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  • Articles  (3,164)
  • Springer  (3,164)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (2,139)
  • 1980-1984  (1,025)
  • Philosophy  (3,164)
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  • Articles  (3,164)
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  • 1
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    Alpha-conversion, conditions on variables and categorical logic (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 319-360 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We present the paradigm of categories-as-syntax. We briefly recall the even stronger paradigm categories-as-machine-language which led from λ-calculus to categorical combinators viewed as basic instructions of the Categorical Abstract Machine. We extend the categorical combinators so as to describe the proof theory of first order logic and higher order logic. We do not prove new results: the use of indexed categories and the description of quantifiers as adjoints goes back to Lawvere and has been developed in detail in works of R. Seely. We rather propose a syntactic, equational presentation of those ideas. We sketch the (quasi-equational) categorical structures for dependent types, following ideas of J. Cartmell (contextual categories). All these theories of categorical combinators, together with the translations from λ-calculi into them, are introduced smoothly, thanks to the systematic use of - an abstract variable-free notation for λ-calculus, going back to N. De Bruijn, - a sequent formulation of the natural deduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370828
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  • 2
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    Jerzy Słupecki (1904–1987): Life and work (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 401-411 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370196
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  • 3
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    Sequent-systems and groupoid models. II (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 41-65 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to connect the proof theory and the model theory of a family of prepositional logics weaker than Heyting's. This family includes systems analogous to the Lambek calculus of syntactic categories, systems of relevant logic, systems related to BCK algebras, and, finally, Johansson's and Heyting's logic. First, sequent-systems are given for these logics, and cut-elimination results are proved. In these sequent-systems the rules for the logical operations are never changed: all changes are made in the structural rules. Next, Hilbert-style formulations are given for these logics, and algebraic completeness results are demonstrated with respect to residuated lattice-ordered groupoids. Finally, model structures related to relevant model structures (of Urquhart, Fine, Routley, Meyer, and Maksimova) are given for our logics. These model structures are based on groupoids parallel to the sequent-systems. This paper lays the ground for a kind of correspondence theory for axioms of logics with implication weaker than Heyting's, a correspondence theory analogous to the correspondence theory for modal axioms of normal modal logics. Below is the sequel to the first part of the paper, which appeared in the previous issue of this journal (vol. 47 (1988), pp. 353–386). The first part contained sections on sequent-systems and Hilbert-formulations, and here is the third section on groupoid models. This second part is meant to be read in conjunction with the first part.
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  • 4
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    Intuitive semantics for some three-valued logics connected with information, contrariety and subcontrariety (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 565-575 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Four known three-valued logics are formulated axiomatically and several completeness theorems with respect to nonstandard intuitive semantics, connected with the notions of information, contrariety and subcontrariety is given.
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  • 5
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    On comparison of theories by their contents (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 617-622 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Popper's definition of verisimilitude was criticized for its paradoxical consequences in the case of false theories. The aim of this paper is to show that paradoxes disappear if the falsity content of a theory is defined with help of dCn or Cn −1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370211
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  • 6
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    Pre-Announcement International Symposium on ‘structures in mathematical theories’ (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370212
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  • 7
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    A Note on Matrices for Systems of nonsense-logics (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 461-464 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We construct a class K of algebras which are matrices of the logical system Z introduced in [4]. It is shown that algebras belonging to the class K are decomposable into disjoint subalgebras which are Boolean algebras.
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  • 8
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    A calculus for the common rules of ∧ and ∨ (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 531-537 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We provide a finite axiomatization of the consequence ⊢∧∪⊢∨, i.e. of the set of common sequential rules for ∧ and ∨. Moreover, we show that ⊢∧∪⊢∨ has no proper non-trivial strengthenings other than ⊢∧ and ⊢∨. A similar result is true for ⊢↔∪⊢→, but not, e.g., for ⊢↔∪⊢+.
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  • 9
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    Corrections to first-order fuzzy logic (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 139-140 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 10
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    Coherence in cartesian closed categories and the generality of proofs (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 285-297 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We introduce the notion of an alphabetic trace of a cut-free intuitionistic prepositional proof and show that it serves to characterize the equality of arrows in cartesian closed categories. We also show that alphabetic traces improve on the notion of the generality of proofs proposed in the literature. The main theorem of the paper yields a new and considerably simpler solution of the coherence problem for cartesian closed categories than those in [11, 14].
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  • 11
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    A note on natural numbers objects in monoidal categories (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 389-393 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The internal language of a monoidal category yields simple proofs of results about a natural numbers object therein.
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  • 12
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    A bibliography of the published work of Jerzy Słupecki (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 413-421 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 13
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    The method of axiomatic rejection for the intuitionistic propositional logic (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 449-459 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We prove that the intuitionistic sentential calculus is Ł-decidable (decidable in the sense of Łukasiewicz), i.e. the sets of theses of Int and of rejected formulas are disjoint and their union is equal to all formulas. A formula is rejected iff it is a sentential variable or is obtained from other formulas by means of three rejection rules. One of the rules is original, the remaining two are Łukasiewicz's rejection rules: by detachement and by substitution. We extensively use the method of Beth's semantic tableaux.
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  • 14
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    Plain Semi-Post algebras as a poset-based generalization of post algebras and their representability (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 509-530 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Semi-Post algebras of any type T being a poset have been introduced and investigated in [CR87a], [CR87b]. Plain Semi-Post algebras are in this paper singled out among semi-Post algebras because of their simplicity, greatest similarity with Post algebras as well as their importance in logics for approximation reasoning ([Ra87a], [Ra87b], [RaEp87]). They are pseudo-Boolean algebras generated in a sense by corresponding Boolean algebras and a poset T. Every element has a unique descending representation by means of elements in a corresponding Boolean algebra and primitive Post constants which form a poset T. An axiomatization and another characterization, subalgebras, homomorphisms, congruences determined by special filters and a representability theory of these algebras, connected with that for Boolean algebras, are the subject of this paper.
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  • 15
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    Aristotelian syllogisms and generalized quantifiers (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 577-585 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper elaborates two points: i) There is no principal opposition between predicate logic and adherence to subject-predicate form, ii) Aristotle's treatment of quantifiers fits well into a modern study of generalized quantifiers.
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  • 16
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    On the eliminatibility of ideal linguistic entities (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 587-615 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract With reference to Polish logico-philosophical tradition two formal theories of language syntax have been sketched and then compared with each other. The first theory is based on the assumption that the basic linguistic stratum is constituted by object-tokens (concrete objects perceived through the senses) and that the types of such objects (ideal objects) are derivative constructs. The other is founded on an opposite philosophical orientation. The two theories are equivalent. The main conclusion is that in syntactic researches it is redundant to postulate the existence of abstract linguistic entities. Earlier, in a slightly different form, the idea was presented in [27] and signalled in [26] and [25].
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  • 17
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    Presuppositional completeness (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 23-34 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some notions of the logic of questions (presupposition of a question, validation, entailment) are used for defining certain kinds of completeness of elementary theories. Presuppositional completeness, closely related to ω-completeness ([3], [6]), is shown to be fulfilled by strong elementary theories like Peano arithmetic.
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  • 18
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    A simple and general method of solving the finite axiomatizability problems for Lambek's syntactic calculi (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In [4], I proved that the product-free fragment L of Lambek's syntactic calculus (cf. Lambek [2]) is not finitely axiomatizable if the only rule of inference admitted is Lambek's cut-rule. The proof (which is rather complicated and roundabout) was subsequently adapted by Kandulski [1] to the non-associative variant NL of L (cf. Lambek [3]). It turns out, however, that there exists an extremely simple method of non-finite-axiomatizability proofs which works uniformly for different subsystems of L (in particular, for NL). We present it below to the use of those who refer to the results of [1] and [4].
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  • 19
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    R⌝-algebras and R⌝-model structures as power constructs (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 85-109 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In relevance logic it has become commonplace to associate with each logic both an algebraic counterpart and a relational counterpart. The former comes from the Lindenbaum construction; the latter, called a model structure, is designed for semantical purposes. Knowing that they are related through the logic, we may enquire after the algebraic relationship between the algebra and the model structure. This paper offers a complete solution for the relevance logic R⌝. Namely, R⌝-algebras and R⌝-model structures can be obtained from each other, and represented in terms of each other, by application of power constructions.
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  • 20
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    Books received (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 129-137 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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  • 21
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    Manufacturing a cartesian closed category with exactly two objects out of a C-monoid (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 279-283 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A construction is described of a cartesian closed category A with exactly two elements out of a C-monoid ℳ such that ℳ can be recovered from A without reference to the construction.
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  • 22
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    Monoidal categories with natural numbers object (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 361-376 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The notion of a natural numbers object in a monoidal category is defined and it is shown that the theory of primitive recursive functions can be developed. This is done by considering the category of cocommutative comonoids which is cartesian, and where the theory of natural numbers objects is well developed. A number of examples illustrate the usefulness of the concept.
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  • 23
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    A note on russell's paradox in locally cartesian closed categories (1989)
    Springer
    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 377-387 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Working in the fragment of Martin-Löfs extensional type theory [12] which has products (but not sums) of dependent types, we consider two additional assumptions: firstly, that there are (strong) equality types; and secondly, that there is a type which is universal in the sense that terms of that type name all types, up to isomorphism. For such a type theory, we give a version of Russell's paradox showing that each type possesses a closed term and (hence) that all terms of each type are provably equal. We consider the kind of category theoretic structure which corresponds to this kind of type theory and obtain a categorical version of the paradox. A special case of this result is the degeneracy of a locally cartesian closed category with a morphism which is generic in the sense that every other morphism in the category can be obtained from it via pullback.
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  • 24
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    Definability theorems in normal extensions of the probability logic (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 495-507 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Three variants of Beth's definability theorem are considered. Let L be any normal extension of the provability logic G. It is proved that the first variant B1 holds in L iff L possesses Craig's interpolation property. If L is consistent, then the statement B2 holds in L iff L = G + {□0}. Finally, the variant B3 holds in any normal extension of G.
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  • 25
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    Tree proofs for syllogistic (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 539-554 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a tree method for testing the validity of inferences, including syllogisms, in a simple term logic. The method is given in the form of an algorithm and is shown to be sound and complete with respect to the obvious denotational semantics. The primitive logical constants of the system, which is indebted to the logical works of Jevons, Brentano and Lewis Carroll, are term negation, polyadic term conjunction, and functors affirming and denying existence, and use is also made of a metalinguistic concept of formal synonymy. It is indicated briefly how the method may be extended to other systems.
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  • 26
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    A logic characterized by the class of connected models with nested domains (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 15-22 
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    Notes: Abstract The main aim of this paper is to introduce the logic QE-LC whose language contains the ‘existence’ predicate E and which is characterized by the class of connected (Kripke) E-models with nested domains.
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  • 27
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    Absolutely independent axiomatizations for countable sets in classical logic (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 77-84 
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of absolute independence, considered in this paper has a clear algebraic meaning and is a strengthening of the usual notion of logical independence. We prove that any consistent and countable set in classical prepositional logic has an absolutely independent axiornatization.
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  • 28
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    On some connections between logic and category theory (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 269-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Categories may be viewed as deductive systems or as algebraic theories. We are primarily interested in the interplay between these two views and trace it through a number of structured categories and their internal languages, bearing in mind their relevance to the foundations of mathematics. We see this as a common thread running through the six contributions to this issue of Studia Logica.
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  • 29
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    Completeness and conservative extension results for some boolean relevant logics (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents completeness and conservative extension results for the boolean extensions of the relevant logic T of Ticket Entailment, and for the contractionless relevant logics TW and RW. Some surprising results are shown for adding the sentential constant t to these boolean relevant logics; specifically, the boolean extensions with t are conservative of the boolean extensions without t, but not of the original logics with t. The special treatment required for the semantic normality of T is also shown along the way.
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  • 30
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    Completeness for systems including real numbers (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 67-75 
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    Notes: Abstract The usual completeness theorem for first-order logic is extended in order to allow for a natural incorporation of real analysis. Essentially, this is achieved by building in the set of real numbers into the structures for the language, and by adjusting other semantical notions accordingly. We use many-sorted languages so that the resulting formal systems are general enough for axiomatic treatments of empirical theories without recourse to elements of set theory which are difficult to interprete empirically. Thus we provide a way of applying model theory to empirical theories without “tricky” detours. Our frame is applied to axiomatizations of three empirical theories: classical mechanics, phenomenological thermodynamics, and exchange economics.
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  • 31
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    Sets as singularities in the intensional universe (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 111-128 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is motivated by the search for a natural and deductively powerful extension of classical set theory. A theory of properties U is developed, based on a system of relevant logic related to RQ. In U the set {a, b, c,...} is identified with the property [x: x=a ∨ x=b ∨ x=c...]. The universe of all sets V, is identified with the property of being a hereditary set. The main result is that relevant implication → collapses to material implication ⊃ for sentences with quantifiers restricted to V. This demonstrates the naturalness of the system. However, an aparent lack of deductive power leads to the conclusion that the best extension of classical set theory is to be found in intensional theories with the unrestricted comprehension schema based on weak relevant logics. The author has obtained similar collapses of → to ⊃ for these systems.
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  • 32
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    Categorical and algebraic aspects of Martin-Löf Type Theory (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 299-317 
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    Notes: Abstract In the paper there are introduced and discussed the concepts of an indexed category with quantifications and a higher level indexed category to present an algebraic characterization of some version of Martin-Löf Type Theory. This characterization is given by specifying an additional equational structure of those indexed categories which are models of Martin-Löf Type Theory. One can consider the presented characterization as an essentially algebraic theory of categorical models of Martin-Löf Type Theory. The paper contains a construction of an indexed category with quantifications from terms and types of the language of Martin-Löf Type Theory given in the manner of Troelstra [11]. The paper contains also an inductive definition of a valuation of these terms and types in an indexed category with quantifications.
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    Books received (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 395-400 
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    Characterization of prime numbers in Łukasiewicz's logical matrix (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 465-478 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we define n+1-valued matrix logic Kn+1 whose class of tautologies is non-empty iff n is a prime number. This result amounts to a new definition of a prime number. We prove that if n is prime, then the functional properties of Kn+1 are the same as those of Łukasiewicz's n +1-valued matrix logic Łn+1. In an indirect way, the proof we provide reflects the complexity of the distribution of prime numbers in the natural series. Further, we introduce a generalization K n+1 * of Kn+1 such that the set of tautologies of Kn+1 is not empty iff n is of the form p β , where p is prime and β is natural. Also in this case we prove the equivalence of functional properties of the introduced logic and those of Łn+1. In the concluding part, we discuss briefly a partition of the natural series into equivalence classes such that each class contains exactly one prime number. We conjecture that for each prime number the corresponding equivalence class is finite.
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    On axiomatization of many-valued logics associated with formalization of plausible reasonings (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 423-447 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper studies a class of infinite-valued predicate logics. A sufficient condition for axiomatizability of logics from that class is given.
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    Formalization of functionally complete propositional calculus with the functor of implication as the only primitive term (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 479-494 
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    Notes: Abstract The most difficult problem that Leśniewski came across in constructing his system of the foundations of mathematics was the problem of ‘defining definitions’, as he used to put it. He solved it to his satisfaction only when he had completed the formalization of his protothetic and ontology. By formalization of a deductive system one ought to understand in this context the statement, as precise and unambiguous as possible, of the conditions an expression has to satisfy if it is added to the system as a new thesis. Now, some protothetical theses, and some ontological ones, included in the respective systems, happen to be definitions. In the present essay I employ Leśniewski's method of terminological explanations for the purpose of formalizing Łukasiewicz's system of implicational calculus of propositions, which system, without having recourse to quantification, I first extended some time ago into a functionally complete system. This I achieved by allowing for a rule of ‘implicational definitions’, which enabled me to define any propositionforming functor for any finite number of propositional arguments.
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    B-varieties with normal free algebras (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. 555-564 
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    Notes: Abstract The starting point for the investigation in this paper is the following McKinsey-Tarski's Theorem: if f and g are algebraic functions (of the same number of variables) in a topological Boolean algebra (TBA) and if C(f)∩C(g) vanishes identically, then either f or g vanishes identically. The present paper generalizes this theorem to B-algebras and shows that validity of that theorem in a variety of B-algebras (B-variety) generated by SCI B -equations implies that its free Lindenbaum-Tarski's algebra is normal. This is important in the semantical analysis of SCI B (the Boolean strengthening of the sentential calculus with identity, SCI) since normal B-algebras are just models of this logic. The rest part of the paper is concerned with relationships between some closure systems of filters, SCI B -theories, B-varieties and closed sets of SCI B -equations that have been derived both from the semantics of SCI B and from the semantics of the usual equational logic.
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    Announcement (1989)
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    Studia logica 48 (1989), S. II 
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    A normative theory of humanistic knowledge (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 40-53 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Gegenüberstellung der Wissenschaftlichkeit der Naturwissenschaften und der Geisteswissenschaften wird argumentiert, daß Wissenschaftlichkeit nur auf der Basis einer Zusammenstellung wissenschaftstheoretischer, wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher und wissenschaftssoziologischer Kriterien definiert werden kann. Eine solche dreiteilige Definition wird skizziert, und es wird behauptet, daß dies gültig sowohl für die Naturwissenschaften als auch für die Geisteswissenschaften ist. Es folgt daraus, daß es im Prinzip keine Verschiedenheit zwischen der Wissenschaftlichkeit der einen Basiswissenschaft und der anderen gibt. Die Formulierung dreier normativer Kriterien für Wissenschaft als solche schließt den Artikel ab.
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    On the nature of scientific laws and theories (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 1-17 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ist der Unterschied zwischen wissenschaftlichen Gesetzen und Theorien ein qualitativer oder lediglich von quantitativer Art? Der Autor versucht zu zeigen, daß Gesetze und Theorien fundamental verschieden sind und daß die Kenntnis ihrer verschiedenen Natur notwendig für ein richtiges Wissenschaftsverständnis ist. Aus seiner Sicht sind Theorien geistigeKonstruktionen mit dem Ziel,kausale Erklärungen von empirischen Gesetzen zu geben, während diese Gesetze auf der Grundlage von Messungenentdeckt werden und dieTatsachen der Wissenschaft konstituieren. Erkenntnistheoretisch sind daher Theorien und (der Ausdruck der) Gesetze auf verschiedenen Ebenen anzusiedeln: während GesetzeWissen liefern, liefern TheorienVerstehen. Der Kern der Theorien besteht ausModellen, die idealisierte Abstraktionen aus Zustandsarten darstellen. Theoretische Modelle konstituierenOntologien, die kausale Mechanismen aufzeigen. SolcheOntologien betreffen den Bedeutungsaspekt (real aspect) des Gegenstandsbereichs, auf den die Theorie angewendet wird, während empirische Gesetze den Ausdrucksaspekt (nominal aspect) des gleichen Gegenstandsbereichs betreffen. Theorien erklären Gesetze, indem sie zeigen, wie der Ausdrucksaspekt lediglich der natürliche Ausdruck der Auswirkungen der Kausalmechanismen im Bedeutungsaspekt sind.
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    Indeterminiertheit, Iterabilität und Intentionalität (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 54-86 
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    Notes: Summary In his recent paper “Indeterminacy, empiricism, and the first person” John R. Searle tries to refute Willard V. O. Quine's famous “indeterminacy of translation thesis” by arguing that this thesis is in fact areductio ad absurdum of Quine's own “linguistic behaviorism”. Searle accuses Quine of being (irrationally) “antimentalistic” and suggests that the “absurdity” of Quine's thesis might be avoided if a full-fledged “intentionality” were tolerated in the debate on meaning. — This anti-Quinean approach in some respects reminds of the “improbable debate” between Searle and Jacques Derrida ten years ago, when Derrida had split and “deferred” intentionality by showing that the essential “iterability” of signs inevitably infects every intentional act with an unremovable “non-presence”. In this paper it is argued that Searle's attacks on Quine and Derrida have both failed — and that there are structural similarities between these two failures which reveal some interesting parallels between Quine's and Derrida's philosophy.
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    A taxonomy of theoretical and experimental tests (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 18-39 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz versucht die verschiedenen theoretischen und experimentellen Tests, denen Theorien unterworfen werden, zu kategorisieren. Kriterien sind dabei weder die verschiedenen Arten der experimentellen Anordnungen, noch die verschiedenen Wege, um die Messungen durchzuführen. Stattdessen wird der Begriff des Experimentierens ausgeweitet, und es werden die drei Hauptkategorien der Theorienprüfungen analysiert. Es sind dies: Eine Menge von theoretischen Bedingungen, die der Theorie auferlegt werden, um die größtmögliche Information und heuristische Hilfsmittel zu erhalten; eine Menge von allgemeinen theoretischen Zugängen, um entscheiden zu können, welche Arten von experimentellen Tests für die spezielle Theorie am günstigsten sind; schließlich die Arten der experimentellen Tests.
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    The two cultures (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 97-105 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand von zwei Unterbereichen der künstlichen Intelligenz — den Expertensystemen und der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung — wird aufzuzeigen versucht, daß die Beziehung zwischen der “formalen” und der “intuitiven” Kultur aus dem Gleichgewicht geraten ist. Dem Bereich der Intuition sollte größere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
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    Pragmatische Wende und „Erklärung“ in der Wissenschaftstheorie (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 87-96 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The new so-called pragmatic-epistemic approach to the methodology of explanation seems to dispense with the difference between traditional epistemic reasoning and genuine explanation. Causal explanations are excluded from the debate. Instead, the degree and value of subjective conviction seems to be the decisive factor for explanation. The paper criticizes this restrictive approach for methodological and terminological reasons without denying the importance of epistemic, pragmatic considerations. In addition, the respective traditional thesis on the logical-structural identity of prediction and explanation and the new epistemic turn with respect to this thesis are criticized. The latter seems to lead to confrontations between every day and scientific explanations. The epistemic liberalisation of terminology and methodology certainly admits of new forms of systematization, e.g. potential prediction, but a general theory of systematization should not be too restrictive and should at the same time retain the classical distinction between epistemic and genuine lawful explanations.
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    The sociotectonics of the Noosphere (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 106-115 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Ausdruck “Soziotektonik” bezeichnet das Netzwerk menschlicher Wechselwirkungen, welche durch Symbole und Signale übermittelt werden und die Koordination und Integration verschiedener Sozialsysteme ermöglichen. Jedes Sozialnetzwerk ist zeitbedingt und seine Evolution ist das Ergebnis menschlicher Entscheidungen. Die Entwicklung kann im Rückblick beschrieben werden; im Vorausblick können nur Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen gemacht werden. Die Teilsysteme sind nicht hierarchisch untergeordnet, sondern heterarchisch beigeordnet und unterliegen infolgedessen unvereinbaren Einflüssen. Der Grad der möglichen Harmonisierung kann mathematisch-topologisch formuliert werden.
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    Hösles Sprung in den objektiven Idealismus (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 124-131 
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    Notes: Summary Vittorio Hösle has made the attempt to justify objective idealism by using the method proposed by Karl Otto Apel. By analysing the logical structure of his argument it is shown that this attempt has completely failed. All steps of the argument depend on conceptual confusion and other mistakes. „Der Sprung ist der Satz aus dem Grundsatz vom Grunde in das Sagen des Seins“ Martin Heidegger
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    Universal or culture-bound science? (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 116-123 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Frage untersucht, ob die Annahme der Existenz von universellen Normen für die Annäherung der Wissenschaft an die Wahrheit nicht in praxi lediglich Gegenwartszentrismus (die Annahme, daß die gegenwärtige Wissenschaft in jeder Hinsicht besser als die Wissenschaft der Vergangenheit ist) und Ethnozentrismus (die Annahme, daß die westliche Wissenschaft immer der nichtwestlichen Wissenschaft überlegen gewesen ist) heißt. Die griechisch-römische Zivilisation förderte die Wissenschaft durch ihre Demokratie, aber andere Zivilisationen haben sehr wertvolle Datensammlungen geliefert. Die Universalität der Wissenschaft impliziert u. a. daß, wo verschiedene Zivilisationen mit ihren Wissenschaften einander begegnen, sie von einander lernen können.
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    Zur Interpretation der strukturalistischen Auffassung über die Prüfbarkeit von Theorien (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 146-147 
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    Notes: Summary Struve has tried to refute my critic of the structuralist thesis that testing theories leads in an epistemological circle. But he misunderstands the thesis he wants to defend.
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    Bedeutungsverstehen als Kennzeichen des Mentalen (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 132-145 
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    Notes: Summary In his paper „Machines and the Mental“ Fred Dretske claims that there is a difference on principle between men on the one and animals and machines on the other side which arises from the fact that men are able to respond to the meaning of symbols whereas animals and machines can only respond to the symbols that have the meaning. In this paper it is argued that this claim does not bear closer scrutiny. Mainly for two reasons: 1. The mere having of a certain meaning does not rank among the possible causal properties of a symbol, not even in the case of men; for it is not the having of the meaning that may have certain effects on the behavior of a person, but the fact that the personassociates this meaning with the symbol. 2. Even animals are capable to associate a meaning with a symbol, i. e. even animals can learn to come to believe thatp if they become aware of a symbol which has the meaning thatp.
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    Die pragmatische Wende im, Widerstreit'? (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 148-169 
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    Pre-announcement (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 198-198 
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    Editorial (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 199-200 
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    Zeitschriftenschau (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 170-197 
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    Theories and their models (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 201-211 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Diese Abhandlung diskutiert und kritisiert einige Aspekte der syntaktischen Auffassung der wissenschaftlichen Theorien und tritt dafür ein, daß die einzig mögliche Alternative eine modelltheoretische Annäherung ist.
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    Demarcating technology from science: Problems and problem solving in technology (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 212-229 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Unterscheidung zwischen für eine einzelne Wissenschaft (z. B. Physik, Chemie) eigentümlichen Problemen und technologischen Problemen vorgeschlagen. Dieser Unterscheidung liegt eine Auffassung zugrunde, nach welcher jede Wissenschaft einen speziellen Ausblick auf die Welt erarbeitet, einen Ausblick, der nur diejenigen Aspekte eines wirklichen Vorgangs heraussucht und sich aneignet, welche für diese Wissenschaft eigentümlich sind. Im Gegensatz dazu erfaßt die Technologie Vorgänge in der Gesamtheit ihrer Aspekte. Auf der Grundlage dieser Unterscheidung werden die Grundzüge des Verfahrens, welches zur Lösung von technologischen Problemen führt (Mittel zur Lösung, Natur des Verfahrens, besondere Kennzeichen der erzielten Lösungen), diskutiert.
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    Freges Erläuterung des Urteils (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 230-248 
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    Notes: Summary According to Frege the notion of judgement cannot be defined, but must be explicated by referring to natural language. Frege uses a subjective and an objective notion of judgement: on the one hand a judgement is an inner mental process, on the other hand judging is explained as advancing from the thought to the truth-value. The subjective notion of judgement logically depends on the objective conception of a judgement, but nevertheless remains indispensable. To clarify the objective notion of judgement, the relation of thought and truth must be explicated by using Frege's theory of sense and reference. Only an intersubjective and action-guiding knowledge of the way in which the truth-value of a sentence is determined can make it possible to advance from the thought and the understanding of a sentence to the acknowledgement of its truth. Since by this advance a sentence receives a cognitive value, Frege's theory of sense and reference makes a contribution not only to semantics but also to epistemology.
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    Quantum mechanics and macroscopic quantum phenomena: The case of superconductivity and superfluidity (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 249-275 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Supraleitfähigkeit und Superfluidität sind die einzigen bekannten makroskopischen Quantenphänomene. Ihre Untersuchung liefert interessante Hinweise, um einige der Fragen zu verstehen, die mit den Grenzen der Gültigkeit der Quantenmechanik verbunden sind. In diesem Aufsatz wollen wir den Prozeß entzifferen, durch den ein beobachtetes unerwartetes Phänomen in ein physikalisches Problem übergeführt wird, und wir zeigen die kontinuierliche Reinterpretation der Begriffe, um eine zufriedenstellende Erklärung der Supraleitfähigkeit und Superfluidität zu erreichen.
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    Technik und Erkenntnis (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 276-286 
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    Notes: Summary The distinction between sociology of science on the one hand and methodology and systematics on the other, is an established historical fact. Thus, even in modern methodologically orientated philosophy, epistemological analyses still tend to disregard the pragmatic contexts within which scientific knowledge is produced, processed and applied. This situation also reflects the well-known fact that philosophy of science has largely ignored the conceptual and methodological foundations of technology, that is, those disciplines directly and explicitly linked to the practical implications and intended applications of scientific research. The following considerations suggest that the methodology of technology provides useful and generally applicable criteria of the evaluation and acceptance of the hypotheses and theories of empirical science.
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    Verallgemeinerte Gravitationstheorie (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 287-302 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Proceeding from the principles of Euclidean geometry and absolute time a generalization of the classical theory of gravitation for high velocities is given. The new theory is applied to the redshift of spectral lines, the deviation of light passing the sun, and the secular motion of the perihelion of Mercury. A comparison with the results obtained from the theory of general relativity, though not beyond any doubt, seems to be favourable for the new theory, and to support the view, formerly held by Driesch, Dingler, May, and other philosophers of science, that the foundations of classical physics need not be given up.
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    Abstrakte Sinnesphysiologie als spekulative Philosophie (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 303-316 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary It is argued that the theories of the modern cognitive psychology of perception and recognition show, under rigorous logical analysis, the same problems which arise in the philosophical theories of knowledge of Descartes and Locke and lead to relativistic and solipsistic consequences. Through examination of the approachs of D. Sanders, E. B. Goldstein and J. Fodor it is shown that the perceptible world in these theories dissolves in internal representations so that despite its realistic starting-point modern cognitive psychology runs into epistemological idealism or solipsism.
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    Empirische Geometrie (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 325-339 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A main subject of philosophy of science is the reconstruction of scientific theories. Not only scientists are holding theories but everybody else, namely theories about everyday knowledge. In this article two geometric theories of this kind are reconstructed. The reconstruction is performed under the structuralist view of theories. It turns out that there are important differences between scientific theories and everyday theories, concerning the intended applications as well as the logical status of the concepts.
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    Die Kantische Urteilstafel im Lichte der Logikgeschichte und der modernen Logik (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 317-324 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary With regard to scientific theory it is important to note that Kant in contrast to many later authors, believes that philosophy is a knowledge. To prove his argument, Kant found scientific examples for philosophical theses. According to his 12 categories of intellect he attempted to prove his view by the construction of 12 logical judgements. His scheme is considerably different to the Aristotelian devision of judgements despite his own view that the logic did make no progress since Aristotle. Kants categorisation differs also from the devisions of all 18th century philosophers. It appears that his categorisation is a construction post factum according to his already accepted 12 categories of intellect. His devision is furthermore not supported from a modern view of logic. It would therefore appear that under the view of modern theory of science Kant did not give a proof for his scheme of categories.
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    The own character of mathematics discussed with consideration of the proof of the four-color theorem (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 340-350 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Beweis des Vierfarbensatzes mit Hilfe eines Computers, der so viel Zeit erforderte, daß ein Mensch die Berechnungen niemals überprüfen könnte, hat Zweifel erregt an vier philosophischen Annahmen über Mathematik. Die Mathematik ist die Lehre der Klassifikation, insoweit als sie vollständig abstrahiert von der Art der zu klassifizierenden Dinge. Diese Auffassung wird vom Beweis des Vierfarbensatzes nicht erschüttert. Wahrscheinlich kann mathematisches Denken nicht vor sich gehen ohne sinnliche Vorstellungen, aber die Eigenschaften mathematischer Gegenstände sind unabhängig von ihrer Weise sinnlicher Vorstellung.
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    Are universal statements falsifiable? (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 351-366 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ausgeführt, daß Poppers Falsifikationskriterium einen logischen Fehler enthält. Die Regeln deduktiver Ableitung sind selbst für ihre Durchführung von induktiver Ableitung (z. B. Erinnerungsvermögen) abhängig. Um das “Criterion of Falsification” für gültig zu erklären, beruft sich Popper auf diese Regeln deduktiver Ableitung. Es wird weiter gezeigt, daß eine Untersuchung aktueller wissenschaftlicher Gesetze nicht die These beweist, daß die wissenschaftlichen Gesetze universale Feststellungen von unbeschränktem Horizonte in der Zeit und im Zeitraum sind. Die Anerkennung dieser Tatsache scheint im Zusammenhang der wissenschaftlichen Forschung die Wichtigkeit des Problems der Induktion sehr zu verkleinern.
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    Rezensionen (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 373-390 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Quine and the analytic tradition (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 367-372 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Professor Joseph Agassi hat in dieser Zeitschrift meine Analyse von Quines Stellung in der analytischen Tradition kritisiert und dabei insbesondere die Irrelevanz von Neurath betont und Quines Nähe zu Popper herausgestellt. In meiner Antwort geht es mir sowohl um eine Rehabilitation Neuraths als auch um die Unterschiede von Quines Philosophie zu Popper und Wittgenstein.
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    Nachträge zur Bibliographie der Schriften von ALWIN DIEMER (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 391-391 
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    Eingegangene Bücher (1989)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 20 (1989), S. 391-394 
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    Conservatism and its virtues (1989)
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    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 79 (1989), S. 143-163 
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    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
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    A biotechnological agenda for the third world (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 37-51 
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    Keywords: Genetic information ; foreign debt ; molecular biology ; research hospitals ; joint ventures ; international organizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Third World countries should exploit the genetic information stored in their flora and fauna to develop independent and highly competitive biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. The necessary condition for this policy to succeed is the reshaping of their universities and hospitals—to turn them into high-caliber research institutions dedicated to the creation of original knowledge and biomedical invention. Part of the service of the Third World foreign debt should be co-invested with the lending banks in high technology enterprises. This should be complemented with an active program of investments in First World biotech companies and university research departments which could contribute to the solving of problems connected with the First World. These strategic alliances would allow effective training of molecular biologists, improvement of South American universities, and education of biotechnologists, managers, and lawyers in the complexities of high-technology business. The establishment of real joint ventures between developed and underdeveloped countries might contribute to change the present strained relations between the North and the South, and science and technology could become real forces of social and economic development.
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    Book review (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 72-77 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
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    Ethical and political problems in third world biotechnology (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 5-36 
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    Keywords: Vaccines ; diagnostic kits ; useful and useless science ; germplasm robbery ; insularity ; complacency ; international organizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Third World countries are not pursuing scientific and technological policies leading to the development of strong biotechnological industries. Their leaders have been misled into believing that modern biotechnological industries can be built in the absence of strong, intellectually aggressive, and original scientific schools. Hence, they do not strive to reform their universities, which have weak commitments to research, and do not see the importance of having research hospitals able to generate excellent and relevant clinical investigation. These strategic gaps in scientific capability, the lack of governmental and corporate research funding, and the dependent nature of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries of the Third World make the development of competitive biotechnology a highly improbable event. If the present trend continues, underdeveloped countries will continue to be testing grounds for biological materials and agents, sources of valuable germplasm, and markets for high-value-added products and processes invented and manufactured in the First World. This article recommends that the international organizations collaborate in the urgent task of educating the Third World political leaders and administrators in the real problems connected with the generation of high technology.
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    Book review (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 78-82 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
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    The morality behind sustainability (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 113-128 
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    Keywords: Sustainable agriculture ; technology ; alternative agriculture ; stewardship ; future generations ; positive and negative rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The concepts of sustainable agriculture, organic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, and alternative agriculture are receiving increasing attention in the academic and popular literature on present trends and future directions of agriculture. Whatever the reasons for this interest, there nevertheless remain differences of opinion concerning what counts as a sustainable agriculture. One of the reasons for these differences is that the moral underpinnings of a policy of sustainability are not clear. By understanding the moral obligatoriness of sustainability, we can come to understand precisely what must be sustained, and by implication, how. This article discusses the arguments that can be advanced for sustaining anything and initially concludes that our obligations to future generations entail sustaining more than just sufficient food production or an adequate resource base. Indeed, a tradition of care and community must underlie whatever agricultural and resource strategies we are to develop under the rubric of sustainability. A consideration of the larger social and environmental system in which agriculture operates and the constraints this system places on agriculture forces us to recognize that sustainability has to do with larger institutional issues, including our ability to incorporate our common morality democratically into our institutions, practices, and technologies.
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    Exploratory behavior and the welfare of intensively kept animals (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 161-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Exploratory behavior ; animal welfare ; farm animals ; zoo animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory behavior is considered under the following categories: (1) extrinsic exploration in which the animal seeks information about conventional reinforcers such as food, (2) intrinsic exploration which is directed toward stimuli which may have no biological significance, further divided into inspective and inquisitive exploration. In the former the animal inspects a particular object; in the latter, the animal performs behavior to make a change in its environment, rather than merely responding to a change. Extrinsic exploration is synonymous with the ethological term, appetitive behavior. It is shown that much of the behavior indicative of frustration reported in intensively housed animals occurs when the appetitive component of a drive rather than the consummatory component, is prevented. Consideration of inspective exploration is necessary for good husbandry practice, for fear is an important competing response. Inquisitive exploration has not been widely investigated in infraprimate species, but the authors present several possible examples in the species of common agricultural animals. However, they suggest that the propensity to show this type of exploration may vary between closely related species. In environments barren to the extent of stifling exploration, animals may develop apathy, and its relevance to animal welfare is discussed.
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    Ethical obligations of veterinarians and animal scientists in animal agriculture (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: veterinary medicine ; animal science ; health ; illness and disease ; values ; animal welfare ; telos ; moral concern for animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It is patent that society is evolving an ethic for the treatment of animals which goes well beyond the standard prohibitions against cruelty. This new ethic for animals takes the consensus ethic for the treatment of humans in society and extends it,mutatis mutandis, to the treatment of animals. Though this ethic has been applied first to research animals, its extension to agricultural animals is inevitable, and has already begun. This article explores the extent to which veterinary medicine and animal science, the major scientific fields relevant to animal agriculture, can accommodate the emerging ethic.
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    Backgrounds of students of behavior in relation to their attitude toward animal well-being (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 235-240 
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    Keywords: animal well-being ; applied animal ethology ; attitude toward animals ; behaviorism ; behavior physiology ; ethology ; philosophy of science ; zootechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the backgrounds of students of behaviour working in the field of applied animal behavior science may help us to recognize their influence on conclusions reached in a particular study and on more general points of view. This recognition may result in a speed up of the progress in this science, to the benefit of science and animals. Some types are: (1) Eco-ethologists (ethologists of the hunters-type). They like to stalk healthy wild animals in their natural environment. They are less interested in the abnormal behavior of domestic animals under husbandry circumstances. (2) Behaviorists. These are psychologists that still think in a man-animal dichotomy. They are not interested in animals for their own sake but as models for human behavior. (3) Behavior physiologists. These biologists are not primarily interested in behavior. Because of the type of experiments they perform they have an aversity against animal protectionists. (4) Ethologists of the farmers type. These ethologists want to posses animals, collect animal species, take care of them and breed them. They are able to speak on approximately the same wavelength as farmers as well as animal protectionists. (5) Zootechnicians of the farmers type. These scientists want to make a living out of animals and like to take care for them. They are also able to speak at approximately the same wavelength as farmers and animal protectionists.
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    Practical and ethical considerations of agricultural research assistance for the Third World (1989)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 2 (1989), S. 307-322 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agriculture ; research ; Third World ; ethics ; biotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The right to eat and to an adequate standard of living for everyone motivates agricultural research assistance to developing countries with the primary objective of assuring sufficient food supply. This article focuses on aspects of food production and related agricultural research with specific examples from animal production. It discusses ethics of agricultural research in light of the utilitarian theory and compares livestock production in developing and developed countries. Major reasons for low outputs of animal production in developing countries are identified, and the potential for increasing the productivity of original, extensive production systems is evaluated. The article reviews the current status of biotechnology in developing countries and discusses several advanced animal technologies. The conclusions emphasize the need to involve local professionals in all phases of research and technology transfer in developing countries, avoidance of research that may worsen the situation of the recipients, sustainability of production systems, and the need for detailed assessment of potential impacts of technology on recipients.
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    The cladistic solution to the species problem (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Cladism ; species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The correct explanation of why species, in evolutionary theory, are individuals and not classes is the cladistic species concept. The cladistic species concept defines species as the group of organisms between two speciation events, or between one speciation event and one extinction event, or (for living species) that are descended from a speciation event. It is a theoretical concept, and therefore has the virtue of distinguishing clearly the theoretical nature of species from the practical criteria by which species may be recognized at any one time. Ecological or biological (reproductive) criteria may help in the practical recognition of species. Ecological and biological species concepts are also needed to explain why cladistic species exist as distinct lineages, and to explain what exactly takes place during a speciation event. The ecological and biological species concepts work only as sub-theories of the cladistic species concept and if taken by themselves independently of cladism they are liable to blunder. The biological species concept neither provides a better explanation of species indivudualism than the ecological species concept, nor, taken by itself, can the biological species concept even be reconciled with species individualism. Taking the individuality of species seriously requires subordinating the biological, to the cladistic, species concept.
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    Obligation and the new naturalism (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 17-32 
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    Keywords: Obligation ; altruism ; law ; human ethology ; evolutionary theory ; natural justice
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Although it has become increasingly evident that an adequate theory of obligation must rest on evolutionary biology and human ethology, attempts toward this end need to explore the full range of personal, cultural, and political obligations observed in our species. The “new naturalism” reveals the complexity of social behavior and the defects of reductionist models that oversimplify the foundations of human duties and rights. Ultimately, this approach suggest a return to the Aristotelian concept of “natural justice”.
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    Where guesses come from: Evolutionary epistemology and the anomaly of guided variation (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 33-56 
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    Keywords: Evolutionary epistemology ; heuristics ; preadaptation ; variation
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers a central objection to evolutionary epistemology. The objection is that biological and epistemic development are not analogous, since while biological variation is blind, epistemic variation is not. The generation of hypotheses, unlike the generation of genotypes, is not random. We argue that this objection is misguided and show how the central analogy of evolutionary epistemology can be preserved. The core of our reply is that much epistemic variation is indeed directed by heuristics, but these heuristics are analogous to biological preadaptations which account for the evolution of complex organs. We also argue that many of these heuristics or “epistemic preadaptations” are not innate but were themselves generatedby a process of blind variation and selective retention.
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    A defense of David Kitts (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 69-72 
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Sex and the individuality of species: A reply to Mishler and Brandon (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 73-76 
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    The rise of a microparadigm in oncology (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 57-67 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Summary The study of the history of ideas is usually devoted to big problems and to concluded debates. We have attempted to analyze a current theory whose fate and explanatory power is still not determined. The term microparadigm is used to define a currently and widely accepted theory limited in time and in the field of application, compared to the greater problems usually investigated by historians of science. Among the characteristics defining a microparadigm we found: 1) the status of an accepted theory with creative scientific power; 2) the presence of anomalies and unproven inferences; 3) a limited field of application; 4) the peculiarity of interaction with non-scientific ideas. In this context, we discuss the rise of the current microparadigm concerning the pathogenesis and biology of lymphoid neoplasms. We show that the current view of the neoplastic lymphoid cells as populations frozen at a particular differentiative stage has been creative for the last 10 years, thus allowing the generation of a large body of data that would not have been collected within the previous view of the leukemic cell as completely “anarchic”. This paradigm, although containing some anomalies, has survived the impact of molecular biology in hematology and is still creative. We think that microparadigms are widely distributed in everyday science and that an analysis of them is as useful for active scientist as is the study of macroparadigms, which by themselves cannot be representative of everyday science. Finally, the study of microparadigms while they are still operative can be useful to evidence the weakness of the theory and to suggest where new data should be sought.
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    Sex and the individuality of species: A response to Ghiselin (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 77-79 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144042
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    Sociobiology and the justification of political action: A commentary on Bo Shu (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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  • 87
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    Science or ideology? A response to Gary McCarron (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Where's the species? Comments on the phylogenetic species concepts (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Having fun with ETI (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Contemporary feminist perspectives on biological science (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Booknotes (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    12th Annual spring systematics symposium (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Response to Horan (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 176-181 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Functional explanations in sociobiology (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 131-158 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Functional analyses and their justification (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 159-162 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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  • 96
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    Sociobiology in the age of melancholy (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 162-167 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Functional explanations of behavior (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 167-169 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Confirmation in sociobiology: Comments on Barbara Horan's ‘functional explanations in sociobiology’ (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 169-172 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    An ambiguity in the notion “function” (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 172-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Sociobiology and Panglossianism (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 182-185 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127749
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