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  • Articles  (698)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of homogenization temperature upon the apparent cellular compartmentalization of unoccupied estrogen receptor (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estrogen receptor ; homogenization ; temperature ; nucleus ; uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954864
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of temperature-induced spermatogenic proliferation by a brain factor in hibernatingHelix aspersa (Mollusca) (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 349-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; temperature ; brain ; hibernation ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ablation of the brain from hibernatingHelix aspersa maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in the proliferation of male cells in the gonad, whereas the ablation of the optic tentacles has no effect. The brain, therefore, produces a factor which specifically inhibits the multiplication of spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957474
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo effects of immunostimulating lipopeptides on mouse liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and on paracetamol-induced toxicity (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 882-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lipopeptides ; immunomodulation ; cytochrome P-450 ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunomodulating lipopeptides lauroyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-LL-A2pmNH2-Gly (RP 44.102) and lauroyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-LL-A2pmNH2 (RP 56.142) were found to protect mice against the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol, which is due to cytochrome P-450 dependent formation of toxic metabolites and radicals. In fact they decreased the amount of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, and the level of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation. In contrast lauroyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-DD-A2pmNH2 (RP 53.204), which only differs by the configuration of the two chiral carbons of A2pm (diaminopimelic acid) and is not an immunomodulating agent, failed to protect against poisoning by paracetamol and had no effect on the level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 or the microsomal CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation. This provides a clear connection between the immunostimulating properties of a compound and its effects on xenobiotic biotransformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954064
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone-treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels in the Djungarian hamster,Phodopus sungorus (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 102-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Djungarian hamster ; photoperiod ; temperature ; T3 ; T4 ; testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was affected by temperature (25°C〈7°C) but not by photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day 〈 long day) at 25°C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4 level under short photoperiod at 25°C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under long photoperiod at 25°C might be induced by testosterone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990462
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ketoconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy volunteers (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketoconazole ; terbinafine ; microsomal metabolism ; caffeine ; male volunteers ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; cytochrome P-450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of single oral doses of ketoconazole 400 mg and terbinafine 500 mg on the hepatic microsomal system have been investigated in 8 healthy male volunteers. Microsomal activity caffeine was assessed by following the metabolism of 3 mg/kg bodyweight i.v. administered 1 h after the drug. The inhibitory effect of terbinafine was more pronounced than that of ketoconazole: clearance was decreased from 1.34 ml·kg−1·min−1 in controls to 1.06 and 1.21 ml·kg−1·min−1, respectively, and the corresponding half-life was increased from 5.8 h in controls to 7.6 and 6.7 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution remained unchanged. The serum levels of the antimycotics were within the therapeutic range in each subject. Although all three substances are metabolised by microsomes, the kinetic parameters (Cmax, half-life, elimination constant) of the antimycotics were poorly if at all correlated with the elimination of caffeine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679784
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of repirinast on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic patients (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 301-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: repirinast ; theophylline ; asthma ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A possible pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and repirinast has been investigated in asthmatic patients. The kinetics of theophylline was studied in seven adult in-patients given theophylline 400–800 mg b.d. alone and after three weeks of co-administration of repirinast. There was no effect on the kinetics of the combined treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679789
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects on cimetidine bioavailability of metoclopramide and antacids given two hours apart (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 409-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; metoclopramide ; antacids ; absorption ; bioavailability ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma cimetidine levels were determined in 9 normal subjects after a single oral dose of cimetidine 400 mg under control conditions, 2 h before metoclopramide 20 mg and 2 h after a potent antacid. The bioavailability of cimetidine was not significantly affected by metoclopramide and it was marginally reduced by the antacid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558511
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of trimethadione and antipyrine as indicators of oxidative drug metabolizing capacity in man (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 629-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: trimethadione ; antipyrine ; metabolite formation ; drug interaction ; cytochrome P-450 ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten healthy male volunteers were given trimethadione (TMO) 4 mg/kg and antipyrine (AP) 500 mg alone or concomitantly to determine whether the metabolism of the drugs was mediated by the same or closely related forms of cytochrome P-450. Whether administered alone or together the clearance (CL) and half-life (t1/2) of TMO and AP were the same, and there was a good correlation between the CL and t1/2 of TMO and AP (aloner=0.755 and 0.623, respectively; coadministeredr=0.771 and 0.503, respectively). Excretion of AP and its main metabolite and the clearance for production of AP metabolites after AP was administered alone were not significantly different when TMO and AP were taken together. When the two drugs were administered alone or coadministered, the correlation between the CL of TMO and the excretion of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-norantipyrine (NORA) was close (aloner=0.734, coadministeredr=0.749). The correlation between the CL of TMO and CLm of NORA when TMO and AP were given alone or concomitantly was 0.762 and 0.772, respectively. The findings suggest that TMO metabolism and the formation of NORA in healthy subjects are mediated by a closely related form(s) of the cytochrome P-450 system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637749
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction study of fenoldopam — digoxin in congestive heart failure (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 395-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fenoldopam ; digoxin ; drug interaction ; CHF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The potential interaction between fenoldopam, a DA1 selective agonist, and digoxin has been studied in 10 patients with heart failure (NYHA Class II or III) on chronic digoxin treatment. Plasma levels and urinary recovery of the glycoside were monitored for 24 h before and after 9 days of treatment with fenoldopam 100 mg tid. Fenoldopam caused a small, non-significant decrease in the mean steady state plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration curve of digoxin. As the clearance of digoxin was unchanged there does not appear to be an interaction between fenoldopam and digoxin at the level of the renal tubule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effect of enoxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin on renal excretion of theophylline in humans (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 323-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; fluoroquinolones ; drug interaction ; renal excretion ; pharmacokinetics ; clearance ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558168
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic interaction between indomethacin and diflunisal (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 507-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin ; diflunisal ; drug interaction ; glucuronidation ; pharmacokinetics ; faecal blood loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of treatment with diflunisal on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of indomethacin has been studied in 16 healthy volunteers. The steady-state plasma concentration and AUC of indomethacin were significantly increased two- to threefold during treatment with diflunisal and its total clearance and total volume of distribution were significantly decreased. The urinary recovery of total indomethacin (unchanged+glucuronides) was significantly lower during administration of diflunisal, whereas excretion of the indomethacin metabolites desmethylindomethacin and desbenzoylindomethacin and their glucuronides was not significantly altered. The results can be explained by selective inhibition of glucuronidation of unchanged indomethacin by diflunisal. The interaction appears clinically relevant as potentially dangerous side effects of indomethacin are related to its plasma concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558077
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antipyrine metabolism is not affected by terbinafine, a new antifungal agent (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 231-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: antipyrine ; terbinafine ; drug metabolism ; drug interaction ; enzyme induction/inhibition ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The potential to inhibit drug metabolism of the new antifungal agent terbinafine has been studied using antipyrine (single oral dose of 10 mg/kg) as a probe drug. In a cross-over study in 8 healthy volunteers, antipyrine was administered prior to, during and after 8 days of oral terbinafine 125 mg b.d. Antipyrine, its major metabolites 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4-OH-AP), 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine (3-OH-CH3-AP) and norantipyrine (Nor-AP) were analyzed by specific HPLC assays in multiple plasma and urine samples. During all three parts of the study, the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine viz. t1/2 (11.7 h), total plasma (38.5 ml·h−1·kg−1) and renal clearance (1.6 ml·h−1·kg−1), and its clearance rates to metabolites (CLM), eg. CLM for 4-OH-AP (12.3 ml·h−1·kg−1), CLM for 3-OH-CH3-AP (4.2 ml·h−1·kg−1) and CLM for Nor-AP (6.7 ml·h−1·kg−1) did not differ from the control values. Thus, all the cytochrome P-450-dependent isozymes involved in the metabolism of antipyrine and many other drugs should not be affected by therapeutic doses of terbinafine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679775
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased theophylline clearance in asthmatic patients due to terbutaline (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; terbutaline ; asthma ; drug interaction ; hepatic metabolism ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetic mechanism of the theophylline-terbutaline interaction has been studied. Sustained release theophylline 200–400 mg b.d. was given with placebo or terbutaline 2.5 mg t.d.s. to six adult asthmatic patients. Terbutaline decreased the serum trough theophylline levels from 8.1 to 7.3 µg/ml, improved daily the clinical score from 1.51 to 1.26 and increased the peak expiratory flow rate from 316 to 370 l/min. In a single dose study following the chronic therapy, it was shown that there was no change in the peak theophylline concentration or in the timing of the peak, but the t1/2 was reduced from 9.0 to 7.5 h, and the systemic clearance was increased from 20.2 to 24.8 ml·h−1·kg−1. Thus, terbutaline reduced the serum theophylline concentration by increasing its systemic clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561018
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Debrisoquine oxidative phenotyping and psychiatric drug treatment (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: debrisoquine metabolism ; psychiatric illness ; hydroxylation phenotype ; genetic polymorphism ; Psychotropic drugs ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The debrisoquine/sparteine phenotype was determined in 51 patients with depression, who were subdivided into 3 groups in terms of their drug treatment. Log (MR) for each group was compared. Patients treated with benzodiazepines had the same distribution of log (MR) as the healthy population, but the distribution was shifted towards higher values in patients treated with neuroleptics and antidepressants. It appears that the phenotypic expression of debrisoquine oxidation may be modified by drugs whose metabolism follows the same route as debrisoquine. The debrisoquine test must be carefully interpreted in patients receiving several drugs in the same time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561023
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, metoprolol and atenolol (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diltiazem ; propranolol ; metoprolol ; atenolol ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacodynamic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and three β-adrenoceptor blockers propranolol, metoprolol and atenolol was investigated in healthy volunteers given diltiazem 30 mg or placebo t.d.s. for 3 days, followed by a single dose of propranolol 20 mg, metoprolol 40 mg or atenolol 50 mg. The AUCs of propranolol and metoprolol were significantly increased after diltiazem and it significantly prolonged the elimination half-life of metoprolol. In contrast, it did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of atenolol. Propranolol significantly decreased the resting pulse rate after diltiazem pretreatment as compared to placebo. The results indicate that diltiazem impaired the clearance of propranolol and metoprolol, which are principally metabolized by an oxidative pathway, and that the kinetic interaction between diltiazem and propranolol may partly be related to the significant reduction in the pulse rate produced by the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561026
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and dynamic interactions of oral viqualine and ethanol in man (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: viqualine ; ethanol ; 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the interaction of viqualine, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor, with ethanol in 16 healthy men aged 20 to 34 years. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive ethanol dosed to maintain blood alcohol concentrations of 17–22 mmol · l−1 (n=8) or orange juice (n=8) on each of two test days one week apart and preceded, in random order, by 3 days of viqualine 75 mg bd or placebo. Ethanol had no effect on steady-state viqualine concentrations or the inhibition of 5-HT uptake. Viqualine did not affect acetaldehyde concentrations or cause an aversive alcohol-sensitizing reaction. The deleterious effects of ethanol on word recall, manual tracking, body sway, and self-ratings of intoxication, sedation, and performance were not modified by the presence of viqualine. Within each beverage group performances and self-ratings on viqualine and placebo days were not different. The first dose of viqualine was associated with transient nausea. Viqualine and ethanol do not interact kinetically or dynamically on the variables examined in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561033
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of spiramycin on plasma cyclosporin A concentrations in heart transplant patients (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 97-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclosporin ; spiramycin ; heart transplantation ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561034
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of N-acetylcysteine on plasma cysteine and glutathione following paracetamol administration (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: N-acetyl-L-cysteine ; paracetamol ; plasma glutathione ; circulating cysteine ; healthy volunteers ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on plasma sulphhydryls has been studied in healthy volunteers. Following NAC 30 mg·kg−1, total NAC in plasma (i.e. free NAC and NAC as disulphides) reached a median peak concentration of 67 nmol·ml−1 within 45 to 60 min, and disappeared with an apparent half-life of 1.3 h. Only a fraction of total NAC (AUC 163 nmol·ml−1·h) was in the form of free NAC (AUC 12 nmol·ml−1·h, peak concentration 9 nmol·ml−1). Free cysteine was markedly increased (peak increment 49 nmol·ml−1; AUC 80 nmol·ml−1·h). Total cysteine and free and total glutathione in plasma were unchanged. Following the administration of 2 g paracetamol plasma cysteine and glutathione decreased (median decrement in AUC over 3 h was 5.1 nmol·ml−1·h and 3.8 nmol·ml−1·h, respectively). In contrast, the administration of 2 g NAC together with paracetamol resulted in an increase in the AUC of cysteine (+29.2 nmol·ml−1·h) and glutathione (+4.6 nmol·ml−1·h). The data show that NAC leads to a marked increase in circulating cysteine, in part by reacting with cystine and thereby forming mixed disulphides with cysteine and releasing free cysteine as shown in vitro. NAC had no effect on plasma glutathione in the absence of increased stress on the glutathione pools. However, NAC supports glutathione synthesis when the demand for glutathione is increased, as during the metabolism of paracetamol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609183
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of oral and intravenous mexiletine: lack of effect of cimetidine and ranitidine (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mexiletine ; cimetidine ; ranitidine ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of mexiletine, a Class I antiarrhythmic drug, was investigated in 6 healthy volunteers after single oral doses and 15 min intravenous infusions of 3 mg/kg. Cimetidine and ranitidine are commonly used H2-receptor antagonists, which interact adversely with many drugs, e.g. inhibition of the metabolism of Class I antiarrhythmics such as lidocaine and quinidine by cimetidine. To investigate the effects of the two drugs on the kinetics of mexiletine, cimetidine 800 mg·day−1 or ranitidine 600 mg·day−1 were administered orally for one week. Neither H2-receptor antagonist altered the distribution and elimination of mexiletine, nor did they affect its overall kinetics, or excretion of the metabolites para- and 4-OH-methylmexiletine after oral and intravenous administration of mexiletine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558298
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of neostigmine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion in man (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: neostigmine ; metoclopramide ; drug interaction ; aldosterone secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study examines the role of a neostigmine-induced increase in acetylcholine on the aldosterone stimulating effect of metoclopramide. Six normal male volunteers received the following three treatments in a cross-over randomized sequence: neostigmine, 0.5 mg s.c.; metoclopramide 10 mg i.v.; and neostigmine 0.5 mg s.c., followed by metoclopramide 10 mg i.v. Metoclopramide increased serum aldosterone significantly to 161% of basal level at 15 min. With neostigmine aldosterone levels peaked (129%) significantly at 30 min. In the presence of neostigmine, however, the metoclopramide-induced aldosterone response was blunted significantly. These results would suggest that presynaptic autoreceptors depresses the continued output of acetylcholine, thereby blunting the aldosterone responses to metoclopramide significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558305
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of the effects of salbutamol by propranolol and atenolol (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 449-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: salbutamol ; propranolol ; atenolol ; beta-adrenoceptor blocker ; metabolism ; adverse effects ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy volunteers were given single oral doses of 8 mg salbutamol, 40 mg propranolol, 100 mg atenolol, 8 mg salbutamol plus 40 mg propranolol and 8 mg salbutamol plus 100 mg atenolol, in a placebo controlled study. Plasma potassium fell following salbutamol and rose following atenolol or propranolol, and the hypokalaemic effect of salbutamol was reversed more effectively by propranolol than by atenolol. Although blood glucose rose after salbutamol, it was unaffected by any of the other treatments. Lying and standing pulse rate rose after salbutamol and fell equally after either β-adrenoceptor antagonist, and fell more after salbutamol plus propranolol than after salbutamol plus atenolol. Blood pressure rose after salbutamol and fell after each of the other treatments. Forty milligrams propranolol was thus more effective than 100 mg atenolol in reversing the metabolic effects of 8 mg salbutamol, and was as effective in reversing the cardiovascular effects. In cases of symptomatic salbutamol overdose, propranolol should be considered as an antidote provided the patient is not asthmatic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558068
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of chronic diflunisal treatment on the plasma levels, metabolism and excretion of indomethacin (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin ; diflunisal ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single-dose pharmacokinetics of indomethacin following 100 mg rectally was measured in two groups of 8 healthy subjects before and after diflunisal 500 mg p.o. once daily, or 500 mg in the morning and 1000 mg in the evening, until steady state conditions were reached. A further group of 8 healthy subjects was given 50 mg indomethacin rectally before and after diflunisal 500 mg p.o. twice daily. High dose diflunisal (1500 mg/day) decreased the renal clearance of indomethacin from 21.9 to 1.8 ml/min (92%) and reduced the renal excretion of both unchanged (63%) and conjugated (82%) indomethacin. The apparent total body clearance (0.12 l/h/kg), apparent volume of distribution (0.98 l/kg), and volume of distribution at steady state (0.80 l/kg) were decreased by 47%, 35% and 30%. The maximum plasma concentration (2.4 µg/ml) and total area under the curve (13.0 µg × h/ml) were increased by 40% and 119%, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life (5.7 h) and mean residence time (6.7 h) were slightly prolonged (7.0 h and 8.8 h) in the presence of diflunisal. The contribution of metabolism to the overall elimination of indomethacin was increased by only 2%. Similar results were obtained when the subjects were challenged with the low dose of diflunisal (500 mg/day), although the magnitude of the changes were smaller. The interaction between indomethacin and diflunisal may be due to competition both at the metabolic (conjugation) and the excretory (tubular secretion) levels. When the subjects were given 50 mg indomethacin and diflunisal 1000 mg/day simultaneously, the achieved maximum plasma concentration of indomethacin (2.53 µg/ml) was comparable to that seen after 100 mg in the absence of diflunisal (3.1 µg/ml), but the AUC was greater (21.7 µg × h/ml vs 13.0 µg × h/ml). Adverse central nervous reactions were more frequent and more pronounced at higher plasma indomethacin concentrations.
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    Effect of pindolol on changes in serum lipids induced by hydrochlorthiazide (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 221-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; hydrochlorthiazide ; essential hypertension ; serum lipids ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-two patients with essential hypertension, WHO I–II, and a diastolic blood pressure ≧100 mm Hg, were initially given 25 mg hydrochlorthiazide alone. After treatment for 3 months 10 mg pindolol was also given to 16 of them as the diastolic blood pressure had not been reduced to ≦90 mm Hg. After 3 months treatment on hydrochlorthiazide alone there was a significant increase in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, and this pattern persisted after a further 3 months on the single drug regimen. In contrast, in those patients who received additonal treatment with pindolol after the first 3 months, there was a significant decrease in the low density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol during the following 3 months. Thus, the addition of pindolol to hydrochlorthiazide therapy appeared to reverse the negative effects on the lipid profile induced by the diuretic alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679773
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    Influence of nicardipine on renal function and plasma cyclosporin in renal transplant patients (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 637-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nicardipine ; cyclosporin ; drug interaction ; renal transplant patients ; renal function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637751
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    Interaction of oxindanac and frusemide in man (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prostaglandins ; oxindanac ; NSAIDs ; frusemide ; sodium balance ; plasma renin activity ; drug interaction ; natriuresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oxindanac, a moderately active cyclooxygenase inhibitor in vitro, is a new antinflammatory agent under clinical investigation. Its effects on frusemide-induced natriuresis have now been studied. Eight male volunteers receiving frusemide 40 mg b.d. were also given either oxindanac 300 mg b.d. or placebo in two consecutive periods separated by a treatment-free period, according to a randomized cross-over study design. Urinary prostaglandin excretion (PGF2α) fell by 75% after 3 days on oxindanac. Frusemide-induced renin activity reached 66% of the control value in the presence of oxindanac. However, the natriuresis induced by frusemide did not differ significantly whether oxindanac or placebo was administered, despite the inhibitory action of the former on prostaglandin synthesis in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609417
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    Quinidine inhibits the 2-hydroxylation of imipramine and desipramine but not the demethylation of imipramine (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: imipramine ; desipramine ; quinidine ; sparteine oxidation ; cytochrome P450 isoforms ; genetic polymorphism ; drug interaction ; metabolic clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On separate occasions 6 extensive metabolizers of sparteine took a single oral dose of 100 mg imipramine and desipramine before and during the intake of quinidine sulphate 200 mg/day. During quinidine the total oral clearance of imipramine on average was reduced by 35%, and that of desipramine by 85%. The clearance of imipramine via demethylation was not significantly reduced during quinidine administration, whereas its clearance by other pathways, largely 2-hydroxylation, was reduced by more than 50%. 2-OH-Imipramine and 2-OH-desipramine were detected in plasma before (maximum concentrations 30–100 nmol · l−1) but not during quinidine. It appears that quinidine is a potent inhibitor of the sparteine/debrisoquine oxygenase, P450dbl, which is responsible for the 2-hydroxylation of imipramine and desipramine, but not of the P450 isozyme responsible for the demethylation of imipramine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558224
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    Ultrastructural changes induced by precocene II and 3,4-dihydroprecocene II in the corpora allata of Blattella germanica (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora allata ; Ultrastructure ; Precocenes ; Juvenile hormone ; Blattella germanica (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on corpora allata (CA) from different stages during the first gonadotropic cycle of the cockroach Blattella germanica have shown well defined changes which have a correspondence with oocyte length, CA volume and juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis. The most significant variations concern the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Topically applied precocene II (P II) at a dose of 200 ⧎g induced a transient arrest of CA function, although cytotoxic effects were occasionally observed. When CA were maintained in vitro with 10-3 M of P II, a relationship between the time of treatment (3, 6 or 9 h) and the intensity of the effects was apparent. The 9-h treatment led to an irreversible inhibition of JH production which parallels the severe damages observed in the CA (membrane lysis, nuclear pyknosis, vacuolization). Equivalent studies performed with the chroman derivative 3,4-dihydroprecocene II (DHP II) showed that it is less active than P II. Only treatments as severe as 12 h of incubation with a 10-3 M concentration elicited cytotoxic effects which could be due to radical species involved in the in situ oxidative bioactivation of DHP II. Thus, this compound could be regarded as a new type of pro-allatocidin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223148
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    Structural features of the epididymis in a dasyurid marsupial (Antechinus stuartii) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ductus epididymidis of the marsupial mouse Antechinus stuartii was divided into caput, corpus, and caudal regions using several constant morphological landmarks. Tubule diameter and epithelial height increased gradually from caput to cauda. In contrast, the surface area of the lumen of the ductus epididymidis increased to a maximum in the distal caput region, but decreased markedly in the distal cauda in association with characteristic changes in lumen shape (from circular to slit-shaped) and epithelial height. Epithelial cells of the ductus epididymidis were generally similar in structure to those described in other mammalian species. Principal and basal cells were common throughout the epithelium. Clear and mitochondria-rich cells were also identified, but occurred less frequently. Regional variations in cell ultrastructure were observed only in principal cells. Numerous vesicular inclusions occurred in the apical cytoplasm of cells in caput segments, membrane-bounded, electron-dense bodies were common in distal corpus regions, and a brush border of microvilli characterized the luminal surface of principal cells in caudal segments. Sperm index increased in the proximal caput, declined to basal levels in the distal caput and proximal corpus, and then increased to a maximum in segment 9 of the distal corpus and remained at about this level throughout the cauda epididymidis. Nuclear rotation, loss of cytoplasmic droplets, and other sperm maturational changes were observed along the epididymis. Discarded cytoplasmic droplets collected in large masses interspersed between aggregates of spermatozoa throughout the distal regions of the duct. There was no evidence of phagocytosis by principal cells of cytoplasmic droplets. The epididymis of A. stuartii differs from that of other mammals. The unusual caudal region, which has little storage capacity for sperm, is an unusual adaptation in a species in which the male is known to be polygamous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223158
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    System-specific distribution of zinc in the chick brain (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 247-257 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zinc ; Timm method ; Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Avian brain ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of young domestic chicks was investigated using a Timm sulfide silver method. Serial Vibratome sections were analyzed under the light microscope, and the localization of zinc-positive structures in selected areas was determined at the ultrastructural level. Both strong and differential staining was visible in the avian telencephalon whereas most subtelencephalic structures showed a pale reaction. The highest staining intensity was found in the nonprimary sensory regions of the telencephalon such as the hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, hippocampus, palaeostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius and caudal parts of neostriatum. There was an overall gradient of staining intensity in neostriatal areas from rostral to caudal with the heaviest zinc deposits in the caudal neostriatum. Primary sensory projection areas, such as the ectostriatum (visual), hyperstriatum intercalatum superius (visual), nucleus basalis (beak representation), the input layer L2 of the auditory field L and the somatosensory area rostral to field L were selectively left unstained. Fiber tracts throughout the brain were free of zinc deposits except for glial cells. In electron micrographs of stained regions, silver grains were localized in some presynaptic boutons of asymmetric synapses (Gray type I), within the cytoplasm of neuronal somata and sporadically in the nucleus. The possible involvement of zinc in synaptic transmission and other processes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239445
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    Effects of long-term hypergastrinaemia on the ultrastructure of enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin-like cells ; Ultrastructure ; Hypertrophy ; Hypergastrinaemia ; Gastrin infusion ; Omeprazole ; Rat (Sprague Dawley) ; Syrian hamster ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the ultrastructure of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig, and the ultrastructural consequences of long-term hypergastrinaemia evoked either by continuous infusion of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17 for 4 weeks (rats) or by daily treatment with large doses of the antisecretory agent omeprazole for 2–10 weeks (rats, hamsters and guinea pigs). As a result, the ECL cells increased greatly in size (maximal effect after 2 weeks of omeprazole treatment, no further gain in size after 4 or 10 weeks). Also the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi area were enlarged. The most conspicuous feature of the ECL cells is the cytoplasmic vesicles, which are of varying size and either devoid of a dense core or with a small, often eccentrically located dense core. The vesicles probably represent the main storage site of the secretory products of the ECL cell. In addition, the cytoplasm contains granules, which differ from the vesicles in that they possess a more or less electron-dense core, surrounded by a narrow halo. The size of the vesicles ranged from small to very large, while the granules were uniformly small. Many vesicles were seen to lie very close together, some displaying an irregular outline (vacuole-like vesicles), at times giving the impression that they were undergoing fusion. The profile size (median value) of the vesicles was unaffected by gastrin infusion for 4 weeks. However, there was a tendency to a relative increase in the number of very small vesicles. In contrast, the vesicles became larger during the omeprazole treatment. Also, the number of vesicles that seemed to be engaged in fusion increased after omeprazole treatment but not after gastrin infusion. The observations support the view that ECL cells are influenced by gastrin. The effects of gastrin infusion and of omeprazole treatment on ECL cell ultrastructure were not completely identical. It cannot be excluded that the omeprazole-evoked achlorhydria evokes effects unrelated to those of hypergastrinaemia on the ECL cells, or that endogenous gastrins may evoke effects that are in some ways distinct from those of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17. Alternatively, the additional effects seen after long-term omeprazole treatment may reflect simply the duration of the hypergastrinaemic stimulus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218882
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    Morphological changes in the junctional complex of cells in the arachnoid layer of the rat after cold injury (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arachnoid cells ; Tight and gap junctions ; Cold injury ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The junctional complexes of cells in the outer arachnoid layer overlying the cerebral cortex of 2-week-old rats were examined with freeze-fracture electron microscopy up to 60 min after transcranial cold injury to the dorsal surface of the brain. Within 30 min after injury, areas of gap and tight junctions with morphological features characteristic of junction formation and/or junction disruption were found scattered among normal junctional complexes in some arachnoid cells. Within 60 min after injury, tight junctions with features typical of less leaky zonulae occludentes were present in all arachnoid cells examined. These morphological features include increases in the number of tight junctional strands and the number of strand-to-strand anatomoses. Gap junctions were interspersed among the tight junctional strands, and many were completely encircled by the strands. The increase in the number and complexity of the tight junctional strands in response to brain injury may be the morphological basis for the maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid-blood dural barrier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218887
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    The effect of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on steroid hormone production and ACTH-induced differentiation of rat adrenocortical cells in primary culture (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 487-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Lipoproteins ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the effects of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol on the ACTH-induced differentiation of cultured fetal rat adrenocortical cells. For this purpose human plasma high-density lipoprotein3 (HDL3) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was added to culture media devoid of cholesterol, and thereafter the morphological changes in cells were monitored and the amounts of steroids synthesized were measured. It could be demonstrated that, ultrastructurally, upon ACTH-stimulation the adrenocortical cells differentiated into fasciculata-like cells even in the absence of lipoproteins in the culture medium. The addition of either HDL3 or LDL caused an increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic lipid droplets suggesting uptake and deposition of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol into the differentiating cells. The amount of steroids secreted from cells differentiating in media devoid of cholesterol was only half that observed in cells differentiating in serum-supplemented medium. Addition of either HDL3 or LDL increased the ACTH-stimulated steroid synthesis to the levels observed in serum-supplemented medium. This study demonstrates that both HDL3 and LDL are able to provide cholesterol for steroid synthesis accompanying the ACTH-induced differentiation of fetal rat adrenocortical cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225596
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    The effect of bromocriptine on the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary: an electron-microscopic, morphometric study (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Bromocriptine ; Secretory granules ; Golgi apparatus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological effect of chronic synthetic and secretory inhibition of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary induced by bromocriptine treatment was studied using morphometric techniques in combination with electron microscopy. On the basis of granule diameters, a heterogeneous cell population was shown in the normal intermediate lobe. Bromocriptine treatment did not induce any change in the volume fraction, number or location of electron-dense secretory granules. Instead, there was a shift toward a more homogeneous cell population containing smaller granules, the mean granule volume being reduced by ∼30%. The volume fraction of electron-lucent granules or vacuoles was markedly reduced, indicating a functional significance of these organelles. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was not significantly altered, but the number of condensing granules within the Golgi area was reduced. The volume of the intermediate lobe was decreased, apparently due to a decrease in the mean cell volume.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224124
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    Distribution of peroxidase and iodination activity in the endostyles of Oikopleura albicans and Oikopleura longicauda (Appendicularia, Chordata) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 505-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endostyle ; Peroxidase cytochemistry ; Autora diography ; Ultrastructure ; Oikopleura albicans, Oikopleura longicauda (Appendicularia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oikopleura albicans and O. longicauda belong to the two subgenera Vexillaria and Coecaria, respectively. The morphology and ultrastructure of their endostyles were investigated with conventional microscopic procedures as well as with DAB cytochemistry and 125I autoradiography at both light- and electron-microscopic levels. As expected, the general morphology of these endostyles is similar to all hitherto examined endostyles. They possess a ventral portion consisting of alternating glandular and ciliated cell zones, probably serving food capture, and a dorsal region, the corridor. Autoradiographic grains were found mainly in the corridor lumen associated with the apical surface of the two central rows of corridor cells. The same cells also gave strong positive reactions for peroxidase, the iodinating enzyme. Peroxidase activity was found in the apical plasma membrane as well as in the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi area and cytoplasmic vesicles. Definitive conclusions concerning an apical uptake and subsequent release into the body fluid of iodinated material could not be made from the present experiments. Our investigations indicate that the two central rows of corridor cells in both subgenera of oikopleurids constitute the protothyroid region, possibly homologous to the vertebrate thyroid gland.
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    Morphogenesis of rat cranial meninges (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Meninges ; Mesenchyme ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The meninges of albino Wistar rat embryos, aged between the 11th embryonic day (ED) and birth, were sectioned using a specially constructed device. This technique permits optimal microanatomical preservation of all tissues covering the convexity of the brain: skin, muscle, cartilage or bone, and the meninges. At ED11, the zone situated between the epidermis and the brain is occupied by a mesenchymal network. At ED12, part of this delicate network develops as a dense outer cellular layer, while the remainder retains its reticular appearance, thus forming an inner layer (the future meningeal tissue). At ED13, the dura mater starts to differentiate. At ED14, the bony anlage of the skull can be identified, and along with the proceeding maturation of dura mater some fibrillar structures resembling skeletal muscle fibers appear in the developing arachnoid space. At ED15–17, a primitive interface zone — dura mater/ arachnoid — is formed, comprised by an outer electronlucent and an inner electron-dense layer marking the outer aspect of the arachnoidal space. At ED18–19, the innermost cellular row of the inner durai layer transforms into neurothelium, which is separated from the darker arachnoidal cells by an electron-dense band. The arachnoidal trabecular zone with the leptomeningeal cells is formed at ED19. By the end of the prenatal period (ED20–21), its innermost part organizes into an inner arachnoidal layer and an outer and inner pial layer. The results from this study indicate (i) that dura mater and leptomeninges develop from an embryonic network of connective tissue-forming cells, and (ii) that the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-containing spaces accompanies the differentiation of the meningeal cellular layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221652
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    Terminal processes of serotonin neurons in the caudal spinal cord of the molly, Poecilia latipinna, project to the leptomeninges and urophysis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 619-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-containing cells ; Urophysis ; Spinal Cord ; Ultrastructure ; Leptomeninges ; Poecilia latipinna (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal neurosecretory complex of poeciliids has previously been shown to be innervated by extranuclear and intrinsic serotonergic projections. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize fibers originating from serotonin neurons intrinsic to the caudal spinal cord. Bipolar and multipolar neurons were oriented ventromedially, and contained numerous large granular vesicles. Three types of serotonergic fibers were distinguished based on their distribution and morphology. Intrinsic Type-A fibers branched into varicose segments near the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord and contacted the basal lamina beneath the leptomeninges. Type-B fibers coursed longitudinally to enter the urophysis, where they diverged and terminated around fenestrated capillaries. Labelled vesicles in Type-A and Type-B terminals were the same size as those in labelled cells and in unlabelled neurosecretory terminals in the urophysis. Type-C small varicose fibers branched within the neuropil of the caudal neurosecretory complex. Serotonin may be secreted into the submeningeal cerebrospinal fluid, the urophysis, and the caudal vein by Type-A and Type-B fibers, whereas, Type-C fibers may be processes of serotonergic interneurons in the neuroendocrine nucleus. The possibility that urotensins I and II or arginine vasotocin were colocalized in the processes of the intrinsic serotonin neurons was investigated immunohistochemically. The negative results of these experiments suggest that serotonin-containing neurons may represent a neurochemically distinct subpopulation in the caudal neurosecretory complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218799
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    Neural activity pattern is not necessary for the development of adult ultrastructure in katydid (Neoconocephalus robustus) singing muscles (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 641-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect muscle ; Denervation ; Ultrastructure ; Development, ontogenetic ; Neoconocephalus robustus (Insecto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The singing muscles of the katydid Neoconocephalus robustus develop adult ultrastructure late in the last nymphal instar and during the first few days of adult life. The ultrastructural changes during early adulthood were not affected by unilateral axotomy shortly after the adult molt. Both denervated and innervated muscles developed adult proportions of mitochondria, myofibril, and sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218802
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    The three-dimensional structure of the zona pellucida in growing and atretic ovarian follicles of the mouse (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zona pellucida ; Ovarian follicles ; Atresia ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study provides further details on the fine-structural three-dimensional architecture of the zona pellucida (ZP) in growing and atretic follicles of mice by use of ruthenium red in combination with the detergents Triton X100 and saponin. These detergents were used for extraction of the “soluble” fraction of the zonal proteins in an attempt to expose the “structural” zonal glycoproteins, which in turn can be viewed as minute three-dimensional networks upon transmission- and scanning electron-microscopic examination. By use of these methods, the ZP of growing follicles appeared to be formed by interconnected filaments which also bind to globular structures building up a three-dimensional lattice. In contrast, the ZP of stage I as well as other (II and III) stages of atretic follicles showed a structure characterized by the presence of closely packed granules connected with short filaments to form a close-mesh reticulum. This structural change of the ZP, which in the present study is also associated with the disappearance of “gap junctions” within the granulosa and cumulus cell population, might represent one of the early events involved in the onset of atresia. These changes, most probably depending on an altered secretory activity of both oocytes and follicle cells, might lead to a degradation of the ZP network structure and to its subsequent increased density (condensation). All these morphodynamic events eventually contribute to a sequestration of the oocyte in the early stage of atresia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261827
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    Smooth muscle fiber types and a novel pattern of thick filaments in the wing of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mollusc ; Ultrastructure ; Musculature ; Hydroskeleton ; Retraction reflex ; Clione limacina (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wing (parapodial) retraction in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina is a reflex triggered by tactile stimulation. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed three groups of smooth muscles in the wing hemocoel that participate in retraction movements: transverse, longitudinal, and dorsoventral. Among these, two subtypes of muscle cells were identified. The first (type A) appears in all three groups and forms a well-organized lattice-like structure. The second (type B) is the major component of transverse muscles and runs in one direction only. Quantitative ultrastructural comparisons of dimensions, abundance, and organization of dense bodies, thick and thin filaments, membrane invaginations, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria suggest that type A cells are able to contract and relax more quickly with less endurance whereas type B cells are capable of generating stronger contractions with more endurance and slower relaxation speed. Furthermore, type A cells have a unique pattern of thick filament organization, here referred to as pseudosarcomeres. The roles played by the different cell types in wing retraction are discussed.
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    Ultrastructural changes in granule cell somata and mossy fibers of the rat hippocampus during picrotoxin-induced convulsions (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Mossy fibers ; Picrotoxin ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in hippocampal granule cells, mossy fibers and mossy fiber boutons were examined following the administration of picrotoxin in adult rats. Generalized seizures occurred within 5–10 min after the intraperitoneal injection of picrotoxin. The electron-microscopic examination of hippocampal tissues from rats that had been perfused with fixative during the seizure revealed that the large dense-core vesicles increased in number and accumulated on the presynaptic membranes of mossy fiber boutons; some of these vesicles appeared to be fused with the membranes, and omega-shaped exocytotic profiles were frequently seen. Furthermore, greatly increased numbers of coated vesicles (60–90 nm in diameter) were observed on the maturing faces of Golgi fields of granule cells. Thus, our study not only indicates an increased incidence of exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles during picrotoxin-induced seizures, but also suggests that these vesicles are replaced in excess from the perikaryon of the granule cell.
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    Cardioprotective properties of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative glutapyron in deep hypothermia (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 108 (1989), S. 1568-1571 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: myocardium ; lipid peroxidation ; hypothermia ; 1,4-dihydropyridines ; glutapyron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839689
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    Antioxidative activity of cyclohistidylproline (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 108 (1989), S. 1714-1716 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cyclohistidylproline ; lipid peroxidation ; antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00841041
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    Role of lipid peroxidation in regression of the hypertrophied heart (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 108 (1989), S. 1566-1568 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertrophy of the heart ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839688
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    Lipid peroxidation in the caudate nuclei in experimental parkinsonian syndrome (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 45-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) ; 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) ; parkinsonism ; lipid peroxidation ; caudate nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00837054
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    Membrane characteristics and functional activity of phagocytic alveolar macrophages (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: alveolar macrophages ; phagocytosis ; viscosity of membrane lipids ; lipid peroxidation ; fluorescent probes ; membranes ; membrane lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00837067
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    Induction of cytochrome p-450 by tetraphenylporphyrin-Sn4+ (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 315-318 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cytochrome P-450 ; tetraphenylporphyrin-Sn4+ ; hemoxygenase ; lipid peroxidation ; induction ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842043
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    Lipid peroxidation and endogenous DNA-polymerase activity of isolated chromatin fractions from rat liver (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 321-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: chromatin ; DNA-polymerase activity ; lipid peroxidation ; tetrachloromethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842045
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    Effect of antioxidants on free-radical oxidation of lipids in tests of rats of different ages and on reproductive capacity in chronic polyantioxidant insufficiency (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 246-249 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: reproductive system ; lipid peroxidation ; aging ; antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00833818
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    Changes in some parameters of lipid metabolism in erythrocyte membranes during development of alloxan diabetes (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 323-325 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: alloxan diabetes ; erythrocyte membranes ; lipid peroxidation ; phospholipids ; α-tocopherol ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842046
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    Lipid peroxidation in synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions of individual brain structures during hypoxia (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 332-334 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypoxia ; medula ; cerebellum ; visual cortex ; sensomotor cortex ; lipid peroxidation ; antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842049
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    Role of activation of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of experimental peritonitis (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 635-637 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: lipid peroxidation ; peritonitis
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00841770
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    Lipid peroxidation reactions following administration of various doses of zymosan (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 638-640 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: blood ; lipid peroxidation ; zymosan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Antihypoxic and antioxidative properties of bemitil (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 671-674 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: bemitil ; hypoxia ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00841782
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    Correlation between brain electrical responses and lipid peroxidation during pathological aging (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 794-796 
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    Keywords: senile dementia ; Alzheimer's disease ; lipid peroxidation ; visual evoked potentials ; constant brain potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00840741
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    Lipid peroxidation and polymerase activities of liver chromatin fractions of aging rats (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 807-809 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: aging ; lipid peroxidation ; DNA- and RNA-polymerase activity ; actively transcribed and repressed chromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Changes in lipid peroxidation induced by chloditane in adrenals of dogs and guinea pigs (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 180-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: lipid peroxidation ; adrenals ; chloditane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00833795
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    Relationship between peroxidation and phospholipase hydrolysis of lipids in synaptosomes (1989)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: synaptosomes ; lipid peroxidation ; phospholipases ; epilepsy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00833796
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    Protection of erythrocytes by α-tocopherol against hemolysis induced by thermal trauma (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 459-461 
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    Keywords: burns ; hemolysis of erythrocytes ; lipid peroxidation ; α-tocopherol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842375
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    Lipid peroxidation product levels in inbred mice with different types of emotional-stress response (1989)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 108 (1989), S. 957-959 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: stress ; lipid peroxidation ; inbred mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839779
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    Changes of some lipid and lipid peroxidation characteristics in obese people as a result of a low energy diet (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 27 (1988), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: lipid peroxidation ; obesity ; hyperlipoproteinemia ; superoxide-dismutase ; glutathione-peroxidase ; Lipidperoxidation ; Übergewicht ; Hyperlipoproteinämie ; Superoxiddismutase ; Glutathion-Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden vor und nach einer 7tägigen Entfettungskur (2,1 MJ/Tag) von 54 Fettsüchtigen stammende Blutproben auf einige Lipidkomponenten (Malondialdehyd [MDA] und die Aktivität der vor freien Radikalen schützenden Enzyme Superoxid-Dismutase [SOD] und Glutathionperoxidase [GSHpx]) untersucht. Nach 7tägiger Krankenhausbehandlung wurde eine Erniedrigung des Körpergeichts, der Triglyceride, des HDL-Cholesterin- und des HDL-3-Cholesterins sowie eine Zunahme von Gesamtcholesterin festgestellt. Nach einer zu Hause fortgesetzten drei Monate dauernden Kur (5,0–6,3 MJ) wurde eine Zunahme von HDL-2-Cholesterin und ein Rückgang von Gesamtcholesterin auf den Ausgangswert beobachtet. Bei an Hyperlipoproteinämie leidenden Vpn. und auch bei denen, die einen erhöhten Cholesterin- und Triglyceridgehalt aufwiesen, wurde eine höhere MDA-Konzentration festgestellt. Nach der Entfettungskur, unabhängig von den Lipiden, fällt die SOD-Aktivität. Die GSHpx-Aktivität ist unverändert, ausgenommen bei Männern mit hohem Cholesterinniveau. Weitere Untersuchungen über die vor freien Radikalen schützenden Enzyme sind erforderlich.
    Notes: Summary In blood samples of 54 obese persons (13 men, 41 women) some lipid components, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of free radical protecting enzymes superoxide-dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSHpx), were determined before and after a seven-day slimming diet of 2.1 MJ/day. Body weight, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and HDL-3-cholesterol all decreased, total cholesterol increased after the seven days hospitalization. After continuing the slimming diet (5.0–6.3 MJ/day) at home, HDL-2-cholesterol increased and total cholesterol returned to the initial value after three months. MDA decreased in the groups of hyperlipoproteinemia II/a and II/b and also in the group with high cholesterol and triglyceride levels (above 5.7 and 2.7 mmol/l). Correlation coefficients refer to the dominant role of high TG in the intensity of lipid peroxidation. The activity of SOD fell after the slimming, independent of lipid parameters. GSHpx activity remained unchanged except a drop in the male participants having high cholesterol levels. The behavior of the free radical protecting enzymes needs further examination.
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    Influence of once-monthly rifampicin and daily clofazimine on the pharmacokinetics of dapsone in leprosy patients in Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 73-76 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dapsone ; rifampicin ; clofazimine ; leprosy ; drug interaction ; multidrug therapy ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In leprosy patients in Nigeria the influence of daily clofazimine and of once-monthly rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of dapsone has been investigated. Three days after rifampicin the elimination half-life of dapsone was reduced from 40.4 to 25.3 h (n=23). Correspondingly, the plasma dapsone 24 h after the last dose had fallen significantly from 2.63 to 2.02 mg/l. Clofazimine did not cause change in the pharmacokinetics of dapsone. It was concluded that, although rifamipicin had a considerable influence on the pharmacokinetics of dapsone, there is no reason to adjust the dose of dapsone during multidrug therapy of leprosy.
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    Lack of effect of a single-dose of sulglicotide on the bioavailability of diclofenac (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 211-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diclofenac ; sulglicotide ; bioavailability ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of diclofenac (D) was assessed in 12 healthy volunteers treated orally with single doses of 100 mg (retard formulation) and subsequently retreated with the same dose of (D) plus sulglicotide (S) 200 mg. (D) blood levels were measured by GLC in samples collected after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 h. No relevant difference was seen in (D) bioavailability after (S) administration; after 8 h plasma levels of (D) were slightly higher after (S) (p〈0.05), but this difference can be considered incidental only. Thus, sulglicotide does not interfere with the bioavailability of diclofenac, and can be administered concurrently with the latter to prevent possible gastric injury by the antiinflammatory drug.
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    Lack of effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a single oral dose of metronidazole (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 65-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metronidazole ; cimetidine ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; drug metabolism ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time course of the effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was investigated in 6 healthy volunteers. Cimetidine 1.0 g/day was administered for 9-days and metronidazole 500 mg was administered orally on the second and eighth days, and in a control experiment. During cimetidine treatment the plasma kinetics of metronidazole and its partial clearance by renal excretion of the unchanged compound, glucuronidation, hydroxylation and oxidation to its acetic acid metabolite were not significantly different from the control values. The results indicate that cimetidine does not influence the pharmacokinetics or metabolism of a single oral dose of metronidazole.
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    Therapeutic doses of codeine have no effect on acetaminophen clearance or metabolism (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 109-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetaminophen ; codeine ; clearance ; metabolite formation ; glucuronidation ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In nine healthy volunteers, the clearance and metabolism of acetaminophen 1000 mg i.v. was evaluated with and without two concomitant oral doses of codeine in order to investigate a possible interaction. Plasma acetaminophen was followed for 720 min and urine was collected for 24 h after each dose for determination of metabolites. When codeine was coadministered, the average total clearance of acetaminophen and its clearance by glucuronidation, sulphation and mercapturate formation were 0.58 to 1.12-times the control values. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of codeine do not influence the clearance or metabolism of acetaminophen.
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    A possible drug interaction between rifampicin and enalapril (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 431-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: rifampicin ; enalapril ; hypertension ; drug interaction ; case report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When a 35-year-old man with essential hypertension was treated with antibiotics for brucellosis his blood pressure rose significantly. While all other treatment was kept constant rifampicin was discontinued. On rechallenge rifampicin did not alter serum concentrations of enalapril or the area under the curve (AUC) between 0 and 7 h, but it did reduce the AUC of the active metabolite enalaprilat by 31%. These observations suggest that there may be an interaction between rifampicin and enalapril, causing reduced hypotensive efficacy of enalapril. The mechanism of such an interaction merits further study, but it could be due to enhanced renal clearance of enalaprilat.
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    Parenteral pentazocine: Effects on psychomotor skills and respiration, and interactions with amitriptyline (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 483-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pentazocine ; amitriptyline ; drug interaction ; psychomotor performance ; respiration ; plasma μ-opiate activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The combined effects on performance and respiration of pentazocine (PZ) and amitriptyline (AMI) were evaluated in a double-blind cross-over study in 11 healthy students. After pretreatment for 1 week with AMI or placebo, on Day 8 the subjects received placebo or 50 mg p.o. AMI and 30 mg PZ or saline i.m. so that the final treatments were 1) placebo, 2) acute AMI 50 mg, 3) acute PZ, 4) subchronic AMI + acute PZ and 5) subchronic AMI. The subacute treatments were started at two-week intervals. Objective and subjective performance tests and respiratory function (minute volume, ETCO2) were measured. Parenteral PZ impaired sensory processing (digit symbol substitution, choice reactions) and extraocular muscle balance (Maddox wing) but left motor skills (tracking, tapping speed) unaffected. A single oral dose of AMI 50 mg affected both sensory and motor performance. The psychomotor effects of PZ were clearest at 1.5 h, and those of AMI at 3.5 h. Both drugs rendered the subjects drowsy, clumsy, and muzzy on visual analogue scales, but PZ also induced positive feelings, like contentedness and friendliness. PZ depressed respiration in terms of lowered minute volume and elevated ETCO2, and subchronic AMI increased this depression. The chemically assayed plasma concentrations of AMI and PZ were as expected; radioreceptor assay revealed low or negligible μ-opiate activity in plasma after PZ. The results suggest that AMI does not enhance the moderate psychomotor decrement produced by PZ. However, respiratory depression may be increased by their concomitant use.
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    Effect of probenecid on the elimination and protein binding of ceftriaxone (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ceftriaxone ; probenecid ; drug interaction ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics and binding parameters of ceftriaxone have been characterized in eight normal subjects who received, in sequence, 1.0 g ceftriaxone and 1.0 g ceftriaxone together with 250 and 500 mg probenecid q.i.d. Probenecid increased the total systemic clearance (CL S T ) from 0.244 to 0.312 ml/min/kg, whereas the terminal half-life (t 1/2(β) T ) fell from 8.1 to 6.5 h. In contrast, the renal clearance of free ceftriaxone (CL R F ) was decreased from 2.09 to 1.67 ml/min/kg, confirming a small but significant contribution of tubular secretion to the renal elimination of ceftriaxone. The final value of CL R F was attained with the lower dose probenecid, whereas the non-renal clearance of free ceftriaxone (CL NR F ) fell progressively from 2.78 to 1.90 ml/min/kg with the increasing probenecid dose. The total decrease in the systemic clearance of free ceftriaxone (CL S F ) after the higher dose of probenecid was about 30% (4.87 to 3.57 ml/min/kg). As a consequence of a decreased affinity constant (KA), the average free fraction in plasma (f) was increased by 54% after the low dose and by 74% after the high dose of probenecid. The protein binding interaction between probenecid and ceftriaxone appears to be unique. The results are of limited clinical consequence for ceftriaxone but they emphasise the importance of evaluating the kinetics of the free drug when examining interactions involving probenecid.
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    Acute effects of amitriptyline on human performance and interactions with diazepam (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 585-592 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amitriptyline ; diazepam ; pharmacodynamics ; body sway ; psychomotor performance ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects on psychomotor performance and attention of amitriptyline 75 mg administered without and with diazepam 10 mg have been investigated in 12 healthy subjects. The effects of the compounds were evaluated by objective tests (measurement of body sway, critical flicker fusion, visual reaction time, tachistoscopy, short term visual memory, tapping test, arithmetical calculation and Clement's code) and subjective measurements (visual analogue scales and side effects questionnaire). Measurements were taken before treatment and after 1, 3, 6, 8 and 24 h. Placebo did not affect either the objective or the subjective measurements. Diazepam caused a reduction in attention and performance after 1 h which had disappeared at 3 h. Amitriptyline caused a marked reduction in attention and performance, reaching a peak 3 hours after drug administration and persisting until 8 h. the deterioration in vigilance induced by amitriptyline was potentiated by concomitant diazepam.
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    Interaction of alcohol with maprotiline or nomifensine: Echocardiographic and psychometric effects (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 593-599 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: maprotiline ; nomifensine ; ethanol ; drug interaction ; echocardiography ; psychometry ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight healthy volunteers received low doses of maprotiline and nomifensine up to 50 mg b. d. for 15 days in a double-blind, cross-over, placebo controlled study, during which echocardiography and psychomotor testing were carried out before and after the intake of alcohol 1 g/kg. Maprotiline increased heart rate and cardiac output and reduced peripheral resistance compared to placebo and nomifensine. Nomifensine alone was associated with a slight decrease in heart rate. Alcohol alone caused a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure, but did not otherwise modify the cardiovascular measures. The antidepressants did not augment the effects of alcohol. Antidepressants alone had no effect on psychomotor skills, but alcohol always impaired performance. No additional effects of alcohol were produced by the antidepressants. It appears that practically important peripheral or central consequences are unlikely to follow drinking a moderate amount of alcohol during regular therapy with low therapeutic doses of catecholamine reuptake inhibiting antidepressants. Experimental studies of the interaction of antidepressants and alcohol in patients with chronic heart disease seem to be justified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637594
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    Extent and pharmacokinetic mechanisms of oral atenolol-verapamil interaction in man (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; atenolol ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronic coadministration of oral verapamil with oral atenolol resulted in a variable increase in atenolol steady-state plasma concentrations in a group of 10 patients on chronic maintenance therapy. Individual subjects showed changes in area under the plasma atenolol concentration-time curve (AUC) of more than 100%, however group comparisons did not achieve statistical significance unless normalized for verapamil dose. Renal clearance of atenolol was shown to be decreased by more than 25% in 2 subjects studied using intravenous dosing of atenolol. This interaction is likely to contribute to the documented clinical intolerance of combinations of atenolol and verapamil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561365
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    Selective inhibition of drug oxidation after simultaneous administration of two probe drugs, antipyrine and tolbutamide (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolbutamide ; antipyrine ; selective inhibition ; metabolite formation ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; sulphaphenazole ; cimetidine ; primaquine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sulphaphenazole, cimetidine and primaquine on the disposition of antipyrine and tolbutamide in healthy volunteers have been investigated. The model substrates were administered simultaneously in order more clearly to define any selective effects of the potential inhibitors. Sulphaphenazole produced a significant increase in the half-life of tolbutamide (7.10 to 21.50 h) and a correponding decrease in its clearance (0.260 to 0.084 ml·min−1·kg−1). Clearance to hydroxytolbutamide (OHTOL) and carboxytolbutamide (COOHTOL) was also significantly decreased. In contrast, sulphaphenazole had no effect on the disposition of antipyrine. Administration of cimetidine did not significantly alter the disposition of either model drug. However, a 1.6-times higher dose of cimetidine did increase the half lives both of tolbutamide and antipyrine (6.21 to 9.04 h and 14.2 to 19.2 h, respectively) and decrease their clearance (0.226 to 0.148 and 0.50 to 0.31 ml·min−1 kg−1, respectively). Clearance to OHTOL and hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA) was reduced. A single dose of primaquine had no demonstrable effect on tolbutamide disposition whereas the half-life of antipyrine was increased (12.1 to 15.0 h) and its clearance decreased (0.63 to 0.38 ml·min−1·kg−1). The partial clearance to HMA, 4-hydroxyantipyrine (OHA) and norantipyrine (NORA) was also significantly reduced. The two main inferences are first, that tolbutamide and antipyrine are metabolished by different forms of cytochrome P-450, and second that a battery of model substrates is needed to investigate the inhibitory effects of a drug in man.
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    Influence of naloxone on the postoperative analgesic and respiratory effects of buprenorphine (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 343-352 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: naxolone ; buprenorphine ; drug interaction ; patient-controlled analgesia ; adverse effects pain treatment ; postoperative pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighty patients recovering from major operations were investigated to evaluate the influence of naloxone on the analgesic and respiratory depressant properties of buprenorphine. They were randomly assigned to two groups to self-administer either buprenorphine (Group B) or a mixture of buprenorphine and naloxone (fraction 60%; Group BN) in the early postoperative period by means of the On-Demand Analgesia Computer (ODAC). The duration of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was 21.0 h (B) or 23.5 h (BN), during which 12.2 (B) and 18.2 (BN) demands per patient were recorded, representing significantly different consumption of buprenorphine 0.80 (B) and 1.07 (BN) µg·kg−1·h−1. Retrospective pain scores were significantly better in Group B, and respiratory rate was significantly higher in Group BN. The analgesia was judged superior by 81% (B) and 88% (BN) of the patients compared to conventional postoperative pain treatment. The minimum effective buprenorphine concentration (MEC) varied greatly in both groups with no significant differences between them (median 0.4 ng·ml−1, range 0.1–8.6 ng·ml−1); intra-individual variability was lower (67.9% B, and 58.2% BN) than inter-individual variability (107.3% B and 84.0% BN). Accumulation in plasma and acute tolerance did not occur. Thus, admixture of 60% naloxone decreased both the analgesic and respiratory depressant effects of buprenorphine which were generally independent of plasma concentrations. The analgesia achieved with the buprenorphine/naloxone mixture under patient-controlled conditions was comparable to that of other narcotic analgesics. Accordingly, this drug combination may be expected to give clinically adequate analgesia without notable impairement of spontaneous respiration, whilst withdrawal symptoms would probably arise in drug addicts abusing other opiates.
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    Interaction between furosemide and the converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in healthy volunteers (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 465-468 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benazepril ; furosemide ; converting enzyme inhibitor ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of 10 mg converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril (CGS 14824A) and 40 mg furosemide were administered to 12 healthy male volunteers either separately or concomitantly. The pharmacokinetic parameters of benazepril were not influenced by coadministration of furosemide. Urinary excretion of total furosemide was significantly reduced by 10 to 20% in the presence of benazepril. This effect was considered clinically insignificant. Erect blood pressure decreased and pulse rate increased only during concomitant treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046703
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    Lack of impairment of fluocortolone disposition in oral contraceptive users (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 101-103 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fluocortolone ; synthetic corticoid ; oral contraceptives ; clearance ; hydrocortisone ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven healthy women chronically (〉6 months) treated with oral contraceptives and 7 age-and weight-matched female controls were studied. Each subject was given 20 mg fluocortolone orally and the plasma concentrations of total and unbound fluocortolone in multiple samples obtained during the following 24 h were determined by HPLC and equilibrium dialysis. In the subjects on oral contraceptives there was no significant change in total clearance, unbound clearance or volume of distribution at steady-state of total and unbound fluocortolone, but there was a significant increase in hydrocortisone concentration compared to the control subjects. It appears that the elimination of the synthetic corticoid fluocortolone was not impaired by chronic administration of contraceptive steroids.
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    Spiramycin does not increase plasma cyclosporin concentrations in renal transplant patients (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 331-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: spiramycin ; cyclosporin ; drug interaction ; renal transplantation ; plasma level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558275
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    Effect of methotrexate on the pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of cisplatin (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 139-144 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cisplatin ; methotrexate ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; nephrotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of platinum in plasma and erythrocytes, and its renal excretion, have been examined in five patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, after treatment with cisplatin 50 mg/m2 (Platidiame) and, three weeks later, a combination of 50 mg/m2 cisplatin and 40 mg/m2 methotrexate. The patients were given 0.9% saline 11 l h prior to drug application. Plasma platinum elimination was biphasic with a short initial phase (t1/2a 10–31 min) and a longβ-phase (t1/2β 65–91 h). With the exception of increased AUC values in all five patients 0–8 h after the injection, no significant change in the kinetics of platinum in plasma was found after coadministration of methotrexate. In four of the five patients renal platinum excretion was reduced in the first 6 h after administration of methotrexate. The renal clearance of platinum was 50% lower in those four patients 0–3 h after the injection. With the exception of one patient, no signs of nephrotoxicity were observed after combined drug administration. Other toxic effects were mild and showed no increase after the initial administration of methotrexate.
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    4-quinolones inhibit biotransformation of caffeine (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 651-656 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: caffeine ; quinolones ; paraxanthine ; enoxacin ; ciprofloxacin ; pipemidic acid ; norfloxacin ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; drug metabolism ; ofloxacin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of caffeine, including formation of its major metabolite paraxanthine in plasma, has been investigated in 12 healthy males (age 20–40 years) alone and during co-administration of the 4-quinolones ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin; ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were given in 3 different dose levels. The naphthyridine derivative enoxacin and the pyrido-pyrimidine derivative pipemidic acid had caused marked inhibition of caffeine and paraxanthine metabolism, whereas the genuine quinolone derivatives norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin had little effect, and the pyrido-benzoxacine derivative ofloxacin had no detectable effect. The different molecular and spatial structures of the compounds appear to be responsible for the differences in inhibitory potency.
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    Do nizatidine and cimetidine interact with ibuprofen? (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; nizatidine ; cimetidine ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; H2-antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The potential for interaction between ibuprofen and two histamine H2-receptor blocking drugs — nizatidine and cimetidine — was investigated in six healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 25 years. Each subject received placebo, nizatidine 300 mg and cimetidine 800 mg orally at 9.00 p.m. daily for six doses in three randomised treatment periods separated by eight days. On the third day of each treatment period ibuprofen 400 mg was administered at the same time and venous blood samples were taken at intervals throughout the night and subsequently up to 84 h after administration. There was no difference in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, rate of absorption or half-life of elimination of ibuprofen between the three treatments. The elimination half-life of ibuprofen on placebo was 2.04 h. The elimination half-life of nizatidine on ibuprofen was 1.72 h and that of cimetidine was 3.54 h. The latter is higher than previously reported in normal subjects. It is concluded that neither H2-blocker affects the kinetics of ibuprofen in man.
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    Pharmacokinetics of oxaprozin in women receiving conjugated estrogen (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxaprozin ; NSAIA ; conjugated estrogens ; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of a single 1200 mg oral dose of oxaprozin, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent of the propionic acid class, was studied in 22 healthy female volunteers aged 21 to 64 years. Eleven subjects had been taking a conjugated estrogen preparation for at least 3 months; the other 11 subjects served as control women who were not taking conjugated estrogens. Mean pharmacokinetic variables in control and conjugated estrogen groups were: volume of distribution, 15.1 vs 14.11; elimination half-life, 59.8 vs 54.2 h; clearance, 3.2 vs 3.1 ml/min; peak plasma concentration, 84.8 vs 90.7 µg/ml, respectively. None of the differences were significant. However, the time of peak concentration (8.9 vs 4.0 h) was significantly longer in the control group than in the conjugated estrogen group, respectively (p〈0.05). Oxaprozin clearance, accomplished by a combination of oxidation and conjugation, is unimpaired by coadministration of conjugated estrogens.
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    Pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin and amikacin administered simultaneously to intensive care patients (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 637-643 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pefloxacin ; amikacin ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; severe infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten adult patients with severe infections in an intensive care unit were treated simultaneously with 6 mg/kg pefloxacin and 7.5 mg/kg amikacin, infused i.v. over 1 h every 12 h for 5 days. Twelve h after the last infusion, pefloxacin alone was administered orally (400 mg tablet) every 12 h for 10 days. The pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin and its main metabolites, norfloxacin and pefloxacin N-oxide, were determined after the first (Day 1) and last (Day 5) infusions and after the last oral dose (Day 15). The kinetics of amikacin was determined after the first and the last infusion. The maximal and minimal steady-state plasma concentrations of amikacin were 27.3 and 3.3 mg/l. The total plasma clearance was 83.1 and 67.0 ml/min after the first and the last infusions, respectively, and the half-life was 3.9 and 5.0 h. The maximal and minimal steady-state plasma concentrations of pefloxacin were 13.1 and 7.9 mg/l after i.v. infusion and 13.4 and 9.0 mg/l after oral administration. Pefloxacin elimination (t1/2) increased from 11.3 h after the first infusion to 19.4 h after the last infusion and 21.1 h after the last oral dose. Total body clearance decreased from 90.8 (Day 1) to 51.9 (Day 5) and 56.4 ml/min (Day 15). The volume of distribution did not change significantly over the course of pefloxacin. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of norfloxacin and pefloxacin N-oxide were respectively 0.5–0.6 mg/l and 0.9–1.3 mg/l after intravenous and oral administration of pefloxacin. There were no pharmacokinetic interaction between the drugs. The dosage regimen led to plasma concentrations of pefloxacin and amikacin within their therapeutic range.
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    Digoxin-felodipine interaction in patients with congestive heart failure (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 461-465 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digoxin ; felodipine ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; congestive heart failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A possible interaction between felodipine and digoxin was studied in 23 patients with congestive heart failure before and after 8 weeks treatment with both drugs. A modest, non-significant increase in serum digoxin level 2 h postdose (+15%) was found in the felodipine group (n=11) compared to placebo (n=12), with no change in the trough and 6 h postdose levels. There was a bimodal distribution of the observed changes in serum digoxin level 2 h postdose: a significant increase (p〈0.001) was observed only in patients with a high plasma felodipine level, which may have been caused by changes in the absorption rate in those patients. Changes in the elimination of digoxin after felodipine therapy appeared unlikely, since the trough and 6 h post-dose levels were unchanged. Analysis of the clinical characteristics, haemodynamics and laboratory values revealed no significant differences between the subgroups. The observed increase in serum digoxin warrants monitoring the trough and peak levels digoxin in patients with congestive heart failure who are also being treated with felodipine.
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    Effect of magnesium hydroxide on the absorption of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolfenamic acid ; mefenamic acid ; fenamates ; gastrointestinal absorption ; magnesium hydroxide ; aluminium hydroxide ; sodium bicarbonate ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of various antacids on the absorption of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids has been investigated in three separate crossover studies, each consisting of four phases. Single doses of magnesium hydroxide (85 mg, 425 mg and 1700 mg) or of water (150 ml) were given by mouth to 6 healthy volunteers immediately after tolfenamic acid 400 mg (Study 1), and, using an identical study design, after mefenamic acid 500 mg (Study 3). In Study 2 sodium bicarbonate 1 g, aluminium hydroxide 1 g, an antacid preparation containing both aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, or water alone were ingested with tolfenamic acid 400 mg. Plasma concentrations of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids and their cumulative excretion in urine were determined up to 24 h. Magnesium hydroxide greatly accelerated, in a dose-dependent manner the absorption of both tolfenamic and mefenamic acids. The peak times in plasma were shortened by about 1 h by 425 mg and 1700 mg magnesium hydroxide, and the peak plasma concentrations of both fenamates were elevated up to 3-fold. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve between 0 and 1 h of tolfenamic acid was increased up to 7-fold and that of mefenamic acid up to 3-fold. The total bioavailability of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids was only slightly increased. Aluminium hydroxide alone and in combination with magnesium hydroxide significantly retarded the absorption and lowered the peak plasma concentration of tolfenamic acid. Sodium bicarbonate had no significant effect on its absorption. The interaction with magnesium hydroxide leads to higher and earlier peak plasma concentrations of the fenamates. Aluminium hydroxide prevents this effect of magnesium hydroxide. If rapid onset of the analgesic effect of the fenamates is required, concomitant ingestion of the fenamates with an antacid containing magnesium but not aluminium hydroxide is recommended.
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    Effect of lipid peroxidation on heart mitochondria oxygen consuming and calcium transporting capacities (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 81 (1988), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: lipid peroxidation ; oxygen toxicity ; mitochondrial function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incubation of rabbit heart mitochondria in the presence of ferrous ions induced lipid peroxidation which was accompanied by a reduction of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and Ca+- transport. The effects were more evident, when pyruvate was employed as respiratory substrate, and were partially prevented by catalase, while superoxide dismutase was ineffective.
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    Antioxidant enzyme alterations in experimental and clinical diabetes (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 84 (1988), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Diabetic rat ; lipid peroxidation ; oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of complex alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in various tissues of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In the present investigation, it is shown that rats made diabetic with alloxan (ALX), an agent differing from STZ both chemically and in its mechanism of diabetogenesis, show virtually identical tissue antioxidant enzyme changes which, as is the case with STZ, are preventable by insulin treatment. The finding that the patterns of antioxidant enzyme alterations in chemically-induced diabetes are independent of the diabetogenic agent used and the presence of similar abnormalities in tissues of spontaneously diabetic (BB) Wistar rats (particularly when diabetic control is less than optimal) suggest that the changes observed are a characteristic feature of the uncontrolled diabetic state and that these may be responsible for (or predispose to) the development of secondary complications in clinical diabetes. Comparative studies involving red cells of diabetic rats and human diabetics revealed a number of common changes, namely an increase in glutathione reductase activity, a decreased susceptibility to oxidative glutathione depletion (which was related to the presence of hyperglycemia) and an increased production of malondialdehyde (an indirect index of lipid peroxidation) in response to in vitro challenge with hydrogen peroxide. In the diabetic patients, the extent of this increase in susceptibility of red cell lipids to oxidation paralleled the severity of diabetic complications. Our results suggest that increased (or uncontrolled) oxidative activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of complications associated with the chronic diabetic state.
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    Vitamin E deficiency accentuates adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy and cell surface changes (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 84 (1988), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: adriamycin ; cardiomyopathy ; Vitamin E deficiency ; sialic acid ; sarcolemma ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Free radicals have been suggested to play a role in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Adriamycin-induced myocardial effects were examined in rats maintained on a vitamin E deficient diet. Animals were divided into four groups: I, control; II, adriamycin-treated; III, vitamin E deficient diet; IV, vitamin E deficient diet plus adriamycin treatment. Adriamycin-treated animals (groups II and IV) were given six injections (i.p.) over two weeks for producing a cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg. Animals in groups III and IV were placed on vitamin E deficient diet starting two weeks prior to the first injection of adriamycin or vehicle. Myocardial tissue analysis were performed on animals sacrificed 1 week after the last injection. Mortality was significantly higher in group IV which also showed doubling of myocardial malondialdehyde content relative to the non-adriamycin-treated vitamin E deficient group (III). Myocardial cell damage in group IV was characterized by separation of the external lamina, subsarcolemmal changes, mitochondrial swelling and myofibril dropout. Group II hearts showed only a mild dilation of the sarcotubules and swelling of the mitochondria. Total sialic acid content of the sarcolemma in groups II, III and IV was 55, 90 and 24% of the control values in group I. These data show a characteristic sarcolemmal injury produced by adriamycin in hearts of animals with reduced antioxidant capacity which is probably mediated by increased free radical activity as well as lipid peroxidation.
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    Pyridine and other coal tar constituents as free radical-generating environmental neurotoxicants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 84 (1988), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: environmental pollutants ; Parkinson's disease ; lipid peroxidation ; coal tar neurotoxicity ; pyridine ; tetrahydropyridines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to the principal constituents of the aqueous fraction of coal tar extracts can lead to the in vivo formation of substances which may produce neurological damage as the result of free radical generation and lipid peroxidation, these may be involved in the etiology of some neurological disorders. Artificial mixtures of the aqueous fraction of coal tar extracts were given in low concentrations to pigmented mice in their drinking water over a 3-month period. This resulted in significant increases in lipid peroxidation in the striatum, cerebellum and liver of the mice under test, the rank order being striatum 〉 cerebellum 〉 liver. These results are compatible with the possibility that coal tar emissions (as would be recovered or liberated in the burning, refining or beneficiation of coal) constitute a potential source of neurotoxicants with a predilection for damaging the nigrostriatal neuronal pathway. Our observations may thus have identified an important and hitherto unsuspected environmental source of neurotoxic chemicals, a possibility consistent with the proposed involvement of an environmental chemical factor in Parkinson's disease and perhaps in other neurological disorders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421056
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  • 87
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    Lipid detection by malachite green-aldehyde in the dental basement membrane in the rat incisor (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 685-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Lipids ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing rat incisors were treated with malachite green-aldehyde fixative solution (MGA), which retains and stains lipids. We observed positive staining occurring as dots in the basement membrane. Most of these dots (2–3.5 nm in diameter) were grouped in the lamina densa but some were also present in the lamina lucida and the lamina fibroreticularis. These data provide evidence for the existence of lipids in the dental basement membrane and suggest that they are distributed together with the various groups of proteins so far detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219762
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  • 88
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    Catecholaminergic nerves in the embryonic chick ovary: co-localization with β2-adrenoceptor-bearing steroidogenic cells (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic nerves ; Steroidogenic cells ; Embryonic ovary ; β 2Adrenoceptors ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study investigates the innervation of the embryonic chick ovary with regard to (i) development and compartmentalization of catecholaminergic nerves, and (ii) presence of adrenoceptors on steroidogenic target cells of catecholaminergic nerve terminals. Catecholaminergic nerve fibers visualized by glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence first appeared at embryonic day (E) 13. From E15 through E21 the density of fluorescent aminergic nerves increased markedly in parallel with the concentration of catecholamines and numbers of nerve bundles and single axons seen at the electron-microscopic level. Catecholaminergic nerves were confined to the ovarian medulla and closely associated with interstitial cells. Nerve terminals approached interstitial cells up to a distance of 20 nm and, in their majority, exhibited uptake of the false adrenergic transmitter 5-hydroxydopamine. Although adrenaline amounted to 14% of the total catecholamine content at E21, adrenaline immunoreactivity was only detected in adrenal chromaffin cells, but not in nerve fibers or cell bodies within the ovary. Interstitial cells structurally matured between E15 and E21 as documented by an increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular mitochondria. Monoclonal antibodies mAB 120 and BRK 2 raised against avian β 1 and mammalian β 2-adrenergic receptors revealed the presence of β 2-adrenoceptor-like immunoreactivity on the surface of interstitial cells, but not on any other cell type. The results are consistent with the notion of a dense adrenergic innervation of the embryonic chick ovarian medulla and its steroidogenic interstitial cells, and suggest the chick ovary as an excellent model for elucidating the functional role of a neural input to steroidogenic cells during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220010
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  • 89
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    The pattern of organization of intermediate filaments and their asymmetrical association with dense bodies in smooth muscle of an ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intermediate filaments ; Dual network ; Ultrastructure ; Ascidian ; Halocynthia roretzi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An extensive network of intermediate filaments that interconnected cytoplasmic dense bodies and connected the dense bodies to the cell surface was revealed in double-fixed, tannic acid-stained preparations of ascidian smooth muscle. The filament network ran through spaces in the continuous network of myofibrils, connecting them longitudinally, obliquely and transversely to form an intimately associated, dual network. In their transverse passage, the intermediate filaments ran across myofibrils along I-zones exclusively, interconnecting successive dense bodies. The pattern of attachment of intermediate filaments to dense bodies was predominantly “one-sided.” The filaments, which themselves were not incorporated into the contractile apparatus, remained folded or unfolded between myofibrils and between sarcomere-like structures in synchrony with the contraction-relaxation cycles. These results suggest that the intermediate filaments mechanically maintain the organization and arrangement of myofibrils via an intimate association with the myofibrils in the regions of the dense bodies, in such a way that the filaments do not impede muscle function. Based on these observations, a new model for the network of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213822
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  • 90
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    Ultrastructure of the tentacles of the apodous holothurian Leptosynapta spp (Holothurioidea: Echinodermata) with special reference to the epidermis and surface coats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Ultrastructure ; Adhesion ; Leptosynapta spp (Holotheorie) ; Echinodermata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tentacles of the apodous holothurian Genus Leptosynapta have been studied by use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The gross anatomy, water vascular system, fibre systems and ectoneural nerve ring are described. A fuzzy coat of attenuated filaments covers the surface of the tentacle, broken only by secretory ducts. A cuticle underlies the fuzzy coat. Bacteria are common in the subcuticular space. Fixation without osmium gives poor preservation of the surface coats. The epidermis consists of a single layer of columnar cells consisting of Type-1, Type-2, support, goblet and uniciliated cells. Type-1 cells secrete electron-dense material and appear to be homologous to adhesive cells of the tentacles of other holothurians. The support cells contain large, granular vesicles not found in other holothurians. Goblet cells contain flocculent mucus and have an apical cilium. Goblet cells are not found in other holothurian tentacles and may function to lubricate and wrap adhering particles to aid their ingestion. The uniciliated cells are rare, poorly developed and the cilium does not extend past the cuticle. The ultrastructure of the tentacles is discussed in relation to those of other holothurians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215848
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  • 91
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    The ultrastructure of the lung of two newborn marsupial species, the northern native cat, Dasyurus hallucatus, and the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 683-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Ultrastructure ; Marsupial ; Newborn ; Surfactant ; Dasyurus hallucatus, Trichosurus vulpecula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lungs of newborn northern native cats, Dasyurus hallucatus and newborn brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula were examined by both light and electron microscopy. The native cat has a birth weight of 18 mg after a gestation of about 21 days, whereas the brushtail possum weights 200 mg at birth and has a gestation period of 17.5 days. The lungs of the native cat are two large respiratory sacs, with a respiratory lining of squamous cells and surfactant-secreting cells. The capillaries are located within the connective tissue just below this respiratory epithelium. The visceral covering of the lung is formed by squamous cells. The lungs of the possum are composed of numerous large respiratory sacs which are separated by connective tissue septa in which the capillaries are located. The sacs, as in other species, are lined with squamous cells and surfactant secreting cells. It is proposed that the structure of the lung of the newborn marsupial is related more to the size of the newborn rather than to the length of the gestation period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216657
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  • 92
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    Vascular response in a non-uterine site to implantation-stage embryos in the rat and guinea-pig: in vivo and ultrastructural studies (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Implantation ; Embryo ; Ultrastructure ; Vasculature ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley) ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preimplantation-stage embryos were transferred to the anterior eye chamber of recipient rats and guinea-pigs. After implantation had occurred the influence of the embryo on the iris vasculature was examined ultrastructurally. In both species, the earliest effect of embryonic implantation was an increased stromal oedema. Under increasing embryonic influence the vascular endothelial cells showed an increased number of projections into the vascular lumen, while in the rat, endothelial projections were also found pushing back into the basement membrane. In the rat, the endothelium became very irregular in thickness prior to complete disintegration and loss during more advanced stages of implantation. Rat embryonic trophoblast was found invading iris vasculature, particularly in areas where the iridial endothelium was partially or completely missing. Other cells in the iris, including the stroma, appeared to be less affected. In the guinea-pig, however, trophoblast cells appeared to be capable of invading the vasculature by displacing endothelial cells that still appeared morphologically normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220037
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  • 93
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    Morphological, histochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of the accessory cells of neuromasts in the salamander Pleurodeles waltlii (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral-line sense organs ; Mechanoreceptors ; Supporting cells ; Ultrastructure ; Pleurodeles waltlii (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural and histochemical features of the accessory cells of the neuromast of the salamander P. waltlii have been examined. Three types of accessory cells, supporting, mantle, and basal, were found, but only the first 2 are considered in this article. Supporting cells characterized by a highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum occur among and surrounding sensory cells. Mantle cells, morphologically different from the supporting cells, surround the remainder of the neuromast. Both types of accessory cells exhibit histochemically different secretory materials. Our morphological results suggest that both accessory cells contribute to the formation of cupular material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220039
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  • 94
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    Influence of a short light pulse at night on the ultrastructure of the rat pinealocyte: a quantitative study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte ; Light exposure ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although it is generally known that light strongly influences N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin production in the pineal gland, little information is available concerning morphological changes following light exposure. As exposure of rats to a short light pulse at night rapidly depresses melatonin synthesis, we decided to determine whether this experimental condition produces rapid changes in the pinealocyte organelles. A 30-min light pulse at night (six hours after lights out) provoked rapid changes in the relative volumes of some pinealocyte organelles. The volume fractions of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and lipid droplets, and the numbers of dense-core vesicles and “synaptic” ribbons decreased, whereas the volume fraction of lysosomes increased. There were no differences in the volumes of granular endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles containing flocculent material in those animals exposed to light compared with control animals. These results indicate that a short light pulse at night causes ultrastructural changes that can be interpreted as morphological features of diminished activity of pinealocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220041
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  • 95
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    Neurosecretory centers from the eyestalk of Siriella armata M. Edw. (Crustacea: Mysidacea): ultrastructural variations during normal and experimentally inhibited molt cycle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: X-organ ; Sinus gland ; Ultrastructure ; Cyclic activity ; Siriella armata (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the medulla interna-medulla externa X-organ (MI-ME Xo)-sinus gland (SG) complex in the eyestalk of Siriella armata is described during the normal and the experimentally inhibited molt cycle. In the normal SG, four types of neurosecretory axon terminals, each containing distinguishable neurosecretory granules, can be described. Thus, type-2 granules are synthesized by G1 neurons forming the MI-ME Xo. The cell bodies and axonal endings of these cells in the sinus gland have been examined at the following molt stages: intermolt (stage C4), premolt (D0 and D2), and postmolt (A1, A2 and B). Changes in ultrastructure of the G1 cells have been monitored and correlated to inhibitions of the molt-and reproductive cycle produced by electrocauterization of the MI-ME Xo. The results obtained suggest that the neurosecretion from the G1 cells exerts a positive influence on molt and brood preparation. The occurrence of a distal group of G1 cells whose axons terminate at a different site from the SG suggests that the neural factors of the MI-ME Xo are diverse and control different physiological activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225810
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  • 96
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    Study of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers in the human penis (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Penis erection ; Perivascular nerve fibers immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuropeptide Y 1–36 (IR-NPY) immunoreactive nerve-fiber processes have been observed in tunicae of veins and arteries and in smooth muscles of the human penis taken at autopsy or during surgery by use of light-and electron-microscopic immunohistochemical techniques. Numerous IR-NPY nerve fibers were mostly concentrated in the inner part of the adventitia close to the media of the arterial and venous vessels and among the intracavernous smooth muscle cells. IR-NPY nerve fibers were less abundant in veins than in arteries. Positive somata were not observed in the penises. At the ultrastructural level, IR-NPY were localized exclusively in large, dense granules of nerve terminals by means of the postembedding immunogold technique. In the deep dorsal vein, IR-NPY nerve fibers were also located in the media formed by an outer circular and an inner longitudinal layer. In the intracavernous and dorsal arteries, they showed the highest density in the inner part of the adventitia. In the corpora cavernosa and in the corpus spongiosum, IR-NPY nerve processes were intermingled between the smooth-muscle fibers around the sinusoid spaces. IR-NPY nerve fibers were present in the cavernous nerves close to the central arteries. The urethra did not show any IR-NPY-positive nerve fibers. This peculiar distribution of IR-NPY nerve fibers suggested that they could participate in regulating arterial and venous blood flow and intracavernous smooth-muscle tone. NPY may therefore be of importance in some of the mechanisms of penile erection especially during detumescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220018
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  • 97
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    Implantation of cultured thymic fragments in congenitally athymic (nude) rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Cultured thymic fragments ; Epithelial cells ; Microenvironment ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (nude)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured thymic fragments correspond to the thymic microenvironment depleted of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. When these fragments are implanted under the kidney capsule of congenitally athymic rats, lymphocytes and dendritic cells of host origin enter the graft and induce thymus-dependent immunity in the recipient. This paper describes the ultrastructure of the fragments and the changes that occur during the restoration of normal thymic architecture. At the end of the culture period of 6–9 days and in the early stages after implantation, the grafts consist of keratin-containing epithelial cells of unusual morphology that can be labelled with antibodies raised against the epithelium of the mid/deep cortex and the subcapsule/medulla. Normal thymic architecture develops, including nerves and blood vessels, as lymphocytes populate the environment, and by 4–6 weeks the epithelial cells are the same phenotypically and ultrastructurally as those found in normal rat thymus. However, some areas without lymphocytes still contain the atypical epithelial cells seen before implantation. Large multinucleated giant cells are also present with a few associated epithelial cells of subcapsular/medullary phenotype. In conclusion, the cultured thymic fragments contain a hitherto unknown precursor epithelial cell with an atypical ultrastructure and phenotype that is not seen in normal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225801
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  • 98
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    An ultrastructural study of mitosis and cytokinesis in normal ‘resting’ human breast (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 581-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Normal resting breast ; Ultrastructure ; Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parenchyma of the normal “resting” human breast was examined by electron microscopy to characterize the cells undergoing mitosis and the mechanism by which the normal tissue architecture is maintained during this process. In this study of 112 mitotic cells, it was found that the mitotic cells were luminally positioned, polarised epithelial cells with no evidence of myoepithelial cell division. Ultrastructurally, the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were consistent with previous reports of mitosis in other tissues. However, unlike all previous reports, two specific orientations of the nuclear spindle and thus the planes of cytokinesis were observed. In a few cases the spindle formed parallel to the lumen and division resulted in two luminally positioned daughter cells. However, in the majority of mitotic cells the spindle was approximately at right angles to the lumen and this orientation resulted in a luminally and a basally positioned daughter cell. It is proposed that the abnormally positioned basal daughter cell could develop into a myoepithelial cell or undergo deletion (apoptosis). Thus the two orientations of mitosis may explain the mechanism by which the epithelial and myoepithelial cell populations were maintained by a single progenitor cell without disrupting the integrity of the tissue architecture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216645
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  • 99
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    Ultrastructure of the ovarian medulla in the newly hatched chick treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 665-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Steroid-secreting cells ; Ultrastructure ; Chorionic gonadotropin ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the ovarian medulla of the newly hatched white leghorn chick were studied in control animals and compared with chicks that were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin during embryonic development. The ovarian medulla was mainly occupied by epithelial cells which formed cords or islets surrounded by a basal lamina. Within this epithelial compartment, steroidogenic cells, poorly differentiated cells and a lacunary system could be recognized. When chicks were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin, steroidogenic cells became discernible; there was an increment in the amount of cytoplasm and the area of mitochondria. Poorly differentiated cells exhibited signs of stimulation, and transitional images suggested the transformation of these cells into steroidogenic cells. The epithelial cells of the lacunar system also displayed stimulated cytoplasmic organelles. Evidence was supplied suggesting that relatively undifferentiated cells persist in the ovarian medulla until hatching and can develop into steroidogenic cells under gonadotropic stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219758
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  • 100
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    Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the ascidian endostyle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endostyle ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Granules ; Ciona intestinalis ; Corella parallelogramma, (Tunicata) ; Ascidia mentula (Tunicata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular and subcellular distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the endostyle of three species of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia mentula, was studied by light-(immunoperoxidase) and electron-microscopic (immunogold) immunocytochemistry. At the light-microscopic level 5-HT-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-LI) was exclusively found in cells located in the lateral portion of the endostyle, between zone 7, known to have iodinating capacity, and zone 8, which consists of ciliated cells. At the electron-microscopic level, the 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found to correspond to cells containing polymorphous, dense granules, 100–300 nm in diameter. The granules were located in the supranuclear cytoplasm facing the endostyle lumen as well as in the infranuclear cytoplasm facing the extracellular space. Quantification showed that the 5-HT-LI was considerably higher (13–67 times) in cytoplasmic areas containing granules as compared to areas devoid of granules. Most, but not all, of the 5-HT-LI was associated with the dense core of the granules. In conclusion, serotonin-containing cells are located in the peripheral portion of the endostyle, between zones 7 and 8. Serotonin is stored in cytoplasmic granules that are present both in the apical and basal cytoplasm. This suggests the possibility that the cells are bipolar and secrete serotonin both in a basal direction to the extracellular space, and in an apical direction to the pharyngeal lumen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221748
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