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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; HPLC ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Trockenfrüchte ; Kohlenhydrate ; ESR ; HPLC ; food irradiation ; dried fruits ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While in a previous work the ESR spectroscopic detection of irradiated dried fruits was reported, in this paper liquid chromatographic determination of the carbohydrate fraction of these fruits is introduced and connected with the ESR results. After irradiation of dried fruits three different types of ESR spectra are observed. In most cases the dried fruits can be attached to these various types by means of their sugar composition. It was also found that the ESR spectra observed for sucrose-rich fruits are very similar to that of pure sucrose. The structure of the ESR spectra can change with storage. Probably, radical rearrangement reactions in the samples are responsible for these changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem in einer früheren Arbeit der ESR-spektroskopische Nachweis von strahlenbehandelten Trockenfrüchten besprochen wurde, wird in diesem Bericht die flüssigchromatographische Bestimmung der Kohlenhydratfraktion dieser Früchte vorgestellt und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Zuckerzusammensetzung und den ESR-Signalstrukturen nachgewiesen. Die bei der Bestrahlung von Trockenfrüchten beobachteten ESR-Spektren lassen sich in 3 Typen unterteilen. Die Zuordnung der Trockenfrüchte zu den einzelnen Typen anhand ihrer Kohlenhydratzusammensetzung gelingt in einer überwiegenden Zahl der untersuchten Proben. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daß die beobachteten ESR-Signale in ihrem Habitus denen der reinen bestrahlten Mono- und Disaccharide ähnlich sind. Dies trifft besonders für saccharosereiche Früchte und Saccharose zu. Die Struktur der ESR-Spektren strahlenbehandelter Trockenfrüchte kann sich über einen längeren Zeitraum ändern. Für die Veränderung werden radikalische Umwandlungen in der Probenmatrix verantwortlich gemacht.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Nachtschicht ; Arbeiter ; Mahlzeiten ; Werktage ; Wochenende ; Nutrient intake ; nightshift ; worker ; meals ; weekdays ; weekend days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified weight record technique, total dietary intake was obtained in 24 permanent nightshift workers during a period of 7 consecutive days; intake data were attached to eight defined meals. As a control, 25 shift workers of the same company were investigated during the morning shift. Mean daily energy intake was 2866±616 kcal (12.0±2.6 MJ) including 14% protein, 39.5% fat, 37.8% carbohydrates, and 8.7% alcohol. Statistically significant differences between groups were found for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In both groups intake data for vitamin A, D, zinc and dietary fiber did not meet 3/4 of the recommandations of the German Nutrition Society. In contrast to controls, nutrient intake of the permanent nightshift workers was slightly less during weekend days; mean meal frequency decreased from 5.4 (weekday) to 4.3. The distribution of total daily nutrient intake to different meals partly did not agree with existing recommendations; however, the deviation seems reasonable. Regarding the risks for accidents as well as the working capacity, the relatively high alcohol intake during working hours has to be criticized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern eines metallverarbeitenden Betriebs in Bayern wurde über einen Zeitraum von 7 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen der gesamte Verzehr mit Hilfe der vereinfachten Wiegemethode erfaßt und 8 definierten Mahlzeiten zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 25 Wechselschicht-Arbeiter in der Frühschicht desselben Betriebs. Eiweiß lieferte 14%, Fett 39,5%, Kohlenhydrate 37,8% und Alkohol 8,7% der durchschnittlichen täglichen Energiezufuhr in Höhe von 2866±616 kcal (12,0±2,6 MJ). Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bestanden für Vitamin E und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren. In beiden Gruppen erreichte die Aufnahme an Vitamin A, D, Zink und Ballaststoffen nicht 3/4 der Empfehlungen der DGE. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe führten die Dauernachtschicht-Arbeiter an den Wochenenden geringfügig weniger Nährstoffe zu als an Werktagen; die durchschnittliche Mahlzeitenzahl verringerte sich von 5,4 (Werktag) auf 4,3. Die Verteilung der täglichen Nährstoffzufuhr auf einzelne Mahlzeiten an den Werktagen wich teilweise von bestehenden Empfehlungen ab, erscheint aber sinnvoll. Im Hinblick auf Unfallgefahren und Leistungsfähigkeit ist der relativ hohe Alkoholkonsum während der Arbeitszeit zu kritisieren.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 68-78 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; modifizierter 24 hour recall ; NF-Aufnahme ; NF-Quellen ; Dietary survey ; modified 24-h-recall ; dietary fiber intake ; dietary fiber source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From May to November 1991, a dietary survey in form of a 24-h-recall questionnaire was carried out in Zurich. For the first time, food data from a large, voluntary, undefined, selected collective was acquired (n=3653). The mean dietary fiber intake of the women was 30 g/day and of the men 33 g/day, which is comparable with various literature data. These values show a positive trend in the eating habits of the population. The dietary fiber intake was also considered in relation to the origin of the fibers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Zürich wurde von Mai bis November 1991 eine Ernährungserhebung in Form eines schriftlichen 24 hour recall durchgeführt. Erstmals wurden Verzehrszahlen eines überdurchschnittlich grossen, freiwilligen, nicht definiert ausgewählten Kollektivs erfasst (n=3653). Die durchschnittliche NF-Aufnahme der Frauen in Höhe von 30 g/Tag und der Männer in Höhe von 33 g/Tag ist mit diversen Literaturwerten vergleichbar und deutet auf eine positive Entwicklung im Ernährungsverhalten der Bevölkerung hin. Der NF-Verzehr wurde nach Herkunft der Fasern aufgeschlüsselt betrachtet.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungsfolate ; Folatanalytik ; Folatverfügbarkeit ; Folatmetabolismus ; Food folates ; analysis of folates ; folate bioavailability ; folate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Because of the unequal and, in some instances, low stability of different folate vitamers against extreme conditions the analytical determination of folate and the estimation of folate losses in food processing and preparation cause considerable difficulties. HPLC allows determination of the native folate derivative patterns. As the bioavailability of folates is influenced by a variety of factors and different methods were employed for assessing bioavailability there is a considerable inconsistency in the results of these studies. Folates labeled with radioactive or stable isotopes provide new approaches to metabolic and bioavailability studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wegen der unterschiedlichen, zum Teil geringen Stabilität der einzelnen Folatvitamere gegenüber extremen Bedingungen bereitet sowohl die analytische Folatbestimmung als auch die Abschätzung der Folatverluste bei der Lebensmittelverarbeitung und-zubereitung erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Mit Hilfe der HPLC ist es möglich, Aussagen über das native Folatderivatmuster zu treffen. Da die Bioverfügbarkeit der Folate von vielen Faktoren beeinflußt wird und zur Bioverfügbarkeitsbestimmung unterschiedliche Methoden eingesetzt wurden, ist die Inkonsistenz der Ergebnisse erheblich. Mit radioaktiven oder stabilen Isotopen markierte Folate haben neue Wege in Bioverfügbarkeits- und Metabolismusuntersuchungen eröffnet.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 162-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffpräferenz ; Serotonin ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Stimmung ; Protein ; Kohlenhydrat ; Plasma-Tryptophan ; Food preference ; serotonin ; nutrient intake ; mood ; protein ; carbohydrate ; plasma tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The neurotransmitter serotonin significantly contributes to the regulation of food intake and appetite behaviour. The cerebral serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of the precursor tryptophan. To examine how diets with different carbohydrate, protein and tryptophan content affect food preferences and the mood, healthy obese and non-obese male adults consumed the following isocaloric diets at breakfast: standard diet (60 % carbohydrate), protein-rich diet (35 % carbohydrate, 40 % protein), carbohydrate-rich diet (80 % carbohydrate), tryptophan supplemented diet (standard diet +1.5 g tryptophan). The plasma concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) is determined by their uptake with the diet. In obese and non-obese adults the TRP/LNAA-quotient rose significantly by upto 0.40 to 0.57, following the tryptophan supplemented breakfast. The protein-rich diet reduced the TRP/LNAA-quotient. The preference of protein-rich food after the consumption of carbohydrate-rich diets (60–80 % carbohydrate) was diagnosable with the non-obese person and not with the obese person. No obvious connection was detected between nutrient preferences and plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient. There was no influence of the plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient after meals with different nutrient relation on mood. Therefore it is concluded that different carbohydrate and protein content and also additional tryptophan supplementation of single meals is not able to modify the brain serotonin synthesis and release in healthy people in a kind that serotonin induced behaviour would be changed, at least on a short time basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Appetitverhaltens ist das zentralnervöse serotoninerge System beteiligt. Die Syntheses des Neurotransmitters Serotonin ist dabei von der Verfügbarkeit der Vorstufe Tryptophan abhängig. In dieser Studie erhielten gesunde normal- und übergewichtige Probanden folgende normokalorische Frühstücksmahlzeiten: Standarddiät (Mischkost mit 60 % Kohlenhydrate), proteinreiches Frühstück (35 % Kohlenhydrate, 40 % Protein), kohlenhydratreiches Frühstück (80 % Kohlenhydrate), Tryptophan-supplementiertes Frühstück (Standarddiät +1,5 g Tryptophan). Es wurde untersucht, wie sich diese Testdiäten mit unterschiedlichem Kohlenhydrat/Protein-Verhältnis post-prandial auf die Nährstoffpräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit auswirken. Die Nahrungspräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit wurden mittels Fragebogen ermittelt und zu den Blutparametern (Tryptophan (TRP), langkettige neutrale Aminosäuren (LNAA), TRP/LNAA-Quotient, Serotonin) in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Tryptophan- und LNAA-Konzentrationen im Plasma korrelierten erwartungsgemäß mit ihrer Aufnahme mit der Nahrung. Der aus beiden Parametern ermittelte TRP/LNAA-Quotient nahm bei Normal- und Übergewichtigen nach dem Tryptophan-supplementierten Frühstück um bis zu 0,40 auf 0,57 zu. Nach der proteinreichen Diät war bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen der Quotient aufgrund der relativ erhöhten Aufnahme an LNAAs erniedrigt. Eine Bevorzugung von proteinreichen Lebensmitteln nach dem Verzehr von kohlenhydratreichen Kostformen (60–80 % Kohlenhydrate) war bei den normalgewichtigen Probanden festzustellen, nicht jedoch bei den Übergewichtigen. Zwischen den Nährstoffpräferenzen und dem Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten war aber kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zu erkennen. Ein Einfluß des Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten auf die psychische Befindlichkeit konnte bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen ebenfalls nicht festgestellt werden. Offenbar läßt sich die zerebrale Serotoninsynthese und -freisetzung durch einmaligen Verzehr von Mahlzeiten mit unterschiedlicher Nährstoffrelation nicht in dem Maße beeinflussen, daß daraus serotoninvermittelte Verhaltensänderungen zu erwarten sind.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 230-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Fuzzy-Sets ; Prerow-Wert ; Ernährungs-Optimierung ; Nutrient intake ; fuzzy sets ; Prerow value ; optimization of nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fuzzy sets are especially suitable to evaluate the intake of a nutrient. For the evaluation of several components, the harmonic mean of the individual fuzzy values proves to be the best compromise. The mean of all nutrients results in the so called Prerow value, which can be used for the evaluation of the nutrition status. Maximizing the Prerow value is suitable for optimizing nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fuzzy-Sets sind besonders gut geeignet, die Zufuhr eines Nährstoffes zu bewerten. Für die Bewertung mehrerer Nährstoffe erweist sich das harmonische Mittel der einzelnen Fuzzy-Werte als angemessener Kompromiß. Die Mittellung über alle Nährstoffe ergibt den sogenannten Prerow-Wert, der zur Beurteilung des Ernährungsstatus herangezogen werden kann und dessen Maximierung auch geeignet ist, Ernährung zu optimieren.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rapssamen ; Mastrinder ; Fettsäuren ; Vitamin E ; oxidative Stabilität ; Rape seed ; beef cattle ; fatty acids ; vitamin E ; oxidative stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Four groups of five fattening bulls each consumed a concentrate — wheat straw-diet (2.5 : 1) supplemented with either 0, 7, 14 or 21 % ground rape seed for 350 days. Rape seed contained 427 g crude fat (ether extract) and 127 mg vitamin E per kg dry matter. The supplementation with rapeseed increased the fat concentrations in the rations from 25 to 50, 75 and 100 g, and of vitamin E from 11 to 19, 26 and 34 mg per kg dry matter. All bulls were slaughtered with about 560 kg body weight. Fatty acid composition of depot fat and of the fat ofmusc. long. dorsi were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Vitamin E concentrations in blood, depot fat and muscle were determined by HPLC. Oxidative stability of depot fat was measured as induction time by means of rancimat-test. Rape seed supplementation decreased C16-fatty acids and increased C18-fatty acids in depot and muscle fat. Muscle fat contained significantly more mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids (40.2 and 7.4 %) than depot fat (33.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Rape seed supplementation enhanced significantly the vitamin E-concentrations in all body samples. In depot fat vit. E increased from 4.5 to 7.3, 8.5 and 14.9 µg/g. Induction time increased from 10.9 to 18.5, 16.1 and 19.5 h, when 0, 7, 14 or 21 % rapessed were added.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Einzelfütterungsversuch über 350 Tage wurden der Kraftfutter-Weizenstroh-Ration (2,5 : 1) von je 5 Mastbullen 0, 7, 14 bzw. 21 % geschrotete Rapssamen zugesetzt. Infolge des Fett- (427 g) und Vitamin-E-Gehaltes (127 mg je kg Trockensubstanz, TS) der Rapssamen stiegen der Rohfett- bzw. Vitamin-E-Gehalt der Ration von 25 über 50, 75 auf 100 g bzw. von 11 über 19, 26 auf 34 IE je kg TS an. Mit einer Endmasse von ≈ 560 kg wurden alle Tiere geschlachtet und das Fettsäurenmuster des Nieren- und Beckenhöhlenfettes und des intramuskulären Fettes im Musc. long. dorsi, der Vitamin-E-Gehalt in diesen Proben sowie im Blut und die Induktionszeit des Depotfettes mittels Rancimattest ermittelt. Der Rapssameneinsatz bewirkte sowohl im Depot- als auch im Muskelfett einen Abfall im Gehalt an C16- und einen Anstieg der C18-Fettsäuren. Das intramuskuläre Fett enthielt signifikant mehr Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren (40,2 und 7,4 %) als das Depotfett (33,5 und 2,0 %). Der Vitamin-E-Gehalt stieg mit Rapssamenzulage in allen untersuchten Tierkörperproben signifikant an, im Depotfett erhöhte er sich von 4,5 über 7,3, 8,5 auf 14,9 µg/g. Die oxidative Stabilität des Depotfettes, gemessen als Induktionszeit mittels Rancimattest, stieg nach Rapssamenzulage von 10,9 über 18,5, 16,1 auf 19,5 h an.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Homoarginine labeling ; guanidination ; racemization ; D-amino acids ; protein digestibility ; Homoargininmarkierung ; Guanidinierung ; Razemisierung ; D-Aminosäuren ; Proteinverdaulichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Homoargininmarkierung (Guanidinierung) dient zur Bestimmung der wahren präcaecalen Proteinverdaulichkeit. Die Proteinguanidinierung erfolgt bei alkalischem pH, was möglicherweise zur Bildung von D-Aminosäuren führt. Da D-Aminosäuren enthaltende Proteinein vitro eine verminderte Verdaulichkeit zeigen, könnte die Homoargininmethode eine falsch niedrige Proteinverdaulichkeit ergeben. Daher wurde das Ausmaß der Proteinrazemisierung während der Guanidinierung von Casein bei pH-Werten zwischen 9 und 11 und bei Temperaturen zwischen 4 und 65°C bestimmt. Optimale Guanidinierungsbedingungen lagen bei 4°C und einem pH-Wert von 10,5–11 oder bei 22°C und pH 10. Höhere pH-Werte bei 22°C führten ebenso wie Temperaturen über 22°C zur Bildung nicht mehr vernachlässigbarer Mengen von D-Aminosäuren.
    Notes: Summary Homoarginine labeling (guanidination) is used to calculate true prececal protein digestibility. A particular worry is that guanidination of proteins at alkaline pH might cause formation of D-amino acids. If D-amino acids show decreased protein digestibility in vivo, as seen in vitro, then the homoarginine method would underestimate protein digestibility. Therefore, the degree of protein racemization was measured during guanidination of casein at pH values between pH 9 and 11 and temperatures between 4o and 65°C. Optimal conditions for the guanidination reaction were 4°C and pH 10.5–11 or 22°C and pH 10. A higher pH value at 22°C or temperatures above 22°C at each pH leads to the formation of appreciable amounts of D-amino acids.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Deep-fat frying ; sunflower oil ; column chromatography ; color index ; acid value ; fatty acid esters ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Fritieren ; Säulenchromatographie ; Refraktionsindex ; Fettsäurengehalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen eines Sonnenblumenöls, das 15 mal aufeinanderfolgend für die Fritierung von Kartoffeln benutzt wurde, untersucht. Dazu wurden analytische Routinemethoden, wie die Gaschromatographie der Fettsäuren, die Bestimmung des Refraktions-und Farbindexes sowie der Säurezahl mit einer absorptionschromatographischen Methode zur Bestimmung der polaren Verbindungen, die während des Fritierens entstehen, verglichen. Der Gehalt polarer Verbindungen stieg signifikant (p〈0,05) von 6,2±0,3 mg/100 mg Öl auf 18,7±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl bei der letzten Fritierung. Die Konzentration an Linolensäure verminderte sich dagegen signifikant (p〈0,05) von 53,8±0,2 mg/100 mg Öl auf 48,1±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl beim 15. Durchgang. Der Gehalt an Ölsäure veränderte sich dagegen nicht. Der Farbindex und die Säurezahl stiegen signifikant (p〈0,05) nach 15 Fritierungen. Die Veränderung des Farbindexes, der Säurezahl und des Gesamtgehalts polarer Verbindungen wiesen eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen auf (0,98〉r〉0,933; p〈0,01). Der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigte ebenfalls eine signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen (r=−0,692; p〈0,05). Die Säurezahl und der Farbindex sowie der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigten ebenfalls eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zum Anteil der polaren Verbindungen (r=−0,9272 bzw. r=0,9065 bzw. r=−0,764; alle p〈0,01). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Routinemethoden, wie Säurezahl oder Farbindex, die wir für die Bestimmungen im Sonnenblumenöl benutzt haben, genauso nützlich sein können wie andere mehr spezifische Methoden, wenn man die Ausgangswerte dieser Indizes für das zu behandelnde Öl hat.
    Notes: Summary The alteration of a sunflower oil used repeatedly and discontinuously for frying potatoes on 15 successive occasions was studied. For this purpose, standard analytical indexes, such as fatty acids, gas chromatography, refraction and color indexes, and acid value were compared with a chromatographic method that quantifies the polar compounds originated during fryings. Total polar content increased significantly (p〈0.05) from 6.2±0.3 mg/100 mg oil to 18.7±0.8 mg/100 mg oil in the last frying. Linoleic acid decreased significantly (p〈0.05) from 53.8±0.2 mg/100 mg oil to 48.1±0.8 mg/100 mg oil at the 15th frying, while oleic acid concentration remained unaltered throughout the frying operations. The color index, and acid value, showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after 15 fryings. Color index, acid value, and total polar content highly and significantly correlated with the number of fryings (0.981〉r〉0.933; p〈0.01). Linoleic acid concentrations also significantly correlated (r=−0.692; p〈0.05) with the number of fryings performed. Acid value, color index, and linoleic acid concentration also showed high and significant correlation with the percentage of total polar component of the oil (r=0.9272, r=0.9065 and r=−0.764 respectively; all p〈0.01). These data suggest that standard methods such as acid value and color index can be applied and are as useful as silica-gel chromatographic evaluation in the monitoring of frying operations, provided that initial values of both the color index and acid value are available.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 83-84 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 120-127 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gicht ; Nahrung ; Purinabbau ; Mikroorganismen ; Gout ; nutrition ; purine degradation ; microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 27 microorganisms were tested for their ability to degrade extracellular purines as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Beside adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and urate as free purine bases, this test included 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP, and 5′-IMP, as well as DNA and RNA as purine compounds. Generally, only a limited number of microbial species was capable of metabolizing the substances named above. Compared to the other species,Paracoccus denitrificans showed the greatest substrate spectrum, including the free bases as well as the mononucleotides. However, the polymers DNA and RNA were not degraded.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 27 Mikroorganismen wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit zum Abbau extrazellulärer Purine als alleinige Kohlenstoff-, Stickstoff- und Energiequellen untersucht. Dieser Test umfaßte neben den freien Purinbasen Adenin, Guanin, Xanthin, Hypoxanthin und Urat deren Verbindungen 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP und 5′-IMP sowie DNA und RNA. Allgemein betrachtet war nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Mikroorganismen zur Metabolisierung der genannten Substanzen befähigt. Im Vergleich mit den übrigen Spezies wiesParacoccus denitrificans das größte Substratspektrum auf, das sowohl die freien Basen als auch die Mononukleotide umfaßte. Die Polymere DNA und RNA wurden jedoch nicht abgebaut.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 164-166 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Müsli-Kost ; Zinkresorption ; Phytate ; Spurenelemente ; Lymphozytensubpopulation ; Muesli-diet ; zinc absorption ; phytates ; trace elements ; subpopulation of lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A total of 51 athletes, randomly divided into two groups (with or without zinc supplementation) and respective two subgroups (with or without cereal diet) had been tested for their serum levels in respect of zinc, ferrum, copper, phosphorus and potassium over a period of 8 weeks, i.e. during a period of competition. Furthermore, subpopulations of lymphocytes were defined. Modifications of the immunologic defense mechanism with special regard to the zinc level could, however, not be detected. Minerals, i.e. zinc and ferrum revealed to decrease significantly during simultaneous uptake of certain amounts of the cereal products. This is due to the relatively high amounts of phytates in cereals which are capable to bind the trace elements in form of complex salts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 51 Leistungssportlern, die randomisiert in je zwei Kollektive (mit bzw. ohne Zinksupplementierung) und jeweilige Untergruppen (mit bzw. ohne 200 g Getreideflocken) eingeteilt wurden, untersuchten wir die Serumspiegel von Zink, Eisen, Kupfer, Phosphor und Kalium über einen Zeitraum von 8 Wochen während der Wettkampfperiode. Außerdem wurden auch die Subpopulationen der Lymphozyten bestimmt. Veränderungen in der immunologischen Abwehrlage unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Zinkspiegels fanden sich jedoch nicht. Bei den Serumwerten zeigte sich eine signifikante Abnahme von Zink und Eisen, wenn die Sportler gleichzeitig eine gewisse Menge von Getreiderohkost zu sich nahmen. Ursache hierfür ist vermutlich der relativ hohe Gehalt an Phytaten im Getreide, die Spurenelemente in Form von Komplexsalzen binden.
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  • 16
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vegetarian diet ; endurance run ; nutritional requirement ; dietary survey ; Vegetarische Ernährung ; Ausdauerlauf ; Nährstoffbedarf ; Ernährungserhebung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während eines Ausdauerlaufs (1000 km in 20 Tagen) wurde untersucht, ob eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost (OLVD) den Nährstoffbedarf von Ausdauersportlern decken kann. Als Vergleichskost diente eine konventionelle Kostform (RWD). Beide Kostformen wurden mit einem Energiegehalt von 4500 kcal pro Tag und mit einem Nahrungsenergieanteil von Kohlenhydraten:Fett:Protein im Verhältnis von 60:30:10 angeboten. Die Läufer wurden — entsprechend ihrer üblichen Ernährungsgewohnheiten — in zwei Ernährungsgruppen eingeteilt. Die Ergebnisse der 55 Läufer, die das Ziel erreichten, zeigten, da\ sich Läufer aus beiden Gruppen prozentual die gleiche Menge an Nahrungsenergie, Kohlenhydraten, Fett und Protein zuführten. Läufer der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe nahmen mehr Ballaststoffe und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren sowie weniger Cholesterin auf. Mit Ausnahme von Natriumchlorid und Cobalamin war die Aufnahme der berechneten Mineralstoffe und Vitamine in der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe höher und überschritten die offiziellen Nährstoffempfehlungen. Diese Studie zeigt, daß eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost mit einer hohen Nährstoffdichte den Nährstoffbedarf eines Ausdauersportlers angemessen decken kann. Die Zufuhr und Resorption von Eisen bedarf bei jeder Kostform einer genauen Überwachung.
    Notes: Summary During an endurance run (1000 km in 20 days) it was investigated whether an ovo-lactovegetarian diet (OLVD) could cover the nutritional requirements of endurance athletes. A regular western diet (RWD) was used as reference. Both diets were offered with an energy content of 4500 kcal per day and an energy percentage of carbohydrate:fat:protein of 60:30:10. The runners were divided into two dietary groups according to their usual dietary habits. The results of the 55 participants who completed the race show that runners from both groups had the same intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein. Runners of the OLVD group consumed more dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as less cholesterol. With the exception of sodium chloride and cobalamine, the intake of the calculated minerals and vitamins was higher in the OLVD and exceeded the official recommendations. This study shows that an OLVD with a high nutrient density is adequate to cover the nutritional requirements of endurance-athletes. The intake and absorption of iron should be monitored closely in all diet groups.
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  • 17
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kinderernährung ; Kindergesundheit ; Impfungen ; Kindersterblichkeit ; AIDS-Epidemie ; Bevölkerungspolitik ; Child health ; infant feeding ; immunization ; infant mortality ; AIDS-epidemic ; population-policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The health of children in poor countries is determined by their nutritional status and by the economic conditions of their families and societies. Socioeconomic differences are correlated with the infant mortality rate (IMR). The decline of the IMR in the industrialized countries mainly occurred before 1960. Programs for Primary Health Care cannot cope with the deterioration of economic problems due to the disadvantaged position of the poor countries in the world market. The typical clinical pattern of diseases in childhood in the tropics is essentially determined by the nutritional status (e.g. measles). The advantages of breastfeeding also relate to the immune response after immunization. The HIV-epidemic requires social assistance for the future of the AIDS-orphans in the first line. Additional assistance is needed for the procurement of medication, otherwise HIV-infected patients are in competition with non-HIV-infected patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gesundheitssituation von Kindern in armen Ländern ist entscheidend geprägt von ihrem Ernährungszustand und dem wirtschaftlichen Status ihrer Familien und Gesellschaften. Sozioökonomische Unterschiede korrelieren mit der Säuglingssterberate (SSR) in den Ländern der Erde. Die Senkung der SSR in den Industrieländern hat wesentlich bereits vor 1960 stattgefunden. Programme zur primären Gesundheitspflege können nicht die Probleme auffangen, die durch wirtschaftliche Benachteiligung erschwert werden. Das klinische Bild von Kinderkrankheiten in den Tropen wird entscheidend durch den Ernährungszustand geprägt (Beispiel Masern). Die Vorteile des Stillens betreffen auch die Impfantworten. Die HIV-Epidemie fordert in erster Linie soziale Hilfen, damit die AIDS-Waisen eine Zukunft bekommen. Weitere Hilfe muß der Medikamentenversorgung gelten, da sonst HIV-Infizierte und Nicht-Infizierte miteinander in Konkurrenz geraten.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Plasmalipide ; Lipoproteine ; Fischöl ; Olivenöl ; Schwein ; Plasma lipids ; lipoproteins ; fish oil ; olive oil ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two experiments with sows were performed to investigate the effect of isoenergetic replacement of starch by fish oil or olive oil on concentrations of lipids in plasma and lipoproteins. The first experiment was based on a cross-over design with three periods, each lasting 16 days. Each sow was fed during one of the periods a basal ration with isoenergetic addition of (1) starch (495 g/d), (2) olive oil (221 g/d), or (3) fish oil (223 g/d) based on energetic requirement for maintainance. The second experiment was based on a cross-over design with eight periods, each lasting 16 days. In the first and in the last periods, each sow was fed the basal ration. In the other six periods, each sow was fed the basal ration with addition of two different amounts of (1) starch (284/568 g/d), (2) olive oil (140/281 g/d), or (3) fish oil (141/282 g/d). The two different amounts of addition were selected to exceed the energetic requirement for maintainance by 25 % or 50 %. In both experiments blood samples were taken before each change of the ration. In both experiments olive oil elevated the concentration of cholesterol in plasma in comparison with starch. This elevation was due to a large elevation in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and a slight elevation in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The ratio between HDL and LDL cholesterol was increased by feeding olive oil. The effect of olive oil on concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was dose-dependent. In both experiments none of the two dietary oils significantly changed concentrations of triglycerides in plasma and lipoproteins. Concentrations of phospholipids in plasma, HDL, and LDL were elevated by olive oil. In both experiments addition of fish oil elevated concentration of cholesterol in plasma due to elevated cholesterol concentration in LDL. Concentration of HDL cholesterol was not changed by fish oil. Thus, the ratio between HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was lowered by fish oil. The effect of fish oil on concentration of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was also dose-dependent. Fish oil had no significant effect on phospholipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins. In conclusion, in the present experiment olive oil caused antiatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile, whereas fish oil caused proatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Versuche mit Sauen durchgeführt, um die Wirkung des isoenergetischen Austausches von Stärke durch Fischöl und Olivenöl auf die Konzentration der Lipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen zu untersuchen. Im ersten Versuch erhielten 9 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 3 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration plus isoenergetischer Zulage an (I) Stärke (495 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (221 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (223 g/Tag) auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau. Im zweiten Versuch erhielten 8 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 8 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau plus zwei Zulagestufen an (I) Stärke (284 bzw. 568 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (140 bzw. 281 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (141 bzw. 282 g/Tag). Die beiden Zulagestufen waren so gewählt, daß der energetische Erhaltungsbedarf um 25 % bzw. 50 % überschritten wurde. In der ersten und der letzten Versuchsperiode wurde jeweils nur die Grundration gefüttert. In beiden Versuchen wurden unmittelbar vor jeder Umstellung der Versuchsration Blutproben entnommen. Olivenöl erhöhte in beiden Versuchen im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Konzentration des Cholesterins im Plasma, basierend auf einem starken Anstieg in den high-density Lipoproteinen (HDL) und einem mäßigen Anstieg in den low-density Lipoproteinen (LDL) und den very low-density Lipoproteinen (VLDL). Der Quotient aus HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin wurde durch Olivenölzulage erhöht. Die Konzentration der Triglyceride wurde in beiden Versuchen durch die beiden Öle nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Konzentration der Phospholipide wurde durch Olivenöl im Plasma sowie in den HDL und den LDL erhöht. Die Wirkung des Olivenöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin und Phospholipiden in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage erhöhte im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Cholesterinkonzentration im Plasma, basierend auf einem Anstieg in den LDL. Die Konzentration des Cholesterins in der HDL-Fraktion änderte sich nicht, so daß unter Fischölzulage ein vermindertes Verhältnis zwischen HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin auftrat. Die Wirkung des Fischöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war ebenfalls dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Konzentrationen der Phospholipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen. Insgesamt führte unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen der Ersatz der Stärke durch Olivenöl zu einer antiatherogen Verschiebung des Lipoproteinprofils, Fischöl hingegen zu einer proatherogenen.
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Oyster mushroom ; cholesterol ; absorption ; catabolism ; Austernpilz ; Cholesterol ; Absorption ; Katabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Wochen nach der Absetzung männlicher Ratten (Stamm Wistar) wurden die Tiere mit zwei Diätvarianten gefüttert: Die erste erhielt eine Zugabe von 0,3% Cholesterol, die zweite zusätzlich noch 5% von getrocknetem und gemahlenem Austernpilz. Die Zugabe von Austernpilz zur Cholesteroldiät verursachte eine Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels um 33% und des Cholesterolgehaltes in der Leber um 27%. Der Gehalt an Serumtriazylglyzerolen wurde durch die Pilzzugabe zur Diät nicht beeinflußt, aber deren Gehalt in der Leber wurde um 41% verringert. An der Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels waren die Lipoproteine von sehr niedriger Dichte mit 55% und die Lipoproteine von niedriger Dichte mit 38% beteiligt. Der Cholesterolgehalt in Lipoproteinen hoher Dichte wurde durch den Austernpilz nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Austernpilzzugabe zur Diät setzte die Cholesterolabsorption signifikant um 14% herab, was mittels der Verhältnismethode der Dualisotopenplasma-Methode bestimmt wurde. Die Austernpilze enthaltende Diät beschleunigte um 37% den Fraktionsveränderungsgrad des Cholesterols, was mittels der Zerfallskurvenanalyse von 4−14C-Cholesterol bestimmt wurde.
    Notes: Summary The content of cholesterol in the serum and liver of male Wistar rats fed, for the period of 8 weeks shortly after weaning, a diet containing 0.3% of cholesterol was reduced by 33 and 27% by the addition of 5% of dried oyster mushroom powder. Although the level of serum triacylglycerols was not affected by oyster mushroom, their content in liver of rats on mushroom diet was reduced by 41%. Very-low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins participated by 55 and 38%, respectively, in the total reduction of serum cholesterol. Cholesterol content in high-density lipoproteins was not significantly affected by oyster mushroom. Cholesterol absorption as determined by dual-isotope plasma ratio method was significantly reduced by 14% with oyster mushroom diet. Similarly, this diet increased by 42% the fractional catabolic rate of cholesterol determined by the analysis of decay curve of [4−14C]cholesterol.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The basis of peanut tolerance to the bleaching herbicide flurtamone was examined. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-flurtamone were examined in peanut at 6, 24, and 48 h after root application. Differences in 14C-flurtamone uptake over time were not detected. Approximately 40% of the absorbed 14C-flurtamone was in the leaves at 6 h after treatment; 60% was metabolized to polar products 41% of absorbed 14C in 6 h; 40% of this moved from roots to shoots; and 60% of this did not co-chromatograph with the parent; 9.8% of applied 14C-flurtamone was altered in leaf tissue. The levels of metabolized flurtamone increased with time after treatment (75% and 83% of applied 14C-flurtamone metabolized at 24 and 48 h, respectively). Parent 14C-flurtamone was detectable with Rt of 7 min and unknown metabolites with an Rt of 3.3, 4.4, and 5.6 min, respectively, was detected in leaf tissue at 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthesis of brassinolide (BL) in crown gall and nontransformed cells of Catharanthus roseus in which BL, castasterone (CS), typhasterol (TY), and teasterone (TE) are endogenous was investigated using deuterated TY and TE as substrates. The metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or GC-selected ion monitoring (SIM). It was found that these cells converted TY to CS and BL, as well as TE to TY and CS. Because the pathway from CS to BL in the cells has already been confirmed, a biosynthetic sequence of TE → TY → CS → BL was established. Reversible conversion between TE and TY was observed.
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  • 23
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Binding of 1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) was assayed in microsomal membranes from Zea mays coleoptiles and from hypocotyls of Cucurbita pepo. Auxin binding site II was differentiated from site I binding by using phenylacetic acid (PAA) to saturate site I binding capacity. The amount of type-II binding sites, per gram original fresh weight, was 34 pmol with Zea and 6.4 pmol with Cucurbita. When maize membranes were separated by dextran gradient centrifugation, auxin binding site II migrated coincident with tonoplast marker enzymes. The physiologically active auxin 4-chloroindoleacetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) competed very poorly with 1-NAA binding to both site I and site II. This result suggests that sites I and II are not involved in the regulation of growth. When comparing isolated outer epidermis with intact coleoptile of Zea, similar amounts and ratios of site I and site II binding activities were observed.
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  • 24
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of GA3 on postharvest ripening in strawberry fruit was evaluated through different biochemical parameters. Strawberry slices at different ripening stages were incubated with GA3. A significant decrease on respiratory activity depending on GA3 concentration was obtained. Also GA3 was applied to whole and deachened fruit at white and green ripening stages. Our results show that GA3 has an inhibitory effect on strawberry fruit ripening, evidenced by a decrease in the respiratory activity and a delay in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophylls degradation.
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  • 25
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uniconazole and daminozide were used as dip on unrooted cuttings or as foliar spray on pinched Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. ‘Dalvina’ to control height. Stem elongation was determined on cuttings dipped in solutions of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L uniconazole or cuttings were dipped and later treated with foliar sprays in concentrations of 1.25/5, 1.25/10, 2.5/10, and 5/5 mg/L uniconazole, respectively. Other plants were sprayed once or twice with uniconazole at 10 mg/L. Daminozide treatments included a pre-plant dip/foliar spray application of 1000/2000 mg/L, respectively, or two foliar sprays of 2,000 mg/L. Uniconazole dip alone retarded stem elongation linearly up to 8 weeks after propagation, 5 weeks after pinching, but was not discernible from the control treatment 8 weeks after pinching. Uniconazole at 2.5/10 and 5/5 mg/L as a dip/spray combination resulted in plants 33% shorter than the control at the end of the production. Doubling uniconazole dip or spray treatments from 5 to 10 mg/L provided no additional reduction of stem elongation. The single uniconazole spray and both daminozide treatments had no effect on final height, although daminozide treatments reduced stem dry weight compared to the control. Stem dry weight was reduced by uniconazole dip/spray combinations compared to dip treatments alone. Similarly, inflorescence and root dry weights were also reduced by the highest uniconazole concentrations. Higher concentrations of uniconazole reduced transpiration on a per leaf area basis up to 47% compared to the control at the end of production. In contrast to previous work, leaf area and leaf thickness increased with some uniconazole treatments, while time to anthesis was not affected by any of the treatments.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and physiological activity of some novel 4-substituted triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines and 4-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are described. Most of the compounds possessed high anticytokinin activity towards purine (benzyladenine) and phenylurea (4-PU-30) type cytokinins. 1-Benzyl-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine almost completely removed cytokinin stimulated effects—betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus caudatus cotyledons; growth of radish cotyledons and retention of chlorophyll in leaf explants. Some chemical structurephysiological activity relationships have been established.
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  • 27
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a triazole growth retardant known to improve tolerance of various species to stress, was incorporated into the in vitro rooting medium of Prunus serotina var. virens at rates of 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 mg/L with and without 1.0 mg/L indolebutyric acid (IBA). PBZ significantly reduced shoot growth in vitro but increased/improved the quality and coloration. The percentage of water loss from detached leaves of in vitro plantlets was significantly reduced by PBZ and IBA. At 4 weeks after transfer to the greenhouse, survival was significantly improved by PBZ, IBA, and the combination. Incorporation of PBZ in vitro better enables Prunus serotina plantlets to withstand the stresses associated with acclimatization.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For 4-month-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings under 17-h photoperiods in controlled environment conditions, flurprimidol (α-(1-methlyethyl-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol) decreased incidence of second flushing from 81 to 54% and significantly reduced height growth in the second year following low-temperature treatment, in comparison to untreated controls. For seedlings under 15-h photoperiods, flurprimidol had only limited early effects, but after a period of bud dormancy, shoot growth was reduced to one-third that of the untreated controls. Under both photoperiods flurprimidol significantly depressed abscisic acid levels and gibberellin-like bioactivity. These results suggest that growth reduction in this conifer by flurprimidol may well involve inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stem cuttings of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Miranda) were cultured in vitro on MS medium with sucrose either without or with addition of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or kinetin (K) under red light (R) or blue light (B). Plants on medium without hormones under R were thin, long, with very small leaves, and produced no or only a few microtubers (after longer-lasting cultivations). In B, plants remained short, thick, with large, wellde-veloped leaves and produced a significant amount of microtubers. Darkening of both roots and shoots strongly promoted tuber formation; the tubers were formed on the darkened part of the plant. IAA had no pronounced effect on plant development in B except for slight lengthening of the stem, and, in longer cultivations, slightly enhanced tuber formation as well. In R, IAA brought about several significant effects: stem reduction and induction of tuber formation being the most significant. Kinetin in R increased tuber formation slightly. In B, kinetin not only strongly stimulated tuber formation, but also increased the total fresh weight and root (+ stolons)/shoot ratio. Results are discussed with regard to the possible role of auxins and/or cytokinins in mediating the morphogenetic effects of light.
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  • 30
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted from flushing (expanding) vegetative buds of river alder (Alnus tenuifolia), European white birch (Betula pendula), and aspen (Populus tremuloides) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with full scans and/or selected ion monitoring. Five 13-hydroxylated GAs were detected from the three trees: GA1, 8, and 20 from alder, GA1, 8, 19 and 20 from aspen and GA1, 8, 19, 20, and 29 from birch. Thirteen other GAs previously detected in Salix or common in other plants were specifically investigated but not detected. The presence of GA1, its probable precursors GA19 and GA20, and its probable metabolite, GA8, suggests that the early 13-hydroxylated GA biosynthetic pathway is dominant in vegetative buds of these trees. Abundant endogenous GAs of these trees are similar to the principal GAs of willows (various Salix spp.) and poplars (various Populus spp.). This suggests similarities in the GA physiology and is consistent with a common role of GA1 as a regulator of shoot growth in woody angiosperms.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The levels of endogenous IAA and cytokinins (zeatin, zeatin riboside, isopentenyladenine, and isopentenyladenosine) were determined in potato plants cultured in vitro under red light (R) and blue light (B) on medium with or without hormones. On medium without hormones in B, plants contained much higher cytokinin levels, particularly in leaves and roots, and also slightly elevated IAA levels. Kinetin in the medium in B changed the distribution of cytokinins and significantly increased IAA level in roots. In R, the presence of kinetin led to an increased cytokinin level in the whole plant, while the IAA level was slightly lower. IAA in the medium in B decreased cytokinin level in all plant parts, while the IAA level did not change significantly. In R, the presence of IAA in the medium led to a moderate increase of CK level and to a significant increase in IAA level, especially in roots. Uptake of 1-14C-IAA and of 3H-zeatin was generally higher in B than in R. Higher percentage of IAA taken up in B was converted to conjugates in the roots. Metabolism of 3H-zeatin was similar in R and B with only slight differences in metabolite amounts. Thus, in all experimental situations in which tuber formation was stimulated, IAA level in roots and stolons rose significantly, stressing the importance of an IAA gradient for tuber formation.
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The release of apical dominance by the physical destruction in situ of the apical meristem and associated leaf primordia (decapitation) promoted the growth of tillers in non-herbicide-treated wild oat plants, as indicated by increased tiller lengths and fresh weights. At 96 h after [14C] herbicide treatment following decapitation, the absorption of [14C]imazamethabenz and total translocation of radioactivity were respectively increased by 28% and 49%. By 96 h after [14C]imazamethabenz application, the radioactivity detected in the roots of decapitated plants was 45% higher than that in the roots of nondecapitated plants while the radioactivity in tillers of decapitated plants was 2.6-fold that in tillers of intact plants. Decapitation together with foliar spraying of imazamethabenz at 200 g ha−1 further reduced tiller fresh weight, greatly decreased the total tiller number, and thereafter significantly increased overall phytotoxicity by 32% as measured by total shoot fresh weight. The results of this study support the hypothesis that main shoot apical dominance limits translocation of applied imazamethabenz to lateral shoots, rendering tillers less susceptible to growth inhibition by the herbicide.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influences of nutrient supply and plant growth regulators on the phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) were evaluated in the greenhouse. Wild oat plants supplied with half-strength rather than one-eighth-strength Hoagland solution were more susceptible to imazamethabenz, showing greater growth reduction in main shoot and tillers. The improved herbicide efficacy at higher nutrient levels appeared related to increased herbicide interception by the greater leaf surface available. Leaves developing at either nutrient level did not differ significantly in epicuticular wax, so differential absorption appeared unlikely. Wild oat plants supplemented with nutrient, switching from low to high levels at the time of herbicide application, were as susceptible to imazamethabenz or even more so than plants growing with a constant high level of nutrition. The wild oat pure-line Montana 73, a strongly tillering line, was more susceptible to imazamethabenz than the limited-tillering line, Crop Science 40. Both 2,4-D and GA3 reduced imazamethabenz-induced tillering. Imazamethabenz efficacy was increased by GA3 but not by 2,4-D. These results support the hypothesis that lowering apical dominance of wild oat increases imazamethabenz activity in tillers, and that increased tillering following sublethal doses of imazamethabenz treatment is associated with the release of apical dominance.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 13 (1994), S. 213-219 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gibberellic acid (GA3) inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation by carrot cell-suspension cultures was reversed by supplying dihydroquercitin or naringenin to the culture and not by supplying 4-coumaric acid or malonic acid. This suggested that gibberellic acid was inhibiting chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, or acetyl CoA carboxylase. Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase specific activity was the same in GA3-treated and untreated cultures and was not detected in cultures treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of gibberellic acid biosynthesis. Chalcone-isomerase specific activity was lower in GA3-treated cultures than in untreated cultures and was lower in uniconazole-treated cultures than in the GA3-treated cultures. The total chalcone synthase activity in extracts from GA3- and from uniconazole-treated cells was not significantly different from that in extracts of untreated tissue. When these extracts were chromatographed on a Mono Q column, three peaks of chalcone synthase activity were found in extracts of nontreated cells, whereas only two of these peaks were detected in extracts of GA3-treated cells. The extracts from GA3-treated cells did not contain the peak of chalcone synthase activity that, in untreated cells, preceded the main peak. The correlation between the absence of this peak and the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation suggests that this form of chalcone synthase is responsible for anthocyanin synthesis and that GA3 prevents this form from appearing in the cells.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 37-46 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the chinampa agriculture in Mexico City is considered an historical sustainable farming system,there have been few studies on its current status. This paper assesses the relationship between agroecological factors and socioeconomic strategies by analyzing urban forces, regional employment, and environmental concerns. Despite ecological deterioration caused by the urban expansion of Mexico City, the economic viability of this agricultural system is still based on the efficient use of farming technologies and resources management strategies that tend to maintain levels of productivity in horticulture and floriculture. The chinampa agriculture generates high income and employment for families and other local residents. This agroecosystem depends on the relationship between the economic priorities and agricultural criteria of farmers. We suggest that urban development, economic growth, and resource management in the chinampa region of Mexico City coincide with ecosystem processes, biological human needs, agronomic productivity, economic viability, and sociocultural values. By evaluating these factors, we provide some useful insights on the importance of this traditional agriculture within a sustainable development context.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 1-3 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 76-76 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 95-95 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 96-108 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Investment in agricultural extension, as well as its design and practice, are usually based on the assumption that agricultural science generates technology (“applied science“), which extension experts transfer to “users“. This model negates local knowledge and creativity, ignores farmers' self-confidence and social energy as important sources of change, and, in its most linear expression, does not pay attention to information from and about farmers as a condition for anticipating utilization. In practice, farmers rely on knowledge developed by farmers, reinvent ideas brought from outside and actively integrate them into complex farming decisions. Effective extension seems based on checks and balances that match intervention power with farmers' countervailing power, and mobilize farmers' creativity and participation in technology development and exchange. Alternative models for informing extension investment, design, and practice stress adult learning and its facilitation. The farmer is seen as an expert and farm development as driven by farmers' energy and communication. The article is a case study of a rare large scale attempt to use such an alternative model. It suggests that a shift to knowledgeintensive sustainable practices requires a learning process based on participation and empowerment.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 140-150 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmer participatory research (FPR) has generated many programmatic statements and few technologies. FPR has probably been of interest more because of dissatisfaction with the green revolution and agricultural establishment research than because of a proven ability of scientists and farmers to collaborate together. There are several barriers between farmers and scientists, not the least of which is social distance. The role of FPR should be critically examined; it may work best setting research agendas or in the case of researchers who can dedicate themselves to FPR full-time for quite some time.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 159-167 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmer participatory approaches were used to identify problems and needs as perceived by local people and to develop strategies to achieve fodder security in south Indian villages. Indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to agroforestry were explored. The farmer participatory approaches have laid the foundations for selecting appropriate agroforestry technologies and developing suitable fodder security policy options. Potential benefits and risks as a result of implementing agroforestry projects were also discussed.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 151-158 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Increasing attention has been given to participatory methods in agricultural research and rural development. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) has become popular among nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and applied researchers in development. This paper analyzes PRA with respect to its usefulness for NGOs, drawing upon the outcomes from two experimental PRA workshops conducted with a Chilean NGO. Emphasis is given to discussing farmer participation in PRA and its empowerment effects. It is argued that PRA is potentially empowering if it is situated within broader long-term social and political strategies guiding the interactions between rural community and external organization.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 183-183 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 184-184 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 47-49 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The history of international responses to problems of hunger and malnutrition, while uneven in effectiveness terms, might more accurately be described as a progression of programmatic approaches. These approaches (1) have usually embodied considerable logic based on contemporary understandings, (2) have often been informed by some understanding of causality and by considerations of equity and community-based decision making (not new in nutrition), and (3) have, in turn, significantly informed subsequent approaches. While we must be relentless in our efforts to mobilize greater commitment—and resources—for the alleviation of hunger and malnutrition, we should be supportive, not dismissive, of efforts to assist those in need today.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 19-27 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract International food aid has long been known to be motivated by domestic and foreign policy objectives as well as humanitarian concerns. The policy objectives sometimes complicate delivery of emergency food, and lead to situations that result in adverse effects on the economic and agricultural systems of recipient countries. Despite the long history and extensive documentation of such effects, they were observed to occur once again during the 1992 Somalia intervention. This intervention encountered many frequently described barriers to effective use of emergency food aid. It also set a new precedent; for the first time, troops were deployed to enforce the safe delivery of food. This action led to the creation of an army of occupation engaged in military conflict with the very people it had come to serve and, eventually, to further deterioration of the country's food economy. The Somalia intervention provided further evidence for the need to uncouple humanitarian food aid from other policy objectives, and to design and manage emergency and long-term food aid programs to maximize benefits, minimize adverse consequences, and strengthen local agricultural production and marketing systems.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 38-46 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper explains and offers a criticism of the technical solutions that have been proposed in recent years to address Africa's hunger problems, summarizes selected results of some of these approaches, and suggests a more useful conceptualization of African hunger for policymakers. Hunger is a problem with multifactorial causality. As such, it is not given to solution by the sequence of reductionist approaches that have been applied in recent years. Widespread adoption by African governments of ultimately unsuccessful reductionist conceptualizations of hunger has had much to do with foreign aid dependency, the general absence from central policymaking circles of senior government officials with responsibility for hunger-related policies, and political preference for centralized bureaucracy. The paper concludes with some recommendations for community-based strategies of hunger alleviation.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 69-76 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proliferation of emergency food programs in the United States over the past decade and a half has created a dilemma for advocates and others who approach issues of social provision from the standpoint of a commitment to social justice. While the soup kitchens, food pantries, food banks, and food rescue programs that comprise the emergency food system may be able to meet some of the urgent, immediate needs of poor people, they do so in ways that may further undermine rights and entitlements and erode the cultural basis of support for the welfare state. Should advocates of distributive justice work to improve such emergency programs, ignore them, or call for their abolition? This paper explores the history of advocates' involvement with emergency food, assesses the strengths and weaknesses of emergency food programs from a social justice standpoint, and offers some guidelines for action.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 90-91 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 97-98 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 3-9 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biodiversity and genetic resources have become the focal point of major national and international biological and political debates regarding control, ownership, access, and erosion of critical resources. While these issues are key to environmental sustainability and food security, biodiversity and genetic resources must be seen in the broader context of their inextricable relationship to cultural diversity and to humans' view of nature. Nature is assumed to be constituted socially through a wide variety of human processes described collectively as culture. Three significant cultural factors, technology, science, and capitalism, are largely responsible for the secularization and homogenization of food and agriculture and the remaking of nature. These processes and forces may simultaneously and unwittingly create the problems of declines in biodiversity, cultural diversity, and food equity. Indeed, it may well be that the only way to conserve cultural biodiversity in the field is to conserve cultural diversity among peoples. This reunification of biodiversity and cultural diversity and food and agriculture will require new paradigms and institutional mechanisms that allow us to show our care for each other through our reverence for nature.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 55-65 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 67-69 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 4-25 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Participation has been widely touted as “the answer” to a number of problems facing sustainable development programs. It is not enough, however, to involve rural people as workers and informants in research and planning endeavors defined by outsiders. A truly collaborative approach will depend upon our ability to broaden our definitions of research and participation, to accommodate a wide spectrum of land users and local knowledge, and to expand our repertoire of research methods. This paper presents a critique of facile approaches to participation, outlines a more inclusive framework for who participates on what terms, and reviews a variety of methods that address the complex realities of rural livelihoods and landscapes. The final section of the paper suggests a multi-institutional model that combines the complementary strengths of several types of organizations in participatory field research and planning.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 4-18 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The United States, which committed itself to alleviating the severe post-World War II global famine, failed to meet its relief commitments. Relief efforts failed largely because voluntary attempts at reducing consumption proved too difficult, and the U. S. government refused to return to mandatory rationing of food despite evidence indicating the majority of Americans, especially American women, would have welcomed such a move. Contributing to officials' opposition to mandatory post-war rationing were the revived ideology of government non-interference; a strong government/agriculture alliance; the focus on private, as opposed to public, interests and obligations; and increasing Cold War tensions precluding any worldwide efforts at famine relief. It seemed only the fear of Communist takeover could provoke Congress in partnership with business interests into sufficiently alleviating famine conditions, but only for those countries willing to abide by U. S. terms.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 50-57 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hunger is defined as the inability to obtain sufficient, nutritious, personally acceptable food through normal food channels or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so. After the depression of the 1930s, widespread concerns about hunger in Canada did not resurface until the recession of the early 1980s when the demand for food assistance rose dramatically. The development of an ad hoc charitable food distribution system ensued and by 1992, 2.1 million Canadians were receiving food assistance. In the absence of national monitoring systems, this remains the best available estimate of the prevalence of hunger. Hunger appears to be linked to poverty, unemployment, and numbers of people receiving social assistance. Although the Canadian social security system has traditionally been characterized by government-run universal and targeted programs designed to address income issues, hunger raises concerns about the current “safety net”. The primary response to hunger has been the proliferation of food banks, the agencies at the heart of the charitable food assistance system. On a smaller scale, community-based programs and advocacy initiatives have emerged. Nonetheless, the demand for food assistance continues to rise. The trend raises questions about future directions for social policy in Canada and concerns about the development of a two-tiered food distribution system—one for those with adequate money and one for the poor.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 86-90 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 84-86 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four important and influential policy statements on hunger that have served as national and international standards and guides for action have been reprinted here as a resource. They are (1) the Bellagio Declaration, which was produced by 24 international experts meeting to address the problem of world hunger in 1989 at the Rockefeller Foundation Conference Center in Bellagio, Italy; (2) the Medford Declaration to End Hunger in the U. S., which was designed to be a domestic equivalent of the Bellagio Declaration, was produced in April of 1990 at Tufts University by U. S. organizations concerned with domestic hunger; (3) the position statement of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that was approved by the House of Delegates in 1990; and (4) the position statement of the Canadian Dietetic Association (CDA) that was approved by the executive of the CDA in 1991. Aiken's brief introduction to these four statements critically examines them to draw attention to some of their strengths and weaknesses and to help clarify some of their implicit normative assumptions and implications.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 105-108 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 1-1 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 10-18 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Human Genome Project is the attempt to sequence the complement of human DNA. Its ultimate purpose is to understand and control human genetics. The social and ethical concerns raised by this attempt have been much debated, especially fears concerning human genetic engineering and eugenics. An almost completely neglected aspect of the genome project's potential effects is its impact on world agriculture. The Human Genome Project will provide source information to transform commercially and therapeutically valuable segments of the human genetic code into agricultural products using the newly extant technologies of gene farming. This application of developing genomic technologies has at least two foreseeable effects: 1) Transforming global agricultural markets and ecologies, raising possibilities of novel forms of neocolonialism and the further destruction of genetic diversity; and 2) transforming world health and society through new modes of pharmaceutical production and the unregulated expansion of medical access to novel and traditional therapeutics.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 29-36 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A plateau has been reached in how to analyze people's use of their common property resources. We require fresh ways of thinking about the issue. Four new and very different approaches are sketched in the article.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 58-68 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Michigan Harvest Gathering is a popular and nationally acclaimed antihunger campaign. It represents a state-sponsored partnership among public, private, and nonprofit institutions “to improve conditions for Michigan's citizens in need". This paper reviews the program, and in the process, critically examines its underlying assumptions about the nature of hunger and helping, about those who are hungry, and about the relationship of agriculture to the remediation of hunger throughout the state. It argues that, in keeping with Michigan's corporatist orientation, the program valorizes the agrofood industry at the expense of sustained public welfare. An alternative approach based on the development of greater local food autonomy provides a programmatic contrast to the elaboration of a “helping” industry designed to deliver emergency food assistance.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 91-97 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 99-102 
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    Notes: Abstract In 1987, the School of Hotel Administration and the Department of Human Service Studies at Cornell University joined efforts to design and implement a new course entitled Housing and Feeding the Homeless. This course has allowed students to use their skills and expertise in hospitality management and human service administration to respond to hungry and homeless individuals in the community. This article outlines the origin of the course and objectives, structure, content, and field placement design. It also describes students' reaction to the course and highlights issues of concern for anyone interested in offering a similar course.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 111-111 
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 38-57 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The recent enthusiasm for “participation” in agricultural development has fueled the development of new approaches to research and extension. The rhetoric of “participation” extends the horizons of agricultural research and extension beyond technical problem-solving. Yet in practice few of the personal, political, and experiential aspects of this process are addressed. This paper aims to draw attention to these elements of practice and to locate research and extension within wider social processes. Through a critique of conventional methodological strategies, this paper considers the possibilities offered by “participatory” alternatives. Considering the scope and objectives of agricultural development raises a series of methodological questions: What counts as knowledge? Who defines and represents this knowledge? Whose knowledge counts? Knowledge for what? Knowledge for whom? The paper goes on to assess a number of these “new” methodologies, within and beyond agricultural development. Through a consideration of their strengths and weaknesses, a series of further issues are highlighted for future methodological development. It is argued that for agricultural research and extension to acknowledge process, closer attention needs to be paid to context. The activities of research and extension need to be set in time. Strategies are needed to explore and address diversity and difference in communities. Situating the actors and agencies involved in development within relations of power involves addressing—and redressing—the nature of interactions between these actors. These changes require not an ever increasing array of methods, it is argued, but new approaches to learning.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 85-95 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies of local knowledge and farmer participatory research tend to focus on raising crops and livestock. Little attention is given to processing and marketing farm products, an important source of income for rural households, particularly women. This article presents the case of an investigation into processing and marketing of milk products by agropastoral Fulani women, which revealed how the women under stand local market forces and recognize important social and even local political functions of their marketing activities. However, it also revealed the limits of their knowledge about how the local economy interlinks with national and international economies. Reasons are examined why the study did not lead to local technical and institutional development in dairying. Differentiation is made between two types of research: “extractive” research to provide information for development planners and academics; and participatory or “enriching” research, in which data collection, analysis, and reporting are done with rural people, to use in their own problem-solving. It is argued that “enriching” research should be aimed at increasing rural people's present knowledge, so that they can better understand and cope with external influences on their activities. They could then better defend their own interests against the macroplanning State. Finally, the ethics of documenting the research results are questioned. Documentation of conventional research is primarily for empowerment and enrichment of the extractive economic and academic systems. But there is also a danger that wider dissemination of results of participatory research and local knowledge will not benefit the rural participants but rather strengthen the information base of planners, so that they can better manipulate local economies.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While today an often stated concern of development planning in the Third World is the participation of people in the decision-making process, in many cases the nature of popular participation in the planning process is generally limited in its jurisdictional scope and restricted in its application. This article explores perceptions of development professionals and local citizens regarding barriers and willingness to participate in decision making, local leadership, and local institutionalization processes across three types (state agricultural universities, central research institutes, and nongovernmental organizations) of Farm Science Centers in eleven or ganizations in India. Findings suggest that willingness to participate may turn on reconciling competing institutional beliefs and working relationships. A strategy emphasizing cultural sensitively for enhancing local action relevant to agricultural and rural development practitioners is presented.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 1-3 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 71
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 3-3 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 72
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 102-104 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines a field research student project that is part of the course requirements of an upper division nutrition course that focuses on the social and cultural aspects of food. The project encourages the students to venture into the local community to find out how the homeless and hungry obtain food, and to determine what services are available to them.
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  • 73
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 112-112 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 19-28 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, dimensions of the debate surrounding the application of gene technology to food production are discussed and a study assessing perceptions of the technology among a sample of the UK public (n = 1499) is reported. The general picture that emerges from the study is one of people expressing low familiarity with the technology, with more people associating it with high risks than with low risks, and more people expecting it to provide low benefits than high benefits. Attitudes towards different applications vary significantly, as does trust in different potential sources of information about the technology. It is also shown that attitudes can be predicted not only by estimates of risks and benefits but also by perceptions of the involvement of ethical issues, by the perceived need for the technology, and by the perceived likelihood of improvements it is likely to bring to the quality of life in the UK. The results are discussed in the context of the need for greater public information about the technology and the realization that communication of risks takes place within a complex network of societal relationships.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 9-9 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 76
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 66-66 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 77
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, I argue that there is no essential inconsistency between a well-constructed free trade policy and environmental sound development. From an examination of the concept of “free trade,” I argue that “free trade” must mean “environmentally sustainable trade.” The argument is conceptual in nature. I argue that free trade must mean trade free of subsidies in which the price of a good fairly reflects the costs of its production. I then argue that environmentally unsustainable commodity trade is in fact “subsidized.” Therefore, the international regulation of this trade would be consistent with the goal of free trade. Moreover, such regulation could promote both environmental conservation and the long-run interest of developing countries. However, ethical and practical considerations demand that these regulations must be structured so that they do not have a negative short-term economic impact on developing countries. A mechanism to implement this policy is suggested.
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  • 78
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of participatory methods has become increasingly popular in agricultural research and development and natural resource management. A range of approaches are being used at the grassroots level in order to involve local citizens and groups in projects. Many of these activities remain peripheral and isolated from conventional development agencies and policies. However, recent efforts are evolving to link participatory approaches into wider planning and policy-making processes and to increase the influence of such methods in resource management initiatives. Main lessons from these innovative participatory experiences in addressing policy issues for sustainable development are summarized.
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  • 79
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 26-37 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract User participation is a critical ingredient for relevant technology development, whether in agriculture or industry. This has long been recognized in private sector R&D firms. In most public sector agricultural research organizations in developing countries, however, systematic involvement of farmers, especially poor farmers, in research has been weak. These farmers are rarely powerful or well organized enough to bring pressure to bear on government agencies to respond to their needs and priorities. Farmer-responsive research methods, such as on-farm research, farming systems research, and farmer participatory research, have been introduced into research organizations to compensate for the lack of mechanisms for bringing farmers' views into the formulation of research priorities and agendas. The impact of these approaches in achieving this objective, however, has been less than hoped for. Insufficient attention to the political and institutional dimensions of developing client-responsive research is a major reason for this lack of impact. To bring about permanent change, farmer-responsive research methods need to be reinforced by changes in the balance of power between research and its clients and in the constellation of decisionmakers responsible for formulating research agendas. Participatory planning methods applied at the level of research programs provide new opportunities for involving farmers in decision-making about program priorities and for systematically incorporating information about client's needs. Recent experiments with strengthening farmers' associations and linking them with research organizations suggest new opportunities for increasing farmers' ability to express demand, act as an external pressure group, and serve as viable partners with research organizations.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 58-76 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent trends in agricultural science have emphasized the need to make local people active participants in the research and development process. Working under the populist banner “Farmer First”, the focus has been on bridging gaps between development professionals and local people, pointing to the inadequate understanding of insiders' knowledge, practices, and processes by outsiders. The purpose of this paper is to expose the paradox of the prevailing populist conception of power and knowledge, and to challenge the simple notion that social processes follow straightforward and systemic patterns and can thus be manipulated with a transfer of power from outside to inside. The authors view “knowledge” as a social process and knowledge systems in terms of a multiplicity of actors and networks through which certain kinds of information are communicated and negotiated, and not as single, cohesive structures, stocks or stores. The guiding phrase is “the analysis of difference”, which suggests that knowledge is multilayered, fragmentary, and diffuse, not unitary and systematized. It emerges as a product of the interaction and dialogue between different actors and networks of actors with conflicting loyalties who negotiate over “truth” claims and battle over contrasting images and contesting interests. The paper challenges those promoting Farmer First approaches to reassess how people in different agroecological and sociocultural contexts make sense of and deal with constraining and enabling processes related to research and extension; how they attempt, through recourse to various discursive means, to enroll one another in their various endeavors; and how they use relations of power in their struggles to gain access to and control of social and political space.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 150-150 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 82
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmers have always played a key role in developing and testing agricultural technology. Scientist initiated agricultural research models and methods that explicitly include the participation of farmers principally have been developed and implemented in the Third World. Recently, these strategies have begun to receive attention in the US sustainable agriculture research community. This paper presents a case study where scientists collaborated with farmers in developing, implementing, and revising research in peach insect pest management in sustainable agroecosystems in California. A theoretical framework constructed from emerging epistemological and philosophical premises is used to point out the imperative of including participatory strategies in US sustainable agriculture. Methods drawn from Rapid Rural Appraisal were adapted to fit the local circumstances of working within intensive peach production systems and with a US farmer or ganization, California Clean Growers Association, in developing a research agenda. Farmer-scientist participation continued throughout the research implementation phases via individual and group meetings. A mid-project workshop provided a forum where farmers had explicit decision-making power over the course of the research project. Selected natural science research results are presented to illustrate the value of merging farmers' and scientists' knowledge in achieving relevant and scientifically interesting information. It is argued that the adoption and innovation of participatory research strategies in US sustainable agriculture will require confronting philosophical and methodological issues at individual and institutional levels.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 109-125 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The heated debate over the limited impact of integrated pest management (IPM) in Central American agriculture suggests that we need to investigate the mechanisms of IPM technology generation. CATIE/MAG-IPM Nicaragua initiated a comparative study of two prototypic models with tomato farmers in the Sébaco Valley, in 1990–91. I created two ideal types from the literature: the scientist-led and farmer-led models. Each model was represented by three different communities. The study focused on the: 1) technology generation process, 2) IPM technologies and farmer opinion of IPM, 3) forms of participation and empowerment by farmers and scientists, and 4) institutionalization of the two models. The investigation methodology consisted of intensive pre- and post-program interviews, participant observation, and statistical analysis of experimental insect and production variables. This paper focuses on farmer participation, empowerment, and evaluation of the two models. In the farmer-led model, farmer participation was greater than in the scientist-led model in number of farmers and farm units involved. They achieved five forms of influence, and six out of eight levels of empowerment in the farmer-led model. In the scientistled model, farmers achieved two forms of influence and two out of eight levels of empowerment. Farmer evaluations were varied and complex. In general, farmers in the scientist-led model encouraged CATIE/MAG-IPM to host more meetings and expand farmer involvement. In the farmer-led model the farmers enjoyed the biological information, new technologies, and discussion. They suggested changes for future meetings.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 178-182 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmers are experts on their natural environment and are innate experimenters. However they do not know everything. Filling in gaps of missing farmer knowledge can help them improve their experiments. The authors designed and taught a course to Honduran farmers that effectively covered a number of key points on insect ecology and biology that farmers had not understood. After receiving the course many farmers did experiments to solve pest problems without synthetic pesticides.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 28-37 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this article I undertake to discover the extent to which five distinct philosophical arguments for “hardhearted” responses to hunger are rationalizations. In each case, I consider the prima facie appeal and then consider the extent to which these appeals can be answered or overcome by principles promoting policies of food equity. I pay special attention to the appeal that pits political self-determination against food equity, because I believe it is especially important to determine the extent to which respect for sovereignty and political self-determination is to be seen as compatible with promoting policies of food equity.
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    Agriculture and human values 11 (1994), S. 77-83 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One of the ongoing debates in the sustainable agriculture community is whether its platform should include social justice issues like farmworker rights, economic concentration, and hunger. The commentary describes the evolution of this controversy, and places it in the context of competing and complicated moral theories that turn out to be of somewhat limited use in political arguments. The essay also outlines ways in which the present political climate is presenting a challenge to sustainable agriculture proponents, who, in response, are building new linkages with urban interests, including anti-hunger organization. Despite abstract philosophical and more real political problems, a community food security agenda is being crafted, joining the interests of small farms, family farm, and sustainability advocates, and anti-hunger groups. Their focus is community and economic development as a way to improve the quality and availability of inner city food supplies, and to develop new markets and political allies for farmers.
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose as a material has been widely used for centuries in all kinds of practical applications. However, its chemical composition, structure and morphology were also unknown for centuries. The modern history of cellulose chemistry actually began in 1837 when Anselme Payen chemically identified cellulose from plants. Since then, the establishment of its chemical and physical structures has undergone multitudinous periods of struggle. Until the early 1920s, many scientists believed that cellulose was made up of a few small molecules of glucose or cellobiose. Very few scientists accepted the premiss that it was a polymer. The controversial debates were continued for over ten years. Eventually, substantial experimental data provided proof that cellulose is a covalently linked, high-molecular-weight macromolecule. This fact also provided the foundation for the establishment of polymer science. Some of the historical development of chemistry and structures are briefly reviewed, and recent approaches to studying cellulose structures with new instrumentation are discussed.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulose esters ; thermoplastics ; block-copolymers ; biopolymers ; degree of polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mono-functional cellulose propionate segments for use in ter- or star-block polymers have been prepared by the depolymerization (step 1) of cellulose propionate in homogeneous phase using a mixture of HBr and propionic anhydride in methylene chloride solution. The anomeric mixture of glycosyl bromide has subsequently (step 2) been hydrolyzed in aqueous acetone. Functionality was determined by H-NMR spectroscopy of triethyl silane derivatives in combination with gel permeation chromatography. The cellulose ester segments were semi-rigid, highly crystalline materials with melting points between 180° and 250°C. The lowest useful segment size, based on crystallinity and Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponential factor, appeared to be DP 20, with an optimum around DP 40 to 50.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: kraft pulp surface properties ; ESCA ; lignin ; extractives ; carboxyl groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of digestion conditions (amount of effective alkali, digestion time) on the surface compositions of unbleached softwood (Pinus sylvestris) kraft pulp has been investigated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The quantities monitored were the angular dependence of the total O/C ratio, the relative amounts of carbons in different states of oxidation and the adsorption of Al and Ca ions to the carboxyl groups in the surface. Examination of the angular dependence of ESCA intensities shows that the concentration of alkyl carbon is high in a very thin surface layer and that it decreases linearly with decreasing kappa number. The concentration of alkyl carbon is decreased by extraction of the fibres with dichloromethane, but the amount remaining in the surface after extraction still decreases linearly with decreasing kappa number (i.e. it decreases with increasing digestion time). It is suggested that the observed enrichment of alkyl carbon in the outermost surface layers most probably is due to reprecipitation of lignin. In pulp that has not been extracted, there is also strong enrichment of extractives in the surface. This amount increases with increasing effective alkali but is relatively independent of digestion time. ESCA analysis of the Al and Ca bound to the carboxyl groups shows that the amount depends on digestion time; the results are consistent with the notion that the reprecipitated lignin contains carboxyl groups.
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulose fillers ; epoxy resins ; lignocellulosic materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cellulosic fillers have been chemically modified by attaching pendant primary amine groups (diamino propane). The modified cellulose fillers were used for curing an epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A). Gel times thus obtained are much less than systems containing unmodified cellulose. The advantages from the use of such modified organic fillers are discussed. Our investigations could encourage greater utilization of renewable lignocellulosic materials as reactionincorporated fillers for polymer composites.
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 259-280 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: semi-dilute solution ; cellulose urethane ; light scattering (static, dynamic) ; aggregation phenomena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The polymer-solvent interaction was studied for two similar cellulose derivatives in the semi-dilute concentration range by static and dynamic light scattering. The trisubstituted 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (3Cl-CTC) and a mixed trisubstituted derivative with methyl groups (degree of methyl substituents: DS Me = 1.6–1.7)combined with the abovementioned 3-chlorophenyl carbamate groups filling the still open positions at the cellulose backbone were synthesized, fractionated and characterized according to standard methods. Different kinds of associations, entangled clusters with a rod-like shape on one side and entanglement networks on the other side, exist in semi-dilute dioxane solutions caused by different polymer-solvent interactions. These quite different associations lead to either a liquid crystalline or a gel-like state upon increase of concentration.
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 26-56 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: low-temperature degradation ; kinetics ; mechanisms ; electrical insulation ; transformers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A critical review is given of the degradation of cellulose in the low-temperature region (below about 300°C) of power transformer operation. The large number of kinetic studies, under a variety of environmental conditions from Kraft paper in insulating oil, to cotton and paper in oxygen, are considered in terms of a first-order polymer chain scission model. In many cases, the data are replotted to suit the model. A common activation energy of 111±6 kjmol−1 is calculated and it is shown that the pre-exponential factor, rather than the activation energy, is sensitive to the oxidizing nature of the environment and the susceptibility to degradation of the material. The chemical mechanisms of degradation are reviewed, and conclusions and recommendations are made regarding chemical condition monitoring and life prediction of electrical insulation.
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  • 93
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: plasma treatment ; bonding ; polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma treatments can be utilized to upgrade the value of lignocellulosic materials for applications such as biobased composites. Poor adhesion in biobased composites is caused by incompatibility between polar cellulosics and non-polar thermoplastics. Plasma modification of both cellulose and polypropylene was evaluated by a T-peel test for improved compatibility and adhesion between these materials. Oxygen and argon plasmas were used to modify the surface of polypropylene films, while a cyclohexane plasma was used to modify the cellulose surface through deposition of a hydrophobic polymer layer. For plasma treatment of polypropylene, changes in power input had a greater effect on adhesion than changes in pressure. Surface oxidation and increased acid/base characteristics were found on both argon- and oxygen-plasma-treated polypropylene based on ESCA and wetting measurements. With the non-reactive argon plasma the persistence of reactive species, such as free radicals, was very important for enhanced adhesion. The amount of polar carbonyl groups introduced onto the surface was also an important factor for adhesion improvement. Modification of the cellulose (filter paper) surface to a hydrophobic character with a cyclohexane plasma did not improve adhesion to polypropylene.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulose hetero-esters ; single crystals ; electron micrography ; electron diffraction crystallography ; polymer morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lamellar single crystals of some regio-selectively substituted cellulose hetero-esters: cellulose propionate diacetate (CPDA, 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-propionyl cellulose), cellulose acetate dipropionate (CADP, 6-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-propionyl cellulose), cellulose butyrate diacetate (CBDA, 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-butyryl cellulose) and cellulose acetate dibutyrate (CADB, 6-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-butyryl cellulose), have been prepared at high temperature in a mixture of dibenzyl ether andn-tetradecane. The CPDA crystals were lozenge-shaped whereas those of CADP, CBDA and CADB had a ribbon morphology. CPDA crystals gave well-resolved electron diffractograms from which the reciprocal lattice parameters a*=0.807 nm−1,b *=0.400 nm−1 andγ *=90° could be determined. Systematic absences occurred at every odd reflection along the two orthogonal axesa *andb *. Thus, the CPDA diffraction pattern is consistent with a pgg symmetry. For CADP, the electron diffraction pattern is consistent with a pmg two-dimensional space group withb the unique axis along the ribbon direction. The diagram yields the reciprocal lattice parameters a* = 0.902 nm−1,b *=0.651 nm−1 andγ *=90°. The CBDA electron diffractogram yields the following cell parameters and two-dimensional space group:a *=0.482 nm−1,b *=0.659 nm−1 andγ *=90°, and a pgg symmetry; and that of CADB:a *=0.834 nm−1,b *=0.645 nm−1 andγ *=90°, and a pmg symmetry.
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    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 197-203 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: viscose fibres ; ferric chloride treatment ; dielectric properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss, at frequencies of 0.05-10 kHz over a temperature range of 10–60 °C, were carried out on viscose fibres, viscose with iron adsorbed and with iron removed. The results obtained show that: (i) a relaxation process is observed in the low-frequency region only in the case of the viscose-iron complex, and (ii) the variation of the dielectric constant with temperature showed a transition at about 30 °C with the untreated fibres, and the transition disappeared when the fibres were treated with ferric chloride. These results, together with changes in hydrogen bonding obtained from infrared spectra for these samples are discussed. Oxidation and adsorption of ferric ions can modify the dielectric properties of viscose fibres.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulose diacetate ; wood pulp ; hemicelluloses ; microgels ; size exclusion chromatography ; calcium interaction ; prehumps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Solutions of cellulose diacetate (CDA) from two sources (cotton linters and wood pulp Floranier) were analysed in various solvents by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Without special precautions, the SEC chromatograms presented three peaks — or prehumps — before the main polymer peak. The first prehump which could be eliminated by ultracentrifugation corresponded to microgels whose sugar composition was determined. These microgels were also investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction analysis. They corresponded mainly to cellulose triacetate (CTA-II) in the case of CDA from cotton linters and a mixture of CTA-II and xylan diacetate (XDA) in the case of CDA from the wood pulp Floranier. The second and third prehumps could be attributed to ionic effects corresponding to the association of remaining sulfate groups on the CDA molecules with residual calcium. It was found that these ionic effects could be eliminated by the addition of LiBr or LiCl to the elution solvents. This led to chromatograms devoid of prehumps.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: bacterial cellulose ; Acetobacter xylinum ; cellulose crystals ; CP/MAS13C NMR ; xyloglucan ; CMC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract To obtain further information about the formation of cellulose Iα and Iβ, cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS)13C NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effects of polymeric additives, stirring and culture temperature on the Iα When xyloglucan (XG) or carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) was added to the incubation medium, the amount of cellulose Iα decreased markedly, from a normal level of 64% to as low as 30%, with the most additive giving the lowest levels of Iα. Moreover, stirring causes mixtures containing even small amounts of XG to have a large effect. These results suggest that CMC or XG interferes with the aggregation of fibrillar units into the normal ribbon assemblies. It may be that there is a strain associated with this aggregation that results in the higher-energy Iα form. Thus, cellulose Iβ may grow preferentially when the strain caused by aggregation is not present. Lower temperatures (36–10 °C) gave an increase in Iα (from 56 to 72%).
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 107-130 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: chemical pulps ; kraft pulp ; sulfite pulp ; organosolv pulp ; tear strength ; paper strength ; fiber properties ; hornification ; recycling ; swelling of pulp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The literature related to differences between chemical cellulose pulps produced by different pulping processes has been reviewed. Kraft pulps tend to be stronger, particularly in tear strength, while sulfite pulps hydrate and beat more readily. Organosolv pulps tend to mirror the properties of sulfite more than those of kraft pulps. A number of theories have been offered to explain the different properties of the chemical pulps; however, none has been universally accepted. It may be that acidic processes develop weak points in the fibers which are magnified in tear strength losses since, at a constant tensile strength, a 10% loss in fiber strength can lead to a 25–30% loss in tear strength. The effects of acidic pulping may also be magnified in greater fiber breakage and damage in the subsequent refining stages. However, strength improvements for inferior pulps can be realized through post-chemical treatments. Caustic treatments appear to give the greatest improvements, presumably due to increases in acidic group content which results in enhanced swelling properties, and possible subtle reorientation of cell wall polymers. The strength of hornified, recycled fibers can also be enhanced with such treatments, although simple beating will restore considerable strength, but at the expense of drainage rates. It is clear that the processes are complex and involve both the chemistry and physics of the fibers and how these attributes combine to affect the subsequent beating of the fibers for bonding and strength development.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: oil- and water-based inks ; printed paper ; solvent ; interface ; polymer ; surfactant ; flotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of interaction between solvent and three different kinds of printed wastepaper has been studied. The solubility parameter of the solvent was found to be among the most important in order to obtain an optimum ink-fiber interfacial swelling, necessary for de-inking wastepaper. The degree of ink-fiber interfacial swelling was qualitatively estimated by examining the dispersity of ink particles using an optical microscope. FT-IR analyses were carried out to correlate the degree of dispersion and the ink composition in the printed wastepapers studied. The effect of a selective swelling solvent on the de-inking characteristics of a mixture of old wastepapers was investigated. The solvent treatment of these wastepapers prior to flotation de-inking failed to add any positive effect on the brightness of the de-inked pulp. On the other hand, the incorporation of a custom-designed polymer additive improved the pulp brightness without any solvent treatment. The same additive played a negative role in the presence of a swelling solvent. The function of the polymer additive in the flotation de-inking process is also described.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 169-196 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: cellulases ; hydrolysis ; adsorption ; multidomain structure ; synergy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Most effective cellulolytic enzymes are made of at least two constitutive domains, a catalytic domain and a non-catalytic cellulose-binding domain linked by a flexible peptide. There are several families of catalytic domains and of cellulose-binding domains resulting in a large number of their possible combinations. Removal of the cellulose-binding domain drastically reduces the binding capacity of cellulases to insoluble cellulose while the catalytic efficiency on soluble substrates is usually maintained. Isolated cellulose-binding domains bear most of the binding properties of cellulases (quasi-irreversibility and dispersive effect) but do not hydrolyse cellulose. The multiple types of synergy that cellulases display when acting in combination on cellulose appear to result from their different activities and selectivity, from the substrate microheterogeneity, and sometimes from both.
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