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  • Articles  (126,756)
  • 1970-1974  (75,711)
  • 1935-1939  (51,045)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (117,466)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (9,290)
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  • Articles  (126,756)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper describes several problems in bubble chamber optics which have counterparts in photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit quelques problèmes relatifs à l'optique de la chambre à bulle, qui font écho à des problèmes analogues de photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel werden einige Probleme der Optik von Blasenkammern beschrieben, die ihre Gegenstücke in der Photogrammetrie haben.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Photogrammetric Society s'honore d'avoir reçu la Visite en mars 1974 du directeur du congrès de la SIP. L'exposé du professeur Halonen a traité de plusieurs aspects de l'actuelle recherche finlandaise en photogrammétrie. A noter le rapport contenant les contributions de deux de ses collègues, J. Hakkarainen et H. Salmenperä sur les problèmes de distorsion et de compensation de blocs.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Mërz 1974 hatte die Photogrammetric Society die Ehre, den Kongressdirektor der IGP zu empfangen. In einem Vortrag befasste sich Prof. Halonen mit Problemen der gegenwärtig in Finnland durchgeführten photogrammetrischen Forschungsarbeiten. Der folgende Bericht enthält Beiträge seiner zwei Kollegen, J. Hakkarainen und H. Salmenperä, über besondere Probleme der Objektivverzeichnung und Blockausgleichung.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Photogrammetric Society was honoured to be addressed by the Congress Director of the International Society for Photogrammetry during March 1974. Professor Halonen's lecture covered several aspects of current photogrammetric research in Finland. The following account contains contributions by two of his colleagues, J. Hakkarainen and H. Salmenperä, on specific aspects of lens distortion and block adjustment.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A method for computing a spatial intersection of an arbitrary number of rays is demonstrated. The method assumes that the intersection is performed after the photographs have been oriented. It can be used to advantage in various problems, especially when dealing with the determination of coordinates of a point from more than two photographs. The co-ordinates are computed from an adjustment procedure and they refer to a point whose weighted distances from the respective rays are minimised, thus basing the whole solution on a sound geometrical principle. In addition, the method permits the derivation of accuracy estimates for the solved values.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: It is shown in this paper that relatively simple means may be used to eliminate the effect of second order terms in formulae for corrections to photographic co-ordinates on tilted photographs.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn montre qu'on peut par des moyens, somme toute, simples éliminer les effets des termes du 2ème ordre dans les formules de correction des coordonnées-clichés relatives aux photographies inclinées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass mit relativ einfachen Mitteln der Einfluss von Gliedern 2.Ordnung in den Korrekturformeln für die Bildkoordinaten in geneigten Luftbildern eliminiert werden kann.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper outlines a technique for plotting from single aerial photographs. The technique, based on the continuous recording of photograph co-ordinates, is clearly no substitute for more conventional photogrammetric plotting. It is, however, an extremely useful method for plotting detail which has been interpreted from aerial photography, particularly where the accuracy with which the detail may be identified is not very great. The technique requires relatively inexpensive equipment and can be applied by those who have little or no knowledge of photogrammetric principles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une technique de restitution à partir de photographies isolées. A vrai dire, cette technique basée sur l'enregistrement en continu des coordonnées-cliché n'est pas un substitut à la restitution classique. C'est plutôt une très intéressante méthode de restitution de détails identifiés sur photos aériennes et pour lesquels on ne désire pas une trop grande précision. L'appareillage est peu coûteux et peut être utilisé même par des gens n'ayant que très peu de connaissances en photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein Auswerteverfahren für Einzelbilder skizziert. Die auf der kontinuierlichen Registrierung von Bildkoordinaten basierende Methode ist jedoch kein Ersatz für die Standardauswerteverfahren. Sie ist aber sehr nützlich bei der Auswertung von Einzelheiten, die in Luftbildern interpretiert wurden, besonders dann, wenn die Genauigkeitsanforderungen nicht sehr hoch sind. Die Methode erfordert eine relativ billige Ausriistung und kann auch von denen angewendet werden, die nur geringe oder gar keine Kenntnisse in Photogrammetrie haben.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The recognition of subsurface soil disturbances that have no surviving surface displacement often depends on an anomalous growth of the crop that overlies them. These disturbances are sometimes evidences of man's past activities. The very slight differentials of colour and height in growing crops are frequently difficult to record through a normal film and filter combination. In order to test the capacity of the multispectral technique, a four camera sensor was flown over archaeological sites in central southern England in the summer of 1970. Known sites were used in various geological settings, producing growth marks of differing characteristics. The sensor included the near infrared and this showed distinct advantages at the early stages of cereal growth.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This short paper describes a design, hitherto unpublished, for an automatic stereoplotter conceived by Captain Vivian Thompson†, Royal Engineers, in 1908.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author draws attention to the basic function of the stereoplotting instrument and its operator within the overall concept of productive aerial surveying and goes on to describe in some detail the circumstances of the arrival and use of the first stereo-autographs to be installed in the United Kingdom. Wartime conditions resulted in these instruments playing an unusual but effective role in data acquisition for intelligence purposes. Their performance at that time clearly demonstrated their suitability for the large scale surveys that were soon to be in such demand.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author shows that it is possible to carry out a rigorous least squares numerical orientation procedure on a programmable calculator. An iterative technique is adopted which reduces the rotational parameters to zero.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In recent years analytical aerial triangulation in the Royal Australian Survey Corps has evolved to an advanced stage. Current procedures are described and future possibilities explored.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ces dernières années les techniques d'aerotriangulation analytique, dans le Royal Australian Survey Corps ont beaucoup progressé. On décrit les méthodes employées et on fait quelques prospective.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammensfassung In den letzten Jahren hat die analytische Aerotriangulation beim Royal Australian Survey Corps einen bedeutenden Stand ereicht. Die gegenwärtigen Technologien werden beschrieben und künftige Möglichkeiten untersucht.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:TERRAIN EVALUATION. By C. W. Mitchell.ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING: APPLICATIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS. By E. C. Barrett and L. F. Curtis.MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN CARTOGRAPHY. Compiled by the International Cartographic Association.THE EARTH FROM SPACE. By J. Bodechtel and H. G. Gierloff-Emden.CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN AND PRODUCTION. By J. S. Keates.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Distinct benefits have been obtained from the use of orthophotography in the initial planning of Scotland's sixth new town, to be located at Stonehouse, 29 km south east of Glasgow, due to a comprehensive approach to the mapping requirements. This paper discusses some of the details of the orthophotomapping project.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'orthophotographie s'est révélée d'un usage fort intéressant pour les études d'implantation de la sixième ville nouvelle d'Écosse (Stonehouse, 29 km au S.E. de Glasgow). On discute quelques aspects du projet d'orthophotoplan.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDeutliche Vorteile ergaben sich aus der Anwendung der Differentialent-zerrung bei der Vorplanung für Schottlands 6. neue Stadt, die in der Nähe von Stonehouse, 29 km südöstlich von Glasgow liegen soll, infolge der umfassenden Befriedigung der Anforderungen an die Kartenherstellung. Im Artikel werden einige Details des Orthophotokarten-Projektes diskutiert.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes work carried out jointly by the British Ship Research Association and the author to assess the value of photogrammetry in acquiring quality control measurements on large steel structures in the shipbuilding industry. In particular, the feasibility of using photogrammetry to resolve one of the problems of joining half ships afloat (that is the dimensional equivalence of the mating faces) is investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit le travail mené conjointement par la British Ship Research Association et l'auteur pour tester la valeur des méthodes photogrammétriques dans le contrôle de précision de grandes structures d'acier (industrie navale). En particulier on a cherché dans quelles mesure on pouvait utiliser la photogrammétrie pour vérifier la conformité de piéces devant entrer en jonction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel werden die gemeinsam vom Autor und der British Ship Research Association durchgeführten Untersuchungen zwecks Eignung der Photogrammetrie bei Gütekontrollen grosser Stahlkonstruktionen im Schiffbau beschrieben. Insbesondere wurde die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Photogrammetrie bei der Lösung einiger der beim Verbinden schwimmender halber Schiffe auftretenden Probleme untersucht (um die Grössenordnung der Aufnahmeobjekte zu veranschaulichen).
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: It is suggested that many photogrammetrists are unaware of their latent ability to achieve stereoscopy without artificial viewing aids.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn suggère que bien des photogrammètres connaissent mal toutes leurs possibilityés de vision stéréoscopique à l'oeil nu.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird dargelegt, dass viele Photogrammeter sich ihrer Fähigkeit, stereoskopisch auch ohne Hilfsmittel zu sehen, nicht bewusst sind.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The current methods for describing and comparing shapes of teeth have a number of inadequacies which lead to inaccuracy and misinterpretation. A method is described which depends on co-ordinate information. Stereoscopic microphotography of teeth crowns is used to take co-ordinates of up to 600 points on the tooth surface. Mathematical surfaces are fitted to the co-ordinates by the method of least squares and analysed by trend surface analysis. The results show that this is a useful method of describing a complex shape, although there are problems which render comparison more difficult.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLes méthodes qu'on utilise généralement pour décrire et comparer les formes des dents sont de par leur nature imprécises et peu sûres. On décrit une méthode basée sur l'utilisation de coordonnées tridimensionnelles. A partir de micro-stéréogrammes de couronnes dentaires, on relève les coordonnées de près de 600 points de la surface de la dent. Ce semis est ensuite lissé par des surfaces mathématiques et étudié par les méthodes de l'analyse des surfaces. On conclut qu'il s'agit d'une utile méthode de description d'une forme complexe, quoique les comparaisons de dent à dent restent difficiles.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie gegenwärtigen Methoden zur Beschreibung und zum Vergleich von Zahnformen weisen eine Reihe von Unzulänglichkeiten auf, die zu Ungenauig-keiten und Fehlinterpretationen führen. Es wird ein auf der Koordinatenin-formation beruhendes Verfahren beschrieben. Dabei wird die Stereomikro-photographie von Zahnkronen zur Ermittlung der Koordinaten von bis zu 600 Punkten auf der Zahnoberfläche angewendet. Die mathematische Oberfläche wird mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bestmöglich den gegebenen Koordinaten angepasst und durch Oberflächentrendanalyse überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es sich um ein brauchbares Verfahren zur Beschreibung komplexer Formen handelt, obwohl es einige Probleme gibt, die den Vergleich erschweren.
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    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Photogrammetric Society was formed in 1952. The Council of the Society considered that the twentieth anniversary was a good point at which to record the events which led to its formation and the significant occasions and decisions which have taken place since 1952. Consequently, Paul Lamboit was invited to compile this History. He has placed the birth and development of the Society within the national and international photogrammetric context and his record of the deliberations which took place between 1947 and 1952 will be of particular interest to historians of our subject.This account was first published in a limited edition in 1971. Sufficient interest has since been expressed to prompt a wider circulation through publication in the Photogrammetric Record.The author served the Society continuously in several official capacities from 1953 to 1969 and he was elected to Honorary Membership in 1969.
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  • 31
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The effect of glass cover plates on the distortion characteristics of aerial survey cameras is shown to be relatively small. This fact supports the use of glass cover plates at high altitudes, as does the possibility of estimating and determining with sufficient certainty the systematic effect to be expected. If a decision is made against the use of glass cover plates, the effect of a variety of factors such as turbulence and temperature differences within the lens and the camera can hardly be estimated.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A numerical method is presented for the analysis of a pumped well in a homogeneous aquifer with allowance made for the decrease in saturated depth, vertical components of flow, the possibility of regions of the aquifer changing between the confined and unconfined states and the effect of different outer boundaries. The method is based on a discrete space, backward difference time, approximation. A particular example considered in detail concerns heavy pumping from one of a regular array of wells in an unconfined aquifer until the drawdown in the well reaches a critical value. Non-dimensional curves are presented relating the time and volume dewatered to the quantity discharged from the well. A further example investigates the effect of an initial confining pressure on the aquifer behaviour.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book Reviews in this Articles:Bioassay Techniques and Environmental Chemistry, by Gary E. Glass, editor.Field Soil Water Regime, by R. R. Bruce, editor.Underground Waste Management and Environmental Implications, by T. D. Cook, editor.Water Rights Laws in the Nineteen Western States, Volume 1, by W. A. Hutchins (completed by Harold H. Ellis and J. Peter DeBraal).
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    Notes: . Studies were conducted to determine the distribution of fish in the New and East Rivers in relation to thermal discharges from Appalachian Power Company's fossil fuel plant at Glen Lyn, Virginia. Over 15,300 specimens representing 41 species were collected with seines, electrogear and rotenone at six sampling locations from February, 1973 to October 1973. Sampling frequency was designed to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature upon preferred temperature. Diversity indices were calculated for each location. There was a slight decrease in the diversity indices for those stations located in the thermal discharge. Condition coefficients calculated for Notropis albeolus Jordan, Notropis rubellus Aqasaiz, Notropis spilopterus Cope, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, and Etheostoma blennioides Rafuesque were found to be significantly (p =.05) lower in the thermal discharge for all species tested except E. blennioides. Temperatures were plotted against frequency of capture to determine a particular species temperature selection from field data and indicated that: (1) Some species avoided high temperatures (i.e., Curnpostoma anomalum Rafuesque). (2) Some species were attracted to high temperatures (i.e., Ictalurus punctatus). (3) Some species distribution was not effected by temperatures (i.e., Notropis spilopterus).
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    Notes: . The stochastic nature of some water quality time series were examined. These time series include nine years of daily observations in: (1) the stream flow (Q), (2) the water temperature (T), (3) the dissolved oxygen (DO), and (4) the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the Passaic River at Little Falls, New Jersey. It was found that the random component contributes more than 60 per cent of the variance in the BOD series, but only 30 per cent or less in the DO series. Autocorrelation analysis suggest that DO and BOD residual series have a persistence of about 30 days. Significant crosscorrelation between DO and temperature T was found when DO lags T for up to 30 days, which indicates that the critical DO probably lags the critical temperature. Also, spectral anlaysis shows multiple peaks in the BOD series, reflecting effects of storm runoff and other non-point source pollution on river water quality.
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    Notes: . Temperature recorder data from central Lake Superior obtained from May through July, 1967, are used to describe the spring warming of this deep lake. Data from the 30, 91 and 150 m levels suggest that water descending in the thermal bar spreads lakeward, filling the lake with an increasingly thick layer of maximum density water. Lakeward of the thermal bar, local warming is relatively slow preceeding and following the passage of the reverse thermocline at a given level.
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    Notes: . The Spring 1973 Mississippi River flood was investigated using remotely sensed data from ERTS-1. Both manual and automatic analyses of the data indicate that ERTS-I is extremely useful as a regional tool for flood management. Quantitative estimates of area flooded were made in St. Charles County, Missouri and Arkansas. Flood hazard mapping was conducted in three study areas along the Mississippi River using pre-flood ERTS-1 imagery enlarged to 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scale. The flood prone areas delineated on these maps correspond to areas that would be inundated by significant flooding (approximately the 100 year flood). The flood prone area boundaries were generally in agreement with flood hazard maps produced by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and U. S. Geological Survey although the latter are somewhat more detailed because of their larger scale. Initial results indicate that ERTS-1 digital mapping of flood prone areas can be performed at 1:62,500 which is comparable to some conventional flood hazard map scales.
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    Notes: Books reviewed in this articles: Environmental Quality and Water Development, edited by Charles R. Goldman, James McEvoy, Ill, and Peter J. Rickerson. Nutrients in Natural Waters, edited by Herbert E. Allen and James R. Kranier. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 4, edited by Richard F. Johnson, et al. Water Quality: Management and Pollution Control Problems, Progress in Water Technology, Vol. 3, edited by S. H. Jenkins. Sedimentary Structures of Ephemeral Streams, by M. Dane Picard and Lee R. High, Jr.
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    Notes: : An auto-regressive model has been developed for hydrologic data simulation. The model is computationally easier, parsimonious in number of model parameters and more stable in statistical characteristics than the existing auto-regressive model. The proposed model was used for synthesizing 10 sequences, each of 100 year length, of monthly flows for the river Beas. The statistical parameters were calculated using 49-year historical record for the river. The data was also synthesized using existing auot-regressive model. The synthesized sequences have been compared. The results indicate that the proposed model is as good as the existing auto-regressive model in preserving the mean and standard deviation of historical record. It is further shown that the proposed model requires less parameters than the auto-regressive model for simulation of long-term dependence.
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    Notes: : This paper examines four lake environments which are paired by lake size and by trophic state, where trophic state is employed as an identifier of water quality. Two large lakes and two intermediate-sized lakes, with each pair having one oligotrophic lake and one eutrophic lake are selected for cross-sectional survey-oriented questionnaire research. This paper focuses upon one aspect of the research, namely, the perception of water quality by three user groups. The user groups examined are recreationists, cottage and homeowners, and fishermen. The groups are compared utilizing percentage response profiles and cluster level groupings. It appears from a preliminary analysis of the data that the lakes selected are viable trophic state endpoints for questionnaire analysis of respondents. Each user group surveyed does appear sensitive to select water quality parameters; where shifts in sensitivity appear within and between user groups with changes in ecological settings, as well as with factors independent of ecological settings.
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    Notes: : A case study is used to demonstrate a methodology for measuring the residential property value benefit of water pollution abatement. Increases in the value of single-family homes attributable to improvement in the water quality of the nearby Willamette River (Clackamas County, Oregon) were measured using a regression analysis technique. Sales prices and tax assessment data were used to estimate the change in property values coincident with the changes in water quality. The percentage increase in property value due to pollution abatement is expressed as a function of the distance between properties and the river bank.
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    Notes: : A survey of public-perception of water quality problems in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area was undertaken in 1970, using a 1594 case probability sample of households in Fulton and DeKalb Counties. The survey showed that 2/3 of the population considered water quality problems serious or critical, and 56 percent thought they were getting worse. A stronger enforcement role for the State and increased expenditures for improved treatment facilities were favored by 3/4 of the population. Both industries and municipalities were considered major contributors to water pollution. Those most familiar with the water quality situation considered the problem more serious and getting worse than did the remainder of the population. Perceptual variables were far more important as explanatory factors than were any demographic variables.
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    Notes: : A process for planning at the field offices of Federal water resources agencies is described. The process involve s both planners and publics in the following four planning activities: problem definition, formulation of alternatives, impact analysis and evaluation (or plan ranking). Evaluative factors are defied as the goals, concerns, constraints, etc. that affected publics and other decision makers consider in ranking alternative actions. These factors serve to drive the entire process and glue the four planning activities together. In contrast to other “models” of the planning process, the four activities are considered to be carried out simultaneously and continually from the beginning of the process. As the planning process proceeds, each activity is repeated a number of times at increasing levels of detail. Various aspects of the process are illustrated by means of an example involving water resources development in Carmel Valley, California.
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    Notes: : A user-oriented research plan is presented herein. Its principal components are: (1) a mechanism for identifying social goals and translating them into research objectives; (2) procedures for setting priorities; (3) a program planning technique for designing projects to impact on important research objectives; (4) a mechanism for coordinating research activities of important research producers; (5) a structure for encouraging and establishing interdisciplinary team efforts when they are required; (6) a well-coordinated technology transfer plan; and (7) an effective method for promoting and sustaining user-researcher cooperation. Both basic and applied research designs are examined and criteria presented. The implementation of research plans is also discussed and various factors which play a role in implementation are outlined including: coordination, goal interpretation and priority setting, project Planning, Project review, interdisciplinary considerations and the user-researcher interface.
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    Notes: The extensive pumping of an aquifer to remove a significant proportion of the stored water is considered. A numerical method is described which permits the analysis of radial flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer and allows for the reduction in the saturated depth. The feasibility of removing large quantities of water is examined by considering a typical example.
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    Notes: : Some 96 flood events larger than the mean annual flood from 16 watersheds in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were used to derive unit hydrographs by the least-squares method. Analyses of the unit hydrographs were conducted to ascertain their response to watershed parameters, climatic and storm variables and locations within different hydrologic regions. Significant differences both within and among watersheds led to the formulation and testing of hypotheses stating that differences among watersheds are caused by physiographic differences while differences within watersheds result from climatic and storm differences. The analysis showed, that while many watersheds parameters strongly influence the shape of the unit hydrograph, only the storm variables duration and volume of precipitation excess produce significant differences. Seasonal differences were apparent but not proven statistically significant.
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    Notes: : Water resource development has progressed to the stage where various human factors are now being considered in reservoir design and operation. The introduction of human factor objectives complicates the problem since they are noncommensurate with other objectives and they are difficult to identify quantitatively. Some of the problems that now arise concern the proper methods for consideration of several different, sometimes subjectively identified, objectives in reservoir planning. The classical systems analysis approach to decision making for multiple objective problems is outlined and the inherent difficulties associated with multiple objectives and subjective estimates are identified. Techniques being used in reservoir design and operation are reviewed and discussed. An alternate technique for considering noncommensurate, subjectively identified, objectives, which relates the objectives in terms of real trade-off costs and eliminates the need for a priori estimates of objective worth is then presented. The method is illustrated with three examples, including a reservoir operation problem and a cooling tower design problem.
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    Notes: : The empirical fit of an annual harmonic function to stream temperature measurements in central New England can be improved by considering a harmonic period of less than 365 days instead of 365 or 366 days. Generalized equations, developed using periodic temperature data from 27 streamflow stations, allow predictions of stream temperature at any site given (1) the mean basin altitude (E), in meters above mean sea level, and (2) station latitude (LAT), in degrees. Stream temperature t, in degrees Celsius, on day number d, in days starting with January 1, is estimated as: 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:1093474X:JAWR1133:JAWR_1133_fu1" location="image_n/JAWR_1133_fu1.gif"/〉 in which, M = 31.48 – 0.0025 (E) − 0.4635 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 0.62°C, and τ= 1228.88 – 21.01 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 14.1 days.
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    Notes: Development of community water systems in rural areas through the Farmers Home Administration, U. S. D. A., has been marked since the initiation of the program in the early 1%O's. System development in Mississippi has been very rapid and now numbers the largest among the states excepting Texas. Concurrent with this growth, however, has been a concern for operational quality and efficiency as well as questions of community impacts. The paper is purposed with describing the results of research conducted relative to these areas and methods currently being employed or considered for dealing with problematic items.
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    Notes: : The Monte Carlo method is a procedure which takes advantage of the high speed of electronic computer in solving complex problems in physical and mathematical fields. A rigid technique to determine whether a random point falls within an arbitrary-shaped boundary is not available. This study is to present a new technique which can be used to determine whether a random point falls within any shape of boundary, together with its range of application. A modified fixed random walk procedure is also developed to solve the problems of groundwater movement. A flowchart and computer program are also demonstrated. Comparisons of this newly developed method are made with other approximate solutions. The results indicates that the new technique is more applicable and powerful than other methods.
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    Notes: . Opinion or attitude surveys and observations of people's actions are complementary research tools, but they often provide different results. This was the case where two communities, one rural, one suburban, made waste water management decisions which would promote population growth while survey data indicated that community attitudes were neutral or slightly opposed to population growth. Observation of action, and expanding the range of survey response variation revealed that the structure of both community opinion and action was primarily influenced by small groups of people with very strong feelings favoring and disfavoring population growth. Those with very strong feelings were the ones observed to be acting to promote or retard growth.
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    Notes: : In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input-output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.
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    Notes: : Early attempts at nutrient budget modeling considered only the case where there was no loss of the material by sedimentation, i.e. the substance was assumed to be conservative. Nonstratified and stratified conditions have both been investigated under these terms. An elegant model, taking into account loss of a substance by sedimentation as well as flushing was presented by Vollenweider in 1969. Although this model has several shortcomings, it is particularly valuable because it can have immediate practical value in terms of water management policy development. These basic shortcomings in the model are analyzed and suggestions are made to alter the model to take these factors into account.
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    Notes: . In the past planners have used various approaches to develop alternative plans for planning studies. These include: rational thought which draws upon the planners' knowledge, experience and judgement; objectives which emphasize specific values such as economic and environmental; technologies which achieve the same objective; public preferences which reflect public values and interests; alternative futures which array a diverse range of possible futures; mathematical models which rapidly evaluate possible alternatives; cost sharing policies which consider a participant's financial interest; Delphi technique utilizing a diversity of professional expertise; the IDEA method which stimulates and evaluates large numbers of alternatives. Most of these approaches have found application on various planning studies.
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    Notes: : The adsorption of phosphate on particulate matter from the Illinois and Spoon Rivers was investigated. Adsoprtion reached equilibrium after 5 to 6 days and adsorption isotherms were linear for both constant and varying amounts of particulate matter. Adsorption was maximum at pH 8.3 – 8.4 and minimum at 6.0. Rates of adsorption were influenced by the equilibrium concentration of phosphate-P and were essentially the same for the Illinois and Spoon Rivers. However, the quantity of phosphate-P adsorbed per unit weight of particulate matter differed for the two streams with that in the Illinois River exhibiting an adsorption capacity 7 times that of the Spoon River.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A synthetic hydrograph method was utilized in the development of a watershed model for a small urbanizing watershed. The model was applied to the watershed and the largest flood of record was accurately reproduced. Because the model would be utilized for design of flood control plans with complete urbanization, the method was also applied to an urbanized watershed and reproduced a measured event with good results. The method does not require extensive hydrologic data for its implementation, can be applied to watersheds in various stages of urbanization, and permits consideration of natural or potential floodwater storage.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Alaska possesses a diversity and magnitude of water resources unmatched in any other state. With over 15% of the area of the whole United States, and 40% of the nation's total fresh water supply, but an extreme lack of basic hydrologic and climatologic data, cooperation among agencies and individuals concerned with evaluating, planning, and carrying out water resources programs is essential. Toward this end, the Inter-Agency Technical Committee for Alaska (IATCA) was established under charter from the Water Resources Council. Representation in IATCA includes virtually all Federal, State, and academic entities in Alaska having an interest in the water resources of the State. Existence of IATCA has permitted or facilitated numerous Alaskan water resources programs. Several are described briefly in this paper: A flood warning network in the Chena River basin; establishment of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed in Central Alaska; preparation and periodic updating of the “Ten-Year Plan for Water Resources Data Acquisition”; current planning for an integrated “real-time reporting network” for hydrometeorological data within the State; and a framework for implementation of the Alaskan phase of the National Water Resources Assessment, currently in the initial phases. Accomplishments to date testify that it is indeed possible to “get it all together” in the broad field of “Water Resources” in the largest of our 50 states.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book Reviews in this ArticleChemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Volume 3, edited by A. Hollaender.Systems Analysis and Water Quality Management, by Robert V. Thomann.Scientific Allocation of Water Resources, by Nathan Buras.Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control, by Walter J. Weber, Jr.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : It is the thesis of this paper that plan formulation is both art and science, and that to improve formulation, to develop better alternatives, the planner needs to both improve his creative capability and to think more systematically. Research into creativity by psychologist and social scientist has identified four aspects of creativity: the creative process, the creative product, the creative person, the creative situation. A review of research results on each aspect suggests several ways in which planners can improve the creative dimension of plan formulation. To improve the rational aspects of plan formulation a way of thinking is presented in the form of a conceptual model to assist the planner in systematically developing a broader range of plans. The major components are inventory, forecast and synthesis. The model utilizes the concept of a production function to provide information about the resource, management practices and its use.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sensitivity and error analyses were used to examine the following objectives: (1) analyze the structure of commonly used evaporation models; (2) provide estimates of the effect of variation in meteorological factors on observed evaporation rates; and (3) estimate the effect of error in measurements of the meteorological factors. The results indicate error in evaporation estimates resulting from measurement error in meteorological factors is probably much less than five percent of the computer evaporation rate. Variation with both time and space of the importance of the different meteorological factors is demonstrated. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the Fractional-Evaporation Equivalent method is structurally inadequate and the Weather Bureau model is more flexible than the Penman model. However, the Penman model appears to provide more realistic estimates of the importance of the various meteorological factors.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Recreation benefits or costs are an important aspect in the planning for and evaluation of water resources project strategies. How to include in a quantitative fashion the effects of water quality for planning and analysis is yet unresolved. We describe a quantitative formulation for a recreation function in which the water quality is the argument, and suggest how the coefficients may be evaluated.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 10 (1974), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The construction of three Missouri River main stem dams, Garrison, Oahe and Fort Randall, and the related reservoir taking caused social and economic changes on five Indian reservations, Fort Berthold, Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, Crow Creek and Lower Brute. The inundation of Missouri River riparian lands caused the loss of important cultural, social and economic environments. Ninety percent of the reservations timber, seventy-five percent of its wildlife and most of the fertile cropland were in the reservoir taking area. Urban and more fertile environments downstream and to the east received most of the projects benefits. The Indian minority on the five reservations received few economic and social benefits after bearing a disporportionate share of the social and economic costs of the developments. Relocation was forced upon those who had the longest historic and cultural claim to the land. The social costs to the American Indian occasioned by the Missouri River water developments illustrates two broad areas seldom considered during the decision process. First, the unique historic, cultural or religious values of minorities affected by developments. Second, the disproportionate spacial allocation of both benefits and costs. The second item includes social, economic and cultural considerations in not just a geographic framework but a cultural framework as well.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Proper economic evaluation of alternative plans will maximize the utility achieved from the resources available for water resource management. A knowledge of the frequency of occurrence of the events under study is necessary to fully utilize the advantages of economic evaluation in planning. Frequency information is widely used in flood control and water supply, but relatively unknown in water quality planning. A continuous, dynamic hydrologic and water quality model is presented to develop frequency curves for various water quality criteria. Results from the Denver Regional Water Quality Management Study are discussed as an example of the use of frequency analysis for economic evaluation of water quality management.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A groundwater quality change of +0.13 millimhos electrical conductivity was documented between 1940 and 1 972 in the Safford Valley. The change is attributable to four principal mechanisms: pumping-encouraged saline artesian aquifer leakage, natural recharge of the water table aquifer by saline waters, leaching of agricultural waters into the aquifer and the lateral flow of groundwater through saline lacustrine beds. A hydrologic study of the area has shown the first of these mechanisms to be predominant. Salinity modeling has shown three regions of salinity change, and salinity increase projections for each are determined. An economic analysis and an economic model are then combined with the physical model, yielding information as to when certain economic conditions are reached with respect to the salinity increase. This combined model shows that, based on projected salinity trends, cotton, the principal agricultural crop of the valley, will remain economical to cultivate for a significant time beyond the model's limit of prediction. Alfalfa, on the other hand, should go out of production in large areas of the valley by 1990, and not be under economical cultivation by 2040. A sociologic model, based on the cluster analysis of questionnaire data, shows an awareness of the salinity problems of the area but little concern over them. Interdisciplinary model based salinity control regulations are made.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The potential withdrawal of water from the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary is southern New Jersey prompted a joint study by biologists and engineers to determine the maximum supply of water that could be diverted from the basin without causing undue environmental impacts. The effect of removal of water from the basin over long periods of time was simulated by review of records of a severe drought. Based on analysis of streamflows and salinities during these drought conditions, minimum mean monthly streamflows were determined corresponding to the maximum salinities tolerable by the fish and shellfish communities, important sources of revenue and recreation in the region. A physically optimized, chance constrained linear programming model was developed for the conjunctive use of ground and surface waters. Adjusting water withdrawal from streamflow and groundwater sources according to physical and seasonal criteria would permit maximum use of the basin's resources, with no additional burden on the ecology of the estuary.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Ion flotation is the term used to describe a process in which there is an initally homogeneous solution which becomes heterogeneous after the addition of an oppositely charged surfactant due to the reaction between the surfactant and specific ion(s); thus, insoluble complexes are formed. These insoluble complexes will then attached to the bubbles passing through the solution and thus leave in the foam phase. The performance of the continuous ion flotation process for the removal of haft lignin from water was investigated intensively using liquid flow rates, gas flow rates, feed locations and solution height as operational variables. The interrelationships among these physical parameters were studied and discussed. A dimensionless operational chart was established for process control. Results demonstrate that ion flotation is an effective process for removing lignin from water, provided that a quaternary ammonium salt, such as cetyldimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride or the like, is used as a collector. At optimum operational conditions, higher than 0.95 fractional removal of lignin can be achieved.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type - residential, commercial, industrial and public -with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single-family residential lot size, distribution of population between single- and multi-family units, per capita water use by multi-family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single-family residential water use.
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    Notes: By creating the 459,000 kW Bay d'Espoir h.e.p. scheme, the Newfoundland government hoped that the consequent doubling of the island's electricity supply would not only eliminate a deficite situation but provide power for industrial development. These hopes have not been fulfilled, and only one company, producing elemental phosphorus, was attracted to the island by the government's ‘cheap power’ policy. In addition to the continuing power subidy, this company received considerable federal and provincial incentives by locating its plant in Newfoundland. To these direct financial costs have to be added the environmental destruction and deterioration stemming from the h.e.p. development and the haste with which its construction was undertaken, and the catastrophic pollution problem created by effluent from the phosphorus plant. The costs of the ‘cheap power’ policy have been, and continue to be, massive for Newfoundland, Canada's poorest province. Further, the policy has made little or no impact on the small job market and the very large unemployment problem.
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    Notes: This article reports information on the economic costs not covered by resettlement procedures to forced migrants from a flood-control reservoir. Data come from a sample of 200 families relocated due to construction of the Carr Fork Reservoir in the Coal Regions of Eastern Kentucky (Knott County). Responses indicated that economic costs were greater than the monetary settlement provided by the Corps of Engineers and that economic loss was not randomly distributed among the relocated persons. Analysis showed that persons who were more likely to be victims of greater economic costs due to relocation were landowners, older families with one or two members, persons with lower incomes and persons who were long time residents of the area. It is suggested that change angencies not only include property purchased by necessity in the cost-benefit ratio, but also other costs that have a direct affect on the welfare of the target population. In addition, it is suggested that case workers visit migrants during and after the relocation process to assist in solving various adjustment problems.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : During the summer of 1971 about 150 water samples were examined for total and fecal coliform bacteria in the Upper Illinois Waterway at 19 river stations. The data per station were found to be normal geometric distributed. Bacteria densities changed with sampling dates and generally decreased with water movement downstream. Several sewage treatment effluents made marked pulses along the bacterial die-off curves. The observed fecal coliform results were evaluated in terms of the Illinois Pollution Control Board's standards. The FC:TC ratio on the waterway for each station were presented. Using Chick's Law, coliforms death rates were estimated. Efforts to correlate observed total and fecal densities with temperature, flow, algal densities, dissolved oxygen, and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand were not successful. (KEY TERMS: algae; biochemical oxygen demand; coliform bacteria; dissolved oxygen; flow; stream survey; temperature; water pollution; water quality standards)
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    Notes: : A Management level model has been formulated in which a system analysis format is employed to answer some of the basic questions regarding urban water management strategies The model incorporates a multilevel optimization scheme to coordinate urban water supply, distribution, and wastewater management. A test of the model's utility is made in an application to the water management problems of the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Denver has utilized both agricultural transfers and transmountain diversions to supplement the natural stream resources of the South Platte River. Although plans are being made to increase the capacity of these sources, increasingly stringent standards on the area's effluents are enhancing the feasibility of reclaiming and recycling a portion of the wastewater. The urban model used in this study indicates the decision points at which respective strategies are introduced. However, by formulating the model from a planner's viewpoint, the most important results gained from the analysis are the costs of various institutional constraints which may restrict the decision maker's ability to implement optimal policies.
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    Notes: : The degradation of many lakes is the result of aging processes which have been accelerated by the activities of man. Where it is too late to prevent sedimentation and eutrophication problems, lake rehabilitation and protection comprise a resource management option warranting serious consideration. A Wisconsin Lake Renewal Demonstration Project has been evaluating several rehabilitation schemes for the past five years. A selected summary of Project lake rehabilitation activities, including nutrient inactivation, dilution, aeration, and several types of aquatic plant management, suggests the present status of lake rehabilitation.
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