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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 40-53 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Gegenüberstellung der Wissenschaftlichkeit der Naturwissenschaften und der Geisteswissenschaften wird argumentiert, daß Wissenschaftlichkeit nur auf der Basis einer Zusammenstellung wissenschaftstheoretischer, wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher und wissenschaftssoziologischer Kriterien definiert werden kann. Eine solche dreiteilige Definition wird skizziert, und es wird behauptet, daß dies gültig sowohl für die Naturwissenschaften als auch für die Geisteswissenschaften ist. Es folgt daraus, daß es im Prinzip keine Verschiedenheit zwischen der Wissenschaftlichkeit der einen Basiswissenschaft und der anderen gibt. Die Formulierung dreier normativer Kriterien für Wissenschaft als solche schließt den Artikel ab.
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ist der Unterschied zwischen wissenschaftlichen Gesetzen und Theorien ein qualitativer oder lediglich von quantitativer Art? Der Autor versucht zu zeigen, daß Gesetze und Theorien fundamental verschieden sind und daß die Kenntnis ihrer verschiedenen Natur notwendig für ein richtiges Wissenschaftsverständnis ist. Aus seiner Sicht sind Theorien geistigeKonstruktionen mit dem Ziel,kausale Erklärungen von empirischen Gesetzen zu geben, während diese Gesetze auf der Grundlage von Messungenentdeckt werden und dieTatsachen der Wissenschaft konstituieren. Erkenntnistheoretisch sind daher Theorien und (der Ausdruck der) Gesetze auf verschiedenen Ebenen anzusiedeln: während GesetzeWissen liefern, liefern TheorienVerstehen. Der Kern der Theorien besteht ausModellen, die idealisierte Abstraktionen aus Zustandsarten darstellen. Theoretische Modelle konstituierenOntologien, die kausale Mechanismen aufzeigen. SolcheOntologien betreffen den Bedeutungsaspekt (real aspect) des Gegenstandsbereichs, auf den die Theorie angewendet wird, während empirische Gesetze den Ausdrucksaspekt (nominal aspect) des gleichen Gegenstandsbereichs betreffen. Theorien erklären Gesetze, indem sie zeigen, wie der Ausdrucksaspekt lediglich der natürliche Ausdruck der Auswirkungen der Kausalmechanismen im Bedeutungsaspekt sind.
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 54-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In his recent paper “Indeterminacy, empiricism, and the first person” John R. Searle tries to refute Willard V. O. Quine's famous “indeterminacy of translation thesis” by arguing that this thesis is in fact areductio ad absurdum of Quine's own “linguistic behaviorism”. Searle accuses Quine of being (irrationally) “antimentalistic” and suggests that the “absurdity” of Quine's thesis might be avoided if a full-fledged “intentionality” were tolerated in the debate on meaning. — This anti-Quinean approach in some respects reminds of the “improbable debate” between Searle and Jacques Derrida ten years ago, when Derrida had split and “deferred” intentionality by showing that the essential “iterability” of signs inevitably infects every intentional act with an unremovable “non-presence”. In this paper it is argued that Searle's attacks on Quine and Derrida have both failed — and that there are structural similarities between these two failures which reveal some interesting parallels between Quine's and Derrida's philosophy.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 18-39 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz versucht die verschiedenen theoretischen und experimentellen Tests, denen Theorien unterworfen werden, zu kategorisieren. Kriterien sind dabei weder die verschiedenen Arten der experimentellen Anordnungen, noch die verschiedenen Wege, um die Messungen durchzuführen. Stattdessen wird der Begriff des Experimentierens ausgeweitet, und es werden die drei Hauptkategorien der Theorienprüfungen analysiert. Es sind dies: Eine Menge von theoretischen Bedingungen, die der Theorie auferlegt werden, um die größtmögliche Information und heuristische Hilfsmittel zu erhalten; eine Menge von allgemeinen theoretischen Zugängen, um entscheiden zu können, welche Arten von experimentellen Tests für die spezielle Theorie am günstigsten sind; schließlich die Arten der experimentellen Tests.
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  • 5
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand von zwei Unterbereichen der künstlichen Intelligenz — den Expertensystemen und der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung — wird aufzuzeigen versucht, daß die Beziehung zwischen der “formalen” und der “intuitiven” Kultur aus dem Gleichgewicht geraten ist. Dem Bereich der Intuition sollte größere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The new so-called pragmatic-epistemic approach to the methodology of explanation seems to dispense with the difference between traditional epistemic reasoning and genuine explanation. Causal explanations are excluded from the debate. Instead, the degree and value of subjective conviction seems to be the decisive factor for explanation. The paper criticizes this restrictive approach for methodological and terminological reasons without denying the importance of epistemic, pragmatic considerations. In addition, the respective traditional thesis on the logical-structural identity of prediction and explanation and the new epistemic turn with respect to this thesis are criticized. The latter seems to lead to confrontations between every day and scientific explanations. The epistemic liberalisation of terminology and methodology certainly admits of new forms of systematization, e.g. potential prediction, but a general theory of systematization should not be too restrictive and should at the same time retain the classical distinction between epistemic and genuine lawful explanations.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 106-115 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Ausdruck “Soziotektonik” bezeichnet das Netzwerk menschlicher Wechselwirkungen, welche durch Symbole und Signale übermittelt werden und die Koordination und Integration verschiedener Sozialsysteme ermöglichen. Jedes Sozialnetzwerk ist zeitbedingt und seine Evolution ist das Ergebnis menschlicher Entscheidungen. Die Entwicklung kann im Rückblick beschrieben werden; im Vorausblick können nur Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen gemacht werden. Die Teilsysteme sind nicht hierarchisch untergeordnet, sondern heterarchisch beigeordnet und unterliegen infolgedessen unvereinbaren Einflüssen. Der Grad der möglichen Harmonisierung kann mathematisch-topologisch formuliert werden.
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 124-131 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Vittorio Hösle has made the attempt to justify objective idealism by using the method proposed by Karl Otto Apel. By analysing the logical structure of his argument it is shown that this attempt has completely failed. All steps of the argument depend on conceptual confusion and other mistakes. „Der Sprung ist der Satz aus dem Grundsatz vom Grunde in das Sagen des Seins“ Martin Heidegger
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Frage untersucht, ob die Annahme der Existenz von universellen Normen für die Annäherung der Wissenschaft an die Wahrheit nicht in praxi lediglich Gegenwartszentrismus (die Annahme, daß die gegenwärtige Wissenschaft in jeder Hinsicht besser als die Wissenschaft der Vergangenheit ist) und Ethnozentrismus (die Annahme, daß die westliche Wissenschaft immer der nichtwestlichen Wissenschaft überlegen gewesen ist) heißt. Die griechisch-römische Zivilisation förderte die Wissenschaft durch ihre Demokratie, aber andere Zivilisationen haben sehr wertvolle Datensammlungen geliefert. Die Universalität der Wissenschaft impliziert u. a. daß, wo verschiedene Zivilisationen mit ihren Wissenschaften einander begegnen, sie von einander lernen können.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Struve has tried to refute my critic of the structuralist thesis that testing theories leads in an epistemological circle. But he misunderstands the thesis he wants to defend.
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  • 11
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 132-145 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In his paper „Machines and the Mental“ Fred Dretske claims that there is a difference on principle between men on the one and animals and machines on the other side which arises from the fact that men are able to respond to the meaning of symbols whereas animals and machines can only respond to the symbols that have the meaning. In this paper it is argued that this claim does not bear closer scrutiny. Mainly for two reasons: 1. The mere having of a certain meaning does not rank among the possible causal properties of a symbol, not even in the case of men; for it is not the having of the meaning that may have certain effects on the behavior of a person, but the fact that the personassociates this meaning with the symbol. 2. Even animals are capable to associate a meaning with a symbol, i. e. even animals can learn to come to believe thatp if they become aware of a symbol which has the meaning thatp.
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  • 12
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 148-169 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 198-198 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 170-197 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Diese Abhandlung diskutiert und kritisiert einige Aspekte der syntaktischen Auffassung der wissenschaftlichen Theorien und tritt dafür ein, daß die einzig mögliche Alternative eine modelltheoretische Annäherung ist.
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  • 17
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 212-229 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Unterscheidung zwischen für eine einzelne Wissenschaft (z. B. Physik, Chemie) eigentümlichen Problemen und technologischen Problemen vorgeschlagen. Dieser Unterscheidung liegt eine Auffassung zugrunde, nach welcher jede Wissenschaft einen speziellen Ausblick auf die Welt erarbeitet, einen Ausblick, der nur diejenigen Aspekte eines wirklichen Vorgangs heraussucht und sich aneignet, welche für diese Wissenschaft eigentümlich sind. Im Gegensatz dazu erfaßt die Technologie Vorgänge in der Gesamtheit ihrer Aspekte. Auf der Grundlage dieser Unterscheidung werden die Grundzüge des Verfahrens, welches zur Lösung von technologischen Problemen führt (Mittel zur Lösung, Natur des Verfahrens, besondere Kennzeichen der erzielten Lösungen), diskutiert.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 230-248 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary According to Frege the notion of judgement cannot be defined, but must be explicated by referring to natural language. Frege uses a subjective and an objective notion of judgement: on the one hand a judgement is an inner mental process, on the other hand judging is explained as advancing from the thought to the truth-value. The subjective notion of judgement logically depends on the objective conception of a judgement, but nevertheless remains indispensable. To clarify the objective notion of judgement, the relation of thought and truth must be explicated by using Frege's theory of sense and reference. Only an intersubjective and action-guiding knowledge of the way in which the truth-value of a sentence is determined can make it possible to advance from the thought and the understanding of a sentence to the acknowledgement of its truth. Since by this advance a sentence receives a cognitive value, Frege's theory of sense and reference makes a contribution not only to semantics but also to epistemology.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 249-275 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Supraleitfähigkeit und Superfluidität sind die einzigen bekannten makroskopischen Quantenphänomene. Ihre Untersuchung liefert interessante Hinweise, um einige der Fragen zu verstehen, die mit den Grenzen der Gültigkeit der Quantenmechanik verbunden sind. In diesem Aufsatz wollen wir den Prozeß entzifferen, durch den ein beobachtetes unerwartetes Phänomen in ein physikalisches Problem übergeführt wird, und wir zeigen die kontinuierliche Reinterpretation der Begriffe, um eine zufriedenstellende Erklärung der Supraleitfähigkeit und Superfluidität zu erreichen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 276-286 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The distinction between sociology of science on the one hand and methodology and systematics on the other, is an established historical fact. Thus, even in modern methodologically orientated philosophy, epistemological analyses still tend to disregard the pragmatic contexts within which scientific knowledge is produced, processed and applied. This situation also reflects the well-known fact that philosophy of science has largely ignored the conceptual and methodological foundations of technology, that is, those disciplines directly and explicitly linked to the practical implications and intended applications of scientific research. The following considerations suggest that the methodology of technology provides useful and generally applicable criteria of the evaluation and acceptance of the hypotheses and theories of empirical science.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 287-302 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Proceeding from the principles of Euclidean geometry and absolute time a generalization of the classical theory of gravitation for high velocities is given. The new theory is applied to the redshift of spectral lines, the deviation of light passing the sun, and the secular motion of the perihelion of Mercury. A comparison with the results obtained from the theory of general relativity, though not beyond any doubt, seems to be favourable for the new theory, and to support the view, formerly held by Driesch, Dingler, May, and other philosophers of science, that the foundations of classical physics need not be given up.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 303-316 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary It is argued that the theories of the modern cognitive psychology of perception and recognition show, under rigorous logical analysis, the same problems which arise in the philosophical theories of knowledge of Descartes and Locke and lead to relativistic and solipsistic consequences. Through examination of the approachs of D. Sanders, E. B. Goldstein and J. Fodor it is shown that the perceptible world in these theories dissolves in internal representations so that despite its realistic starting-point modern cognitive psychology runs into epistemological idealism or solipsism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 325-339 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A main subject of philosophy of science is the reconstruction of scientific theories. Not only scientists are holding theories but everybody else, namely theories about everyday knowledge. In this article two geometric theories of this kind are reconstructed. The reconstruction is performed under the structuralist view of theories. It turns out that there are important differences between scientific theories and everyday theories, concerning the intended applications as well as the logical status of the concepts.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary With regard to scientific theory it is important to note that Kant in contrast to many later authors, believes that philosophy is a knowledge. To prove his argument, Kant found scientific examples for philosophical theses. According to his 12 categories of intellect he attempted to prove his view by the construction of 12 logical judgements. His scheme is considerably different to the Aristotelian devision of judgements despite his own view that the logic did make no progress since Aristotle. Kants categorisation differs also from the devisions of all 18th century philosophers. It appears that his categorisation is a construction post factum according to his already accepted 12 categories of intellect. His devision is furthermore not supported from a modern view of logic. It would therefore appear that under the view of modern theory of science Kant did not give a proof for his scheme of categories.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 340-350 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Beweis des Vierfarbensatzes mit Hilfe eines Computers, der so viel Zeit erforderte, daß ein Mensch die Berechnungen niemals überprüfen könnte, hat Zweifel erregt an vier philosophischen Annahmen über Mathematik. Die Mathematik ist die Lehre der Klassifikation, insoweit als sie vollständig abstrahiert von der Art der zu klassifizierenden Dinge. Diese Auffassung wird vom Beweis des Vierfarbensatzes nicht erschüttert. Wahrscheinlich kann mathematisches Denken nicht vor sich gehen ohne sinnliche Vorstellungen, aber die Eigenschaften mathematischer Gegenstände sind unabhängig von ihrer Weise sinnlicher Vorstellung.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 351-366 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ausgeführt, daß Poppers Falsifikationskriterium einen logischen Fehler enthält. Die Regeln deduktiver Ableitung sind selbst für ihre Durchführung von induktiver Ableitung (z. B. Erinnerungsvermögen) abhängig. Um das “Criterion of Falsification” für gültig zu erklären, beruft sich Popper auf diese Regeln deduktiver Ableitung. Es wird weiter gezeigt, daß eine Untersuchung aktueller wissenschaftlicher Gesetze nicht die These beweist, daß die wissenschaftlichen Gesetze universale Feststellungen von unbeschränktem Horizonte in der Zeit und im Zeitraum sind. Die Anerkennung dieser Tatsache scheint im Zusammenhang der wissenschaftlichen Forschung die Wichtigkeit des Problems der Induktion sehr zu verkleinern.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 373-390 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 367-372 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Professor Joseph Agassi hat in dieser Zeitschrift meine Analyse von Quines Stellung in der analytischen Tradition kritisiert und dabei insbesondere die Irrelevanz von Neurath betont und Quines Nähe zu Popper herausgestellt. In meiner Antwort geht es mir sowohl um eine Rehabilitation Neuraths als auch um die Unterschiede von Quines Philosophie zu Popper und Wittgenstein.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 391-391 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 391-394 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 8-8 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 49-85 
    ISSN: 1573-174X
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    Notes: Abstract China's Cultural Revolution began in the universities where Mao was able to gain strong support for his vision of radical societal transformation by a focus on two issues: the need to uproot persisting traditional values and patterns, summed up under “the four olds,” and a call to “shatter the shackles of all foreign dogmas” which was clearly directed at prominent Soviet influences in Chinese higher education. This essay briefly summarizes the main characteristics of China's traditional scholarly institutions, then considers the western academic models introduced by foreign missionaries, those selected and implemented by Chinese modernizers and finally the Soviet academic model adopted by Chinese Communist leaders in the fifties. The historical lessons drawn from this overview provide a context for some critical reflection on the ways in which western academic models are once again affecting reforms underway in Chinese higher education since 1978.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 137-147 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Unequal opportunities are a fact of life in most societies. Imbalances exist in each society under all conceivable economic environments. To alleviate these imbalances, most governments tend to interfere in the market. In this respect Turkey is no exception. Thus, the government established the Turkish Higher Education Council in 1982 with the hope of improving educational resource allocation. This paper investigates the private costs of public higher education in Turkey. It also tests whether a structural cost difference exists between the universities in the three biggest cities of Turkey and the rest of the country's fifteen Universities. Does the highly subsidized Turkish Higher Education ensure equity of resource allocation? The findings show that, among the factors contributing to higher education, the number of faculty members has the lowest price elasticity of demand. In the case of assessing whether there are structural cost differences between the universities in developed and underdeveloped regions the findings show that imbalances between the two regions still exist.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 373-395 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper consists of a description of management strategies employed in the higher education systems of three western industrialized societies (Québec, France, and the Federal Republic of Germany) and of some of their consequences, and an attempt to account for similarities and differences observed among them. The data consists of official macro-statistics, 65 (sixty-five) semi-structured interviews with top higher education officials and resource persons in France and the Federal Republic of Germany, and two surveys of Quebec's universities. Analyses show that compensatory strategies are found most in Québec and least in the Federal Republic of Germany. The majority of managerial strategies per se are similar across systems. Despite the similarities, observed consequences indirectly reveal, however, that the European adjustment to austerity has been less severe than Quebec's. Some factors in the environments of the respective higher education systems are suggested to account for this difference.
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    Notes: Abstract Eighty-eight productive British psychologists completed a questionnaire on their writing habits and on their attitudes to and feelings about academic writing. The data were analysed in three ways. Firstly, an overall descriptive profile of the ‘average’ productive writer was drawn up by examining the most frequent responses to individual items on the questionnaire. Secondly, cluster analyses were carried out to determine if there were groups of productive individuals who set about their writing in distinctive ways. These analyses revealed groups of writers who could be distinguished in terms of their styles of composition (labelled ‘thinkers’ versus ‘doers’) and in terms of their attitudes and feelings (labelled ‘anxious’ versus ‘enthusiastic’). Thirdly, step-wise regression was used to isolate correlates of higher productivity for different products - books, book chapters and papers. The results suggested that different writing patterns accompanied the production of these different products. The highly productive writers of books were less likely to claim to be sporadic writers, and more likely to claim that they did sections of their writing in a single draft. The highly productive writers of chapters were more likely to be responding to commissions to write for an editor or colleague and their writing was aided a good deal by secretarial provision. The highly productive writers of papers did not always enjoy expressing what they wanted to say as much as their less productive colleagues, but they felt that their writing was very important to them. These findings are discussed in relation to research on academic writing in other disciplines, and the paper concludes with some prescriptive advice to authors should they wish to increase their productivity.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 1-19 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Political debate about how the changing age distribution of the population would affect higher education enrollments led presidents of Michigan's constitutionally autonomous state universities to sponsor “systemwide” enrollment projections based on calculations of the participation rates and credit hour loads of 66 student subgroups that were defined by age, gender, and degree level. The 1985 figures were applied to cohort population projections in order to assess the impact of an aging population on the enrollments of 1990, 1995, and 2000. “Recession” and “recovery” regression models were then developed and used to explore the 1974–1985 relationship between enrollments and economic variables and to generate alternate projections.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 47-87 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Determining the relevant costs of library services offered becomes important when the library is made available to individuals or groups that do not normally have access to it. Such groups might include corporations located in adjacent research or industrial parks or other similar profit or nonprofit organizations. In addition, as operational costs are identified, it becomes increasingly possible to identify cost-saving procedures. This paper reviews procedures to obtain activity indicators and provide techniques to translate these indicators into costs. Since such procedures are relatively new for libraries, the paper presents an eight-step process to derive a comprehensive set of costs, especially for research libraries. Each step contains procedures and formulas to assist in its completion.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 261-271 
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    Notes: Abstract Using the exploratory data analysis method of median polishing, this study examined the institutional and departmental satisfaction of women who relatively recently entered the academic profession. Results indicated that women's satisfaction with both department and institution differed by institutional type (Carnegie classifications) and discipline type (pure versus applied). Women in applied fields in Research II and Doctoral-Granting II institutions were much less satisfied with both their departments and their institutions than would be expected given their institutional and discipline types. Similarly, the institutional satisfaction of those women at Research I institutions and the departmental satisfaction of women in pure fields at Doctoral-Granting I's was lower than would be expected. Higher levels of departmental satisfaction were shown by women in pure fields at Liberal Arts I institutions.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 317-329 
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    Notes: Abstract One hundred and sixty male and female undergraduates were exposed to one of four videotaped lectures that differed on two dimensions: sex of lecturer (male or female), and style of presentation (affiliative or instrumental). Analyses revealed that students' perceptions of lecturers are dependent largely on lecturing style. In general, all students preferred an affiliative style of lecturing. Affiliative lecturers were seen as more effective lecturers as well as more confident, professional, and approachable. Students also indicated that they would be more likely to approach lecturers presenting affiliatively to discuss content issues. Although the findings do not distinguish between male and female lecturers except as gender relates to lecturing style, they do support earlier research and indicate a highly responsive environment for male and female lecturers conducive to the development of high self-efficacy within a teaching context. Implications for female lecturers, for whom it is argued that an equally responsive research environment does not exist, are discussed in terms of differential career paths.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 357-373 
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    Notes: Abstract Although the completed doctoral dissertation represents the culmination of a doctoral program, is often published in journal articles, and serves as the foundation of the early research career of the author, the dissertation has received relatively little attention as a subject of research in its own right. To learn more about how students select their dissertation topics, all doctoral graduates of a major midwestern research university over the one year period from spring quarter, 1986, through winter quarter, 1987, were surveyed. Results indicate that a number of factors influence the selection of a dissertation topic, but not surprisingly the most important is the student's own preference. The factors affecting the choice of topics include the preference of the adviser, trends in the field, the likelihood that the research will be published, and the projected benefit of the research on the student's job prospects. The importance of the factors vary by field and in some cases by gender. When students select their topic and the extent to which the adviser and dissertation committees are responsive to the student also vary by field.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 331-344 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies concerning students' ratings of instruction have traditionally used the class as the unit of analysis and the ratings have been analyzed in one of two ways: (1) regression analysis, wherein the amount of variability in instructor ratings can be attributed to a set of variables; or (2) analysis of variance, wherein the effect of some selected independent variable on instructor ratings is measured. While both approaches have provided valuable information about the evaluation of instruction, little attention has been given to the interactions among the variables selected. In order to determine how situational variables influence the student at the time an evaluation is performed, the present study used the individual student as the unit of analysis and focused principally on the interactions between three variables related to the class (type, level, and size) and three variables related to the instructor (reputation, rank, and sex). The data were analyzed through 15 two-way factorial analyses of variance, with 23 main effects and 12 interactions reaching significance. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of their effect on the student rating process.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 375-385 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Assessment and outcomes measurement is receiving considerable attention in higher education nationwide. But what are colleges and universities doing and calling assessment? To answer these and other questions, a telephone survey was conducted with a sample of large, research universities. Responses to the survey are presented and discussed in this paper. Results indicated limited university involvement in activities commonly associated with the current assessment “movement,” i.e., measures of added value or student progress and growth. Instead, much of the reported activities are “traditional” testing and evaluation activities such as placement testing and student evaluation of instruction. In sum, assessmentis evaluation at large, research universities.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 419-433 
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    Notes: Abstract Fragmentation in the academic profession derived from differences among academics in different types of colleges and universities suggests a need to identify possible compensatory integrating mechanisms. This study seeks to determine whether faculty conformity to the four norms of science identified by Merton are such integrating mechanisms or whether they are forces of further fragmentation. The 1977 Survey of the American Professorate conducted by Ladd and Lipset was the data source for this study. The results indicate that the norms of universalism and communality serve as a compensatory integrating mechanisms, while the norms of disinterestedness and organized skepticism function as forces of further fragmentation among academics in different types of colleges and universities.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 471-483 
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    Notes: Abstract Because of the radical reorientation of financial aid policies in the eighties, loan indebtness and the amount of federal subsidy of loans have increased dramatically. Paralleling these developments has been the growth of the proprietary sector of postsecondary education and the use of federal-supported financial aid by this sector's students. This article examines the impact of current financial aid policies on different sectors. Evidence appears clear that new policy is required to serve equity and human and social capital development. The success of the proprietary sector in growing its market share at the expense of other sectors—in particular, community colleges—provides some useful lessons about aggressive recruiting.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 517-530 
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    Notes: Abstract The academic and social integration of college students has been the focus of much recent research. The Tinto model of college student withdrawal focused on the constructs as explanation for commitment to goals and persistence. Research results suggested that perhaps reciprocal relationships existed between academic and social integration. Significant influences from academic integration to social integration and vice-versa indicated differing reciprocal effects for males and females.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 309-320 
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    Notes: Abstract Most students of motivation for adult education in general, and post-secondary and higher education in particular, are preoccupied with motives from the standpoint of the individual learner. This article comprises an attempt to examine study motivations from the standpoint of societal expectations. The question raised is: to what degree do post-secondary and higher students take into consideration the collective needs (or ‘functional imperatives’) of their community, instead of, or rather in addition to, their individual aspirations? The question is examined by means of a multi-year statistical follow-up of post-secondary and higher Israeli kibbutz students and a pilot study of their study motives in a random sample. The findings tend to indicate that in micro-social community settings such as that of the kibbutz, individual aspirations in the sphere of post-secondary and higher education may be reconciled to a certain degree with societal needs and expectations.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 353-360 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 411-421 
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    Notes: Abstract The need for science and agriculture education in developing countries is at least as great as that in industrially advanced nations. To determine whether or not developing countries are devoting adequate resources to university level science and agriculture studies, a number of developed and developing nations were examined. Both student enrolments and awarded degrees in science, agriculture and non-science fields of study were used as criteria for determining the extent of resources being devoted to tertiary science and agriculture education. Generally, the developing countries showed similar enrolment patterns by area of study to the developed ones, although some countries clearly emphasize science and agriculture more than others. Similarly, the pattern for awarded degrees showed that developing countries produced equal or higher percentages of science and agriculture degrees relative to total degrees when compared with developed countries. Nevertheless, when evaluating science and agriculture study on a per capita basis, developing countries produce far fewer graduates than developed countries, due to the relatively restricted access to university study found in underdeveloped nations. It was concluded that the need for more science-based graduates cannot be met alone by greater percentages of students studying science but rather by large increases in the total numbers of students studying at the university level.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 9-29 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The long historical and contemporary impact of Western academic models, practices and orientations on Asian universities in such countries as India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore shaped the nature of higher education systems in these countries. The Japanese colonial impact in Korea and Taiwan is also significant and an interesting variation on the colonial theme. Several Asian countries, including Thailand, Japan and China were not formally colonized, but the mixture of influence on the academic institutions that has developed in these countries reflects considerable Western influence. Contemporary factors such as the international knowledge system, the numbers of students studying in Western nations and patterns of scientific interaction also have a major impact on the growth of universities in Asia.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 87-116 
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    Notes: Abstract This article examines Western influence on the development of Korean higher education, which is characteristic of the predominance of adaptation to the American ideas and practices from the beginning in the late nineteenth century. The roots of American influence can be seen developmentally as representing three sets of entangled issues: the role of the early American missionaries in practice and unconstrained accommodation in resisting the Japanese oppression; the increase of American-educated scholars and their change-agent leadership; and the newly emerging definitions of nationalism and collaborative relationship between the change-agent and the indigenous group. The most probable schema to respond to the Western influences on Korean higher education is to view Western development as one of the sources challenging endogenous change, while treating it also as an influential force. The institutions of higher education in Korea are now faced with strong pressures for increased academic nationalism as well as for excellence comparable to that of Western advanced countries, dealing with the Western influences rather as a source of data for their own development.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 189-208 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper recognizes the increasing effect, actual and potential, that a range of legislation has upon university activities. It focuses on an analysis of the legal and formal basis to the office of vice-chancellor, the chief executive officer in (Australian) universities. This analysis is pursued through a survey of government and institutional legislation affecting the office. While precedent and convention are found to be influential, the study questions whether they have sufficient acceptance outside universities, in the face of possible legal action, to ensure continuity of the values upon which universities operate.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 209-225 
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    Notes: Abstract The non-completion rate of university students differs substantially between UK universities. This paper provides estimates of non-completion rates for the 1979 and 1980 entry cohorts into each university and suggests a number of reasons which may have contributed to these inter-university differences. Statistical analysis indicates that a large proportion of the inter-university variation in the non-completion rate can be explained by three main factors: the scholastic ability of each university's new entrants (as reflected by A-level score), the subject mix of each university, and the proportion of each university's students accommodated in a hall of residence. The main conclusion is that inter-university comparisons in the non-completion rate are of little value unless account is taken of differences in the scholastic ability of each university's intake of students.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 239-253 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new conceptual approach to institutional governance, management, and leadership based upon a cybernetic model of organizations. The cybernetic paradigm integrates existing models by suggesting how bureaucratic, collegial, political, and anarchical subsystems function simultaneously in colleges and universities of all kinds to create self-correcting institutions. The cybernetic paradigm posits that organization control systems can be described in terms of sensing mechanisms and negative feedback loops that collectively monitor changes from acceptable levels of functioning and that activate forces that return institutions to their previous stable state. These self correcting (cybernetic) processes function as institutional “thermostats”. Administrators can function effectively by adopting leadership and management approaches that are consistent with cybernetic principles. These principles suggest that administrators should complicate themselves and use multiple frames to develop richer behavioral repertoires, increase the sensitivity of institutional monitoring systems, and focus attention on important issues through systems that report data and create forums for interaction. The major function of the cybernetic administrator is to coordinate and balance the various systems within the institution to move towards optimizing the administrator's values. This can be done by making incremental adjustments to administrative processes and procedures, by enunciating goals that establish constraints, and by emphasizing selected elements of organizational life.
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    Notes: Abstract Multi-group discriminant analysis is used to identify the pre-enrollment demographic and academic factors which best separate out the success classes in the first-year examinations of science students at a Nigerian university. Each science-based faculty is separately analysed to control for faculty differences in all the variables used. The pre-eminent predictor of success is performance in the specialist subjects of the university’s matriculation examination. Other variables selected for use in the discriminant functions depend on the faculty group. Misallocation rates are generally low and, exept for one faculty group, discrimination is uni-dimensional.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 361-371 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 529-549 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Student self-assessment occurs when learners make judgements about aspects of their own performance. This paper focuses on one aspect of quantitative self-assessments: the comparison of student-generated marks with those generated by teachers. Studies including such comparisons in the context of higher education courses are reviewed and the following questions are addressed: (i) do students tend to over- or under-rate themselves vis-á-vis teachers?, (ii) do students of different abilities have the same tendencies?, (iii) do students in different kinds or levels of course tend to under- or over-rate themselves?, (iv) do students improve their ability to rate themselves over time or with practice?, (v) are the same tendencies evident when self-marks are used for formal assessment purposes?, and (vi) are there gender differences in self-rating? The paper also discusses methodological issues in studies of this type and makes recommendations concerning the analysis and presentation of information.
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    Notes: Abstract Formulas are used in many jurisdictions to allocate public funds among universities which may then have considerable autonomy in the internal allocation of those funds. This paper provides first an overview of formula funding as it affects university education. This is followed by an exposition on the balance between autonomy and accountability in the Province of Ontario. Formula funding in Ontario is used as a case study to evaluate how effective formula-funding has been in encouraging autonomous universities to work towards the attainment of public policy objectives. The analysis shows that four mechanisms have in fact been used - namely formula funding, designated extraformula grants, incentive funding, and controls - and that some objectives are better supported by different mechanisms. The paper concludes with a discussion of the evolution and an evaluation of formula funding in Ontario against the objectives given for its introduction.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 681-695 
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    Notes: Abstract Foregone earnings are defined as the difference between a student's potential and actual income. Data from the 1970 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Youths Labor Market Experience and the 1979 Youths Cohort of the NLS are employed to estimate foregone earnings of male college students. Estimates are provided by full- and parttime enrollments, and by attendance level (lower-division and upper division undergraduates and graduate-professional). The results are compared to estimates provided by other authors.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 760-761 
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 21-29 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Seattle University recently decided to replace three separate, computerized student-information systems with a single, integrated system. The complexity of this decision was managed with a multicriteria method which was used to evaluate alternative systems. The method took into account the many and sometimes conflicting concerns of the people who would use whatever system was finally selected. Multicriteria analysis not only provided a way of managing a large amount of information, but apparently reduced people's resistance to change. The method is simple in structure and can be adapted to different kinds of decisions and decision-making processes encountered by institutional researchers.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 113-136 
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    Notes: Abstract Linkages between faculty/administrator perceptions of student outcomes and selected institutional characteristics were examined using data drawn from a survey of 320 four-year institutions and the HEGIS database. A particular focus of the study was to investigate the contribution of “institutional culture” variables on perceptions of effectiveness, independent of more traditional institutional characteristics such as size, type, selectivity, and control. Independent effects were established for perceptions of student satisfaction and student personal development, but were not demonstrated for student academic development or student career development. The study also confirmed relationships between institutional culture and faculty/administrator perceptions of a number of educational process variables generally held to be linked to student outcomes, for example, the frequency of student/faculty contact and the degree to which information and feedback are valued in decision making. Results suggest that institutional culture may be a powerful determinant of perceived effectiveness regardless of its structural setting.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 239-244 
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 503-516 
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    Notes: Abstract Time to completion of the doctorate is at a high for the century in the United States. This paper examines completion time in 11 scientific and engineering fields in the period 1967–1986, using the cohort of doctorate recipients for analysis. On average, it finds a 20% increase in completion time. Four measures of time are explored and time trend analysis reveals the existence of two patterns of increase: U-shaped and inverted U. Evidence is reported of convergence of the time distribution around the cohort mean and time spent enrolled at the university is shown to be the major source of the rise.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 547-561 
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    Notes: Abstract This article describes the aggregate financing of student aid by the federal government, state governments, and institutions over the past 25 years. The major trends in student aid funding are sketched in historical perspective with attention directed to federal program changes that precipitated funding changes. All major programs are covered, and figures are presented in current and constant dollars. Trends in the composition of aid delivered (grants, loans, and work-study) are also discussed. Over time comparisons in the numbers of recipients and aid per recipient are given by programs. Changes in educational costs are compared with changes in income and aid to show the increased difficulty for families and students to pay for higher education in the 1980s.
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    Notes: Abstract An objective of the federal student financial aid programs is to promote access to higher education, especially for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. During the past few years, concern has been expressed by diverse segments of the higher education community that this objective is not being met for black and Hispanic students. This article analyzes the effects of aid offers on enrollment decisions by college applicants from the classes of 1972, 1980, and 1982, and analyzes the effects the type of aid offered had on enrollment by minority students in the classes of 1980 and 1982. The principal findings from this analysis are that (1) all types of aid packages had a positive impact on enroliment decisions by college applicants in all three classes, and (2) all types of aid had a positive influence on enrollment by minority students.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 485-489 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 551-558 
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    Notes: Abstract The validity of student rating of teaching is discussed in terms of the effect that students' perceptions of teacher personality might have on that rating. A procedure for using student feedback to evaluate teaching was trialled which sought to minimise the effect of teacher personality on students' ratings of teaching quality. A total of fifteen rating exercises, using ten teachers over a two year period, was carried out. Results indicate that teacher personality, as perceived by students, is still very significantly related to their ratings of teaching quality. It is argued that this is a proper state of affairs which does not undermine the validity of student ratings.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 585-611 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In 1988 UAJ completed the first phase of its initial plan, thus enabling an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of UAJ and a forecast of its future based on available data. The cost per student at UAJ is 2/5, 1/2, and 3/4 of that at national, public, and day programs of private universities, and 1.1 times and 6.7 times of that at evening and correspondence programs of private universities repectively. The projected cost per graduate is slightly lower than that at national universities and 1.1, 1.9 and 2.3 times of that at public, correspondence and day, and evening programs of private universities respectively. The cost per credit is 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.4 and 4.6 times of national and public universities, day, evening, and correspondence programs of private universities respectively. The simulations indicate that the cost per credit can be decreased by expanding the operation of UAJ to a nationwide scale, employing a surface circuit or satellite system; however, it is necessary that the number of students be doubled in order to make the cost per credit equivalent to that at public universities. However, even when the number of students is four times, the cost per credit is not equivalent to that at day programs of private universities regardless of what method is used. Although the current cost per credit is higher than that of conventional universities, changes in cummunication technology and student characteristics could alter the cost-effectiveness of UAJ.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 697-705 
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    Notes: Abstract Attempts to explore the role of organisational climate in organisational effectiveness have been hampered by inadequacies in existing climate measures (e.g. Cameron, 1978a, 1978b). This paper describes the application of Jones & James (1979) perceived climate measures on a sample of senior level Australian academics. Six climate factors were identified: organisational conflict and ambiguity; two leadership components (facilitation and supportiveness; directiveness); work group cooperation in policy committees and immediate workgroups; and organisational and professional esprit. The data reduction procedures used produced results which strongly confirmed Jones and James findings but involved only approximately one-third of their variables. This represents a more efficient measurement approach and furthers the opportunity for understanding and management of climates in effective organisational outcomes. Implications for future studies of senior managerial perceptions of climate are discussed.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 743-760 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 473-483 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 491-509 
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    Notes: Abstract University staff who teach and research in professional schools inhabit an ambivalent cultural world. Their dual mandate requires commitment to traditional academic norms and scholarship through the disciplines on the one hand, and commitment to the transmission of distinctly vocational skills and attitudes on the other. Tensions created by these two intersecting roles both within professional schools and between professional school staff and their colleagues in non-professional fields, and the implications of these for the functioning of a university are explored. Findings suggest that university leaders who understand more fully the bases of tension between the two and develop strategies to minimise symbolic separation, are more likely to ensure the survival and growth of both the academic-scholarly and practice-oriented cultures.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 636-637 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 637-637 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 453-471 
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    Notes: Abstract In the last twenty-five years institutions of higher education and the academic market-place have undergone considerable change. A period of rapid growth and expansion was followed by a period of shrinking resources and decreasing growth. The effects of organizational decline on personnel management and on the formal structure of the academic hierarchy are examined in Israeli universities. The data show that in the non-growth period standards for faculty selection and advancement have not been formally altered, although actual practices have resulted in prolonged time periods between promotions and until tenure is obtained. The most salient change that has taken place is a continuous process of proliferation of the academic hierarchy by addition of new tracks and ranks to the main regular faculty track, and the increasing use of these positions particularly for new hires. This is consistent with other studies which found that organizational complexity may increase under conditions of decline. The effectiveness and functions of this process as an adaptive response to environmental scarcity are discussed.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 737-742 
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    Notes: Abstract Law education at the University of Limburg (Maastricht, The Netherlands) features small-group tutorials alternating with periods of independent study. Every group of 10 students was tutored by a staff member or an undergraduate student from the third or fourth year. Students guided by a staff member scored significantly higher on a test designed to measure higher order cognitive skills than students guided by a student tutor. Student tutors were rated no differently from staff tutors with respect to the way they stimulated learning processes, directed the discussion content and monitored the discussion process. It seems that in a quantitative way, staff tutors and student tutors behave more or less the same. Qualitatively, however, there may be differences in their behavior which the tutor functioning questionnaire is unable to tap. Interventions of staff tutors may be more to the point than those of student tutors due to the fact that they are experts in their fields.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 511-527 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Concern is often expressed about the underrepresentation of women in scientific and technological programmes in higher education. This concern prompted us to undertake a study of Australian computing science courses at the top level of professional accreditation. Our concern was with the numbers of women enrolling and how women fared in the early stages of the courses. The work from our study provides the basis for this paper in which we examine the ways in which women tend to be disadvantaged in computing courses. We discuss the issues both in terms of factors which are identifiable from the perspective of the discipline at large and those which are associated specifically with the presentation of courses within institutions of higher education. At the discipline level we discuss the apparent technology-centredness of computing, the emphasis accorded mathematics as well as narrow problem solving skills and the undervaluing of broadly based problem solving and communication skills. In the institutional context, our concerns lie with the consequences of gender stereotyping on attitudes and interactions, the significance of prior computing knowledge and experience as well as of mathematical background, and the way the curriculum is structured and organised.
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  • 78
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    Notes: Abstract This review synthesizes the research comparing theoverall ratings of college teachers' effectiveness made by current and former students, colleagues, administrators, external (neutral) observers, and the teachers themselves. Of the 15 possible comparison pairs of rating groups, the five with the most data available show that the strongest cases of relative and absolute similarity in ratings are when current students are compared either with the teachers' colleagues or with administrators. Colleague and administrator ratings tend to be similar in relative assessment but dissimilar in absolute assessment. Teachers' self-ratings and current student ratings are, at best, moderately similar. The least similarity was found between teachers' ratings of themselves and colleague ratings. Degree of profile similarity acrossspecific evaluations was determined for studies comparing teachers' self-ratings with current student ratings, as were the relative and absolute similarity (or dissimilarity) for certain of the specific instructional dimensions. Implications of the various analyses and other considerations were explored in terms of individual and subgroup differences, mutual awareness of similarities or dissimilarities, validity issues, and directions for future research.
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  • 79
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    Notes: Abstract If the assessment of student outcomes is to be successful in improving the quality and effectiveness of American higher education, measures of student achievement must be linked to the characteristics of academic programs. The Differential Coursework Patterns Project (DCPP), directed by Dr. James Ratcliff at Iowa State University, appears to offer a method of linking outcomes measures to program data. However, questions must be raised about the generalizability of this method. The results of this study suggest that the differential coursework methodology may be used effectively with at least two different measures of educational outcomes. Moreover, this methodology can be used with coursework data gathered either through transcript analysis or students' self-reports. The results of this study also indicate that the choice of statistical techniques may not be generalizable. The techniques selected should be determined by the nature of the institution, the types of outcomes measures used, and the configuration of the data.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 301-315 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examined a model of college student choice for male and female ninth graders using LISREL. A sample of 703 male students and 718 female students and their parents responded to two sets of questionnaires regarding high school experiences and expectations about college. Endogenous variables examined included parents' expectation regarding higher education for their children, parents' savings for college, students' discussion of college with their parents, and students' aspiration for postsecondary education. The model explained 30.8% of the variance in students' aspiration for males and 36.8% for females. Final empirical models for the two groups suggested that there may be subtle differences in family influence on male and female students' college-going plans.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 345-355 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A survey of 167 institutions engaged in the regional reaccreditation process between 1987 and 1992 revealed that the presence of institutional research activities was positively related to the institution carrying out a systematic assessment of institutional effectiveness. Institutional research activity was more predictive of assessment efforts than was the type of governance (public or private), the level of degree offered, or enrollment size. An alarmingly low proportion of institutions had begun to define “outcomes” at the time of the survey—a first step in the development of assessment procedures. Even fewer had identified ways of measuring outcomes. Budgets and staff expertise were felt to be adequate for current responsibilities but insufficient to assume responsibility for assessing institutional effectiveness. Institutional research activity is urgently needed in order to support the data collection efforts required by institutional assessment mandates. Whether these activities are conducted by institutional researchers or are dispersed across the campus, they provide the underpinnings for assessment.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 387-401 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The central purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational decline and three domains of effectiveness (i.e., academic, morale, and external adaptation) in private colleges and universities. The study differed from earlier inquiries in terms of its measurement of the organizational decline construct and its reliance on faculty perceptions of organizational effectiveness. The results clearly demonstrate that the relationship between decline and effectiveness is not uniform across the three types of private institutions (i.e., Research Universities, Comprehensive Colleges, Liberal Arts Colleges). For example, organizational decline has a negative effect on effectiveness in the academic domain only at Liberal Arts Colleges. Similarly, the magnitude of decline necessary to have a negative effect on effectiveness varies among the three institutional types. The implications of these findings for future research and for the management of decline in private higher education are discussed.
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    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 455-469 
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    Notes: Abstract This article outlines a general process for faculty use in comparing the relative efficacy of college outcomes assessment instruments for gauging student progress toward goals considered important by the faculty. Analysis of two standardized general education exams—the ACT COMP and the ETS Academic Profile—illustrates the process.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 5-7 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 31-48 
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    Notes: Abstract Japan's universities were established in order to import Western knowledge and ideas to assist in the development of the nation beginning in the mid-19th century. Because it was never colonized and because it has sucessfully developed not only its academic system but also its economy, Japan is a particularly significant case study. Japan's academic development can be seen in two phases. First there was a “window shopping” period in which many Western models were explored and some partially adopted. Second, there has been an “involvement” mode in which specific Western models are adopted. This essay follows the development of Japanese higher education through its various phases, including the post World War Two impact of the United States and the growth of a mass university system. The process of internationalization of various foreign influences is examined.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 117-136 
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    Notes: Abstract Taiwan had been ruled by Japan for fifty-one years before the end of World War II. The island's higher education was established during that period, mainly to support Japan's policies of colonization and expansion. When Taiwan was restored to China in 1945, the Japanese system of education was replaced by that of modern China, which followed the American prototype after 1922. American impact on the island's higher education has been substantial since then. However, there are some unique features in Taiwan's higher education. Centralized administration and college entrance examinations are two examples.
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  • 87
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years British higher education has come under considerable financial and political pressure which has led increasingly to the use of various indicators for the measurement of quality. Although the use of such measures has often been seen as leading to encroachments on academic autonomy, the paper argues - drawing on concepts from the sociology of power and the professions - that such measures still, essentially, derive from, and reproduce unquestioningly, the tacit assumptions and professional self-interest of academics. This point is illustrated through a brief consideration of the most commonly-recommended performance indicators and by reference to the work of the Council for National Academic Awards in the review and validation of courses. Attention is also given to the stimulation of market forces as a means of quality control. The paper concludes with a plea for greater pluralism within British higher education and argues that several factors make this more likely. These include demographic change, the increasing involvement of industry and the emergence of diverse sources of funding for British HE including the Manpower Services Commission (now the Training Commission).
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 227-238 
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    Notes: Abstract The present study develops and tests an organizational behavior model of students' evaluation of instruction outlining the causal relationships among levels of instruction, feedback, goal-setting, student's accomplishment, and student's instructional evaluation. The major findings of this study are: (a) The organizational behavior model is one of the strongest predictors of student's overall instructional evaluation. (b) Student's accomplishment, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables, does not contribute to predicting overall evaluation of instruction. (c) Feedback and goal-setting are the most powerful predictors of overall evaluation of instruction. (d) The means, standard deviations and reliability coefficients of the various variables and the interrelationships among the various variables are similar at two points of time (mid-semester and end-semester). The implications of these findings are discussed and elaborated.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 167-187 
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    Notes: Abstract This is a study of factors influencing the research productivity of Indonesian faculty in public higher education. These factors are divided into three broad categories corresponding to: (1) ascriptive, (2) achievement and (3) organizational variables. As the validity of the productivity concept is difficult to ascertain, three different measures were employed. These were: (1) a simple summative count of all self-reported scholarly writing, (2) a summative scale with each separate item weighted, and (3) a subjective self-evaluation measure. Data was collected for the specific purpose of this study at the end of 1982. From the population of 20,945 tenured faculty in Indonesia, 11,269 54 percent were interviewed using an extensively pretested interview schedule. Using multiple regression analysis, models were specified for each of the three dependent variables. Following initial breakdown analysis of means, a multiple regression analysis was conducted. The three groups of predictor variables do not have equal influence on research productivity. The ascriptive variables have the smallest association with all three dependent variables. The achievement block of variables has almost three times as many significant coefficients than does the organizational block in the two “objective” count measures of productivity. In the specification for self-evaluation, the organizational block has a slightly larger number of significant coefficients.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 255-265 
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 267-285 
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    Notes: Abstract The financial crisis in the Canadian higher education system has led to marked growth in the use of part-time faculty, whose interests and powers are strongly differentiated from those of the full-time faculty. The reasons for the differential power and divergent interest between the two are to be understood in the context of corporatist responses to the “state in crisis”. Under continuing financial strigency, the university administration negotiates concessions with the collegium of full-time faculty to satisfy their corporate interests and maintain the stability of the system. Part-timers, excluded from the collegium, remain peripheral to these corporatist arrangements, their marginalization being strongly related to ideological structures that originate from and entrench the dominant power and status of the full-time faculty.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 287-308 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study explores the relationships between achievement at university and self-reported characteristics of students and their social environment. Subjects were 240 college freshmen. They were interviewed twice. The first interview covered their social and study experiences during the first semester, and the second one dealt with the preparation of the final examinations in the first year. Determinants of academic achievement were selected on the basis of significant correlations (p〈.01) with the grades obtained from the final examinations in the freshmen year. The findings revealed that midterm performance was most strongly related with final examination grades. Next in order were academic self-esteem, expectancies and efficiency of study strategies. Other personal factors such as study effort, interest in the study option, ability to understand lectures, prior knowledge and fear of exams were identified as moderate determinants; followed by external determinants such as help from others, information on exams and exam difficulty which were weakly associated with achievement. Unlike previous research, this study attempts to provide an overall framework of the characteristics that determine learning outcome based on the intercorrelations. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that characteristics are structured along two main dimensions: causal locus (internal vs. external) and control (controllable vs. uncontrollable). Overall, the findings corroborate the associations reported in previous studies on determinants of academic attainment. Similarities between the present data and attributional studies on causes of student outcome, as well as potential implications and limitations for remedial purposes, are discussed.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 341-352 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article is part of a study of the impact of higher education on aspects of the employment of a national sample of adult students (25 and over) who enrolled in higher education in Australia in 1978. The study shows that from the point of view of employment these adult students drew much benefit from their higher education. Females tended to benefit more than males. A further article in a later issue will consider for the same group the impact of higher education on the person.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 397-409 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract During the 1980's, there has been considerable concentration of research resources into ‘Centres of Excellence’ within higher education, in the belief that greater research output per capita would result. This article tests this belief for Australian university-based research centres in economics, recognizing that the conclusions may not be applicable to other disciplines. Using a method which assigns points to publications according to the quality of the journal in which they appear, the research output of staff in six research centres was compared with that of lecturers in teaching departments of economics. Research centre staff were estimated to have 75 per cent greater time per head to carry out research. For the period 1974–78 and 1979–83 respectively, research output per capita in the research centres was 75 and 59 per cent greater than that of teaching departments. When time is taken into account, then, the evidence does not support the belief that research centres in economics are more productive. In the Australian context, it may be noted, there is little qualitative difference in the research produced by research centres and that of teaching departments.
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 707-724 
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    Notes: Abstract Despite the expansion in the developing countries of institutions of higher education the award of fellowships to nationals from these countries for study abroad, in particular in developed countries, is still important. In order to learn about the effectiveness of various elements of the fellowship programmes - for example, the selection process, the relevance and use of the training, and the brain drain - many donor agencies as well as a few recipient countries have evaluated the activity. However, as most of these studies are never published, there is very little readily available information about the outcome of the fellowship training. Against this background, the present article analyses and discusses the findings of a number of evaluations undertaken. The analysis points out the more important problem areas in the activity. It also draws attention to some methodological issues which, if not considered, may invalidate the findings of studies.
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  • 96
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    Higher education 18 (1989), S. 639-679 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper critically examines the events leading up to the UGC's Grant Letters for 1981–82 dated 1st July 1981, which announced substantial and differential cuts in student numbers and recurrent grants. It relates this examination to the responses of nine universities to these events, illustrates why a number were ill prepared for the content of their grants letter, and draws policy implications for the University Grants Committee.
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  • 98
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    Notes: Abstract This article examines American education in comparative perspective, suggesting that the distinctive structure of the school system is both an embodiment and a source of the felt fluidity of class boundaries in the United States. Several characteristic features of the American educational system are identified: the avoidance of early selection, the lack of sharp segmentation between different types of institutions, relative freedom of movement both among and within institutions, openness to new fields of study, high levels of enrollment, and the provision of opportunities for educational mobility well into adulthood. The two-year public community college, it argues, is an essential expression of these patterns which, through its very accessibility, reinforces the American ideology that it is never too late for individual talent to reveal itself - and to be rewarded. The article concludes with a discussion of the effects of the nation's distinctive school system on American culture and politics, suggesting that the perceived “classlessness” of American society may in part be a product of its seemingly open and democratic structure of education.
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    Minerva 27 (1989), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
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    Topics: Education , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Minerva 27 (1989), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1573-1871
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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