect of time-dependent material properties on dynamic response (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: By representing the time-dependent material properties by mechanical models, i.e. the generalized Maxwell and/or Voigt (or Kelvin) models, it is possible to formulate a consistent procedure to analyse the effect of material damping on dynamic response. As a continuation of the previous work which concerned the creep and relaxation of viscoelastic materials, the present paper applies this representation to the harmonic response analysis. The harmonic solution can be obtained by decomposing the relevant forces and displacements into real and imaginary parts and it is shown that the modal analysis by an appropriate eigensolution procedure is useful for obtaining the dependence of vibration amplitude on frequencies of sinusoidal external excitations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080216
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  • 11
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    Reply to preceding discussion (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 429-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080219
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  • 12
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    A discussion on the density of finite element matricesJ. Alan George, ‘On the density of finite element matrices’, Int. J. num. Meth. Engng, 5, 297-300 (1972). (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 432-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080222
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  • 13
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    A few remarks on the paper: ‘Parameters of Gamma and Beta distribution’ (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 914-916 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper shows a procedure for estimating the shape parameter of a Gamma distribution from a sample. This procedure uses a rapidly converging iteration to solve the maximum-likelihood equation and suggests a simple formula for determing the starting value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080416
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  • 14
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    Numerical solution of partial differential equations, Edited by J. Gram, D. Reidel, Amsterdam, 1973, Price : ƒ62 (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-917 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080417
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  • 15
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    A note on some variational statements for the slow flow of a Navier-Poisson fluid (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 17-25 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three variational statements for the slow time-independent flow of a Navier-Poisson fluid are derived. All of these statements are suitable as the bases of finite elements. The first statement is applied successfully to several flow situations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080103
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080101
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  • 17
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    Body oriented (natural) co-ordinates for generating three-dimensional meshes (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 27-43 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Body oriented co-ordinates are defined for three-dimensional regions bounded by six surfaces. From this definition of body oriented co-ordinates, two transformations are derived: 1Body oriented surface co-ordinates to the Cartesian co-ordinates, and2Body oriented co-ordinates for a three-dimensional region to Cartesian co-ordinates.With these transformations a mesh generator is developed based on the principle that the mesh required to describe a region will be calculated according to the placement of the discrete points that describe the boundary edges. This is accomplished with two versions of the mesh generator: the surface generator and the volume generator. The surface generator maps the four boundaries of the surface onto the four boundaries of a unit square. Next, the interior points for the surface mesh are established in the mapped space. Then, using the first transformation, the co-ordinates for the surface nodal points are calculated. Similarly, the volume generator maps the six surfaces of the body onto the surfaces of a unit cube, establishes the interior nodal points in the mapped space, and using the second transformation, calculates the co-ordinates for the interior nodal points.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080104
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  • 18
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    On some numerical schemes for the solution of wave propagation problems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the numerical solution of wave propagation problems in general although the primary area of interest is elastodynamics. The work is applicable to a variety of wave propagation phenomena of classical physics. Explicit schemes of Strang type are used, which allow many simplifications over existing methods. The Strang schemes allow in a very real but perhaps unexpected way the splitting of the elasticity operator.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080108
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  • 19
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    Finite elements formulated by the weighted discrete least squares method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 71-90 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: By use of the least squares error criterion, an alternate finite element formulation is presented. The method is based on the discrete or element-wise minimization of square and weighted differential equation residuals which are expressed in terms of element nodal quantities. In order to overcome the stringent inter-element continuity requirement, a major stumbling block, on the element trial functions two practical schemes are proposed. One is the reduction of the original governing differential equation to a system of equivalent first order differential equations; the other is a method of smoothing discontinous trial functions. The latter essentially relaxes the continuity requirement and yields efficient non-conforming finite elements. This paper also demonstrates the use of constant weights which significantly improves the rates of convergence. Several numerical examples illustrate the proposed method. From these examples, it may be concluded that the use of constant weights and the relaxation of the inter-element continuity requirement are two indispensable features of the weighted discrete least square method.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080107
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  • 20
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    A direct matrix method for the elastic stability analysis of deep circular arches (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 119-138 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct method is described for the evaluation of the critical loads on deep circular arches having various forms of end support. The method is applicable to arches of non-uniform flexural rigidity and may cater for arbitrary forms of applied load distribution. The results calculated for two examples are given, and compared with those obtained analytically and experimentally by other investigators. A complete listing of a computer program for one of the examples is provided in the Appendices.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080111
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  • 21
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    Finite elements in the solution of electromagnetic induction problems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 359-367 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a method of solving electromagnetic induction problems by means of the finite element technique. A variational equation associated with the differential equation for the vector potential is formulated and solved via the concept of finite elements. Sinusoidal driving currents and linear, isotropic, but inhomogeneous media are assumed. A typical example is included in order to illustrate the suggested solution technique.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080213
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  • 22
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    Discussion of a short communication‘A higher order conforming, rectangular plate element’, Int. J. num. Meth. Engng, [6], 305-308 (1973). by S. Gopalacharyulu (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 209-212 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080117
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  • 23
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    Local and global smoothing of discontinuous finite element functions using a least squares method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 461-480 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The concepts and potential advantages of local and global least squares smoothing of discontinuous finite element functions are introduced.The relationship between local smoothing and the ‘reduced’ integration' technique is established.Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the two smoothing techniques to the finite element stresses from several structural analysis problems.The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for discontinuous finite element function smoothing.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080303
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  • 24
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    Finite element solutions for an equilateral triangle (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a two-dimensional space of points on an equilateral triangle grid, a single difference equation holding at each node is found from the finite element formulation of the wave equation for all published polynomial orders of the functional expansion. Assuming homogeneous boundary conditions on any equilateral triangle whose edges and vertices pass through the grid points, the eigensolutions of the difference equation are found exactly and thus provide an excellent test problem for the programmer or engineer. The advantage of the present method over other formulations is that the number of linear operations required to produce the difference equation is minimal.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080305
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  • 25
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    Observations regarding assumed-stress hybrid plate elements (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 513-519 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Edge displacement of assumed-stress hybrid plate elements are commonly chosen as either linear, quadratic or cubic functions of the edge co-ordinate. The present paper examines the effect of this choice on the acceptability, accuracy, and possible zero energy modes of elements based on a linear stress field. It is concluded that triangular elements may be preferable to quadrilaterals, and that linear edge displacements are not desirable.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080307
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  • 26
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    Semi-analytical finite element procedure for conduction in anisotropic axisymmetric solids (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 295-310 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Through the use of complex series representations and the properties of adjoint differential operators, a semi-analytical finite element procedure is developed which can analyse the steady state and transient temperature fields of thermally anisotropic axisymmetric bodies with complete circumferential properties. Due to its generality, the procedure can handle arbitrary laminate construction with possible meridional and radial variations in locally or globally thermally anisotropic materials. In this respect, the procedure developed herein supercedes the classical semi-analytical treatment which is limited to specially orthotropic materials. Furthermore, in contrast with the classical procedure, the present treatment reveals several important effects of material anisotropy which are entirely missed by the specially orthotropic assumption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080209
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  • 27
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    Numerical quadrature used for radiative heat-transfer computations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 395-401 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Physical reasoning makes it possible to use artificial parameters with numerical quadrature in order to obtain approximate solutions for the Fredholm integral equations associated with radiative heat transfer calculations. With the aid of such parameters, decisions can be made concerning the applicability and usefulness of the numerical quadrature technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080215
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  • 28
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    Comment on a note by Winifred L. Wood (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 430-431 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080220
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  • 29
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    Announcement (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 439-440 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080225
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  • 30
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080301
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  • 31
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    Transient two-dimensional heat conduction problems solved by the finite element method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 481-494 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element weighted residual process has been used to solve transient linear and non-linear two-dimensional heat conduction problems. Rectangular prisms in a space-time domain were used as the finite elements. The weighting function was equal to the shape function defining the dependent variable approximation. The results are compared in tables with analytical, as well as other numerical data. The finite element method compared favourably with these results. It was found to be stable, convergent to the exact solution, easily programmed, and computationally fast. Finally, the method does not require constant parameters over the entire solution domain.
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    An explicit algorithm for solving linear equations of Jacobi type (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 659-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080318
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    Automatic generation of the coefficient matrix of finite difference equations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 662-670 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified procedure is presented for the automatic generation of the coefficient matrix of finite difference equations. The method is applicable to the solution of both initial and boundary value problems, to any order of difference equation, and may be used with any arbitrary initial or boundary conditions.
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    The torsional stiffness of prismatic members with sections divisible into rectangles (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 671-675 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method of determining the torsional stiffness of a wide range of structural sections, both homogeneous and composite, is presented. Prandtl's stress function along the boundaries of component sections is approximated by finite Fourier series with coefficients chosen to minimize a functional. An example indicates that the stiffness may be determined to acceptable accuracy by the solution of very few equations.
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    On the accuracy of certain C0 continuous finite element representations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 649-657 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080317
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    An application of least squares to one-dimensional transient problems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 633-647 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of ‘least squares’, which falls under the category of weighted residual processes, is applied as a time-stepping algorithm to one-dimensional transient problems including the heat conduction equation, diffusion-convection equation, and a non-linear unsaturated flow equation. Comparison is made with other time-stepping algorithms, and the least squares method is seen to offer definite advantages.
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    Computational methods for matrix eigen problems A. R. Gourlay and G. A. Watson, Wiley, London, 1973. 130 Pages. Price: £3.50 (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080321
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    Automatic triangulation of arbitrary planar domains for the finite element method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 679-696 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The object of this paper is to describe a new algorithm for the semi-automatic triangulation of arbitrary, multiply connected planar domains. The strategy is based upon a modification of a finite element mesh genration algorithm recently developed. 1 The scheme is designed for maximum flexibility and is capable of generating meshes of triangular elements for the decomposition of virtually any multiply connected planar domain. Moreover, the desired density of elements in various regions of the problem domain is specified by the user, thus allowing him to obtain a mesh decomposition appropriate to the physical loading and/or boundary conditions of the particular problem at hand. Several examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the algorithm. An extension of the algorithm to the triangulation of shell structures is indicated.
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    A finite element analysis of general deformation of sheet metals (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 731-741 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A polynomial shape function of triangular elements for finite element analysis of general deformation of sheet metals with or without orthotropic anisotropy is proposed. And general formulation for large deformation and large strain analysis with non-linearity of material property, say plasticity, is given. Some numerical examples are examined with respect to hydraulic bulging.
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    A finite element analysis in polar co-ordinates of the Saint Venant torsion problem (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 713-729 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A characteristic feature of the variational functionals for several boundary value problems in polar co-ordinates is the fact that one independent variable occurs explicitly in the denominator. Therefore, the coefficients of the finite element equations for sectors of circular ring shaped elements are not constants but functions of the distance of the elements from the origin of co-ordinates.1 We name them coefficient functions. In order to show the particular aspects of the calculations in terms of polar co-ordinates we deal here with the solution of the torsion problem by bilinear and bicubic Hermitian interpolation.The finite element equations are arranged according to Schaefer2 in the form of block which can easily be transformed into ‘stars’3 or molecules4,5 similar to those used in finite difference methods. The origin of co-ordinates requires a special consideration, firstly because of the coincidence of several nodes at that point and secondly because of the divergent behaviour of some coefficient functions. It turns out to be advantageous for the numerical calculations to expand the coefficient functions in power series. Besides, the expansions are required to deduce the equations for rectangular elements by limiting processes. The twisting moments and shearing stresses calculated for several cross sections illustrate the numerical suitability of the method. The finite element values are compared partly with exact solutions and partly with experimental results obtained by a moiré method using Prandtl's soap film analogy.6 Finally it is shown how the accuracy of the finite element values can be improved by the Richardson extrapolation7.
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    Imperfections in axially loaded plane frames (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 847-864 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite beam-column element computer program for the structural failure analysis of proportionally loaded skeletal plane frames is described. The program, which is based on an iterative stiffness approach, provides for non-linear elastic or plastic-non-linear elastic behaviour. Particular attention is given to the incorporation into the analysis of geometrical imperfections, return of elasticity at plastic hinges and negative frame stiffness. The effect of lack-of-fit displacements on the load-deflection path and failure load of frames that carry relatively large axial loads is described in general terms. The theory is developed further through the application of the computer program to two examples which show the necessity for the allowing for the effect of imperfections when designing axially loaded redundant frames.
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    Eigenproblem solution of damped structural systemsThis paper presents the results of one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract No. NAS 7-100, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 877-911 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This article presents an efficient numerical algorithm a complete listing of the associated computer program, developed for the eigenproblem solution of discrete damped structures, including spinning ones. The numerically stable procedure is based on a combined Sturm sequence and inverse iteration technique, which fully exploits the banded form of the relevant matrices and proves to be most substantially economical when compared to similar existing softwares. Numerical results are presented for representative structures, solved by the present computer program written in FORTRAN V for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 computer.
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    A technique for degenerating brick-type isoparametric elements using hierarchical midside nodes (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 203-209 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080116
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    Finite element bending analysis of multilayer plates (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 215-225 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The development of a general quadratic multilayer plate element is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily layered curved plates. In the formulation, each layer of the multilayer plate can have different orthotropic properties and can deform locally. Examples of bending problems are presented which demonstrate the applicability of the formulation.
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    Optimization of complex structures to satisfy static, dynamic and aeroelastic requirements (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 249-269 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A structural optimization problem is considered in which the design requirements include restrictions on the strength, stability, frequency and flutter characteristics of the structure. One of the central concerns of this phase of the work has been to overcome the problems inherent in analysing the dynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of structures with many degrees of freedom. The multiweb delta wing structure under supersonic flight conditions is the model upon which this exploratory study is based. The finite element idealization, with three different kinds of elements, is used to model the wing structure. The constant stress triangular plate elements, the rectangular shear panels and the pin-jointed bar elements are used to represent, respectively, the cover skins, webs and stringers of the wing structure. The design problem is formulated as a minimum weight optimization problem and is solved by using non-linear programming techniques. Computationally efficient schemes are developed for the necessary derivatives of the behaviour constraints. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility and the computational effectiveness of the method.
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    Torsion of axi-symmetric solids of variable diameter - including acceleration effects (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 195-198 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element method for the analysis of axisymmetric bodies in torsion is presented. The effects of an angular acceleration about the axis of symmetry is included. The accuracy of the method is tested against experimental results available for a stepped shaft and finally the problem of an accelerating shaft-turbine disc system is considered.
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    Applications of the theory of distribtuions, R. Cristescu and G. Marinescu, Wiley, London, 1973. No. of pages : 227. Price : £3.75 (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080118
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    Errata (1974)
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 214-214 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080202
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    Exponential fitting using integral equations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 271-276 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The fitting of a function y =\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} to experimental data is considered. Integral equations are developed which have the functions \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} as their solutions for n = 1, 2, 3, These integral equations are used to find the frequencies λi. Examples are worked out to illustrate the method. The method is shown to be capable of extension to other functions.
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    Restrictions in the application of automatic mesh generation schemes by ‘isoparametric’ co-ordinates (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 289-294 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: To obtain meshes of reasonable form there have to be made some restrictions in the application of automatic mesh generation schemes using ‘isoparametric’ co-ordinates. In this present paper it will be shown that such restrictions exist for plane meshes. The results figured here are also valid for three-dimensional meshes.
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    Least square-finite element for elasto-static problems. Use of ‘reduced’ integration (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 341-358 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A least square based finite element algorithm is developed for some elasto-static problems. In the formulation both stresses and displacements appear as simultaneous variables. In two dimensional (plane) analysis, parabolie isoparametric elements are used. Considerable improvement of performance is obtained with a numerical integration based on 2 × 2 Gauss point distribution over more accurate integration schemes. Reasons for this are presented.The formulation is extended in the section ‘General least square formulation’ to beams and plates with a similar success of ‘reduced’ integration.
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    The static condensation algorithm (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 198-203 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The application of the static condensation method is discussed in general. The technique is presented as an extension of the Gauss elimination algorithm. An efficient FORTRAN subroutine is given which simultaneously reduces both the stiffness matrix and the stress-displacement transformation matrix.
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    Announcement (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080201
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    An integrated sequential solver for large matrix equations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 227-248 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An integrated sequential computer programme for the solution of large linear algebraic systems encountered in the discrete analysis of complex structures using finite element idealization is described. The programme uses an algorithm based on Gauss elimination for solution and is independent of the possible symmetric nature of the system matrix thus enhancing the applicability of the programme for systems with unsymmetric coefficient matrices. The present programme can handle large band widths and the core memory is used efficiently for all feasible problem sizes. A FORTRAN print-out of the programme with relevant explanatory comments and a full notation list are appended.
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    The finite element analysis of elasto-plastic materials by use of dislocation dipole systems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 277-288 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is shown how the stress field due to any prescribed continuous distribution of dislocation dipoles can be determined. This technique then forms the basis of a general method of solution of elasto-plastic material problems. The presentation is limited to situations which conform to either plane stress or strain conditions. Some results are obtained for relatively simple geometrical and loading configurations and compared with classical plasticity solutions. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of a circular hole in a finite strip under tension.
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    Representation of singularities with isoparametric finite elementsThis work was supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 537-545 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The development of a generalized quadrilateral finite element that includes a singular point at a corner node is presented. Inter-element conformability is maintained so that monotone convergence is preserved. The global-local concept of finite elements is used to formulate the complete set of equations. Examples of crack tip singularities are given.
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    A new triangular element for finite difference solution of axisymmetric conduction problems in cylindrical co-ordinates (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 547-567 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The triangular element is one of the most useful finite difference elements for the potential problems because of its versatility in fitting irregular boundary, in connecting one element type to another, and in changing grid fineness. Such triangular elements find many applications in conduction problems in cartesian co-ordinates. This paper presents a new triangular element for the finite' difference solution of axisymmetric conduction problems in cylindrical co-ordinates. The validity of the proposed triangular element is analyzed, and its workability is demonstrated using three selected examples. Also, an industrial application highlights the advantageous characteristics of the triangular element, and gives a comparison with known results obtained by finite element method.
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    Computer analysis of a rotating axial-turbomachine blade in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 569-588 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Basic equations are derived for a comprehensive computer analysis for an equivalent lumped parameter system which simulates a pre-twisted, rotating or non-rotating. Timoshenko beam in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations. These equations enable one to develop straightforwardly digital computer programs for studying vibration problems related to compressor or turbine blades in turbomachinery as well as in other structural dynamics applications. The validity of the lumped parameter approach is established through a free vibration study. Good agreement between the present computer results and those obtained theoretically or experimentally by other investigators is demonstrated. In particular, it is found that the natural frequencies obtained in the free vibration study for all beams examined converge from below the exact values at a convergence rate of N-4, where N is the total number of the lumped parameters used in the computer simulation. The rapid rate of convergence shows that the mathematical model used in deriving the basic equations can adequately represent the type of beams under consideration. The known convergence rate also provides an estimate on the accuracy of the computer results, and a means to improve these results by extrapolation.
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    Bicubic fundamental splines in plate bending (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 503-511 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with solving the two-dimensional variational problem for plate bending by the Ritz method using bicubic fundamental splines. It is a piecewise polynomial method, very adaptable to practical numerical computation, and can be an alternative for the well-known Finite Element Method1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080306
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    Cycle bases for the flexibility analysis of structures (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 521-528 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are presented for the automatic selection of a cycle basis leading to a sparse flexibility matrix for the analysis of rigid-jointed skeletal structures.The first method having a local approach forms a maximal set of admissible minimal cycles, while the second having a global approach constructs admissible minimal cycles on the ordered chords of a shortest route tree. A cycle ordering algorithm is also given to reduce the band width of the corresponding flexibility matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080308
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    The application of quasilinearization to non-linear systems (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 589-611 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of solving systems of simultaneous non-linear partial differential equations using the method of lines and the method of quasilinearization-superposition in combination. The advantages of the method over those methods more generally used are discussed and an example of the application of the method to the two-dimensional momentum and energy equations considering temperature-dependent and/or shear-rate dependent viscosity is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080313
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    Projective method applied to three-dimensional elasticity equations (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 697-711 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown how the elasticity equations can be formulated in terms of a general procedure of abstract analysis, called the projective method, for constructing an approximate solution. This allows the many studies of convergence and uniqueness of solutions which have been made in modern mathematics to be applied to the elasticity problem. The abstract formulation also suggests an organizational scheme for generating a computer code. A computer code for hollow or solid cylinders of arbitrary cross section was developed and several numerical examples are presented. The procedure is computationally advantageous for the class of problems under consideration because of the relatively small number of equations that must be solved as compared to the finite element method. The results presented demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080403
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    Steady magnetohydrodynamic flow past a circular cylinder (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 771-781 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The steady two-dimensional, viscous, electrically conducting flow around a circular cylinder is investigated. The flow and magnetic field are uniform and parallel at large distances from the cylinder. The equations and boundary conditions are derived for arbitrary values of R, Rmand β, where R is the Reynolds number, Rm the magnetic Reynolds number and β, the ratio of the square of the Alfvén speed to the square of the main stream speed. Because of the large number of parameters involved, the numerical solution is restricted to R = 40, Rm = 1 and infinity and 0 ≤ β ≤ 4. Also the cylinder is taken to be a perfect conductor, this avoids having to compute the magnetic field within the cylinder.The numerical computations for the non-magnetic case, i.e. β = 0, are presented and are found to be in good agreement with existing results. The effect of increasing the strength of the magnetic field (i.e. increasing β) on the drag coefficient, the size and position of the standing vortex and the increasing effect of the upstream propagation of disturbances are examined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    A second order finite element method for the one-dimensional Stefan problem (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 811-820 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We describe a finite element method for the one-dimensional Stefan problem. The elements are quadrilaterals of the space-time plane which are determined at each time-step in relation with the position of the free boundary. The method appears as a generalization of the classical Crank-Nicolson scheme, since it is identical to this scheme in the case of rectangular elements; it has the advantage of providing a simple and accurate determination of the free boundary. Numerical experiments show that the order of accuracy is equal to 2.
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    Visco-plasticity - plasticity and creep in elastic solids - a unified numerical solution approach (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 821-845 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The visco-plastic model of material behaviour is of much practical interest in its own right and initial strain techniques for its solution have been developed and proved efficient. More important however is the fact that the visco-plastic model can be used to generate plasticity solutions in a simple manner when stationary conditions are reached and, at the other extreme, can reproduce standard creep phenomena. Used in this sense it allows the treatment of non-associated plasticity and strain softening situations which present difficulties in conventional plasticity approaches. A standard programme thus allows the treatment of a wide range of materially non-linear problems.The paper discusses various applications of the new general formulation and introduces certain numerical information on solution stability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080411
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    Mesh generation program for highway excavation cuts (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 369-394 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The mesh generation program described here generates the nodes and the elements for excavated highway slopes, applies boundary conditions, searches for the nodes and the elements in each layer excavated and plots the mesh with the numbering of nodes, elements and material types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080214
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    Finite element analysis of elasto-plastic shellsThis research was sponsored by AB Volvo, Göteborg, Sweden. (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 415-424 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element analysis applicable to elasto-plastic shells of arbitrary shape is presented. Small-deflection behaviour of thin shells subjected to monotonically increasing static loads is considered. The material is assumed to be originally isotropic, following the von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A flat triangular element with twelve degrees of freedom is used in the analysis. Within each element both membrane forces and bending moments are assumed to be constant. Some numerical results are included to illustrate the merits of the element.
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    On the treatment of boundary conditions by the method of artificial parametersThe research reported on here was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Contract NR 064-452). (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 425-429 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A procedure to deal with various boundary conditions in the Rayleigh-Ritz method is discussed herein, namely, the method of artificial parameters. The method is then applied to solve a simple string problem; results obtained compare very nicely with exact solutions.
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    Matrix structural analysis with mixed variables (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 167-194 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Use of mixed force and displacement variables may be the key to a reliable solution of many physical problems. For the analysis of elastic structures with large rigid motion the displacement method may fail due to illconditioning, but use of mixed variables (diacoptics) may work due to the possibility of using relative displacements within substructures. Analysis with mixed variables complicates the topology (the number of nodes and the number of variables at the nodes may vary in the same problem) so a careful study of the system analysis is required. Some general computer routines are given for handling topology, merging and solution of the sparse system equation. The solution routine handles constraints in a rational way and can also be used for decomposition of the system equation or for releasing inner nodes in superelements.
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    Buckling under combined loading of thin, flat-walled structures by a complex finite strip method (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 323-339 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite strip method is presented for determining the initial buckling stresses of any structure consisting of a series of thin flat isotropic plates rigidly connected together at their longitudinal edges. Each plate may be subjected to a combination of longitudinal and transverse compression, longitudinal in-plane bending, and shear, and it is assumed that the buckling mode, of whatever type, is sinusoidal in the longitudinal direction. Due to the presence of shear, the perturbation forces and displacements which occur at the edges of component plates during buckling are out of phase, and this is accounted for by defining their magnitudes in terms of complex quantities. Stiffness matrices relating the amplitudes of these forces and displacements are derived using an approximate method based upon assumed displacement functions across the width of the plate. It is shown how the method can be used to calculate natural frequencies of prismatic structures, and finally an indication of the accuracy of the method is given together with some illustrative results.
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    Mathematics for engineers and scientists, A. C. Bajpai, I. M. Calus and J. A. Fairley, Wiley, London, 1973. (Two volumes), Price: Vol. 1, £3.25, Vol. 2, £3.75 (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 438-438 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080224
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    Stresses in nearly incompressible materials by finite elements with application to the calculation of excess pore pressures (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 443-460 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A number of problems are analysed by the displacement method to assess the stress accuracy at very low compressibilities. ‘Parabolic’ isoparametric elements are used. It is found that the mean stress becomes grossly in error at the centre and edges of each element as the compressibility is reduced whereas the deviatoric stress components do not. All stress components retain good accuracy at the ‘reduced’ integration sampling points (2 × 2 Gauss). ‘Exact’ integration yields a similar stress distribution to ‘reduced’ but the mean stress is grossly in error at the integration points (3 × 3 Gauss). Exceptions, however, occur.These findings are interpreted, and a rule for predetermining whether or not accurate stresses can be obtained at the integrating points is suggested. Thus it is shown that the displacement method is suitable for analysing materials which for practical purposes are incompressible.A procedure is then presented for analysing porous media-both linear and non-linear-by separating the stiffness into ‘effective’ and ‘pore fluid’ components. This allows excess pore pressure to be calculated explicitly. Applications to saturated soils are given which make use of the findings of the first part of the paper.
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    Spline-blended approximation of Hartmann's flow (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 529-536 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The steady state flow problem known in magnetohydrodynamics as Hartmann's flow is converted into variational formulation and is given an approximate solution by means of the spline blended interpolation technique. The equations of motion consist of two coupled potential flow problems with homogeneous boundary conditions. The spline blended interpolation method is reduced here, because of the shape of the domain, to a cartesian product of cardinal splines with trigonometric or ordinary polynomials. ‘Exact’ boundary conditions are presented by the blending technique. The numerical results indicate that high accuracy is possible with relatively few unknowns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080309
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    Finite element solution of non-linear heat conduction problems with special reference to phase change (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 613-624 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a generally applicable approach to transient heat conduction problems with non-linear physical properties and boundary conditions. An unconditionally stable central algorithm is used which does not require iteration.Several examples involving phase change (where latent heat effects are incorporated as heat capacity variations) and non-linear radiation boundary conditions are given which show very good accuracy.Simple triangular elements are used throughout but the formulation is generally valid and not restricted to any single type of element.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080314
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    Calculation of transient temperature fields with finite elements in space and time dimensions (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 625-631 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A program is demonstrated which apart from linear finite elements in time also includes elements with shape functions of the second and third degree. The algorithm for discretization in the time dimension is described and, using the example of a parabolic time element, the coefficients required to form the global system are given. By various test examples the efficiency of the process is examined by comparison with the customary difference method. Generally, with finite elements in time, the solution has better stability. Comparing the time required for calculation with the accuracy of the solution it would appear that in examining problems where boundary conditions are constant in time, higher order time elements are no improvement over the linear time element. However, for the purpose of reproducing periodic processes, higher order time elements offer an advantage in that one is not limited to linear variations of the boundary conditions within the element. Thus, for example, the temperature curve for parabolic variation of the surface temperature can be reproduced with close approximation by two time elements per period and a shape function of the third degree.
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    Announcement (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080322
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080401
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    Discrete (Legendre) orthogonal polynomials - a survey (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 743-770 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The discrete (Legendre) orthogonal polynomials, (DLOP's) are useful for approximation purposes. This set of mth degree polynomials {Pm(K, N)} are orthogonal with unity weight over a uniform discrete interval and are completely determined by the normalization Pm(O, N) = 1. The authors are employing these polynomials as assumed modes in engineering applications of weighted residual methods. Since extensive material on these discrete orthogonal polynomials, and their properties, is not readily available, this paper is designed to unify and summarize the presently available information on the DLOP's and related polynomials. In so doing, many new properties have been derived. These properties, along with sketches of their derivation, are included. Also presented are a representation of the DLOP's as a product of vectors and matrices, and an efficient computational scheme for generating these polynomials.
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    Variational principles and the patch test (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 783-801 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The patch test is shown to be contained in the variational formulations of the finite element methods at the assembling level, all of which require the vanishing of the virtual work of interface connection loads. By a systematic introduction of stress generating functions, attention is drawn to the fact that any given finite element model can be assembled in two different ways: either by identification of a set of boundary displacements (leading to the direct stiffness method), or by identification of a set of local stress function values (leading to the dual direct flexibility method). Looking at any conjugate couple (generalized displacement-generalized surface traction) at an interface, one is strongly transmitted, the other weakly. Discretization of the zero virtual work condition at an interface of plate bending models, by means of Legendre polynomial expansions, allows a systematic construction of so-called ‘non-conforming’ elements that pass the patch test. They are in fact identified with weakly conforming, but strongly diffusive, hybrids, and the lowest degree element (quadratic) is in fact the Morley constant-moment element. Examples are given for higher degree displacement fields.The case of plate stretching elements can be handled by duality, the difficulties being here associated with the requirements for diffusivity. Non-diffusive elements that pass the zero interface virtual work test can be constructed systematically and are identifiable with weakly diffusive, but strongly conforming, hybrids of the type first proposed by T. H. H. Pian.
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    Least squares finite element analysis of laminar boundary layer flows (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 865-876 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the least squares error criterion, a class of finite element is formulated for the numerical analysis of steady state viscous boundary layer flow problems. The method is essentially a discrete element-wise minimization of square and weighted residuals which arise from the attempts in approximately satisfying boundary layer equations. An iterative linearization scheme is developed to circumvent the mathematical difficulties posed by the non-linear boundary layer equations. It results in a process of successive least squares minimizations of residual errors arising from satisfying a set of linear differential equations. A mathematical justification for the method is presented. A major feature of the method lies in the linearization approach which renders non-linear differential equations amenable to linear least squares finite element analysis. Another important feature rests on the proposed finite element formulation which preserves the symmetric nature of finite element matrix equations through the use of the least squares error criterion. Numerical examples of viscous flow along a flat plate are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method as well as to illuminate discussions on the theoretical aspects of the method.
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    Elastoplastic analysis of hollow spheres subjected to external pressure loading (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 803-809 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The elastoplastic deformation of spherical shells of uniform thickness acted upon by external pressure is investigated in this paper. A deformation theory of plasticity is combined with the classical elasticity equations and a solution is obtained by the method of successive elastic solutions. A logarithmic effective stress-effective plastic strain diagram is used to determine the volume change for thick polypropylene spheres under the action of external pressure. These results are compared with previously published experimental volume changes in polypropylene spheres. This comparison shows that the predicted volume changes are similar to the experimental results.
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    A note on solving integral equations with Gauss-Legendre quadrature (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 913-914 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080415
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    Announcements (1974)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-918 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620080418
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    Characterization of the active transport of chlorotetracycline in Staphylococcus aureus by a florescence techniqueFrom the Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163. This work was supported in part by Washington State University Research Committee Funds. A preliminary account of this work was delivered at the Pacific Slope Biochemical Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August, 1973. (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 32-44 
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    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The antibiotic chlorotetracycline (CTC) is used as a fluorescent chelate probe to investigate its active transport in respiring Staphylococcus aureus cells. CTC chelation to magnesium or calcium leads to fluorescence enhancement. This enhancement is further increased when the polarity of its environment is decreased, as occurs when the complex moves from an aqueous environment into a membrane. Upon addition of CTC to a dispersion of S. aureus cells, a time dependent fluorescence enhancement is detected which is a monitor of the transport of the CTC-divalent cation complex into the membrane. This uptake has been shown to be energy dependent and exhibits saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 107 ± 20 μM by the same technique. The initial rates of antibiotic uptake are shown to have a pH optimum between 5.5 and 6.5. The effects of exogenously added EDTA and paramagnetic Mn2+ indicate that the CTC-divalent cation complex is transported to the inside of the membrane. Exogenously added magnesium inhibits the accumulation process. This implies that the membrane CTC binding site involves a divalent cation sequestered away from the surface of the membrane, and only free CTC is bound to that site. The uptake of CTC is also temperature dependent with a maximal rate at 40°. Arrhenius plots of the initial fluorescence enhancement rates are found to be biphasic with a 27° transition temperature. The break in the plots presumably reflects an order-disorder transition involving the fatty acids of the cell membrane. Thus, transport of the CTC involves movement through the fatty acid region of the membrane. This movement is facilitated by the more fluid state of the membrane above the transition temperature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020105
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020201
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    The structure and assembly of procollagen - a review (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 108-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020206
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    Assembly of bacterial ribosomesThe work from the author's laboratory on the assembly of bacterial ribosomes is reviewed in this article. (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020210
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  • 89
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    Ribosome structure: Three-dimensional distribution of proteins S14 and S4 (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020213
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    The transformation of τ particles into t4 heads. II. Transformations of the surface lattice an related observations on form determinationNumber X of the series “Studies on the morphopoieses of the head of phage T-evem.” (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 253-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In part I of this paper (1) we give evidence that the P23-capsoid of τ-particles is transformed in situ into the P23*-capsid of normal phage. Using the polymorphism of phage T4, we have chosen polyheads as representative of P23 assemblies and giant phages as representative of P23* assemblies in order to study their surface crystals by optical filtration of micrographs. We found for polyheads a lattice constant of 112 Å with the typical hexameric, ringlike capsomer and for the giants a lattice constant of 124 Å with quite a different capsomer morphology, of the type (6+1). From the stoichiometry of the proteins composing the normal capsid we conclude that the protomer is a single P23* molecule and that the minor capsid-proteins must be in singular positions on the surface lattice or on the polyhedral head (center of capsomers, vertices, or basal part).We extrapolate the findings on the giant head to the normal head and give a geometric model which is consistent with 1,100 molecules of P23* per capsid.We discuss the part of form inheritance contributed by P23 and the other formgiving gene products and give evidence that morphologic characters are the result of pairs of a reaction chain of interacting gene products. The example we give is the giant head produced by a ts mutant in gene 24 at 36°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020218
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    Assembly of lipid-containing viruses (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 496-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Enveloped viruses which form by budding at the cell surface possess a membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer and a small number of virus-coded polypeptides. Since viral polypeptides become integral components of the plasma membrane during assembly, the process of synthesis and incorporation into membranes of these proteins may reflect the pathway of plasma membrane assembly. Electron microscopic studies have suggested that viral envelope proteins are incorporated into discrete, localized regions of the plasma membrane which serve as recognition sites for the viral nucleocapsid. In influenza virus-infected cells, viral polypeptides are associated with cytoplasmic membranes as well as the plasma membrane. The major envelope glycoprotein appears to be synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and to migrate to smooth membranes after synthesis. Glycosylation is initiated in rough membranes and progresses further in smooth membranes. Unlike the glycoproteins, the major nonglycosylated polypeptide appears to be inserted directly into the plasma membrane. In the presence of 2-deoxyglucose or high concentrations of glucosamine, aberrant viral glycoproteins are detected which appear to be unglycosylated or partially glycosylated; these are associated with membranes and incorporated into virus particles of reduced infectivity. Therefore normal glycosylation is not essential for incorporation of viral glycoproteins into cellular membranes or virus particles, but is required for normal biological activity. The role of the viral neuraminidase in assembly and release has been studied using mutants defective in neuraminidase at restrictive temperature. Under these conditions virus formation occurs, but the progeny form large aggregates at the cell surface. Colloidal iron hydroxide staining indicates that such virus particles contain neuraminic acid, and these residues appear to serve as receptors leading to the extensive aggregation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020234
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    Genetic control of ribosome assembly (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 166-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The assembly of E. coli ribosomes has been studied through the analysis of a new group of ribosome maturation mutants. These mutants, all blocked in a late stage in the maturation of 50S ribosomes, map at four different sites on the chromosome. These sites are distant from the known ribosomal protein sites at the str-aro E region of the chromosome. The ribosome precursor particles of the mutants contain precursor-type 23S RNA (p23 RNA) and 5S RNA. 43S particles of one of the mutants contain all but one of the normal complement of proteins. Precursor 43S particles from this mutant can be converted to particles with sedimentation values around 50S by incubation with extracts from either the wild-type organism or from other mutants. This in vitro conversion process differs considerably from the process of ribosome reconstitution and indicates a role for extrinsic factors in the maturation of E. coli ribosomes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020211
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    Phage lambda DNA packaging, in vitro (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 302-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020220
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    Processing and assembly of the head of bacteriophage lambda (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 318-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: When phage DNA is added to an extract of an induced lambda lysogen, complete phage particles are made that contain the added DNA. The DNA substrate for packaging is a covalently joined polymer of several phage units. Unjoined units must first be joined by DNA ligase in the extract. Therefore DNA cutting is a necessary part of the DNA packaging reaction. The protein product of gene A, called A protein, behaves like the enzyme that cuts DNA and is a necessary component of the extract.Three of the head proteins preassemble into a spherical shell that subsequently combines with DNA. These shells are made of E protein, the major protein of a finished head, and they can be the sole source of that protein. They also contain a few molecules of two processed proteins, fused C-E and cleaved B. The processing may be essential for assembly because other shells that contain C protein not fused and B protein uncleaved are less than 1% as active.Protein A and DNA first react with the protein shells, then D protein, the second most abundant head protein, is added. These new observations are combined with published data to develop a comprehensive view of λ head assembly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020221
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    Reconstitution of mycoplasma membranes (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 670-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Detergent-solubilized proteins and lipids of mycoplasma membranes reassemble spontaneously into membranous structures on the removal or dilution of the detergent in the presence of divalent cations. The cations seem to function by neutralizing the negatively charged groups on membrane lipids and proteins which interfere by electrostatic repulsion with membrane reassembly. Moreover, salt bridges formed by the divalent cation between acidic groups on membrane proteins and lipids seem to play an important role in the reconstituted membrane stability. Electron transport activity, as measured by the transport of electrons from NADH to oxygen, has been demonstrated in reconstituted Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes. However, restoration of active transport of sugars or ions has not been achieved so far. The conditions for obtaining properly sealed vesicles, which are obligatory for demonstrating transport activity, are still rather poorly defined. The reassembled membranous structures cannot be distinguished from the native membranes in chemical composition, density, and thin sections. However, probe techniques, x-ray diffraction, and freeze-fracturing electron microscopy indicate that the proteins are organized differently in the reassembled membranes, though the lipid bilayer is restored. The results obtained so far leave little hope for successfully reconstituting the molecular organization of membranes as complex as those of mycoplasmas by a single-step reassembly of detergent-solubilized membrane components. The prospects appear brighter with membranes having only a few protein species, such as the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In spite of the failure to reconstitute fully active mycoplasma membranes, the reassembly procedure was found valuable in studying the interactions of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins with lipids, the effects of a hydrophobic environment on hydrophilic enzymes, and the production of “hybrid” membranes having selected membrane components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020512
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    On the molecular basis of action of cytochalasin B (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 728-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Tritium-labeled cytochalasin B binds rapidly and reversibly to mammalian cells, and a class of high-affinity sites (Kn ≅ 10-7 M) and a class of low-affinity sites (KD ≥ 10-5 M) are detected. In red blood cells, the high-affinity binding sites (about 3 × 105 per cell) are associated with the plasma membrane, and at least 80% of these appear to be intimately related to the glucose transport system. Fractionation of cellular components of platelets by differential centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography reveals that the high-affinity binding sites in these cells are also associated with membranous materials. A substantial number of the low-affinity binding sites can be traced to platelet actin. The binding of cytochalasin B to actin is consistent with the alteration of intrinsic viscosity and morphology of actin filaments in vitro by the compound at concentrations of around 10-5-10-4 M. The interaction of cytochalasin B with actin may account for its inhibitory effect on various forms of cell motility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020516
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    The structure of collagen fibrils (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 121-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020207
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    The contractile proteins of dictyostelium discoideum (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 150-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: We have purified actin and my osin-like proteins from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. These proteins are very similar in their physical and enzymatic properties to muscle actin and myosin. Most importantly, they form thin and thick filaments, respectively, and Dictyostelium actin activates Dictyostelium myosin ATPase activity. Actin from these amoebae appears to be identical in size to muscle actin. The Dictyostelium myosin consists of two heavy chains of about 210,000 daltons and two classes of light chains, about 18,000 and 16,000 daltons. The heavy chains are slightly larger than those of muscle myosin. Biochemical and structural studies of membrane association of the contractile complex suggests that some of the amoeba actin is membrane-bound and acts as an attachment point for myosin and other actin filaments.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020209
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  • 99
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    P22 morphogenesis II: Mechanism of DNA encapsulation (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Phage P22 is known to have a linear duplex chromosome which is circularly permuted and terminally repeated. The propagation of these features of the mature phage DNA is accounted for by the fact that phage DNA lengths (headfuls) are cut from an intracellular intermediate form of phage DNA several phage genomes in length (concatemer) as first suggested by Streisinger. Studies with mutant phages show that cutting of concatemer DNA is intimately connected to the morphogenesis of the phage head.We have also found, by constructing a partial denaturation map of mature P22 DNA, that circular permutation in P22 DNA is restricted: all of the ends of the mature DNA fall within 20% of each other on the physical map. The limited distribution of ends can be explained by Streisinger's “headful” packaging model with the additional specifications that: a. the intracellular precursor DNA is no longer than ten times the length of mature phage DNA; b. encapsulation of DNA starts at a unique site; c. encapsulation proceeds sequentially therefrom.This model is supported by the distribution of molecular ends in denaturation maps of two deletion phage DNAs. We found, as expected from our model, that the extent of permutation is a direct function of the length of terminal repetition.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020216
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    A regulator protein for the length determination of bacteriophage lambda tailNo. IV in series “Morphogenesis of the tail of bacteriophage lambda.” (1974)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 2 (1974), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Mutants in gene U of phage λ produce polytails. Those polytails have a tail fiber and a basal part like normal tails, but their major tubular part is longer than that of normal tails and shows a wide length distribution.We established the morphogenetic pathway of the λ tail and found that U gene product (pU) acts throughout the assembly of the major tail protein (pV). Polytails in U- lysate are activated by pU in vitro and form long-tailed phage which are infectious to a small extent.If the formation of the basal part of the tail is blocked, pV (the major tail protein) remains unassembled as long as pU is present in the cell. However, we found that part of pV assembles into giant polytubes of several microns in length in lysates of a double mutant U- · H- in which both the basal part and pU are absent.pV in purified tails can be dissociated into disks (about 10S) or smaller units (about 2.5S) in vitro under extreme conditions. The disks form polytubes efficiently under physiological conditions, but the smaller units do not form polytubes efficiently. The smaller units have in vitro complementation activity with V- lysate. In vitro complementation activities with V-, U-, and Z- lysates are detected in the dialyzed extracts of SDS gel electrophoresis of purified tails. The molecular weights of the polypeptide chains containing those activities are estimated to be 31,000, 14,000 and 20,000 daltons, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400020217
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