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  • Books
  • Articles  (102)
  • Chromatographie, Gas  (67)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (102)
  • 1975-1979  (102)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (102)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered patterns of protein synthesis induced by heat shock of yeast (1979)
    Springer
    Current genetics 1 (1979), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Translation ; Coordinate regulation ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The products of protein synthesis from exponential phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at 23 °C or at 36 °C appear to be essentially identical. However, yeast cells respond to a shift in culture temperature from 23 °C to 36 °C with the rapid de novo synthesis of a polypeptide species of molecular weight 100,000. Within 60–90 min after the shift this polypeptide represents approximately 2.5% of the total cellular protein, a 5–10 fold increase over the preshift level. The level of this polypeptide then decreases with continued growth of the cells at 36 °C. Analyses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides obtained from cells pulse labeled with [35S]methionine demonstrate that following a temperature shift from 23 °C to 36 °C the synthetic rate of the 100,000 molecular weight polypeptide (as well as a number of other polypeptide species) increases to a level at least 10 fold higher than that observed prior to the shift. A concomittant decrease is observed in the synthesis of a large number of polypeptide species which were actively synthesized before the shift. Maximum changes in synthetic rates are observed 20–30 min after the shift and preshift synthetic patterns are regained within 60–90 min. Synthetic changes of the same magnitude and time course can be produced by short (20–30 min) exposures to 36 °C implicating a heat shock response. Several of the transiently induced polypeptides, including the 100,000 molecular weight species, show an affinity for DNA as determined by DNA-cellulose chromatography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413307
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effect of ethanol on growth and solute accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as affected by plasma-membrane lipid composition (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ethanol inhibition ; Solute accumulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Plasma membrane ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation of ethanol (1.0 or 1.25 M) into exponential-phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366 growing anaerobically in a medium supplemented with ergosterol and an unsaturated fatty acid caused a retardation in growth rate, which was greater when the medium contained oleic rather than linoleic acid. Ethanol incorporation led to an immediate drop in growth rate, and ethanol-containing cultures grew at the slower rate for at least 10 h. Incorporation of ethanol (0.5 M) into buffered (pH 4.5) cell suspensions containing d-[6-3H] glucose, d-[1-14C] glucosamine, l-[U-14C] lysine or arginine, or KH2 32PO4 lowered the rate of solute accumulation by cells. Rates of accumulation of glucose, lysine and arginine were retarded to a greater extent when cells had been grown in the presence of oleic rather than linoleic acid. This difference was not observed with accumulation of phosphate. Ethanol was extracted from exponential-phase cells by four different methods. Cells grown in the presence of linoleic acid contained a slightly, but consistently, lower concentration of ethanol than cells grown in oleic acid-containing medium. The ethanol concentration in cells was 5–7 times greater than that in the cell-free medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408045
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid decrease of ATP content in intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after incubation with low concentrations of sulfite (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfite ; Air polluting substances ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ATP hydrolysis ; Reversibility of sulfite effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sulfite, at concentrations above 1 mM and at a pH below 4, caused cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 as measured by the colony-forming capacity. A rapid decrease in the ATP content was observed prior to cellular death. The depletion of ATP was reversible and the lethal effect could be prevented if the cells were exposed to sulfite for periods of less than 1 h. Extent and rate of ATP depletion were dependent on time, pH value, temperature and sulfite concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425059
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 409-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468536
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid quantitative gas-chromatographic analysis of 1,3,5-trioxane (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von 1,3,5-Trioxan ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468538
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorspezifischer Detektor für die Gas-Chromatographie (GC) mit Hilfe der Candoluminescenz (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor ; Chromatographie, Gas ; F-spezifischer Detektor, Candoluminescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein spektroskopischer fluor-spezifischer Detektor für gas-chromatographische (GC) Anwendungen beschrieben, der sich der Candoluminescenz bedient. Das Auftreten von InF-Bandenemissionen bei 233,7 nm bei Anwendung des MECA (= Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis)-Verfahrens kann als qualitatives Zeichen für die Anwesenheit von F in einer GC-Fraktion benützt werden. Nach entsprechender Kalibrierung kann die Bandenemission als Maß für die F-Konzentration in einer Fraktion dienen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit ist besser als ±2%, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 3,2 μg F pro Peak.
    Notes: Summary A fluorine-specific spectroscopical detector is described that takes advantage of candoluminescence. The intensity of the InF-band emission at 233.7 nm in Molecular-Emission-Cavity Analysis (MECA) is an indicator for F in a GC-fraction. After calibration the band intensity can be used as measure for the F-content in the fraction. The reproducibility is better than ±2%, the detection limit 3.2 μg F per peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483590
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anreicherung und Nachweis polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in Wasser (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, aromat. polycycl. in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, Anreicherungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein einfaches und schnelles Adsorptionsverfahren zur Anreicherung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (=PAK) wird angegeben: nach einer Magnesiumhydroxidfällung in der Wasserprobe wird der Niederschlag abzentrifugiert und durch Zugabe von Ammoniumchlorid gelöst; die organischen Substanzen in dieser Lösung werden mit sehr wenig Cyclohexan extrahiert, wodurch eine Einengung des Extraktes nicht erforderlich ist. Die PAK im Extrakt werden gas-chromatographisch mit ECD-Detektion getrennt. Ein Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit der “rapid liquid extraction” wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A simple and rapid adsorption method for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH)is described: after precipitation of magnesium hydroxide in the water sample the precipitate is separated by centrifugation and then dissolved by adding ammonium chloride; the organic substances in this solution are extracted with a very small volume of cyclohexane. A concentration of the extract is not necessary. The PAH in the extract are, separated gaschromatographically using ECD detection. The new method is compared with the “rapid liquid extraction” method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468528
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abtrennung von Barbitursäurederivaten und Phenytoin aus Harn als schwerlösliche Quecksilber-Verbindungen zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barbituraten, Phenytoin in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hg-Verbindungen v. Barbituraten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470051
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subtraction method and its application in gas chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Anwendung der Subtraktionsmethode, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental principles of the subtraction method and its practical application in gas chromatography are discussed. Its use for identifying components of complex mixtures and analysing impurities is explained in detail and prospects for further development of the method are outlined. 136 Literature references.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Subtraktionsmethode und ihre praktische Anwendung in der Gas-Chromatographie wird gegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit zur Identifizierung der Bestandteile komplexer Gemische und zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen wird eingehend diskutiert. Abschließend wird die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Methode betrachtet. 136 Literaturzitate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481164
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of nematodes to metabolites of yeasts and fungi (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 909-918 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractants ; nematodes ; Panagrellus redivivus ; Rhabditis oxycerca ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; predacious fungi ; methyl acetate ; ethyl acetate ; propyl acetate ; butyl acetate ; amyl acetate ; ethyl formate ; propyl formate ; amyl formate ; ethyl propionate ; sodium methyl dithiocarbamate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free-living nematodesPanagrellus redivivus andRhabditis oxycerca are strongly attracted to methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetate, to ethyl, propyl, and amyl formate and to ethyl propionate, but all the respective alcohols and acids are without effect. No loss of attraction is observed when the attractants are combined with lethal concentrations of the commercial nematicide sodium methyl dithiocarbamate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990213
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Siliciumhalogenverbindungen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan, Trichloräthylen in Siliciumtetrachlorid ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Anreicherung, Dampfraum, ppm-Gebiet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan und Trichloräthylen werden nach Abtrennung des SiCl4 mittels Dampfraumtechnik angereichert und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 1 Gew.-ppm für diese Verbindungen.
    Notes: Summary The chlorinated hydrocarbons trans-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are enriched after separation of tetrachlorosilane with the aid of head-space technique and are determined by gas-chromatography. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ppm (wt.) of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481490
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Spurenbestimmung von C1- und C2-Fluor- und Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorkohlenwasserstoffen, Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; C1, C2, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Beitrag zur Untersuchung des viel diskutierten Ozonabbaus wurde eine Analysenmethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von CCl4 (R10), CFCl3 (R11), CF2Cl2 (R 12), CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3 und C2Cl4 ausgearbeitet. Geeignete Methoden der Probenahme, Anreicherung, Detektion und der gesamten gas-chromatographischen Technik ermöglichen Bestimmungen in ppb-Bereich (10−9 V/V) und ppt-Bereich (10−12 V/V) bis herab zur Nachweisgrenze, die für alle genannten Verbindungen bei 10 ppt (V/V) liegt, u. U. auch darunter. Im Spurenbereich ≥ 100 ppt (V/V) werden eine Genauigkeit von 〈 10% und eine Reproduzierbarkeit von 〈 5 % erreicht, wenn die Untersuchung unmittelbar oder wenigstens innerhalb von 2 Tagen nach der Speicherung durchgeführt wird. Ist dies nicht möglich, wird ein besonderes Gas-Sammelgefäß verwendet, von dem aus in das Speicherrohr übergeführt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary As a contribution to the frequently discussed ozone decomposition an analytical method has been elaborated for the quantitative determination of CCl4, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4. Suitable methods of sampling, enrichment, detection, and the whole gas-chromatographic operation allow determinations in the ppb range (10−9 V/V) and the ppt-range (10−12 V/V) down to the limit of detection at 10 ppt for all the cited compounds. For trace amounts of ≥ 100 ppt, an accuracy of 〈 10% and a reproducibility of 〈 5 % are reached if the determination is carried out immediately or at least 2 days after storage. If this is impossible, a special gassampling vessel is employed from which the sample is transferred to the storage column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00480889
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ study of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glycolytic pathway ; Fermentation rate ; Protein concentration ; Kinetic parameters ; Glycolytic enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The problem of the influence of protein concentration on the kinetic parameters of enzymes has been approached studying the glycolytic enzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in permeabilized cells (in situ). 2. The values of K m and V max for the different enzymes were essentially the same in dilute solutions of protein and in concentrated ones (in situ) except in the case of enolase where some differences were observed. 3. Functioning of the whole glycolytic pathway was compared in situ and in vitro measuring the rate of the fermentation of glucose. The rate of fermentation in situ was two fold higher than in vitro and the lag before active fermentation was also much shorter. 4. An unidentified phosphorylated compound, possibly polyphosphate, accumulates during the fermentation of glucose under in situ conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402308
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma-Membrane lipid composition and ethanol tolerance inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Plasma membrane ; Lipids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol tolerance ; Sterols ; Fatty-acyl residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of cells suspended anaerobically in buffered (pH 4.5) M ethanol remained viable to a greater extent when their plasma membranes were enriched in linoleyl rather than oleyl residues irrespective of the nature of the sterol enrichment. However, populations with membranes enriched in ergosterol or stigmasterol and linoleyl residues were more resistant to ethanol than populations enriched in campesterol or cholesterol and linoleyl residues. Populations enriched in ergosterol and cetoleic acid lost viability at about the same rate as those enriched in oleyl residues, while populations grown in the presence of this sterol and palmitoleic acid were more resistant to ethanol. Suspending cells in buffered ethanol for up to 24 h did not lower the ethanol concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00738541
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of germinating ascospores ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ascospores ; Germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wall of mature ascospores ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae showed in sections under the electron microscope a dark outer layer and a lighter inner layer. The latter was composed of a greyish inner part and a light outer part. During germination, the spore grew out at one side and the dark outer layer was broken. Of the light inner layer, the inner greyish part became the wall of the vegetative cell, but the extented part of the cell had a new wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689354
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of the anaerobic formation of succinic acid bySaccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Succinic acid ; Fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Succinic acid is formed in amounts of 0.2–1.7 g/l by fermenting yeasts of the genusSaccharomyces during the exponential growth phase. No differences were observed between the various species, respiratory deficient mutants and wild type strains. 2. At low glucose concentrations the formation of succinic acid depended on the amount of sugar fermented. However, the nitrogen source was found to be of greater importance than the carbon source. 3. Of all nitrogen sources, glutamate yielded the highest amounts of succinic acid. Glutamate led to an oxidative and aspartate to a reductive formation of succinic acid. 4. A reductive formation of succinic acid by the citric acid cycle enzymes was observed with malate. This was partially inhibited by malonate. No evidence was obtained that the glyoxylate cycle is involved in succinic acid formation by yeasts. 5. Anaerobically grown cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae contained α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Its activity was found in the 175000 x g sediment after fractionated centrifugation. The specific activity increased 6-fold after growth on glutamate as compared with cells grown on ammonium sulfate. 6. The specific activities of malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, succinate dehydrogenase, succinylcoenzymeA synthetase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent) were determined in yeast cells grown on glutamate or ammonium sulfate. Similar results were obtained with a wild type strain and a respiratory deficient mutant. The latter did not contain succinate dehydrogenase. 7. In fermenting yeasts succinic acid is mainly formed from glutamate by oxidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00738546
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the rate of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle of yeast (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 213-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell wall ; Glucan ; Mannan ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reevaluation and comparison of seemingly contradictory literature data on the mode of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae explained the source of discrepancies and demonstrated their general consonance in the following points: 1. The rate of synthesis of glucan and mannan is not constant and does not increase continuously throughout the entire cell cycle. 2. The rate of synthesis of both polysaccharides is considerably reduced at the time of cell division and in the prebudding phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964275
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Außenluft nach Probenahme mit dem Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gas-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Alkanen, Alkenen und Aromaten in der Außenluft berichtet, bei dem die Probenahme an Tenax GC oder Carbopack mit Hilfe eines Tieftemperaturgradientenrohres erfolgt und die Analyse unter Einsatz eines Doppelsäulensystems in Verbindung mit zwei Flammenionisationsdetektoren durchgeführt wird. Eingehende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Substanzen bei der Probenahme zeigen, daß die Trocknung der Probeluft mit Magnesiumperchlorat das Ergebnis nicht beeinflußt und für Kohlenwasserstoffe mit drei oder mehr C-Atomen keine auf Durchbruch zurückzuführenden Substanzverluste zu befürchten sind. Bei einem Probenahmevolumen von 51 Luft können 2 μg Substanz/m3 gut bestimmt werden. Für Außenluft-Konzentrationen von 45 μg Benzol/m3, 95 μg Toluol/m3 und 35 μg n-Pentan/m3 betrugen die Standardabweichungen 3,5, 6,0 bzw. 3,6 μg/m3. Bei leichter Modifikation des Systems ist mit derselben Probenahmevorrichtung die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit einem Flammenionisationsdetektor und von Organohalogen Verbindungen mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor möglich.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in ambient air. The hydrocarbons are trapped by cryogenic sampling using Tenax GC or Carbopack as adsorbing material and are analyzed in a two-column system equipped with two flame-ionization detectors. A detailed examination of the sampling procedure shows that drying the air with magnesium perchlorate does not affect the results, and losses of substances due to break-through need not be reckoned with for hydrocarbons with three and more carbon atoms. In a 51 air sample 2 μg/m3 of hydrocarbons can be determined readily. The standard deviations for benzene, toluene and n-pentane were 3.5, 6.0 and 3.6 μg/m3 at ambient air concentrations of 45, 95 and 35 μg/m3. A slight modification of the system which includes the combined use of a flame-ionization detector and an electron-capture detector permits the simultaneous determination of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491945
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new analytical system for multicomponent gas-chromatographic analysis of metabolites in biological material (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metaboliten in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Fraktionierung durch Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the gas-chromatographic multicomponent analysis of metabolites in biological material is described. It is an analytical procedure involving several extractions carried out under different conditions. In this procedure the metabolites are divided according to their functional groups and specific chemical behaviours into eight main fractions: lipids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, neutral substances, phenols, amines, amino acids and carbohydrates. Each of these fractions is derivatized; the components are separated and estimated by gas chromatography. This analytical system was applied to the determination of a number of metabolites in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, sperma, tissues and other biological materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Multikomponenten-GC-Analyse von Metaboliten in Biomaterialien wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren umfaßt mehrere Extraktionen, die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Die Komponenten werden in Abhängigkeit von ihren funktionellen Gruppen und spezifischem chemischen Verhalten in acht Hauptfraktionen geteilt: Lipide, Kohlenwasserstoffe, organische Säuren, neutrale Substanzen, Phenole, Amine, Aminosäuren und Kohlenhydrate. Die Komponenten jeder Gruppe werden nach spezieller Derivatisierung gaschromatographisch getrennt und bestimmt. Dieses neue System ist bei verschiedenen biologischen Materialien (klinische Proben, Pflanzen- und Tiergewebe) angewandt worden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481328
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    Die Gas-Chromatographische Bestimmung von Spuren niederer Carbon- und Sulfonsäuren in wä\rigen Lösungen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spuren in wäßrigem Medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gas-chromatographische Methoden für die Spurenbestimmung einiger Carbonund Sulfonsäuren in wäßrigem Medium werden beschrieben. Die Nachweisvermögen für Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, n-Buttersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Acrylsäure, Benzoesäure und Chloressigsäure sowie für Methansulfonsäure und Äthansulfonsäure liegen zwischen 1 · 10−7 und 8 · 10−7 Mol/Liter. Anreicherung und Derivatisierung werden bei den Carbonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Tetra-n-butylammoniumsalze und deren Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid zu den Benzylestern, bei den Sulfonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Silbersalze und deren Umsetzung mit n-Butyljodid zu den n-Butylestern erreicht.
    Notes: Summary Gas-chromatographic methods for the determination of traces of several carboxylic and sulphonic acids in aqueous media are presented. Detection limits for formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, caproic, acrylic, benzoic, and chloroacetic acids as well as of methanesulphonic and ethanesulphonic acids range from 1 · 10−7 moles/liter to 8 · 10−7 moles/liter. Preconcentration and derivatisation of the carboxylic acids are achieved by freezedrying their tetra-n-butylammonium salts and converting the latter into the benzyl carboxylates using benzyl bromide. The sulphonic acids are converted to the corresponding silver salts, freeze-dried, and then esterified using n-butyl iodide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481558
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    Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen durch Retentions-Index-Vergleich nach Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektor (ECD) (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Umweltmaterial, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar-, Ident. von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices von Probe- und Referenzsubstanzen in der hochauflösenden Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie stellt eine aussagekräftige Methode der Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen dar. Neben der Konstanz der GC-Parameter erfordert die präzise Bestimmung von Retentionsindices eine sehr genaue Bestimmung der Netto-Retentionszeiten. Insbesondere ist bei Anwendung einer Totzeitberechnung auf der Basis einer erzwungenen Linearisierung der log t s/Homologenzahl-Beziehung auf eine sehr genaue Retentionszeitmessung zu achten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices hängt von der Konstanz der Polarität und von der Adsorptivität der Capillarsäule ab. An ausreichend desaktivierten und konditionierten Hochleistungs-Capillarsäulen (TZ≥40) können unter der Voraussetzung einer Retentionszeit-Meßgenauigkeit von besser als 0,05% Retentionsindices über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen innerhalb ±0,15 Indexeinheiten reproduziert werden. Eine Übertragung des n-Alkan bezogenen Retentionsindex-Konzeptes auf die homologe Reihe der n-Allkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) ermöglicht die Verwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors (ECD) zur präzisen RetentionsindexBestimmung als Methode einer zuverlässigen Identifizierung von Substanzen im Picogrammbereich.
    Notes: Summary High resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography can be used as a powerful identification tool for single components in complex mixtures, when the matching of retention indices of reference compounds with those found in the sample is based on precise measurements. Besides the constancy of the GC-parameters high precision measurements of retention indices require an accurate determination of net retention times. Special care has to be taken for an accurate measurement of retention times when using a dead-time calculation on the basis of an enforced linearisation of the log t s/homologues-number relationship. The reproducibility of precise retention-index determinations strongly depends on the constancy of the polarity and on the adsorptivity of the capillary column. Provided a sufficiently deactivated and conditioned high performance capillary column (separation number ≥40) and an accuracy of retention-time measurement of better than 0,05 % retention indices can be reproduced within ±0.15 i.u. over a period of several weeks. A conversion of the n-alkane based retention-index concept to the use of the homologous series of n-alkyl-trichloro-acetates (ATA) allows the use of the electron-capture detector (ECD) for precise retention-index determinations for a reliable identification of compounds in the picogram range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491046
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 412-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Abwasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471464
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei neben Wismut ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamat. — Verhalten von Kupfer(II), Nickel(II), Kobalt(III), Eisen(III), Wismut(III), Blei(II), Antimon(III) ; Verteilung zwischen wäßriger Lösung und Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verteilungsverhalten der oben genannten Di(trifluroäthyl)dithiocarbamato-Chelate zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen und Chloroform wird untersucht. Eine Anwendung zur gleichzeitigen gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Blei und Wismut im ppm-Bereich (0,2–3 ppm) nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen wird beschrieben (Säule: 5 % GE SE50 auf Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; Einspritzblock: 240° C).
    Notes: Summary The solvent extraction of the above di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates with chloroform is investigated. An application for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination 0.2–3 ppm of lead and bismuth after extraction out of aqueous solutions is reported (column: 5% GE SE 50 on Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; injection block: 242°C).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481992
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    Gas-chromatographische Elementanalyse über Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verhalten von Di(trifluoroäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelaten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Di(trifluoäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Arbeitsbedingungen verschiedener Säulen wird beschrieben. Multielementanalyse von bis zu wenigstens neun Elementen dürfte auch nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen möglich sein.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic behaviour of some di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates is investigated under isothermal and temperature programmed working conditions of various columns. Multielemental analysis of up to at least nine elements seems to be possible even after extraction out of aqueous solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491807
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    Entfernung körpereigener Substanzen aus Harnproben an Extrelut® zur gas-chromatographischen Analyse saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pharmazeut. Produkten im Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extrelut, saure u. neutrale Stoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum gas-chromatographischen Nachweis saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe wurden Harnproben bei pH 6 an Extrelut® (Merck) mit Diäthyläther extrahiert. Die Wiederfindungsraten der meisten untersuchten Arzneistoffe liegen im gleichen Bereich wie bei der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im stärker sauren Milieu. Jedoch verbleiben endogene Carbonsäuren, welche die Auswertung der Chromatogramme erschweren, in der wäßrigen Phase.
    Notes: Summary Samples of urine at pH 6 were extracted with diethyl ether from Extrelut® (Merck) columns for the gas-chromatographic identification of acidic and neutral drugs. The recovery rates for most of the investigated substances were similar to those of usual liquid-liquid extraction from strongly acidic media. Endogenous carboxylic acids however, which would otherwise interfere in the chromatogram, remained in the aqueous phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491811
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    Gas-chromatographische Profilanalyse der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe in Klärschlammproben (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen, polycycl. in Klärschlamm ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Profilanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches und selektives Anreicherungsverfahren für polycyclische aromatische Verbindungen angegeben (flüssig-flüssig-Verteilung: Dimethylformamid + Wasser + Cyclohexan; Chromatographie an Sephadex LH 20/Isopropanol; Filtration an Aluminiumoxid/Cyclohexan). Das Gemisch der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (= PAH) wird gas-chromatographisch an gepackten Hochleistungssäulen getrennt und die FID-Signale mit einem anfangs zugegebenen inneren Standard verglichen. Es wurden 18 Hauptkomponenten quantitativ ausgewertet. Die Variationskoeffizienten einer fünffachen Bestimmung derselben Probe lagen zwischen 1,6 und 11,3%. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt bei einer mittleren elektronischen Signalverstärkung in Abhängigkeit von der Retentionszeit 0,5–5 ng (für Benzo(a)pyren 1 ng). Die Charakterisierung der PAH mit 4–7 Ringen erfolgte mit einer GC-MS-Kombination, was für den Routinebetrieb aufgrund der großen Ähnlichkeit der PAH-Profile verschiedener Klärschlammproben nicht erforderlich ist.
    Notes: Summary A simple and selective method of enrichment of polycylic aromatic compounds is described (liquid-liquid-distribution with DMF + water + Cyclohexane; chromatography on Sephadex LH 20/isopropanol; filtration on aluminium oxide/cyclohexane). The fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (= PAH), separated gas-chromatographically using high performance columns, is evaluated by comparising the FID-signals with those of the internal standard added to the sample. Eightteen main components are evaluated. The variation coefficient of five analyses of the sample is in the range of 1.6–11.3%. The detection limit by moderate amplification depends on retention time of the PAH (0.5–5 ng; for benzo(a)pyrene 1 ng). As the PAH profiles of different samples of sludge are very similar, it is normally not necessary to characterize the PAH by mass spectrometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443952
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of small amounts of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in horse plasma and urine (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 287-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenylbutazon, Oxyphenbutazon in Plasma, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pferde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440215
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    Eine gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Pentachlorphenol in Urin und Plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pentachlorphenol in Plasma, Urin ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482275
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    Gas-chromatographischer Nachweis von Methylquecksilber im Vollblut im Nanogrammbereich (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Methylquecksilber in Blut ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482276
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    Eine einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Ameisensäure im Urin (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 114-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ameisensäure in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482277
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    Quantitative gas chromatography of α-keto acids with a nitrogen-selective detector (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 132-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von α-Ketosäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; N-selektiver Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482293
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    Simultaneous gas-chromatographic profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbazoles and acridines/aromatic amines (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 147-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycycl. Verbindungen, Carbazole, Acridine ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Carcinogene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482305
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    A simple method for the gas-chromatographic determination of the most common hypnotics in the same extract of serum (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schlafmitteln in Serum ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482312
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    Quantitative GLC determination of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 158-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Doxepin, Desmethyldoxepin in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; cis-trans-Isomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482315
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 316-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Chlorierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470136
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metallen mit Dialkyldithiocarbamaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeff., Dampfdrucke der Chelate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Darstellung, Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeffizienten, thermogravimetrisches Verhalten und Dampfdrucke einer Reihe von Dialkyldithiocarbamatochelaten werden beschrieben und die Möglichkeiten zu ihrer gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung umrissen.
    Notes: Summary Preparation, properties, extinction coefficients, thermogravimetric behaviour and vapour pressure are reported of various dialkyldithiocarbamato chelates. Possibilities for their gas-chromatographic determination are outlined.
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    Rapid gas-chromatographic determination of nimetazepam in biological media (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 303-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nimetazepam in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491332
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    Dialkyldithiocarbamate als Reagentien zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Metallen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zink, Kupfer, Nickel mit Dipropyldithiocarbamat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion aus wäßr. Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kleine Mengen Ni, Cu und Zn in wäßrigen Lösungen können nach Ausschütteln ihrer Dipropyldithiocarbamatochelate gas-chromatographisch bestimmt werden. Arbeitsbedingungen für den 0,01–1 ppm-Bereich werden angegeben. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bestimmung wird durch Zusatz eines inneren Standards verbessert.
    Notes: Summary Small amounts of Ni, Cu and Zn in aqueous solutions can be determined by gas chromatography after extraction of their dipropyldithiocarbamatochelates. Working details for the 0.01–1 ppm range are reported. Reproducibility is markedly improved by addition of an inner standard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491327
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    Single component analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)- and chlorinated pesticide residues in marine fish samples (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Biphenylen, polychlorierte, Pesticide, chlorhaltig in Fisch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar, Persistenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Besides 83 structurally defined trichloro- to octachloro-biphenyls (PCB), the following chlorinated pesticides have been identified in fish liver oil (DAB 6) and fish liver extracts: HCB;α-HCH;γ-HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; dieldrin; endrin. By analysing constant relative amounts of PCB-components present only in defined technical PCB-mixtures, the original PCB-pattern in environmental samples could be calculated. A mixture of Clophen A 60/Clophen A50 or of Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 of 2.2∶1 gives the best fit. The constant ratio of four octachloro-biphenyls in technical mixtures and environmental samples as well requires the assumption of complete environmental stability of these compounds despite of any thinkable differences in environmental pathways. This assumption of environmental persistency is supported by a degree of degradation up to 80% of the calculated input observed for some higher chlorinated PCB-components, e.g. 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-hexachloro-biphenyl. Correlating the amount of each identified PCB-component to the octachloro-biphenyl as the internal standard, a correlation of the degradation with the PCB-substitution pattern is possible. Persistency is observed, if vicinal hydrogens are missing or a 4-position is chlorinated. A 4,4′-disubstitution favours persistency most.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben 83 strukturell definierten Trichlor- bis Octachlor-biphenylen (PCB) wurden folgende chlorierte Biocide in Lebertran (DAB6) und Fischleberextrakten identifiziert: HCB;α-HCH;γ- HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; Dieldrin; Endrin. Aus den Verhältnissen von nur in PCB-Produkten mit bestimmtem Chlorierungsgrad vorkommenden, schwer abbaubaren PCB-Komponenten konnte die ursprünglich in die Umwelt gelangte Zusammensetzung der PCB berechnet werden: eine Mischung aus Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto, USA) oder Clophen A 60/Chlophen A 50 (Bayer, Deutschland) im Verhältnis 2,2∶1 ergibt die beste Näherung. Aus dem in technischen Produkten und den Umweltproben gleichen relativen Vorkommen von vier Octachlor-biphenylen muß auf deren völlige Stabilität unter Umweltbedingungen geschlossen werden. Diese Annahme wird durch den Abbau von bis zu 80% des ursprünglichen Gehalts anderer hochchlorierter Biphenyle, wie des 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-Hexachlor-biphenyls, gestützt. Wird das Vorkommen der identifizierten Chlorbiphenyle, auf die als persistent angenommenen Octachlor-biphenyle als internen Standard bezogen, ergibt sich eine klare Persistenz-Abbau-Beziehung zu dem PCB-Substitutionsmuster. Persistenz ist gegeben bei fehlenden vicinalen Wasserstoffatomen oder 4-Chlorsubstitution, wobei die 4,4′-Di-Substitution die Persistenz am stärksten fördert.
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    Gas-chromatographic analysis of carbides in aluminium and magnesium (1978)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 207-212 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Carbiden in Aluminium, Magnesium ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A quantitative gas-chromatographic method (molecular sieve column, FID) for the determination of Al4C3 in aluminium and magnesium has been developed. The effect of methane from external sources has been investigated and eliminated. Metallographic analysis of carbides in polished specimens were consistent with the gas-chromatographic measurements within a factor of 2. The discrepancy can be explained by the large uncertainties in light microscopy analysis of the small carbides. Analysis of commercial magnesium shows that the metal contains ca. 2–9 ppm of Al4C3. The concentration of carbides in aluminium from the electrolysis cell is in the range of 10–35 ppm and in the final product of ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 has been detected in a few magnesium and aluminium samples by means of gas-chromatography and microprobe analysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Al4C3 in Aluminium und Magnesium wurde eine quantitative gas-chromatographische Methode (MolekularsiebSäule, FID) entwickelt. Der Einfluß von Methan aus äußeren Quellen, wurde untersucht und ausgeschaltet. Die metallographischen Untersuchungen von Carbiden an polierten Proben stimmten mit den Ergebnissen der gas-chromatographischen Messungen mit einem Faktor von 2 überein. Der Unterschied kann durch die großen Unsicherheiten bei der lichtmikroskopischen Analyse der kleinen Carbide erklärt werden. Die Analyse des technisch reinen Magnesiums zeigt, daß das Metall ca. 2–9 ppm Al4C3 enthält. Die Konzentration von Carbiden in elektrolytisch raffiniertem Aluminium liegt im Bereich 10–35 ppm und im Endprodukt bei ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 wurde in einigen Magnesium- und Aluminiumproben mit Hilfe von gas-chromatographischen und Mikrosondenuntersuchungen festgestellt.
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat (1978)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 236-236 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491815
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    In vivo and in vitro studies on the glucose dependent inactivation of yeast cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 55-60 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Malate dehydrogenase ; Inactivation ; Glucose metabolism ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glyoxylate cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to be inactivated by a glucose dependent process. In this paper it is shown that in vivo effectors of the glucose metabolism (arsenate, iodoacetate, acetaldehyde) inhibit the inactivation or change the inactivation kinetics. In vitro it was possible to inactivate the malate dehydrogenase by addition of the glucose metabolite glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The physiological relevance of this modification and the effect of malate dehydrogenase inactivation on the glyoxylate cycle in yeast is discussed.
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    The formation of glycosidic bonds in yeast glycoproteins (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 77-81 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mannoproteins ; Dolichyl monophosphate mannose ; Subcellular site of glycosylation ; Secretion ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated on urografin gradients. The specific activity of the light membranes (endoplasmic reticulum), the Golgi-like vesicles and the plasma membrane in transferring mannosyl residues from GDP-mannose to mannoproteins and to dolichyl monophosphate has been determined. The first mannose of the O-glycosidically linked manno-oligosaccharides is incorporated with the highest specific activity by the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of the second to fourth mannosyl groups is catalysed with increasing activity also by the Golgi-like vesicles and the plasma membrane. The incorporation of mannosyl groups into weak alkali-stable positions (N-glycosidically linked chains) is carried out with almost the same specific activity by all three membrane fractions, however, dolicholdependent and-independent steps could not be distinguished as yet. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential addition of sugar residues along the route of export of the mannoproteins. The dolichol-dependent steps seem to occur on the endoplasmic reticulum and thus very carly in the event.
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    The effect of aminopterin (4-amino folic acid) on growth and cell division of fermentative versus oxidative yeasts (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 293-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aminopterin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Polyploid ; Oxidative-fermentative yeast ; Ultrastructure ; Bioassay ; Synchrony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a related brewing study detailed characteristics of fermentations displaying effective yeastaminopterin interaction were presented. Fermentative yeast types (certain Saccharomyces species and Selenotila intestinalis) proved effective aminopterin reactors whereas oxidative yeasts (certain Candida, Cryptococcus, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Trigonopsis species) proved ineffective reactors. In general effective reactors were polyploids characterized by the lack of film or pellicle formation and ineffective reactors the opposite. In stationary fermentations the Fleischmann 139 strain of S. cerevisiae proved a fair reactor. When aerated it proved an ineffective reactor and aminopterin or products there-of stimulated growth. Conversely aeration enhanced aminopterin activity of effective reactor yeasts. The positive effect of biotin on aminopterin activity and the negative effect of yeast extract, L-asparagine, adenine and thymine is shown and compared and contrasted with earlier reported studies. These findings supported by outside data suggest that oxidative yeasts (and bacteria) can readily elicit enzymes capable of inactivating aminopterin whereas fermentative types are lacking in this capability. Finally that past yeast-aminopterin studies were conducted with oxidative yeast types. Advantages of effective aminopterin reactor yeasts to be published elsewhere include improved ultrastructure using KMnO4−OsO4 fixation, a yeast bioassay procedure for detecting aminopterin in plasma and urine, and cell synchronization.
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    Environmentally-induced changes in the neutral lipids and intracellular vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Environment ; Kluyveromyces fragilis ; Lipids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sterol esters ; Triacylglycerols ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown aerobically or anaerobically under conditions which induce a requirement for a sterol and an unsaturated fatty acid, synthesized approximately the same amounts of neutral lipid and intracellular low-density vesicles, although the neutral lipids in aerobically-grown cells contained more esterified sterol and less triacylglycerol than those in anaerobically-grown cells. Kluyveromyces fragilis synthesized much less neutral lipid and a smaller quantity of low-density vesicles than S. cerevisiae whether grown at 30°C (generation time 1.1 h) or 20°C (generation time 2.1 h). Both yeasts synthesized highly saturated triacylglycerols, relatively unsaturated phospholipids, and esterified sterols with an intermediate degree of unsaturation irrespective of the conditions under which they were grown. Free sterols in the yeasts were rich in ergosterol and 22(24)-dehydroergosterol, while the esterified sterol fractions were richer in zymosterol.
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    Location of three key enzymes of gluconeogenesis in baker's yeast (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 159-161 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Baker's yeast ; Spheroplasts ; Gluconeogenesis ; Location ; Density gradient centrifugation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The subcellular location of hexose diphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was investigated by density gradient centrifugation of spheroplast lysates obtained by osmotic shock treatment of spheroplasts and centrifugation for 10000 g x min. On the evidence obtained from zonal separations these three enzymes of gluconeogenesis are most probably located in the soluble cytosol.
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    Temperature-sensitive loss of sexual agglutinability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 287-288 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Sexual agglutination ; Temperature dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature dependency of sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found. Of 31 strains tested, which showed normal agglutination when cultured at 25°C, 29 strains lost their sexual agglutinability when they were grown at 37°C.
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    Effect of chemical modification of cell surface components of a brewer's yeast on the floc-forming ability (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast flocculation ; Chemical modification of cell surface components ; Floc-forming ability ; Brewer's yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Deflocculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of treatments with proteolytic enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on flocculation of brewer's yeast IFO 2018 were investigated. The floc-forming ability of the yeast cells was irreversibly eliminated by treatment with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin or pepsin, indicating that certain proteins on the cell surface participate in the yeast flocculation. Chemical modification with reagents, known to act on disulfide bridges, carboxyl and/or phosphate groups, phenolic groups, amino groups, and imidazole groups, also destroyed the ability to flocculate, although in some cases a high concentration (8 M) of urea was necessary in addition to protein-modifying reagents. Thus, it is suggested strongly that these functional groups of amino acid residues of the proteins are essential for the floc-forming ability of brewer's yeast cells.
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    Isothermic variation of the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch culture (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Specific growth rate ; Growth control ; Glucose transfer ; Glucose-6-phosphate ; Maintenance requirements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The specific growth rate (μ) of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under defined experimental conditions in batch culture (mineral medium plus glucose and vitamins at 25°C) varied from experiment to experiment over a wide range (0.10–0.24 h-1) and showed a normal distribution. Neither the age of the culture, the history of the inoculum, nor experimental error accounted wholy for the variability of μ. The variation was positively correlated with the specific rate of glucose transfer and negatively with the specific rate of production of non-fermentative CO2. The yield decreased with μ implying higher maintenance requirements in batch culture (4.7 mmoles g-1 h-1) than in continuous culture (0.8 mmoles g-1 h-1). It was concluded that the strain is capable of establishing any one of several steady states of growth under the same experimental conditions, each steady state displaying some buildin inertia with respect to change. The variations of the specific rates of glucose transfer and non-fermentative CO2 production, and of the yield appeared to be consequences rather than causes of the variation of μ. The ultimate causes of the variation of μ remained unidentified.
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    Mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides in synchronously growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 91-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell wall ; Glucan ; Mannan ; Synchronous culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides of yeast (glucan and mannan) during cell cycle was analyzed using cell wall samples obtained from a synchronous culture. The increase in mannan and total glucan proceeded almost linearly throughout the cell cycle except for a short period of their leveling off at the time of cell division. However, the constituents of glucan behaved characteristically: Alkalisoluble glucan and insoluble glucan increased mainly in the former and the latter half of the cell cycle, respectively.
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    Action of tryptophan analogues in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1977)
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    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anthranilate synthase, feedback inhibition of ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tryptophan analogues, mode of action of ; Tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes ; Tryptophan pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an analysis of the effects of various tryptophan and indole analogues in Saccharomyces cerevisiae we determined the mechanisms by which they cause growth inhibition: 4-Methyltryptophan causes a reduction in protein synthesis and a derepression of the tryptophan enzymes despite of the presence of high internal levels of tryptophan. This inhibition can only be observed in a mutant with increased permeability to the analogue. These results are consistent with but do not prove an interference of this analogue with the charging of tryptophan onto tRNA. 5-Methyltryptophan causes false feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase, the first enzyme of the tryptophan pathway. This inhibits the further synthesis of tryptophan and results in results in tryptophan limitation, growth inhibition and derepression of the enzymes. Derepression eventually allows wild type cells to partially overcome the inhibitory effect of the analogue. 5-Fluoroindole is converted endogenously to 5-fluorotryptophan by tryptophan synthase. Both endogenous and externally supplied 5-fluorotryptophan are incorporated into protein. This leads to intoxication of the cells due to the accumulation of faulty proteins. 5-Fluorotryptophan also causes feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase and reduces the synthesis of tryptophan which would otherwise compete with the analogues in the charging reaction. Indole acrylic acid inhibits the conversion of indole to tryptophan by tryptophan synthase. This results in a depletion of the tryptophan pool which, in turn, causes growth inhibition and derepression of the tryptophan enzymes.
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    Location of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Chitin ; Colloidal gold ; Concanavalin A ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Wheat germ agglutinin ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida utilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mannan was located on thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis with the homologous anti-mannan antibodies or with Concanavalin A, both labelled with gold granules. Fully synthesized mannan was found in the cell walls, on the plasmalemma and within the cytoplasm sometimes associated with vesicles and vacuoles. Chitin or its oligomers were located with wheat germ agglutinin in the bud scars but also in the cell wall and the cytoplasm near the plasmalemma. Both mannan and chitin or its oligomers were found in the forming septum and are synthesized within the cytoplasm. The gold method was also suitable for marking mannan and chitin simultaneously.
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    Influence of defined gene blocks on the competitive ability of yeast genotypes (1977)
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    Biochemical genetics 15 (1977), S. 1015-1021 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; enzymes ; polymorphisms ; competition ; variable environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Competition experiments were carried out under varying exogenic and endogenic conditions. The genotypes were marked by combinations of two esterase loci, each with two alleles. When genotypes of the line W7 were used, there was no demonstrable influence of the gene blocks marked by the Est-1 locus on the competitive ability at temperatures of 21 and 29 C. However, genotypes carrying the fast allele of the Est-2 locus were favored. At 38 C, the outcome of the competition was reversed. The defined gene blocks showed different effects when interacting with different genetic backgrounds (line M7). Genotypes marked by the slow allele of the Est-2 locus were now favored (21 and 29 C), and even the gene blocks marked by the alleles of the Est-1 locus influenced the genotypes' competitive abilities. Again, the results were partly reversed at 38 C. The results are discussed with regard to the importance of enzyme variants for the genotypic selection value.
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    Retentionsindices n-aliphatischer Schwefelverbindungen (1977)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 45-46 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelverbindungen, aliphat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zusammenstellung von Retentionsindices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Gas-chromatographische Trennung und Bestimmung einiger Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 107-109 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das thermogravimetrische und gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Bis-(diäthyldithiophosphinato) chelate wird beschrieben. Beispiele für Trennungen und Bestimmungen anorganischer Kationen (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The thermogravimetric and gas-chromatographic behaviour of some bis-(diethyldithiophosphinato) chelates is described. Examples for the separation and determination of several inorganic cations (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) are given.
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    Application of a micro carbon rod atomizer as Br-spezific gas-chromatographic detector (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brom in organ. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Mikrographitküvette als Br-spezifischer Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A micro carbon rod atomizer has been employed for specific and quantitative bromine determinations. This Br-specific gas-chromatographic detector works by help of InBr-bands and measurement at 372.7 nm. The performance of this flame band emission detector (FBD) is demonstrated by calibration curves and the detection limits of 2 examples (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide), the latter being 5 and 36 ng of bromine, respectively. The reproducibility has been found to be 4.3%. An example of this detector in comparison with a thermoconductivity detector (TCD) is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Mikro-Graphit-Küvette wird für spezifische quantitative Brombestimmungen nach der Indium-Methode bei 372,7 nm benützt und in Verbindung mit einem Gas-Chromatographen als Br-spezifischer Detektor eingesetzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Detektors wird an 2 Beispielen (Äthylbromid, Dibromäthan) mit Hilfe von Eichkurven, Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen u. ä. demonstriert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 5 bzw. 36 ng Brom für die 2 genannten Substanzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen liegt bei 4,3%. Ein Beispiel für die Registrierung eines Gemisches verschiedener Substanzen, gemessen mit dem GC + Flammen-Banden-emissions-Detektor (FBD) und zum Vergleich mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor (TCD), wird dargestellt.
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    Automated clean-up procedure for the analysis of sugars and acids in food (1977)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 238-241 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zuckern, organ. Säuren in Lebensmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisches Aufarbeitungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the gas-chromatographic analysis of sugars and acids in foodstuffs, isolation and purification of the two types of components is time-consuming and laborious. An automated clean-up procedure, based on ion-exchange, has therefore been developed. A liquid food sample is successively percolated over a cation and anion and a cation exchanger. Sugars and acids are collected under the second and third column, respectively. A time programmer operates a set of pumps and a pneumatic valve system enabling simultaneous regeneration of columns not being eluted. Hence, handling of samples is continuous; each clean-up cycle takes 50 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine flüssige Nahrungsmittelprobe wird nacheinander über einen Kationen-, einen Anionen- und einen Kationenaustauscher perkoliert. Die Zucker und die Säuren werden abgetrennt und im Eluat der zweiten bzw. dritten Austauschersäule gefunden. Ein Steuergerät schaltet auf Zeitbasis eine Gruppe von Pumpen und ein System mit pneumatischen Hähnen derart, daß in einem Cyclus (50 min) die Substanzen eluiert und die Säulen regeneriert werden. Anschließend werden die Proben verarbeitet. Einige Ergebnisse verschiedener Nahrungsmittel werden angeführt.
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    Determination of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane by reaction gas chromatography (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3-Sulfolen in Sulfolan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Best. als 1,3-Butadien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining 3-sulfolene in sulfolane. The method involves thermal decomposition of sulfolene and determination of the 1.3-butadiene evolved, by GLC. Influence of the operating parameters on quantitative decomposition of sulfolene has been studied. The accuracy of the method as studied in the concentration range from 0.05 to 4.0 % (w/v) of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane is found to be within ±3.0%. It is rapid and sensitive down to 10 ppm and has potentialities for on-line applications also.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache gas-chromatographische Methode wurde entwickelt, die auf der thermischen Zersetzung der Probe und der Bestimmung des dabei aus 3-Sulfolen gebildeten 1,3-Butadiens beruht. Der Einfluß der einzelnen Parameter wurde untersucht. Innerhalb eines Konzentrationsbereichs von 0,05–4,0% 3-Sulfolen ergaben sich Fehler von ±3%. Das Verfahren ermöglicht bis herab zu 10 ppm eine schnelle und empfindliche Bestimmung und eignet sich auch zum on-line Betrieb.
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung des Arsens als Trimethylsilylarsenat in biologischem Material (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 226-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Trimethylsilylarsenat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Arsen in biologischem Material wird die Probe in einer Teflon-Bombe aufgeschlossen, das Arsen mit Dithiocarbamat extrahiert, oxidiert und mit Methyltrimethylsilylheptafluorbutyramid silyliert. Die gas-chromatographische Bestimmung läßt sich bis zu einem Arsengehalt von 0,1 ppm ausführen. Die Methode wurde radiochemisch überprüft. Der Einsatz eines flammenphotometrischen Detektors gegenüber einem Flammenionisationsdetektor brachte keine Vorteile.
    Notes: Abstract Organic matter is destroyed by acid oxidation in a Teflon bomb. Arsenic is extracted by dithiocarbamate, oxidized, and silylized by methyl-trimethylsilyl-heptafluorobutyramide. 0.1 ppm and more of arsenic can be determined by gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl arsenate. The method was controlled by radiochemical analysis. For the detection of arsenic, a flame photometric detector is not more advantageous than a flame ionisation detector.
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    Gas-chromatographische Kontrolle der Herstellung von Dimethylterephthalat. I. Analyse des Rohesters (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 253-254 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Rohester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155609
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    Die Analytik von Celluloseäthergruppen (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 161-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Celluloseäthergruppen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spaltung mit HJ oder HBr, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden und Apparaturen zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung von Äthergruppen in Cellulosederivaten mit einer oder mehreren Alkoxyl- und Hydroxyalkylgruppen (C1-nC4) beschrieben. Die Ätherspaltung erfolgt im allgemeinen mit Jodwasserstoffsäure und in Sonderfällen mit Bromwasserstoffsäure. Als Reaktionsprodukte entstehen Monojodalkane und Alkene oder Monobromalkane und Dibromalkane. Diese werden der gas-chromatographischen Trennung unterworfen, über die Retentionszeit identifiziert und durch Titration oder über das Gas-Chromatogramm quantitativ bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract A report is given on methods and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ether groups in cellulose derivatives with one or more alkoxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups (C1-nC4). Ether splitting generally takes place with hydriodic acid and in special cases with hydrobromic acid. The resulting reaction products are monoiodoalkanes and alkenes or monobromoalkanes and dibromoalkanes, which are subjected to gas chromatographic separation and identified via the retention time and quantitatively evaluated by titration or via the gas chromatogram.
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    On the feasibility of the numerical Laplace Transform in the calculation of the statistical moments in GC (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Berechnung statistischer Momente, Laplace-Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Statistical moments may be used to augment the information content of stored GC data. Their calculation can be performed either directly by the methods of statistics or by the numerical Laplace Transform. It was found that the direct statistical computation will yield the better results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die statistischen Momente können zur Erhöhung der Aussagekraft von GC-Daten verwendet werden. Diese Berechnungen können auf dem Weg der Statistik direkt oder mittels numerischer Laplace-Transformation durchgeführt werden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die direkte statistische Bestimmung der numerischen Laplace-Transformation vorzuziehen ist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439849
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of a mixture of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection (1977)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Testosteronestern, Östradiolestern in Injektionslösungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ölige Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of testosterone and oestradiol esters in oily injection. The separation of the steroids from the injection is performed by partition in the acetonitrile-hexane system. For gas chromatography the oestradiol esters were preliminary transformed to their mono-TMS derivatives. For the separation Dexsil 400 was preferably used as stationary phase. Mestranol was employed as internal standard for quantitation. A complete separation for all the individual components can be achieved within 12 min. The relative standard deviation is in the range of 1–1.5%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abtrennung der Steroide aus der Injektionslösung erfolgt durch Extraktion mit Acetonitril und n-Hexan. Zur Gas-Chromatographie werden die Östradiolester in die Mono-trimethylsilylderivate übergeführt. Als stationäre Phase dient vorzugsweise Dexsil 400. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung wird Mestranol als inneren Standard benutzt. Eine vollständige Trennung der Ester läßt sich innerhalb von 12 min erreichen. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt im Bereich von 1–1,5%.
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    Free tryptophan pool and tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anthranilate synthase ; Cell permeabilisation ; Indoleglycerolphosphate synthase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes ; Tryptophan pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The free tryptophan pool and the levels of two enzymes of tryptophan biosynthesis (anthranilate synthase and indoleglycerolphosphate synthase) have been determined in a wild type strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in mutants with altered regulatory properties. The tryptophan pool of wild type cells growing in minimal medium is 0.07 μmole per g dry weight. Addition of anthranilate, indole or tryptophan to the medium produces a fifteen- to forty-fold increase in tryptophan pool, but causes no repression of the biosynthetic enzymes. Inclusion of 5-methyltryptophan in the growth medium causes a reduction in growth rate and a derepression of the biosynthetic enzymes, and this is shown here not to be correlated with a decrease in the free tryptophan pool. Mutants with an altered anthranilate synthase showing decreased sensitivity to inhibition by l-tryptophan or by the analogue dl-5-methyltryptophan have a tryptophan pool far higher than the wild type strain, but no repression of indoleglycerolphosphate synthase was observed. Mutants with an anthranilate synthase more sensitive to tryptophan inhibition show a slightly reduced tryptophan pool, but no derepression of indoleglycerolphosphate synthase was found. A mutant with constitutively derepressed levels of the biosynthetic enzymes shows a considerably increased tryptophan pool. Addition of 5-methyltryptophan to the growth medium of non-derepressible mutants causes a decrease in growth rate accompanied by a decrease in the tryptophan pool.
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    Some physiological observations on the uptake of d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose by starving and exponentially-growing yeasts (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; Sugars ; d-Glucose ; 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Pichia pinus ; Transport ; Starvation ; Exponential growth ; Methodology ; Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Rhodosporidium toruloides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some methods for measuring the uptake of sugars by yeasts were investigated critically. A study was made of the effects of starvation of Pichia pinus, Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodosporidium toruloides on their uptake of d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Marked changes in the rates of uptake of these sugars occurred during 10 h of starvation, including (a) an immediate increase of up to 75% above that for growing cells and (b) a continuous decline to as little as 4%. Each yeast behaved differently. The rates did not remain constant during the periods of starvation often used for studies on the transport of sugars into yeasts. For Pichia pinus, there were striking differences, associated with starvation, between the transport of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and d-glucose, despite evidence that the two sugars enter this yeast by means of the same carrier. Some physiological explanations for these findings are discussed.
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    Toxicity and accumulation of thallium in bacteria and yeast (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 279-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thallium accumulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Escherichia coli ; Bacillus megaterium KM ; Thallium toxicity ; Potassium ; Microbial growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thallium sulphate inhibited microbial growth, withBacillus megaterium KM, more sensitive to the metal thanSaccharomyces cerevisiae andEscherichia coli. Inhibition ofB. megaterium KM andS. cerevisiae, but not ofE. coli, was alleviated by increasing the potassium concentration of the medium; inhibition of respiration ofS. cerevisiae, but not ofE. coli, was similarly alleviated. Thallium was rapidly bound, presumably to cell surfaces, byS. cerevisiae andE. coli, and was progressively accumulated by energy-dependent transport systems (probably concerned primarily with potassium uptake) with both organisms. Thallium uptake kinetics suggested more than one transport system operated in yeast, possibly reflecting a multiplicity of potassium transport systems. ApparentK m andK i values for competitive inhibition of thallium uptake by potassium indicatedS. cerevisiae to have a higher affinity for thallium uptake than for potassium, whileE. coli had a transport system with a higher affinity for potassium than for thallium. The likely systems for thallium transport are discussed. A mutant ofE. coli with tenfold decreased sensitivity to thallium was isolated and apparently effected surface binding of thallium in amounts equivalent to the wild type organism, but showed no subsequent uptake and accumulation of the metal from buffer, even though it was able to accumulate potassium to normal intracellular concentrations during growth.
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    Correlation among turnover of nucleic acids, ribonuclease activity and sporulation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Ribonuclease ; Turnover of nucleic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The turnover of nucleic acids and changes in ribonuclease activity during sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. In the sporulating strains, 37–58% of vegetatively synthesized RNA were degraded during the sporulation process. The degree of degradation of vegetative RNA was proportional to the sporulation ability. In the non-sporulating strains, the degradation of vegetative RNA was less than 28% in the sporulation medium. Accompanied by the degradation of vegetative RNA, a ribonuclease activity increased several times during sporulation. We have found a close relation among the sporulation rate, the degree of the degradation of vegetative RNA and the increase in ribonuclease activity in the sporulation medium, using cells of which sporulation ability was repressed by changing the age or carbon source in various degrees.
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    Mating reaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 27-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Sexual cell agglutination ; α substance-I ; Agglutination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diffusible sex-specific substance called α substance-I (αS-I) was isolated from culture filtrate of α type strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The isolated αS-I, an oligopeptide, induced sexual cell agglutinability in inducible a type strains and enhanced the agglutinability in constitutive a type strains. The induction of sexual agglutinability was detected in 30 min and reached maximum in 90 min, when 0.2 μg/ml of αS-I was added to inducible a type cells. The a type-specific factor responsible for sexual cell agglutination, called a type agglutination factor (aAF), was shown to be produced during the induction or the enhancement of agglutinability of a type cells by αS-I. The aAF produced in response to αS-I was not different in the susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes and disulfide-cleaving agents from those produced constitutively in the absence of αS-I.
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    Localization of mannan at the surface of yeast protoplasts by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Plasma membranes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β(1→3)glucanase of Basidiomycete QM 806 was used to prepare Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis protoplasts. Plasma membranes isolated from S. cerevisiae contained a small amount of mannose and traces of glucose and ribose. Randomly distributed α-mannan was detected by scanning electron microscopy at the surface of prefixed protoplasts using colloidal gold labelled with Concanavalin A as a marker. C. utilis protoplasts were also marked with anti-mannan antibodies. Again the distribution of mannan was random. This experiment indicated also that plasma membrane mannan has the same immunochemical determinants as cell wall mannan. It is hypothesized that mannan is mainly located in the outer layer of plasma membranes.
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    Inactivation by glucose of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ; Inactivation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Carbohydrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase showed high activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on gluconeogenic carbon sources. Addition of glucose to such cultures caused a rapid loss of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity. Fructose or mannose had the same effect as glucose, while 2-deoxyglucose or galactose were without effect. The inactivation was an irreversible process, since the regain of the activity was dependent of de novo protein synthesis. Cycloheximide did not prevent inactivation. All strains of the genus Saccharomyces tested showed inactivation of their phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase upon addition of glucose; this behaviour was not restricted to this genus.
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    The influence of pH on sulphite formation by yeasts (1976)
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    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 229-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; pH ; Sulphite formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the initial pH of the substrate on the sulphite formation of three low-sulphite-and five high-sulphite-forming yeasts is described. Four distinctly different groups become apparent. The need for better evaluation of pure culture wine yeasts is stressed.
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    Promotion of sporulation by caffeine pretreatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Ribonuclease ; Caffeine ; Cycloheximide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in RNase activity during sporulation of a homothallic diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured in caffeine-treated and non-treated cells. 1. In caffeine-treated cells soon after the transfer to the sporulation medium a significant increase in RNase activity was observed; in control cells the rise of RNase activity was less and started after a lag period of 5 h. The final activity of RNase was about twice as high in caffeine-treated cells as in control cells. 2. Increase in RNase activity during sporulation was sensitive to cycloheximide in control cells, but insensitive in caffeine-treated cells. 3. RNases from vegetative cells and from sporulating ones are different in their K m values. Relation of the changes in RNase activity to premeiotic DNA synthesis is discussed.
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    Thermodynamic compensation in microbial thermal death (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Maximum temperature for growth ; Thermal death ; Linear thermodynamic compensation ; Non-linear thermodynamic compensation ; Isokinetic temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sixty eight Arrhenius plots of thermal death in six mesophilic yeast species, tested at various concentrations of NaCl, lacked an isokinetic temperature. Nevertheless the ΔH #/ΔS # plot was apparently linear with a slope corresponding to 314° K. It was concluded that linear thermodynamic compensation of thermal death is non-existent in heterogeneous groups of yeasts and is unlikely to occur in heterogeneous groups of other organisms and that ΔH #/ΔS # plots lack sensitivity for the detection of non-linearity over narrow temperature ranges. However, the ΔH # and ΔS # parameters of thermal death displayed non-linear compensation in such a way that the extrapolated Arrhenius plots of death attained nearly identical values near the respective maximum temperatures for growth. Linear thermodynamic compensation occurred in each of the six strains, when stationary populations of the same strain were tested at various NaCl concentrations. On the other hand, exponential populations of each of the strains, tested in the same way, lacked an isokinetic temperature of thermal death. The significance of linear and non-linear thermodynamic compensation in biological rate processes is discussed.
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    Mating reaction in yeast protoplasts (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast protoplasts ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Conjugation ; Cell wall ; Morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts prepared from complementary haploid strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae were studied with regard to their ability of conjugating. Neither fresh protoplasts nor the growing protoplasts possessing fibrillar walls exhibited sex specific agglutination or fusion. However, they were capable of inducing sexual activation in normal cells of opposite mating type. After completing the regeneration of cell walls the protoplasts could conjugate either with each other or with cells of opposite sex. The frequency of conjugations was low, about 1%, and was largely dependent on the degree of completition of the wall during regeneration. From the results the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. The initiation of mating is dependent on the integrity of the cell wall. 2. The sex specific morphogenetic changes do not occur in wall-less protoplasts but may happen after the protoplasts have regenerated their cell walls. 3. The lysis of cell walls does not occur until the walls come into close contact. 4. The fusion of plasma membranes in sex-activated protoplasts cannot be induced by artefucial agglutination.
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    Packed high-performance GC-columns (about 50000 HETP) for profile analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods, mineral oil products, vehicle exhaust- and cigarette smoke condensate etc. (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycyclen in Lebensmitteln, Erdölprodukten, Abgasen, Tabakrauch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; gepackte Glassäulen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Anwendung der Radio-Gas-Chromatographie bei der Identifizierung von Hormonmetaboliten im Gewebe (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 161-162 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Hormonmetaboliten in Biolog. Gewebe ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Radio-GC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von Mono-, Di- und Triäthylenglykol in Wasser (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 32-32 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Äthylenglykol, Diäthylenglykol, Triäthylenglykol in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of traces of acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 365-366 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylsalicylsäureanhydrid, Acetylsalicylsalicylsäure in Acetylsalicylsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Einfache und zuverlässige gas-chromatographische Bestimmungen von Trichloräthylen und seinen Metaboliten in Blut und Urin (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 115-116 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trichloräthylen, Trichloräthanol, Trichloressigsäure in Blut, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Gas chromatography of halogens (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 195-198 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlor, Brom, Jod, Halogenen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; verbesserte Theorie zum Retentionsvolumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The semi-empirical theory on the retention volume in gas chromatography recently developed by some experiments, was found to require partial correction. It was newly refined and summarized. Overall experimental checking was performed by the use of Cl2, Br2, and I2.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die halbempirische Theorie über das Retentionsvolumen in der Gas-Chromatographie, die kürzlich an Hand einiger Versuche entwickelt wurde, erforderte eine teilweise Korrektur. Sie wurde verbessert und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Kontrollversuche wurden mit Hilfe von Chlor, Brom und Jod durchgeführt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424109
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    FID response factors for aliphatic sulphur compounds at higher concentration levels (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelorganoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; FID-Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The molar responses and specific weight correction factors for 25 aliphatic sulphur compounds in the 10 μg range were measured with a hydrogen flame-ionisation detector. No abnormal behaviour was found with sufficiently high ratio air/H2. The molar response of the sulphides and disulphides is strictly proportional to the carbon number. For a certain organic residue the weight correction factor is proportional to the number of sulphur atoms (or the molecular weight). No destructive effects on the detector burner and no decrease of sensitivity were observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die molaren Empfindlichkeiten und stoffspezifischen Gewichtskorrekturfaktoren für 25 aliphatische Schwefelverbindungen im 10 μg-Bereich wurden mit einem Wasserstoff-Flammionisationsdetektor gemesssen. Bei genügend hohem Strömungsverhältnis (Luft/Wasserstoff) wird kein ungewöhnliches Verhalten gefunden. Die molare Empfindlichkeit der Sulfide und Disulfide ist streng proportional der Kohlenstoffzahl. Für einen bestimmten organischen Rest ist der Gewichtskorrekturfaktor proportional der Zahl der S-Atome (oder dem Molgewicht). Destruktive Einflüsse auf den Brenner des Detektors und Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit wurden nicht beobachtet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424110
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    Gas-chromatographic determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen in N-silylierten Verbindungen, Carbonsäuretrimethylsilylestern ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of trimethylsilyl groups in N-silylated compounds and in trimethylsilyl esters of carboxylic acids. The method is based on the desilylation of the compound to be analysed with phenol followed by gas-chromatographic determination of the trimethylphenoxysilane formed. The relative error of the determination is around 1% and the standard deviation is 1.20 × 10−3 (3.12%). A single determination takes less than 2 h.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der Desilylierung der zu analysierenden Verbindung mit Phenol und der anschlie\enden gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung des gebildeten Trimethylphenoxysilans. Der relative Fehler der Bestimmung beträgt ca. 1% und die Standardabweichung 1,20 × 10−3 (3,12%). Die Bestimmungszeit ist kürzer als 2 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01155813
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    Determination of molecular weights and solubility parameters of high-polymers by gas chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Molekulargewicht, Löslichkeitsparameter von Hochpolymeren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the simultaneous determination of molecular weight and solubility parameter of high-polymer was proposed using the sample polymer as the solvent and a halogen as the solute in gas chromatography at two different temperatures. Molecular weights of Silicon Oil DC 550, 702, and 710, and of PEG 1500, 4000, and 6000 are 50000, 62300, and 89200, and 1500, 3100, and 6750, respectively. Solubility parameters of them are 8.1, 8.0, and 7.9, and 11.7, 11.6, and 11.6, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der empfohlenen Methode wird eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmung bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen mit dem Polymeren als Lösungsmittel und einem Halogen als gelöster Substanz durchgeführt. Die Molekulargewichte von Silicon Oil DC 550, 702 und 710 sowie von PEG 1500, 4000 und 6000 wurden zu 50000, 62300, 89200, 1500, 3100 und 6750 gefunden; die entsprechenden Löslichkeitsparameter betragen 8,1, 8,0, 7,9, 11,7, 11,6 und 11,6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624698
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  • 84
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    Gas-chromatographische Identifizierung von Stimulantien der Phenyläthylaminreihe mit Hilfe der Retentions-Indices (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Identifizierung von Phenyläthylaminderivaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Kovats-Indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440798
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  • 85
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    Neue gas-chromatographische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von 3α-Ätiocholanolon aus dem Plasma mit dem Alkaliflammendetektor (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 158-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3α-Ätiocholanolon in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Alkaliflammendetektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00440825
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  • 86
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    Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxyessigsäure ; Chromatographie, Gas ; DAPA, Dioxin-Panel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T beschrieben. 2,4,5-T wird in Dimethylformamid-Acetonitril-Wasser gelöst und mit Hexan extrahiert. Der Extrakt wird säulen-chromatographisch an Aluminiumoxid und dünnschicht-chromatographisch an Kieselgel gereinigt. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Dioxins erfolgt gas-chromatographisch auf einer SE 30-Säule mit Hilfe eines FID. Die Wiederauffindungsrate liegt bei etwa 95%, die Nachweisgrenze bei etwa 0,03 ppm. Die vom Dioxin-Panel erarbeitete Methode wurde in zwei Ringversuchen getestet.
    Notes: Abstract 2.4.5-T is dissolved in dimethylformamide-acetonitrile-water, and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by chromatography in a column of alumina, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. The quantitative determination of dioxin is achieved by gas-liquid chromatography on a column containing SE 30 with flame-ionization detection. Recovery of dioxin is about 95%, limit of detection about 0.03 ppm. The method of the dioxin panel was tested in two collaborative studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443540
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    Extrem nachweisstarkes gas-chromatographisches Bestimmungsverfahren für Selen nach Abtrennung durch Verdampfen im Sauerstoffstrom (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Kupfer ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Reinstkupfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung geringster Selengehalte in Reinstkupfer erhitzt man die Probe (≤2 g) in einem Quarzrohr im Sauerstoffstrom auf 1100–1150°C. SeO2 verdampft und wird quantitativ gesammelt, indem man es zusammen mit dem Trägergas durch Kühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff in einer Mikrovorlage kondensiert. Nach Abdampfen des Sauerstoffs setzt man es in der Vorlage mit 4-Nitro-o-phenylendiamin zu 5-Nitropiazselenol um, das nach Ausschütteln in Toluol direkt gas-chromatographisch (ECD) im ppb-Bereich bestimmt wird. Nach Optimierung aller Verfahrensschritte mit Hilfe von 75Se ergaben sich ausgezeichnete Gütedaten; Standardabweichung: ± 0,004 ppm für 0,74 ppm Se, 15 Bestimmungen, 200–600 mg Einwaage; Nachweisgrenze : 1 ppb Selen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of the smallest amounts of selenium in high-purity copper, the sample (≤2 g) is heated in a quartz tube at 1100–1150°C. SeO2 evaporates and is collected quantitatively by condensation of the carrier gas in a micro-trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. After evaporation of the oxygen, SeO2 is caused to react in the trap with 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, forming 5-nitropiazselenol, which is then extracted with toluene and determined in the ppb-range by gas-chromatography with ECD. All separation steps were optimized by the tracer method using 75Se. Determining 0.74 ppm of Se, the standard deviation was found to be 0.004 ppm for 15 determinations with samples of 200–600 mg. The detection limit is 1 ppb of Se.
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    Gas-chromatographische Multielementanalyse mit einfachen und fluorierten Diäthyldithiocarbamaten (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Elementen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Diäthyldithiocarbamate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur anorganischen Multielementanalyse ist die Gas-Chromatographie von Diäthyldithiocarbamaten geeignet. Mit einem FID können bereits Kationen im 0,6–0,06 ppm-Bereich nach Ausschütteln der wäßrigen Lösungen bestimmt werden. Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamate zeigen noch höhere Flüchtigkeiten. Eigenschaften und gas-chromatographisches Verhalten einiger dieser Chelate werden angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract For inorganic multielement analysis gas chromatography of the diethyldithiocarbamates is properly suited. Cations in the concentration range of 0.6–0.06 ppm can be determined even with the aid of a FID after extraction from aqueous solutions. Di(trifluor-ethyl)dithiocarbamates show higher volatilities. Properties and gas chromatographic behaviour of some of these chelates are described.
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    Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit bei gas-chromatographischen Trennungen durch „radiochemische Verstärkung“ (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit durch radiochemische Verstärkung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird diskutiert, wie nach einer gas-chromatographischen Trennung durch Umsetzung mit trägerfreien radioaktiven Verbindungen eine Verbesserung der Nachweisempfindlichkeiten erreicht werden kann. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung werden vorgestellt. Grundsätzlich erfolgt die Umsetzung langsam, da beide Reaktandenkonzentrationen klein sind. Die Nachweisempfindlichkeit hängt von der Halbwertzeit der verwendeten Radionuklide ab.
    Notes: Abstract An increase of sensitivity in gas chromatography is obtained by chemical reaction with a carrier-free radioactive compound. The different possibilities of reactions are discussed. Since the concentrations of both partners are low, the reaction rate will be slow. The sensitivity is a function of the half-life of the radionuclide applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564057
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    Some new aspects in air pollutants analysis of hydrocarbons by automatic gas-chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, Paraffinen, Olefinen, Aromaten in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisch, Speichersäule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ambient measurement of hydrocarbons is gaining in importance. The value of a total measurement of hydrocarbons, as it is usually performed, is slight since the characteristics of organic compounds are different. Total measurement of hydrocarbons can only be of interest in less polluted regions, provided that the harmless methane which occurs in relatively high concentrations in nature is not to be included in the measurement. In toxicological evaluation of air the concentrations of particular components (e.g. ethylene, toluene, acetylene, propylene, butadiene, vinylchloride, benzene or xylene) are of interest and the concentrations of these components can lie at a few μg/m3, i.e. in the ppb-range. These values can only be measured with a selective equipment. An automatic analyzer combined with a concentrating unit, which fully satisfies the requirements of selective measurement of hydrocarbons in air in the ppb-range, and as an example of the application of this equipment, the measurement of C1-C6 hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are described. Complete measuring setups within automatic measuring stations are projected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Immissionsmessungen von Kohlenwasserstoffspuren gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Messung der Kohlenwasserstoffe als Summe, wie gewöhnlich durchgeführt, ist ungenügend, da organische Verbindungen unterschiedliche Wirkungscharakteristik aufweisen. Sie kann daher nur in Gebieten mit kleinen Kohlenwasserstoffverunreinigungen sinnvoll sein, vorausgesetzt, daß das ungefährliche Methan, welches überall in der Natur vorkommt, von der Messung ausgeschlossen wird. Bei der toxikologischen Bewertung der Luft interessieren die Konzentrationen bestimmter Komponenten wie Äthylen, Acetylen, Propylen, Butadien, Vinylchlorid, Benzol, Toluol oder Xylole. Die Konzentrationen dieser Komponenten können bei wenigen μg/m3, d. h. im ppb-Bereich, liegen. Diese Werte können nur mit einer selektiven Meßeinrichtung erfaßt werden. Ein automatischer Gas-Chromatograph mit Speichersäule, der die Forderung der selektiven Messung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft im ppb-Bereich erfüllt, wird beschrieben. Als Applikationsbeispiel dieser Meßeinrichtung wird die Messung von C2-C6-Kohlenwasserstoffen (Paraffine, Olefine) und Aromaten (Benzol, Toluol, Äthylbenzol, Xylol) erwähnt. Der Einsatz dieses Gerätes in automatischen Luftmeßstationen wird derzeit projektiert.
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    The isolation and characterization of peroxisomes (microbodies) from baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Peroxisomes (microbodies) ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catalase ; Urate oxidase ; Glyoxylate cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peroxisomes were isolated from derepressed (lactose grown) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells following homogenization with a “Merkenschlager” cell mill (at 0°C using glass beads). Catalase and urate oxidase, along with low activities of d-amino acid oxidase and l-α-hydroxyacid oxidase (glycollate oxidase), were associated with the peroxisomes. No catalase activity was present in glucose repressed cells. When protoplasts prepared from derepressed cells were used for peroxisome isolation, catalase activity was not sedimentable through gradients. Apparently peroxisomes were destroyed as the cells became fermentative during protoplast preparation. The distribution of glyoxylate cycle enzymes was examined. Isocitrate lyase was not sedimentable, suggesting that, if the enzyme is peroxisome-associated, it is either readily released or present in a labile second class of peroxisomes. Low activities of malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthetase were found in peroxisome fractions from gradients, but may represent mitochondrial contamination. Citrate synthetase was not found associated with a low-density particle as had been previously reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447136
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    Dependence of the maximum temperature for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on nutrient concentration (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Chemostat ; Nutrient Concentration ; Thermal Death ; Thermal Association ; Optimum Temperature for Growth ; Maximum Temperature for Growth ; Microbial Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown in a chemostat under glucose limitation at three superoptimal temperatures. In each steady state the specific growth rate was the sum of the dilution rate and the specific death rate, exponential death concurring with exponential growth. The specific death rate was a function of the temperature while the specific growth rate was a function of both the temperature and the concentration of the limiting nutrient. Each superoptimal temperature was characterized by a critical glucose concentration below which net growth was not possible. The critical glucose concentration increased with the temperature. Consequently the maximum temperature for growth was a function of the concentration of the limiting nutrient and approached the optimum temperature for growth with decreasing glucose concentrations.
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    Effect of aeration on the activity of gluconeogenetic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under glucose limitation (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 271-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Baker's yeast ; Gluconeogenetic enzymes ; Chemostat ; Oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The effect of aeration on the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis was studied in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in a nonrespiratory variant of S. cerevisiae grown under glucose limitation. 2. In baker's yeast phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, hexosediphosphatase and isocitrate lyase were completely repressed under anaerobic conditions. Their repression could be partially reversed by using intense aeration. 3. In the nonrespiratory variant these enzymes were absent independently of aeration. 4. Pyruvate carboxylase of baker's yeast showed maximal activity under anaerobic conditions. In the nonrespiratory variant pyruvate carboxylase had low activity under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
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    Pantolacton aus Coenzym A. Bestimmung von Pantothensäure (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Pantothensäure, Pantolacton ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hydrolyse von Coenzym A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602082
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    Ermittlung des Vernetzungsgrades und Beladungszustandes von Ionenaustauschern auf Kunstharzbasis durch Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Ermittlung des Vernetzungsgrades, Beladungszustandes von Ionenaustauschern ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pyrolyse, Kunstharzbasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur besseren Reproduzierbarkeit der Zusammensetzung des Pyrolysates bei der Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie wird eine spezielle Eingabenanordnung mit Trägergasumschaltung beschrieben und deren Einfluß auf die Bildung der Pyrolyseprodukte und auf die Retentionszeiten mit einer Modellsubstanz untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Trägergasumschaltung kann man die Bandenflächenverhältnisse zur Bestimmung des Vernetzungsgrades von Ionenaustauschern auf Styrol-DVB-Basis wesentlich genauer ermitteln. Da bei der Pyrolyse von Anionenaustauschern wenigerα-MSt auftritt als bei den Kationenaustauschern, sind die Bandenflächenverhältnisse bei ersteren wesentlich größer. Bei den Anionenaustauschern werden sie mit steigendem Vernetzungsgrad kleiner, wohingegen bei den Kationenaustauschern die Werte steigen. Bei 400° C erfolgt der thermische Angriff im wesentlichen an der aktiven Gruppe der Anionenaustauscher mit Styrol-DVB-Matrix. Die aus dem Gegenion entstehenden Methylester bzw. deren Zersetzungsprodukte sind charakteristische Pyrolyseprodukte. Kennzeichnend für Dowex 1 ist das Auftreten von Trimethylamin, für Dowex 2 das von Acetaldehyd. Somit ist es mit der Pyrolyse-Gas-Chromatographie möglich, zusätzlich zur Matrix, Art und Struktur der funktionellen Gruppe sowie Substitutionsstelle der Ankergruppen an der Matrix auch Vernetzungsgrad und Beladungszustand von Ionenaustauschern zu ermitteln.
    Notes: Abstract A special introduction device with switching of carrier gas for improving the reproducibility of pyrolysate composition in pyrolysis gas-chromatography has been described. Its influence on the formation of pyrolysis products and on retention times has been studied on a model substance. The peak area ratios for determining the degree of cross-linking in ion exchangers on styrene-DVB basis can be estimated considerably more accurately with the help of carrier gas switching. Since anion exchangers yield lessα-methylstyrene on pyrolysis than do cation exchangers, their peak area ratios are appreciably larger. Increasing the degree of cross-linking lowers the ratios with the anion exchangers and raises them with the cation exchangers. At 400° C the thermal attack on anion exchangers with styrene-DVB matrix occurs mainly at the active group. The methyl esters or their decomposition products formed from the counter ions are characteristic pyrolysis products. A feature of Dowex 1 is the formation of trimethylamine; of Dowex 2, acetaldehyde. In this way, pyrolysis gas-chromatography enables information about the degree of cross linking and the nature of the anion of ion exchangers, as well as about the matrix, type and structure of the functional group and position of substitution of the anchor group in the matrix to be obtained.
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    Ultrapolare Mischphasen zur GLC-Bestimmung von Benzol (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 31-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Benzol ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ultrapolare Mischphasen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00591874
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    Zur Analytik von Organozinnstabilisatoren (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Organozinnverbindungen, Alkylzinnverbindungen, Organozinnstabilisatoren ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitative Bestimmung von Mono-, Di-, Tri- und Tetraalkylzinnverbindungen in Mischungen durch Gas-Chromatographie ist möglich nach Alkylierung zu gemischten Tetraalkylzinnderivaten. Die Alkylierung mit Methyl-, Butyl- und Octylmagnesylchlorid in Diäthyläther ist quantitativ und verläuft ohne Veränderung der ursprünglichen Zinnverteilung. Sie läßt sich nicht nur auf Alkylzinnoxide und -chloride, sondern auch direkt auf Alkylzinn-thioglykolate anwenden. Die aus der Umsetzung der Thioglykolsäureester resultierenden Nebenprodukte werden von der gas-chromatographischen Analyse an Kieselgel absorbiert und die Tetraalkylzinnverbindungen mit n-Pentan eluiert. Die gas-chromatographische Trennung wird wahlweise an Carbowax oder Polyglycol 20000 durchgeführt bei Temperaturen zwischen 100 und 230° C. Die Peak-Flächen entsprechen den Gew.-% Tetraalkylzinn.
    Notes: Abstract The quantitative determination of mono-, di-, tri- and tetraalkyl tin compounds in mixture by GLC is possible after alkylation to mixed tetraalkyl tins. The alkylation with methyl-, butyl- and octyl magnesium chloride runs quantitatively without any change in the original alkyl groups attached to the tin. The method can be applied not only for alkyl tin oxides and chlorides but also directly for alkyl tin thioglycolates. The by-products resulting from the thioglycolic acid ester cleavage are absorbed on silica gel prior to GLC and the tetraalkyl tins are eluted with n-pentane. Gas-chromatographic analysis is carried out alternatively with carbowax and polyglycol 20000 at temperatures between 100 and 230° C. The peak areas correspond to the weight percentage of tetraalkyl tin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00459399
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  • 98
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    Gas-chromatographische Überwachung des Extraktionsmittels bei der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Monobutylphosphat, Dibutylphosphat in Tributylphosphat, n-Alkanen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Überwachung der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Wiederaufarbeitung von HTR-Brennelementen durch Solventextraktion nach dem THOREX-Prozeß wird das als Extraktionsmittel verwendete Tributylphosphat/n-Alkan-Gemisch einer intensiven hydrolytischen und radiolytischen Beanspruchung ausgesetzt. Hauptprodukte sind Di- und Monobutylphosphat, die schon in geringen Konzentrationen durch Bildung nicht rückextrahierbarer Urankomplexe und Überführung gewisser Spaltprodukte in die wäßrige Produktphase zu Störungen bei der Extraktion führen. Beide Ester werden durch Sodawäsche aus dem bestrahlten Extraktionsmittel entfernt, welches danach wiederverwendet werden kann. Zur Kontrolle der Wirksamkeit dieser Solventwäsche, der Zusammensetzung des frischen und der Gesamtqualität des recyclierten Extraktionsmittels soll die Gas-Chromatographie innerhalb des JUPITER-Prozesses eingesetzt werden. Sie erlaubt eine quantitative Bestimmung von DBP und MBP bis zu Gehalten von etwa 25 ppm. Die Analysendauer beträgt ca. 100 min.
    Notes: Abstract During reprocessing of HTR fuel elements by the THOREX solvent extraction process the tributylphosphate/n-alcane mixture used as extractant is subject to an intensive radiolytic and hydrolytic burden. Main degradation products are di- and monobutylphosphate which in quite low concentrations disturb the solvent extraction by retention of uranium and transfer of some fission products into the aqueous product solution. Both esters are removed from the irradiated solvent by washing with a sodium carbonate solution, after which the solvent may be recycled. For a control of the efficiency of this solvent recovery procedure as well as of the composition of the fresh and recycled solvent in the JUPITER reprocessing facility, gas chromatography will be used. This method allows the determination of di- and monobutylphosphate down to concentration levels of about 25 parts per million. An analysis requires about 100 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426269
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  • 99
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    Gas chromatography of chlorides and bromides of III-, IV- and V-group elements in the periodic table (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Chloriden, Bromiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Elemente der III. -V. Gruppe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theory for the relation between retention volume and boiling point in gas chromatography was applied to the retention volumes for bromides of IV- and chlorides and bromides of III- and V-group elements in the periodic table, as an extension of the previous paper on chlorides of IV-group elements. The apparent solubility parameter of solventβδ S was separated into the non-regularity parameterβ and the solubility parameter of solventδ S, and the meaning ofβ and the value ofδ S were estimated empirically. Followingδ S values were obtained: Silicon oil DC 550 (8.1), Apiezon grease L (9.1), PEG 1500 (11.6), FeCl3 · 6 H2O (12.5), Low melting point alloy (12.5) and Ga metal (13.4).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Theorie über die Beziehung zwischen Retentionsvolumen und Siedepunkt in der Gas-Chromatographie wurde auf die Retentionsvolumina der Bromide der IV. sowie der Chloride und Bromide der III. und V. Gruppe angewendet (in Fortführung der früheren Arbeit über die Chloride der IV. Gruppe). Der scheinbare Löslichkeitsparameter des Lösungsmittels (βδ S) wurde aufgetrennt in den Unregelmäßigkeitsparameter (β) und den Löslichkeitsparameter des Lösungsmittels (δ S). Die Bedeutung vonβ und der Wert vonδ S wurden empirisch bestimmt. Die folgendenδ S-Werte wurden erhalten: Siliconöl DC 550 (8,1), Apiezonfett L (9,1), PEG 1500 (11,6), FeCl3 · 6 H2O (12,5), niedrigschmelzende Legierung (12,5), Ga-Metall (13,4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626033
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  • 100
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    Gas-chromatographische Bestimmung von monosubstituierten Acetylenen in der C4-Fraktion (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 27-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Acetylen, Methylacetylen, Äthylacetylen, Vinylacetylen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Isolierung als Acetylide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432994
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