ALBERT

Notes: 13C-nuciear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the products of glycerol and acetate metabolism released by Leishmania braziliensis panamensis promastigotes and also to examine the interaction of each of these substrates with glucose or alanine. The NMR data were supplemented by measurements of the rates of oxygen consumption and substrate utilization, and of 14CO2 production from 14C-labeIed substrate. Cells incubated with [2-13C]glycerol released acetate, succinate and D-lactate in addition to CO2. Cells incubated with acetate released only CO2. More succinate C-2/C-3 than C-l/C-4 was released from both [2-13C]glycerol and [2-13C]glucose, indicating that succinate was formed predominantly by CO2 fixation followed by reverse flux through part of the Krebs cycle. Some redistribution of the position of labeling was also seen in alanine and pyruvate, suggesting cycling through pyruvate/oxaloacetate/phosphoenolpyruvate. Cells incubated with combinations of 2 substrates consumed oxygen at the same rate as cells incubated with 1 or no substrate, even though the total substrate utilization had increased. When promastigotes were incubated with both glycerol and glucose, the rate of glucose consumption was unchanged but glycerol consumption decreased about 50%, and the rate of 14CO2 production from [l,(3)-14C]glycerol decreased about 60%. Alanine did not affect the rates of consumption of glucose or glycerol, but decreased 14CO2 production from these substrates by increasing flow of label into alanine. Although glucose decreased alanine consumption by 70%, it increased the rate of 14CO2 production from [U-14C]- and [l-14C]alanine by about 20%. This is consistent with rapid equilibration of alanine with pyruvate derived from glucose and yet little decrease in the specific activity of the large alanine pool.

Notes: A recent analysis of sequence variations in ribosomal RNA's from 31 species of tetrahymenine ciliates groups them into 9 sets referred to as “ribosets.” These species associations are not well correlated with the distributions of distinctive morphological characteristics. The phylogenetic structure suggests that modem “pyriform” tetrahymenines may be paraphyletic survivors of primitive design and that the morphologically distinctive forms may include examples of convergent evolution of derived forms. Alternatively, the common ancestor may have been a polymorphic species that has lost its plasticity in some derived lineages. In an attempt to test the ribosomal phylogeny, we here compare it with a phytogeny based on isozymic variation. The main features of the ribosomal and isozymic phylogenies are similar. The carnivorous (macrostome-forming) species are widely scattered in both, as are the bacteriophagous pyriform species. Isozymic and ribosomal analyses are optimally useful, however, in different contexts. Isozymic variations can distinguish species that are ribosomally identical. Ribosomal variations provide more secure evaluations of distant relationships.

Notes: Large numbers of Pneumocystis carinii (2 × 1010 nuclei) were isolated and separated from the lungs of immunosupprcsscd rats by an enzymaric (collagcnasc, hyaluronidasc and DN'asc) digestion procedure. The nucleic acid isolated from this P. cartnii-cnnchcd preparation was characterized by melting point analysis and RNA-sizing gels. The GC content of P. carinii DNA was approximately 33% while the rat DNA was 41.4%. In addition, RNA isolated from the P. curmii-enrichcd preparation showed unique ribosomal RNA bands of 3.4 kb and 1.8 kb as compared with uninfected rat lung ribosoma! RNA. which banded at 4.8 and 1.9 kb. Following isolation and fragmentation by sonicaüon, the P. carinii D.VA fragments were inserted into the vector, λ gt-11. The resultant library contained 1.1 × 105 phage, of which 40–45% hybridized to P. carinii DNA but not to rat DNA.

Notes: In this study, the presence of actin in cultured trypanosomatids was investigated using polyclonal antibodies to heterologous actin. Polyclonal antisera to rabbit muscle actin and a monospecific anti-actin antibody react with a 43-kDa polypeptide in extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis on protein immunoblots. The 43-kDa polypeptide co-migrates with skeletal muscle actin and is retained within trypanosomatid cytoskeletons. Attempts to isolate H. samuelpessoai actin through DNase I affinity chromatography showed that the 43-kDa polypeptide did not bind to the column. Instead, low yields of a 47-kDa polypeptide were obtained indicating that the trypanosomatid actin displays unusual DNase I binding behavior when compared to actins from higher eukaryotes. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that cytoskeletons retain the actin-like protein. In H. samuelpessoai, actin is localized in the region close to the flagellum, whereas in T. cruzi it is more homogeneously distributed. The data presented here show that trypanosomatid actin displays biochemical characteristics similar to actins of other protozoa.

Notes: Toial RNA from Pneumocystis carinii obtained directly from the rat lung and from short term culture on A549 cells was evaluated for size and purity. An isolation procedure using guanidine isothiocyanate and lithium chloride was preferable to a hot phenol method. Host cells were eliminated by hypotonic lysis and a series of microfiltrations. Pneumocystis carinii were pretreated with Zymolyase for increased susceptibility to chaotropic agents. The major ribosomal species of P. carinii RNA migrated similarly to Saccharomyces cerevisiae rRNA. The 28s-like species migrated well ahead of rat and A549 cell rRNA and weli behind the prokaryotic large rRNA species.

Notes: The cytoplasmic 58 ribosomal RNA sequence from Pneumocystis carinii was determined and compared with those of 382 eukaryotes and an evolutionary tree was constructed to establish the phylogenetic position of Pneumocystis. The data suggest that Pneumocystis is associated with the RhizopodaAlyxomycota/ Zygomycota group but not with common fungi, such as Ascomycota or Basidiomycoia, nor with other protozoa.

Notes: The antimicrobial agent novobiocin, an inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), is known to antagonize Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes growing in cell-free medium. To determine sites of antagonism of novobiocin, the effects of drug on parasite ultrastructure and incorporation of radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA and protein into macromolecules were determined. The predominant ultrastructural abnormality seen after exposure to 0.40 mM novobiocin for 24 h was the presence of electron-dense clumps in the mitochondrion-kinetoplast organelle in 95 of 257 (37%) of cells, in comparison to no clumps seen in 110 drug-free cells. In addition, in the nucleus, the karyosome was less distinct than in control cells and appeared to merge with the chromatin. In the radiolabcling studies, incorporation of thymidine was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by novobiocin (0.16–0.80 mM) in a range of drug concentrations that also inhibited parasite growth. For 0.16 and 0.24 mM novobiocin, incorporation of thymidine was inhibited up to 65% relative to drug-free control cells while uptake of uridine and leucine was unaltered. We interpret these ultrastructure and precursor-incorporation studies as suggesting that (i) the mitochondrion-kinetoplast and possibly the nucleus are sites of novobiocin antagonism of T. cruzi amastigotes and (ii) that novobiocin appears to antagonize DNA synthesis within these organisms. Whether the drug target is topoisomerase II, however, is as yet unknown.

Notes: Trophozoites grown in vitro were shown to undergo binary fission by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Standard fixation with subsequent embedding in Spurr was employed using 3% gluuraldehydc and 1% osmium tetroxide with 5% sucrose added to bom fixatives and 0.1 M cacodylate buffer washes. Trophozoites were grown on WI-38 cells in vitro. Trophozoites were found in various stages of fission. The dividing trophozoite has daughter cells that arc rounder than the pleomorphic, non-dividing trophozoites. Tubular forms external to the dividing trophozoites were decreased in number; tubular forms when present were concentrated around the forming septa. Nuclear material was sometimes, but not always, well defined in both daughter cells. There was no concentration of nuclear material at the poles. Vacuoles without membrane were present in the dividing forms. Separate nuclear regions were sometimes found in the dividing trophozoites. These observations suggest that binary fission does occur in culture; however, the significance of binary fission to the life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) is not yet clear.

Notes: Codon usage in ciliates was examined by analyzing the coding regions of 22 ciliate genes corresponding to a total of 26, 142 nucleotides (8, 714 codons). It was found that Tetrahymena, Paramecium and the hypotrichs (Oxytricha and Stylonychia) differed in which synonymous codons were used most frequently by their genes. In fact, the codon choices in highly expressed Tetrahymena genes were more similar to those of yeast genes than those of Paramecium genes. The ciliates do not appear to have unusually strong biases in codon usage frequency when compared to other protists such as yeast. The analysis of the Tetrahymena genes indicated that genes which are highly expressed during normal cell growth have a stronger bias towards using the “preferred” codons than those expressed at lower levels during growth or for brief periods during processes such as conjugation. This conforms to what is found in other protists.

Notes: Two new phenomena were observed during macronuclear development in E. patella. During the formation of giant chromosomes, the number of chromosomes decreased while individual chromosomes gradually became longer and thicker. Immediately before macronuclear elongation, ring-like anlagen appeared, which did not contain chromatin at their centers. The course of macronuclear development in Euplotes is reconsidered in light of these findings.

Notes: Pneumocystis carinii-specitic immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 53% of sera from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50–55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful PCP drug therapy and recovery. An epitope map has been constructed from im-munoblots of P. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine scrum containing P. carinii antigens.

Notes: An ultrastructural study of life cycle stages of Pneumocystis carinii in infected rat lungs in situ was undertaken utilizing 8 different modes of fixation. Three of the fixatives employed gave good fixation of cysts and intracystic bodies, but for the trophic forms fixation was only fair. Both the trophic forms and intracystic bodies have nuclear pores. The mitochondria of the organism have cristac that appear lamellar. One of the fixation modes revealed a thin, electron-dense layer on the outer surface of the cell wall, a “fuzzy coat” that had not been described previously. This material appears to mediate tight adhesion of trophic forms with other trophic forms, cysts, and with pneumocytcs of the lung alveolus.

Notes: Pneumocystis carinii-parasitizcd lung explains were obtained from corticoid-lreated rabbits and maintained in vilro. Twenty-one days after the beginning of explant cultures, the ullrastructura! morphology of trophozoite, precyst and cyst forms was normal as compared to the in vivo ui-trastrucuirc of P. carinii from infected rabbit. However, after the 36th day, only altered forms of P. carinii were observed. Lung tissue showed only minor alterations. fntracytoplasmic lamellar inclusions were observed in type 2 alveolar cells from which they were released. While the total number of parasites increased approximately 4-fold from day 0 to day 41, trophozoite counts increased approximately 6 times. Pneumocystis cells from inocula and supcmaics of cultures with and without Vera cells showed important ullrastructural alterations.

Notes: The 115 kd band in polyacrylamide gels is a major antigen of Pneumocystis carinii. Data obtained from treatment with enyzmes, binding to lectins, and labelling the surface with biotin suggest that this moiety is a glycoprotein containing mannosyl/glucosyl and N-acetylglucosamine residues, and that it is located on the cell wall of the organism. Other rat and human P. carinii antigens also are glycoproteins but differ in specific protein or carbohydrate residues or location on the organism.

Notes: The binding characteristics of a panel of commercially available FITC-conjugated lectins to Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) were assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Rat Pc obtained from infecteding homogenates were incubated with FTTC-conjugated lectins in a series of concentrations, counlerstained with propidium iodide, and analyzed for percent fluorescence and fluorescence intensity. All organisms bound concanavalin A and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, 2 representatives of the glucose/mannose-binding group. From the lectin group specific for N-acctylglucosamine, Pc reacted more strongly with wheat germ agglutinin than with Solanum tuberosum agglutinin or Griffonia simpiicifolia II lectin. Pneumocystis treated with lectins specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and galactose exhibited much variation; the cells reacted moderately well to soybean agglutinin and less to Bauhinia purpurea, Madura pomifera and Dolichos biflorus agglutinins and Giffonia simpiicifolia Hectin. Arachis hypogaea agglutinin, Viscum album agglutinin and Griffon'ui simpiicifolia I—β Section had not effect. The organisms reacted weakly with Ulex europeus I agglutinin which is specific for fucose and did not react with Limax ftavus lectin, which is specific for sialic acid. Competitive inhibition studies using relevant carbohydrates were performed to indicate that the positive reactions were specific. These studies should help to elucidate the mechanisms of attachment and pathogenesis of this organism.

Notes: The major ester-linked fatty acids of the total lipids extracted from Pneumocystis carinii isolated from the lungs of corticosteroid-trcaicd rats were 16:0. 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4. Others detected included 14:0, 16:1 and 22:4. The major sphingolipid fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0,22:0,24:0 and 24:1; others included 14:0, 18:1, 20:0, 23:0, 24:2 and 26:0. The total lipid fatty acid compositions of preparations from appropriate lung controls were similar to those of the organism.

Notes: Removal of the micronuclei of Paramecium tetraurelia and Paramecium jenningsi by micropipetting generates amicronucleate cell lines. These cell lines go through a period of growth depression for several dozen fissions, but they gradually recover. Amicronucleate cells in the depression period characteristically exhibit abnormal oral development, particularly reduction in the length of the buccal cavity and an abnormal pattern of the oral membranelles. To test the notion that the macronucleus is involved in the recovery of amicronucleate cell lines, DNA demethylation drugs were administered to amicronucleates in the depression period. After at least 4 fissions, the treated amicronucleates were assessed for their progress in recovery by scoring the proportion of cells with normal oral membranelles. Cvtidine analogues which demethylate cytosine specifically at the 5 position, namely 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2′- deoxycytidine and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine. promoted recovery of the amicronucleates. Cytidine, 6-azacytidine, 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-cytidine and cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside did not. These results suggest that (i) 5-methylcytosine is present in the macronucleus of these Paramecium species, probably in small amounts and (ii) recovery of amicronucleates involves demethylation of macronuclear DNA. This implies that in normal cells the micronuclei are involved in maintaining the macronuclear DNA in a methylated state and hence the inactivation of the macronuclear sequences that are to be employed for stomatogenic recovery. A general mechanism for the control of gene expression may therefore be employed for the regulation of specific sequences.

Notes: . This essay considers the responses of Paramecium and other ciliates to the inorganic ion environment from an elec-trophysiological point of view. In reviewing data from published and unpublished sources it is shown that ions affect the cellular behaviour in multiple ways because the transmembrane potential can change due to the alteration of equilibrium potentials, ion conductances and surface charges of the membrane. Sensory input including effects from the ionic environment converge upon the membrane potential which has a temporal and spatial summing function. Hyperpolarizing and depolarizing potential shifts from the set point are near-simultaneously and omnidirectionally transmitted along the membrane including the ciliary boundaries. The membrane potential regulates ciliary motility via an intraciliary messenger, Ca2+, which can enter, and presumably leave, the cytosol directly adjacent to the ciliary motor. Integration of the responses of thousands of cilia occurs in accordance with the electrical and structural provisions of the cell. Potential-regulated motor and behavioural responses attenuate with time. This phenomenon, which has been loosely termed adaptation, has an electrophysiological basis in analogy to membrane accommodation following sustained stimulus input. The mechanisms of adaptation serve to restore, in principle, the membrane resting state and, thereby, the sensitivity to depolarizing and hyperpolarizing shifts of the membrane potential and the cell's responsiveness to environmental stimuli, respectively. For the inorganic ions involved in chemosensation the terms attractant and repellent are not applicable. They should be reserved to signalling substances which per se can define the behaviour of the cell.

Notes: The ultrastructure of sporozoites and zoites of Hammondia heydorni was studied in cultured bovine cells. In addition to ultrastructural features typical of coccidian parasites, H. heydorni sporozoites and zoites contain rhoptries that are located posteriorly as well as anteriorly. Also, sporozoites contain a posteriorly located crystalloid body (1.2 μm in diameter); a small crystalloid body (0.5 μm in diameter) was occasionally seen in the anterior end. Zoites resulting from the 1st division of endodyogeny contain a posteriorly located crystalloid body, which is absent in zoites formed by subsequent divisions. Zoites contain posteriorly located amylopectin granules and a relatively large anterior vacuole which is not present in sporozoites. During penetration, the host cell plasmalemma ballooned laterally around the sporozoite creating a large cavity, which later disappeared. Sporozoites and zoites undergoing cell penetration usually exhibit partially empty anterior rhoptries; no changes occur in posterior rhoptries. Lysosomes fuse with the par-asitophorous vacuole surrounding killed sporozoites but not live sporozoites.

Notes: The effects of the 2 ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors α-difluoromethylomithine (DFMO) and α-monofluoromethyl-dehydroormithine methyl ester (ΔMFMO-ME) on growth ofBabesia bovis blood stages in vitro were tested. The DFMO had no apparent effects on in vitro growth of B. bovis nor on the morphology of the parasite at concentrations up to 20 mM. In contrast, ΔMFMO-ME had cytotoxic effects on B. bovis at 0.5 mM which were more pronounced at 5 mM. ΔMFMO-ME caused both a decrease in percentage parasitized erythrocytes and a degeneration of parasites after 12 h exposure, and the magnitude of both effects was dose-dependent. The effects of ΔMFMO-ME were not reversible for B. bovis precultured for 12 h (5 mM) or 24 h (0.5 mM) in drug before culturing the parasite in drug-free medium. Unexpectedly, 300 μM putrescine did not reverse the effects of ΔMFMO-ME on B. bovis blood stage, raising the possibility that inhibition of omithine decarboxylase is not responsible for these effects.

Notes: Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen of man, carried as a commensal in healthy subjects. It frequently causes a fatal pneumonia in the immunosupprcssed host. It is a major complication of HIV-1 infection in man (AIDS). Using surface radioiodination of rat-denved P. carinii trophozoites obtained from in vitro culture, a major surface glycoprotein (gp120) has been identified. The glycoprotein exhibits adherent behavior similar to that of the intact organism. Purification of gp120 by conventional methods was unsuccessful as the glycoprotein irreversibly bound lo numerous column matrices. A combination of gel chromatography and hydroxyapatile chromatography in sodium dodecylsulfaie v. as utilized to purify the glycoprotein. Some preliminary characterization of the glycoprotein is presented.

Notes: . Ornithine decarboxylase and trypanothione reductase are the key enzymes in polyamine and trypanothione metabolism in kinetoplastids. Using a heterologous Trypanosoma brucei brucei probe for ornithine decarboxylase and a mixed synthetic probe of 29 oligonucleotides for trypanothione reductase, we have detected the putative genes for these enzymes by Southern blot hybridization using genomic DNA of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis MHOM/SR/80/CUMC I. The trypanothione reductase probe was constructed both from the conserved codon usage of the redox active site for other flavin oxidoreductases over a wide evolutionary scale, and the preferred codon usage for other genes in species of Leishmania.

Notes: Garcia, L. & Bruckner, D. 1988. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology

Notes: . Two strains of the Leishmania braziliensis complex have been adapted to grow extracellularly at elevated temperature as amastigote-like forms in a cell-free medium. These parasites can be serially cultivated and maintained at 32°C for L. panamensis (WR442; L. braziliensis panamensis) and at 28°C for L. braziliensis (M5052; L. braziliensis braziliensis). Several observations are presented that the forms adapted at elevated temperature are amastigote-like. Morphologically, the amastigote-like organisms appear rounded to ovoid and are immotile and smaller than promastigotes; the flagellum of the amastigote-like forms does not extend beyond the flagellar pocket. In comparison, the promastigotes are very elongated, with a nucleus at mid-cell length and a very long flagellum. By electron microscopy, the short flagellum of the amastigote-like form is within a distended flagellar pocket; the 9 + 2 axonemal configuration is present but the paraxial rod is not observed. By contrast, the flagellum of the promastigote has a paraxial rod which extends from the axosome level. In addition, these amastigote-like forms of Leishmania are able to infect, to survive and to divide within the macrophage cell line J774.

Notes: Immunochemical evidence, employing monoclonal antibodies, shows that the forms of L. braziliensis complex axenically grown at elevated temperature are amastigote-like. The monoclonal antibodies were raised against membrane proteins of amastigote-like forms, strains of both L. panamensis (WR442) and L. braziliensis (M5052), which were grown axenically. The specificities of these antibodies were examined by indirect radioimmune binding assay, indirect immunofluorescent assay and Western blot analyses. Two distinct groups of monoclonal antibodies were obtained and their specificities were consistent with the 3 methods used. Four antibodies are specific for the species L. panamensis and react with both developmental stages. Six antibodies specifically recognize amastigote-like forms grown at elevated temperature and intracellular amastigotes of both L. panamensis (WR442) and L. braziliensis (M5052). These monoclonal antibodies do not bind to promastigotes of these species, nor to promastigotes of any other species of Leishmania. Therefore these antibodies are specific for amastigotes of L. panamensis (WR442) and L. braziliensis (M5052), and suggest that immunochemically both amastigote forms (culture and macrophage) are developmentally very close, if not identical. The molecules associated with the amastigote-specific antigenic determinants consist of a Mr 12-kD component and a heterogeneous component (Mr from 50 kD to 〉200 kD); these molecules appear to be identical for both amastigote-like forms and amastigotes isolated from macrophages.

Notes: Clathrin-coated vesicles, identified by negative staining with uranyl acetate, were purified from Chlamydomonas rein-hardtii. Isolated coated vesicles had diameters ranging from 70 to 140 nm (mean diameter±SD of 95±17 nm, n=300). These vesicles were markedly heterogeneous in both density and surface charge, as indicated by equilibrium density sedimentation and elution from anion-exchange columns. Highly-purified coated-vesicle fractions contained 2 major polypeptides, identified as the clathrin heavy chain (185 kDa) and the clathrin light chain (40 kDa). Chlamydomonas clathrin heavy chain cross-reacts weakly with an antibody against bovine brain clathrin heavy chain. Coat stability in several buffers was compared to that of bovine brain coated vesicles. Stability was similar, except for a greater stability of Chlamydomonas coated vesicles in 0.5 M Tris at pH 7.0.

Notes: The micronuclei of the ciliated protozoan Pseudourostyla cristata were eliminated by amputation shortly before binary fusion. The amicronucleate cell lines derived from regenerants were maintained for more than a year. They exhibited a lower viability and reduced vigor in asexual propagation. There was some improvement in the growth of the cell lines 1 mo after operation, but the growth rate remained subnormal even up to 1 yr of culture. The exact cause of the poor growth and survival in the first 3 wk after operation, whether the loss of the micronucleus or operational damage, remains to be determined. It is nevertheless clear that the micronucleus is important for subsequent asexual propagation. The amicronucleate cell lines were permanently crippled in morphogenesis, unlike the situation in Paramecium amicronucleates in which stomatogenesis returned to near-normal during asexual propagation. They always included some cells with a characteristically defective adoral zone of membranelles, reduced number of frontal-ventral-transverse cirri, and reduced body length. They were also reluctant to encyst. It is evident that the micronucleus is important for maintaining normality of the oral apparatus. It is postulated that the permanent stomatogenic crippling of amicronucleates might be related to genomic reduction in the developing macronucleus in sexual reproduction, as exhibited by other hypotrichs. The morphological defects associated with the adoral zone of membranelles may be rationalized as arising from the spreading of a zone of degeneration in the cortex affecting the left edge of the membranelles.

Notes: .Using fixed sporozoites in a 3-layer immunofluorescence assay (TLIFA), class-specific, parasite-specific antibody responses in chicks to single-pulse infection with Eimeria tenella have been studied in gut contents and bile as well as plasma and feces. After infection with 103 oocysts, IgA antibody was first detected in the duodenal lumen, then in bile, plasma, cecum, and the distal small intestine. The kinetics of the bile IgA response correlated with that in plasma and peaked 9 days post-infection (d.p.i.); IgM was detected in gut contents and bile as well as plasma, and IgG was occasionally detected in gut contents, especially in the duodenum. In some experiments, IgA was detected in gut contents and bile to at least 21 d.p.i. Infection with 103 oocysts resulted in an earlier and increased response and relatively high IgG titers in cecal contents. Coproantibody was detected inconsistently and at low titer. When sporozoites that excysted in vitro were incubated in specific, antibody-positive (9 d.p.i.) cecal contents, some complement-mediated IgG-associated anti-sporozoite effects were observed; however, the major effect of cecal contents and the only effect of bile was a non-lethal agglutination of living sporozoites. By fractionation of cecal contents and imtnunoblotting this was confirmed to be IgA mediated; IgA antibodies in cecal contents and bile after infection were shown to bind to sporozoite membrane antigens by surface fluorescence as well as agglutination. Agglutination detected anti-sporozoite antibody in gut contents and bile up to 21 d.p.i., peaking between 7 and 13 d.p.i., corresponding with TLIFA results. The immunofluorescence studies reveal the extremely labile nature of the sporozoite surface antigens and support the hypothesis that naturally elaborated IgA antibodies are involved in the modulation of complexed sporozoite surface antigens.

Notes: . It is well known that Plasmodium-infected hosts are immunosuppressed, as shown by their depressed immune responsiveness to a variety of antigens. It is not known, however, whether the immune response of malaria-infected animals to the malarial parasite itself is suppressed. The availability of a noninfectious, immunosuppressive factor (ISF) derived from Plasmodium berghei-infected rat erythrocytes made it possible to investigate this question. Mice infected with P. berghei and injected with the ISF had higher levels of parasitemia and shorter survival times than control mice that were similarly infected but were treated with control material derived from noninfected rat erythrocytes or with saline solution. Conversely, mice immunized against the ISF and then infected with P. berghei had lower parasitemias and longer survival times than mice immunized with the control material or with saline solution. We conclude that immunosuppression in murine malaria affects the course of malaria infection.

Notes: An investigation of transmission and ecology of the monogenetic trypanosomatids, Blastocrithidia gerridis and Crithidia flexonema, in Gerris is described. Motile free-living flagellates of both species were found in the faeces of Gerris and in the water on which the bugs inhabited. Transmission of both trypanosomatid species occurred from naturally infected wild-caught bugs to flagellate-free laboratory-bred bugs via water. Crithidia flexonema was also transmitted to laboratory-bred bugs after being isolated in culture. Observations of experimentally infected bugs indicate that C. flexonema flagellates are imbibed and pass through the fore- and midgut to the hindgut where they become attached and multiply. There was no evidence to suggest transovarial transmission. In a 3-yr investigation into the prevalence of trypanosomatids in a natural population of adult Gerris odontogaster, it was found that the infection rate varied between 19% and 100%. There was no significant difference in infection rates between females and males. The infection rate peaked for each year in late spring or early summer. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the ecology and behaviour of Gerris. The results indicate that the infections are maintained in hibernating bugs over winter.

Notes: . The marine ciliate Euplotes vannus was used to lest whether keronopsin, the water-soluble component of (he toxic pigment complex from Pseudokeronopsis rubra, narcotizes cells by affecting ion conductance. Keronopsin delays the rate of rise in the regenerative component of action potentials under constant current injection. In depolarizing voltage steps it reduces the rate of rise and the final amplitude of the initial Ca2+ inward current. Normal traits are restored after change to keronopsin-free medium. Effects on locomotory behavior, spontaneous membrane depolarization, action potential, and inward current, all provide evidence that keronopsin acts on cells by obstructing Ca2+ influx.

Notes: . A procedure was developed to purify a coated vesicle fraction from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Electron microscopy revealed a difference between T. brucei coated vesicles and clathrin-coated vesicles from other eukaryotes: trypanosome vesicles were larger (100 to ISO nm in diameter) and contained an inner coat of electron-dense material in addition to the external coat. Evidence suggests that the internal coat is the parasite's variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. The SDS-PAGE analysis shows the major protein of T. brucei coated vesicles has a molecular mass of 61 kD, similar to VSG; this protein was recognized in an immunoblot by anti-VSG serum. Trypanosome coated vesicles also contain a protein which comigrates with the major protein (clathrin) of coated vesicles purified from rat brains. However, this protein is a minor component and it is not serologically cross-reactive with mammalian clathrin. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the parasite vesicles contained host IgG, IgM, and serum albumin.

Notes: Twenty-six monoclonal antibodies were produced against membrane-enriched preparations of Endotrypanum schaudinni or Endotrypanum sp. promastigotes. Fifteen of these monoclonal antibodies (E1-E15) reacted only with the standard strain of E. schaudinni, M6159. Monoclonal antibodies E16-E26 were considered Endotrypanum specific; no cross reactivity was detected with any other genus of the family Trypanosomatidae (Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Leptomonas. Herpetomonas or Crithidia) by dot-blot radioimmune assay. By indirect immunofluorescence assay, the antigens recognized by Endotrypanum specific monoclonal antibodies appear to be associated with the surface of the parasite. Based on Western blot analysis, 4 antigenic molecules ranging in molecular weight from 24 kD to 160 kD were identified by monoclonal antibodies specific for the strain of E. schaudinni, M6159. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the genus Endotrypanum identified an antigen of molecular weight 48 kD as well as a diffuse component migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 64–200 kD.

Notes: .Large numbers of Pneumocystis carinii (2 × 1010 nuclei) were isolated and separated from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats by an enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNase) digestion procedure. The nucleic acid isolated from this P. carinnii-enriched preparation was characterized by melting point analysis and RNA-sizing gels. The GC content of P. carinii DNA was approximately 33% while the rat DNA was 41.4%. In addition, RNA isolated from the P. carinii-enriched preparation showed unique ribosomal RNA bands of 3.4 kb and 1.8 kb as compared with uninfected rat lung ribosomal RNA which banded at 4.8 and 1.9 kb. Following isolation and fragmentation by sonication, the P. carinii DNA fragments were inserted into the vector, λ gt-11. The resultant library contained 1.1 × 105 phage, of which 40–45% hybridized to P. carinii DNA but not to rat DNA.

Notes: Trypanosomatids were isolated from edible fruit. One of the isolates (from tangerine) presented a set of enzymes for the metabolism of arginine-ornithine similar to that of Leptomonas spp., and failed to be recognized by monoclonal antibodies specific for Phytomonas spp. The possibility that trypanosomatids other than Phytomonas spp. could infect fruit was further examined by inoculating tomatoes with species of Crithidia, Leptomonas and Herpetomonas. Some of these flagellates multiplied in tomatoes. Besides, house flies became infected with Crithidia sp. when fed on tomatoes experimentally inoculated with this flagellate. Therefore, isolation of a trypanosomatid from a plant should not constitute an absolute criterion for placing it in the genus Phytomonas.

Notes: Both monoclonal and polyclonal antisera were produced against Ceratomyxa shasta. Ascites containing trophozoites of the parasite was collected from infected fish and used as antigen for immunization of mice. The resulting monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with trophozoite and sporoblast stages but did not react with C. shasta spores by either indirect fluorescent antibody techniques or in Western blots. This indicates that some C. shasta antigens are specific to certain life stages of the parasite. Polyclonal antiserum was produced in a rabbit by injecting a spore protein electro-eluted from an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. This antiserum reacted with both trophozoites and spores by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques and in Western blots. All antisera were tested for cross-reactivity to trout white blood cells, a contaminant of the ascites, and to other myxosporea. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with white blood cells and myxosporea of the genera Sphaerospora and Myxobilatus. One hybridoma produced antibodies of high specificity for C. shasta pre-spore stages. This is the first report of a monoclonal antibody produced against a myxosporean parasite.

Notes: .Morphological development of cloned Trypanoplasma borreli was studied during the course of experimental infections in common carp. During the course of infection the cell dimensions of T. borreli showed high variability. At the beginning of parasitemia at day 8 p.i. (post inoculation) small and slender T. borreli predominated: surface area (SA, determined using a polar planimeter) 48.9 ± 13.1 Mm2; shape index (SI, length/width) 7.8 + 2.1 (n = 110). During the exponential growth phase until day 13 p.i. the size further decreased significantly (P 〈 1%): SA 29.9 ± 9.5 μm: (n = 109). During the transition of parasitemia from exponential growth to the chronic phase the size of T. borreli enlarged significantly (P 〈 1%) and it became stumpy in shape. Day 15 p.i.: SA 63.2 ± 15.8 μm2; SI 4.2 ± 1.0 (n = 51). During the chronic phase significantly (P 〈 1%) larger trypanoplasms predominated: day 41 p.i. SA 90.6 ± 22.7 μm2, SI 4.9 ± 1.1 (n = 221). Further samples showed only moderate variability of cell dimensions during this phase of parasitemia. Measurements of dimensions of lrinetoplast and nucleus and length of flagella varied in a similar manner. The position of the kinetoplast remained unchanged, while the nucleus had a more anterior position in the chronic phase. Experimental infections of various cyprinids were successful, perch and rainbow trout were not susceptible to experimental infections with T. borreli. Using these data a redescription of T. borreli is given.

Notes: .The growth and differentiation of Trypanosoma vivax was studied in intact and irradiated C3H/He and C57B1/6 mice. In irradiated (800 R) or intact C3H/He and irradiated (800 R) C57B1/6 mice, T. vivax parasitaemia increased rapidly then entered a plateau phase and thereafter declined in an antibody-independent remission phase. Throughout the infection, variations were observed in parasite morphology, density, DNA content, number of organisms with 2 nuclei and 2 kinetoplasts and infectivity of parasites for mice. Parasites in exponential phase had the highest number of members in the S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle as determined by staining with the interchalating dye Chromomycin A, and analysis on a flow cytometer. During this phase there were numerous parasites with 2 nuclei and 2 kinetoplasts and infectivity was high for mice. As the parasitaemia approached and entered the plateau phase, the proportion of organisms in the S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle as well as the number of those with 2 kinetoplasts decreased slightly; the number of organisms with 2 nuclei decreased rapidly; and parasites had a considerably reduced capacity to infect mice. Organisms from the remission phase contained only 1 nucleus and 1 kinetoplast and were not infective for mice. The study suggests that T. vivax organisms transit from dividing to committed non-dividing forms and that some non-dividing, non-infective T. vivax organisms remain trapped in the S, G2 and M stages of the cell cycle and die without completing binary fission. In contrast to the above, parasite wave remission occurred in T.vivax-infected intact C57B1/6 mice during exponential growth when there were large numbers of dividing form organisms present in the bloodstream as determined by both DNA content and the proportion of parasites with 2 kinetoplasts and 2 nuclei. Clearance of T. vivax from the bloodstream of infected intact C57B1/6 mice coincided with the production of a parasite-specific antibody response. The studies are discussed with reference to the mode of induction of host protective antibody responses to exponentially growing T. vivax.

Notes: Isospora chalchidis n. sp. and Isospora eimanae n. sp. were isolated from the desert skink, Chalchides ocellatus, order Squamata, from Egypt. Sporulated oocysts of I. chalchidis n. sp. were spheroidal 19 × 19 (18–20.5 × 18–20.5) μm with a 2–layered walled. Oocysts lacked a micropyle and residuum and few polar granules were present. Sporocysts were lemon-shaped 12.2 × 6.5 (9.5–13 × 5–8) μm with a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum but without a substiedal body. Isospora eimanae n. sp. were spheroidal 18.5 × 18.5 (17–19.5 × 17–19.5) μm with a 2–layered wall. There were oocysts without residuum or polar granule, but with small micropyle at 1 end. Sporocysts were ovoid 12 × 8.5(11–13 × 7.5–9) μm with a small Stieda body and sporocyst residuum but without a substiedal body.

Notes: Of 17 species of free-living amoebae identified in various samples of salt water, only 1. Acanthamoeba polyphaga, is known to be a potential pathogen. While no deaths occurred when laboratory animals were inoculated with A. polyphaga to test for pathogenicity, the protozoa were present in the brain, liver and lungs of some but not all of the animals.

Notes: A new DNA amplification is described from an isolate of the lizard parasite Leishmania tarentolae. This DNA is present in up to 50 copies in the Trager line of this species and present but not amplified in all other lines tested. This amplification has been named the T amplification (for Tarentolae/Trager). Restriction enzyme digestion and electrophoresis of total DNA reveal amplified fragments totalling 19 kb following staining with ethidium bromide, a finding confirmed by the use of specific hybridization probes. Much of the amplified T DNA occurs as extra-chromosomal circular molecules. No cross-hybridization was observed between the T region and other amplified DNA of Leishmania, or the maxicircle of L. tarentolae, nor was resistance to methotrexate, chloroquine or primaquine detected in the T-amplified line. Combined with our previous results showing H region amplification in 2 other unselected lab stocks, these data demonstrate the prevalence of apparently spontaneous gene amplifications in L. tarentolae.

Notes: The intracellular levels of orthophosphate (P1), pyrophosphate (PP1) and short- and long-chain polyphosphate (Poly P) were measured in Leishmania major promastigotes incubated in a phosphate-free medium. In the absence of exogenous substrate, the levels of both P1 and PP1 increased during a 1 h incubation. The increase in both P1 and PP1 was prevented when glucose was present, but glycerol prevented the rise in P1 only. A rise in P1 and PP1 was also seen in cells incubated in the absence of exogenous substrate under anaerobic conditions. This was reversed upon addition of glucose plus oxygen. Polyphosphate, here shown to be present in L. major, was measured by means of a polyphosphate glucokinase assay. Short-chain Poly P content did not differ between cells incubated for 1 h in the absence of exogenous substrate or in the presence of glucose or glycerol. Long-chain Poly P content, however, was lower in cells incubated without glucose than in cells incubated with glucose and was also lower in cells incubated for 1 h with glycerol as compared with freshly washed cells. Up to 61% of the increase in P1 and PP1 that occurred in promastigotes incubated in the absence of exogenous substrate could have arisen from the concomitant decrease in long-chain Poly P.

Notes: Pure cultures of a trypanosomatid isolated from tomato fruits infected laboratory-raised tomatoes and nymphs of the hemipieran coreid Phthia picta. The flagellate could be transmitted back and forth from tomatoes to insects. Light and electron microscopy studies were done on culture, tomato and insect forms. Examination of enzymes of the ornithine-arginine metabolism revealed absence of arginase and presence of arginine deiminase and citrulline hydrolase. Monoclonal antibodies specific for Phytomonas spp. reacted positively with tomato and insect forms. Endonuclease digestion of the k-DNA of various Phytomonas spp. revealed a unique, distinctive pattern for the tomato flagellate. This flagellate thus seems to constitute a separate species of Phytomonas which we now call Phytomonas serpens (Gibbs).

Notes: The sporogonic and merogonic development of Babesiosoma stableri Schmittner & McGhee, 1961 within its definitive host and vector, a leech Batracobdella picta (Verrill, 1872), was studied by light and electron microscopy. Gamonts released from frog erythrocytes in the blood meal of the leech associated in syzygy and fused; the gamonts were isogamous and only 1 microgamete was formed. The ultrastructural appearance of the resulting zygote was similar to that of the gamonts, but it was larger. The zygote had an apical complex (including a polar ring, conoid and 2 pre-conoidal rings and micronemes, but no recognizable rhoptries), triple-membraned pellicle, about 40 subpellicular microtubules and prominent stores of amylopectin. Zygotes penetrated the cells of the intestine and underwent sporogony directly within the cytosplasm of the ieech epithelial cell without the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole. Eight sporozoites budded simultaneously around the periphery of an irregularly shaped oocyst. No oocyst wall was formed. Each sporozoite had a complete apical complex (including rhoptries), abundant amylopectin inclusions and a triple-membraned pellicle with about 32 subpellicular microtubules. The sporozoites initiated merogonic replication primarily within the salivary cells of the leech although other tissues, such as muscle, were infected. Each meront produced 4 merozoites by simultaneous budding, forming a cruciform meront typical of the intraerythrocytic development of this parasite. The meront was located directly within the cytoplasm of the host cell. Merozoites, with abundant amylopectin, had a complete apical complex and triple-membraned pellicle with about 40 subpellicular microtubules. The merozoites either initiated a further cycle of replication, or they moved into the ductules of the leech salivary cells which extend to the tip of the proboscis. Observations on gametogenesis. syngamy and sporogony of B. stableri in its leech host indicate that the family Dactylosomatidae should be placed in the suborder Adeleina (Eucoccidiida: Apicomplexa). Babesiosoma stableri was transmitted to uninfected frogs (Rana spp.) by the bite of infected leeches. Prepatent periods ranged from 26 to 38 days at 25° C. Despite a directed search in laboratory reared tadpoles which had each been injected intraperitoneally with 150,000 merozoites, no pre-erythrocytic developmental stages were observed. Similarities in their biology suggest close phylogenetic affinities of the dactylosomatids, and other adeleid blood parasites, with the piroplasms of higher vertebrates.

Notes: Eimeria conanli n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from intestinal contents and feces of Nerodia erythrogaster transversa and N harteri harteri from northcentral Texas. Oocysts of the new species are ellipsoid in shape. 17.9 × 13.0(15–21 × 12–15) μm, with a smooth, thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.4 (1.2–1.5). One to several (usually 2) polar granule(s) and an oocyst residuum are present, but a micropyie is absent. Sporocysts are elongate, 12.9 × 5.2 (13–15 × 5–6) -m, apparently without a true Stieda body structure. Each sporoeyst contains an ellipsoid residuum, 3.9 × 3.2 (3–6 × 2–4) μm, and elongate sporozoites, 11.4 × 2.5 (10–14 × 2–3) μm in situ, each with a spherical or subspherical anterior refractile body and spherical to ellipsoid posterior refractile body. In addition to the new species, oocysts of 4 previously described eimerians from colubrid snakes were found in these hosts.

Notes: The ultrastructure of the cortex of Homalozoon vermiculare is described. The ventral side bears 13–15 iongitudinal kineties composed of monokinetids. On the dorsal surface, there are 3 kineties, 2 of which are composed of dikinetids in the anteriormost part of the cell. Consequently there exist 3 different kinds of kinetids within the somatic cortex: 1) The monokinetids on the ventral side are associated with a kinctodesmal fibril, 2 transverse microtubular ribbons and 7 postciliary microtubules in a double-row configuration; 2) The monokinetids on the dorsal side are very similar but they are associated with just 3 very ‘short postciliary microtubules; 3) The posterior kinetosome of the dorsal dikinetids bears the same fibrillar associates as the dorsal monokinetid, but it lacks the second transverse ribbon. The anterior kinetosome of each pair is associated with a single postciliary’ microtubule. The kinetid organization of Homalozoon is compared to that of other members of the Haptorida. Their phylogeny is discussed. A monophyleiic taxon within the litostomate ciliates is characterized by data on the somatic kinetids, and the new subclass Ditransversalia n. subcl. is constituted. The new subclass comprises the genera Balantidium, Bryophyllum, Enchelydium, Homalozoon, Isotricha, Lacrymaria, Lepidolrachelophyllum, Spathidium and Vestibulongum.

Notes: Previous investigations showed that interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered in vivo into mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi reduced levels of parasitemia and increased longevity. Present experiments examined the effect of administration of different doses of IL-2 at different times during infection in mice on parasitemia and histopathoiogy of heart tissue. Two different doses of IL-2 (1,500 or 10,000 U) given at 3 different times during infection were equivalent in reducing parasitemia. All of the IL-2 treated groups of mice had significantly lower numbers of circulating trypomastigotes as compared with controls not receiving this fymphokine. This IL-2 treatment of T. crazi-infected mice resulted also in lower numbers of pseudocysts in all 4 ventricular regions in the hearts. This was particularly evident in the more severely infected right ventricular wall; however, a similar decrease was not as apparent in the less severely infected left ventricular wall. The IL-2 treated, infected mice showed minimal or no effect in reducing inflammation of myocardial cells. However, the mildest inflammation of ventricular wall tended to occur in mice receiving IL-2 treatment either as a low dose (1,500 U) or a high dose (10,000 U) at 5, 7 and 9 days after infection as compared with mice treated later on. It was concluded that IL-2 treatment of infected mice produced a significant decrease in parasitemia and decreased infection of myocardial cells. Key words. Heart, histopathoiogy, inflammation, lymphokine, myocardial cells, pseudocyst, Trypanosoma cruzi.

Notes: Gametogenesis of Tyzzeria chalcides Probert, Roberts & Wilson, 1988, from the ocellated skink, Chalcides ocellatus, occurs within the epithelium of the gali bladder. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that macrogamonts contain 2 types of wall-forming bodies. Type I bodies are large densely stained structures associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. They appear to be formed within the Golgi itself. Type II bodies are less densely stained, smaller and appear to form directly from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Canaliculi are associated with Type I wall-forming bodies and probably function to transport the wall-forming bodies to the pellicle. Micropores occur in the pellicie and large amylopectin granules, lipid globules and dense bodies are found within the cytoplasm of the macrogamont. Mature microgamonts contain in excess of 20 microgametes, each of which has 2 flagella and an associated mitochondrion. Both types of gamont are found within a parasitophorous vacuole, in the host cell, which is filled with vesicular material on which the gamonts probably feed.

Notes: Hemleben, C. H., Spindler, M. & Anderson, O. R. 1989. Modern Phnktonic Forarninderu.

Notes: Eimeria ornata n. sp. is described from the feces of 6/16 (37.5%) ornate box turtles, Terrapene ornata ornata, in northcentral Texas. Endogenously sporulated oocysts are ellipsoid 17.9 × 15.7(16-21 × 14-18) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.14 (1.0-1.3). A micropyle is absent but a polar granule was present in one third of the oocysts. An oocyst residuum was present, consisting of numerous small globules situated either in a distinct mass or scattered within the oocyst. The sporocysts are elongate, 11.1 × 5.4 (9-13 × 5-6) μm, with an indistinct Stieda body at 1 pole. A sporocyst residuum is present, consisting either as a compact mass or as scattered granules. The sporozoites are elongate, 9.5 × 2.0 (8-12 × 2) μm, in situ, with spherical anterior and posterior refractile bodies. The new species is distinguished from the similar Eimeria carri Ernst & Forrester, 1973, from eastern box turtles, T. Carolina, by slight differences in oocyst morphology and endogenous sporulation.

Notes: Epithelial-type (PK-15) and fibroblast-type (MDBK) mammalian cell cultures were inoculated with purified Eimeria vermiformis sporozoites. Matched samples from 0 to 93 h after inoculation (HAI) were processed for electron microscopy; half of the sample preparations were extracted with non-ionic detergent prior to fixation. Specimens were examined by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Numerous sporozoites were attached to the cultured cells from 2 to 93 HAI, usually near the cell periphery. Some host cell microvilli extended up and appeared attached to the sporozoites. Sporozoites fixed during the penetration process were markedly constricted at the site of entry; however, no noticeable changes occurred in the host cell membrane or surface microvilli during sporozoite invasion or in sporozoite-infected cells. In cells extracted with 1% Triton X-100, the host cytoskeleton was progressively reorganized about the parasites but changes were limited to the immediate area of the sporozoite. Around resident sporozoites, the cytoskeleton became less dense but also more ordered, which contrasted with adjacent cell areas. Cytoskeletal elements passed both over and under the parasites. The appearance of the cytoskeleton suggested that the host cell formed a loose, basket-like net of cytoskeletal elements about the parasite.

Notes: Flow cytometry was employed as a tool to analyze and characterize batches of oocysts from laboratory and field isolates of Eimeria spp. from chickens and to propagate sub-populations of batches of oocysts. Oocyst batches were cleaned of debris by a combination of salt flotation, washing and treatment with dilute sodium hypochlorite (1.5% aqueous). Oocyst size and shape were registered by forward-angle light scatter with the argon laser excitation set at 488 nm at 300 mW. Sub-populations of oocysts were collected by map gating and used for microscopy or for propagation. The profile of particle size was characteristic for each species. Propagation of sub-populations of oocysts of specified sizes resulted in cultures of coccidia that were pure species or nearly pure species. The small size of E. mills caused difficulty in separation from the remaining fine debris. This technique was useful for studying the variation in oocyst size within populations and characterization of field isolates of mixed species. Propagation of pure species from mixed isolates by bit-map gating had the same limitations as micromanipulation because of the overlapping size of Eimeria spp. Chancaerization is further limited by the lack of suitable size/shape standards for flow cytometry-Key words. Cell sorter. Eimeria spp., oocyst shape, oocyst size.

Notes: Normal human milk (NHM) has antiprotozoal activity unrelated to immunological components; this activity extends to sporozoites of Eimeria tenella. This activity may be due to free fatty acids (FFA) enzymatically hydrolyzed from tnacyl glycerols by a bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) found in NHM. Sporozoites were therefore incubated in the presence of several saturated and unsaturated FFA. Anticoccidial activity was observed for many unsaturated fatty acids and for some saturated fatty acids. In addition, sporozoites were added to solutions of triglycerides (trilinolein, triolein and trilinolenin) preincubated with BSSL and sodium cholate. which resulted in killing of the parasites. Triglycerides alone showed no anticoccidial activity. These results were duplicated with first generation merozoites. Intracellular stages of E. tenella were affected by FFA only at concentrations that inhibited host cells.

Notes: Sera from fish that survive infections with the ciliated protozoon, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, immobilize the parasite in vitro. In order to identify ceil surface antigens involved in the immobilization response, integral membrane proteins were extracted from tomites with Triton X-l14 and used to immunize rabbits. The rabbit antisera immobilized the parasite in vitro and antigens were localized to cell and ciliary plasma membranes by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The membrane protein fractions from both whole cells and tomite cilia were characterized by 1 - and 2-dimensiona! SDS-PAGE. A 43,000-dalton (D) glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 7.0 is the predominant protein in these fractions, comprising 12% and 60% of the total protein of whole cell and ciliary membranes, respectively. Western blot analysis of ciliary proteins with immune rabbit sera indicated that the 43,000-D glycoprotein is the principal antigen.

Notes: The enzyme activity of Mg-ATPase, Na+-K+-ATPase, 5′-nucleotidase and NAD(P)H-oxidase was cytochemically detected at the ultrastructural level in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with untreated and with specific antibody-coated Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. The Mg++-ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase were distributed throughout the macrophages’plasma membrane but were not observed in the membrane lining endocytic vacuoles containing ingested parasites; however, Na+-K+-ATPase activity was detected in the macrophages’plasma membrane as well as in the parasitophorous vacuoles that contained untreated or specific antibody-coated parasites. Reaction product, indicative of NAD(P)H-oxidase, was detected in the parasitophorous vacuoles that contained only-specific antibody-coated parasites.

Notes: Oocysts of Isospora peromysci (Davis, 1967) (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) were recovered from the feces of 1/30 (3.3%) white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in Johnson County, Texas. This report represents a new host and geographic record for the parasite. The coccidium was also found in 1/20 (5.0%) deer mice, P. maniculatus, from the same locale. Morphological data are provided on the sporulated oocyst of I. peromysci and comparisons are made with previously published information on the species from other geographic localities.

Notes: The macronudeus-specilic bacterium Holospora obtusa is released from its host cell Paramecium caudatum generally after a preceding cell division. Before division, most infectious forms of the bacteria can be found in a connecting strand of the dividing macronucleus. This connecting strand is deformed and finally expelled as a whole from the daughter cells. This process was observed and photographed with a simple device allowing observations for a long lime under a microscope without damage to the living cells. Key words. Bacterium, cytoproct, defecation, infection, macronucleus, symbiosis.

Notes: The allozyme survey was extended to 7 strains of Naegleria gruberi and N. jadini in order to further characterize the genetic structure of these free-living amoebas. As formerly known for several characters the electrophoretic evidence reveals considerable heterogeneity at the genetic level among N. gruberi strains. Moreover, 2 distinct gene pools, that might likely represent natural taxa, are clearly identified. The single strain of N. jadini appears evolutionarily related to 1 group of N. gruberi which is also related to N. a. australiensis.

Notes: Spores of a haplosporidan infecting Teredo navalis Linnaeus have been described as morphologically indistinguishable from spores of Haplosporidium nelsoni. To test the hypothesis that these organisms are conspecific, a colloidal gold immunoassay was used to compare antigenic characteristics of the spores from both hosts. Rabbit antibody to formalin-fixed spores from T. navalis was tested against paraffin sections of Crassostrea virginica infected with spores of H. nelsoni and against paraffin sections of infected 7″. navalis. Application of primary antibody was followed by addition of affinity purified goat anti-rabbit IgG coaled on 5-nm colloidal gold particles. The reaction was enhanced by precipitation of metallic silver; a positive reaction appeared as a dark brown to black signal at the site of each antigen-antibody complex. Haplosporidium nelsoni spores did not react when assayed with the antibody made to spores from T. navalis. Spores from infected T. navalis tissue reacted positively with rabbit antibody. This result indicates that the spores from the 2 hosts are antigenicaliy distinct and suggests that they are different species.

Notes: We have identified a Tetrahymena thermophila cDNA-containing plasmid (pC6) which hybridizes to a 1.47-kB RNA whose changes in cellular concentration parallel the changes in synthetic rate of a major cell surface protein. From a molecular and genetic analysis of strains expressing the gene (SerH3) encoding this protein, and of strains expressing immunologically distinct alleles of this gene, we conclude that pC6 encodes a portion of the SerH3 allele.

Notes: Vairimorpha necatrix infected adipose ceiis of the fat body organ of Trichoplusia ni larvae 3–31/2 days after exposure of the larvae to infective spores. During the subsequent 4–6 days, the parasitized adipose cells were hypertrophied in part due to the rapid propagation of V. necatrix schizonts. A calcium-sensitive tubule network developed at the interface of the schizonts and the adipose ceil cytoplasm. The paired nuclei of V. necatrix have pores at the nuclear interface. The pores for each nucleus at this interface are spatially positioned so that they are in conjunction; hence, there is the potential for a channel system between the 2 nuclei.

Notes: The sensitivity of the microtubular systems to cold and nocodazole treatments as well as the cellular distribution of microtubules containing acetylated a-tubulin have been studied in Paramecium. Our results indicate that the microtubular systems of Paramecium show marked differences in stability. Cold and nocodazole treatments produce the depolymerization of the major part of the cytoplasmic microtubular network while the cortical structures remain stable under treatment. This differential stability of the microtubular systems is associated with the acetylation of the a-tubulin. The use of the antibody 6-11B-1, specific for acetylated α-tubulin, shows that the microtubular systems containing acetylated a-tubulin are the same as those that remain stable after depoly-merizing treatments. Finally, the images obtained during the repolymerization by heating suggest that the cortical dikinetids are able to nucleate the microtubules of the cytoplasmic network.

Notes: A microspondium of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), identified as Nosema aedis Kudo, 1930, was found to be a heterosporous species with 3 sporulation sequences. Usually, I sequence developed in a parental generation host individual that was infected per os as a larva and the other 2 developed concurrently in a filial host larva that was infected transovarially. Under some conditions there were deviations from the parental host-filial host alternation. The 1st sporulation sequence was diplokaryotic (diploid in a particular sense) throughout; the other 2 arose from diplokaryotic meronts, developed concurrently and ended with haploid spores. Haplosis in 1 case was by means of dissociation of the diplokaryon. In the other case it was by meiosis. Conflicting reports about whether the members of the diplokaryon in the latter sequence separate and undergo meiosis individually or coalesce and undergo meiosis as I nucleus were resolved in favor of the latter idea. A new genus in family Amblyosporidae was created to contain this species. which then became Edhazardia aedis (Kudo. 1930) n. g., n. comb.

Notes: The effects Ca2+ channel blockers, verapamil, nicardipine and diltiazem, and of potent calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors, trifluoperazine (TFP), calmidazolium, W-7 and W-5, on Plasmodium falciparum in culture were examined. Among Ca2+ blockers, nicardipine was the most potent with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.3 μM at 72 h after culture. Parasites were more sensitive to calmidazolium and W-7 with IC50 of 3.4 and 4.5 μM, respectively, than to TFP and W-5. All Ca2+ blockers and CaM inhibitors suppressed parasite development at later stages. Nicardipine, ditiazem, calmidazolium and W-5 also retarded parasite development at earlier stages and/or subsequent growth following pretreatment. Verapamil, nicardipine, TFP and calmidazolium reduced erythocyte invasion by merozoites. Fluroscence microscopy with the cationic flurescent dye rhodamine 123 revealed that nicardipine. TFP and calmidazolium depolarized both the plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potentials of the parasite. It is therefore considered that although al Ca2+ and CaM antagonists tested here influence parasite development at later stages, they are multifunctional, having effects not directly associated with Ca2+ channels or CaM.

Notes: Pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EUSA) in 53% of sera from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50–55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful PCP drug therapy and recovery. An epitope map has been constructed from im-munoblots of P. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine serum containing P. carinii antigens.

Notes: . A short-term cell culture is used to propagate and purify rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii (Pc). An aliquot of pelleted material washed out of the lungs of rats with moderate to severe Pc pneumonia is cultured for 7 to 10 days on the adherent mink lung cell line Mv I Lu, and the rest of the material is frozen down in medium with 10% glycerol. Although it has not been established that substantial multiplication of Pc occurs in culture, the Pc organisms harvested from the supernatant at the end of the culture period are relatively free of both host and feeder cells. This is in marked contrast with the lung wash inoculum in which the Pc organisms are heavily contaminated with rat cells and enmeshed in a highly sticky material. Lung wash preparations frozen down in glycerol and stored at −70° C for as long as 6 months or more can be successfully cultured upon thawing with no apparent loss of viability of the Pc organisms.

Notes: The sequential appearance of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) antigens during the progression of immunosuppression in rats was studied using the immunoblotting technique and specific immunologic probes. Putative Pc soluble antigens, with molecular weights of approximately 70 and 90 kd, were detected as early as 2 wk after initiation of immunosuppression in rats using a pool of monoclonal antibodies produced to Pc isolated from lungs using enzymatic digestion. Monoclonal antibodies produced to Pc isolated by massaging the lung tissue using a Stomacher apparatus and infecuon-derived sera did not detect soluble antigens until at least the 6lh wk of immunosuppression. Analysis of Pc pellets obtained from Stomacher- and lavage-processed lungs revealed that the lower molecular weight antigens (〈inlineGraphic alt="leqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:10665234:JEU38S:les" location="les.gif"/〉 40, 45 and possibly 55–60 kd) were recognized early during the immunosuppression process.

Notes: We have investigated oral development in a non-genically derived left-handed (LH) form of Tetrahymena thermophila, in which the large-scale asymmetry of arrangement of cortical structures is reversed whereas the local asymmetry of ciliary architecture remains normal. Approximately 1/2 of the oral apparatuses (OAs) of LH cells develop in the form of superficial mirror-images of OAs of RH cells. In most of these OAs, membranelles are assembled from the cells’anterior to posterior. Nonetheless, the posterior ends of these membranelles undergo the basal body displacements that lead to a “sculptured” appearance, so that the membranelles of LH OAs become organized as rotational permutations of membranelles of normal RH OAs. Many of these membranelles re-orient to a normal orientation near the end of oral development. Membranelles and undulating membranes (UMs) may develop independently of each other, and formation of postciliary microtubules of UMs is separate from that of ribbed wall microtubules. In some cases, the entire OA develops and remains as a 180° rotational permutation of the normal, resembling the inverted OAs of mirror-image doublets and LH cells of Glaucoma scintillans described by Suhama [36, 37]. We present a model (Fig. 37) for these complex developmental outcomes. These developmental patterns resemble those described previously and less completely for “secondary” OAs of cells with mirror-image global patterns, including janus cells. The present study demonstrates that such alterations in oral development are not a direct outcome of genotypic changes.

Notes: The major ester-linked fatly acids of the total lipids extracted from Pneumocystis carinii isolated from the lungs of corticosteroid-trealed rats were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1,18:2 and 20:4. Others detected included 14:0,16:1 and 22:4. The major sphingolipid fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0,22:0,24:0 and 24:1; others included 14:0,18:1, 20:0, 23:0, 24:2 and 26:0. The total lipid fatty acid compositions of preparations from appropriate lung controls were similar to those of the organism.

Notes: Seven analogs of pentamidine were tested for their activity against an immunosuppressed rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Structural alterations of the pentamidine molecule included variations of the alkyl chain linking the two p-amidino phenoxy moieties and relocation of the amidine groups from the para to the meta position on the phenoxy rings. All analogs of pentamidine were active against P. carinii pneumonia when compared to a saline-treated control group. One derivative, 1, 4-di(4′-amidinophenoxyJbutane, proved to be statistically more active than the parent drug.

Notes: . Coccidial oocysts were detected in 40 (17.4%) out of 230 faecal samples obtained from camels in the Eastern Region of Sudan during June 1985-June 1986. These oocysts were identified as Eimeria rajasthani, Eimeria dromedarii and Eimeria cameli. A detailed description of sporulated oocysts is given in this study and variations from previous authors’findings are discussed.

Notes: .Trypanosoma theileri infection, latent in a mature Hereford cow, could not be demonstrated in routine blood smears or cultures. Throughout the 2-year period an intravenous injection of dexamethasone consistently produced parasitaemia which was detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Fractionation techniques such as plastic adherence and Sephadex-G10 fractionation, designed to deplete monocytes and enrich T-lymphocytes, increased trypanosome-positive cultures from 25 to 100%. Removal of B-lymphocytes from Sephadex, non-adherent (SE-NA) cells did not reduce the percentage of positive cultures. Light and transmission electron microscopy of SE-NA PBMC cultured for 36 or 45 h revealed numerous trypanosomes and widespread T-lym-phocyte destruction. No trypanosomes were observed in 12-h cultures. A close association, either extra- or intracellular, of a parasitic stage of T. theileri with T-lymphocytcs is inferred.

Notes: The site specificity of the apicomplexans Gregarina cuneata and Gregarina sleini, in larval Tenebrio molitor was investigated. Gregarina cuneata was found to inhabit the anteriormost region of the larval midgut, while G. steini was restricted to the posterior portion of the intestine. The site specificity of the pair was conserved in single and concurrent infections. Interspecific interactions do not seem to be presently responsible for the resource partitioning by the 2 gregarine species. Key words. Gregarina, site specificity, Tenebrio molitor.

Notes: . Sarcocysts in cardiac and skeletal muscles of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were examined transmission electron microscopically 5 to 168 days after experimental infection with Sarcocystis falcatula. The ultrastnicture of the primary cyst wall, amorphous substance, metrocytes and bradyzoites in developing, degenerating and mature sarcocysts is described and compared with precystic merozoites studied previously. Sufficient morphologic differences between precystic rnerozoites, metrocytes and bradyzoites (cystozoites) were found which seem to justify their semantic differentiation. Significant differences in immature and mature primary cyst wall morphology were encountered. If primary cyst wall morphology is to be used in determination and differentiation of species of Sarcocystis, then caution must be used to employ only mature sarcocysts.

Notes: . When grown in culture, the soil testate amoeba Phryganella acropodia constructs a shell with or without mineral grains, but of identical morphology. The availability of organic shells, from these cultures, allows for detailed examination of the formation of organic building units in the cytoplasm and their subsequent use as a network in the shell matrix. Organic building units are initially formed as spherical membrane bound vesicles at the margins of dictyosomes, but mature in the cytoplasm by incorporating additional material, some have an electron dense core. These units remain pliable until they are moulded into the shell matrix. Another series of vesicles indistinguishable during initial formation from the organic building units, when mature contain a mass of small elements. This material is discharged at the same time as the building units and is thought to be the binding cement. Inorganic chemical elements appear to be incorporated within the inner lining of the matrix and the alveoli of the organic building units; manganese being preferentially absorbed under culture conditions.