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  • Articles  (344,606)
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  • 1990-1994  (344,606)
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  • 101
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In [2] a relation of covering for implicit systems has been introduced and studied. It has been shown that this notion is useful when studying the problems of minimal left inverse and minimal observer design. In the present paper we study a slightly more general notion: a relation of inclusion for implicit systems that enjoy the outputuniqueness property. We are chiefly interested in systems of a minimal size including a given system. A particular application we have in mind is a minimal order observer or a minimal left inverse construction. We show that study of including systems may allow us in some cases to reduce the size of an observer or an inverse beyond the one given by minimization under external equivalence. A similar approach has been applied in [2] to minimal covering systems. However, including systems have an important advantage over the covering ones: since they constitute a broader class, they offer us more freedom in picking a minimal one of a desired sort.
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  • 102
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The proportional canonical form and its complete orbital invariants, described by Loiseau and Lebret in [11] or [8], are used to obtain structural equivalent characterizations of the solutions to the Disturbance Decoupling Problems which have been defined and geometrically studied by Banaszuk, Kociecki and Przyluski in [3]. In addition, a new problem, based on deeper input-output consideration, is introduced. Necessary conditions for this last problem are given.
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  • 103
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 99-113 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Sharp conditions are given under which real-valued functions of several real variables can be approximated arbitrarily well by finite linear combinations of elliptic basis functions. Also given is a related result concerning the representation of functions as a limit in the mean of integrals involving elliptic basis functions.
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  • 104
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider robust stabilization of the class of nonlinear plants of the form $$\dot x = f(x) + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {g_i } (x)u_i (t),$$ which are equivalent, under smooth state space coordinate transformations and nonlinear state feedback, to controllable systems. This approach is very sensitive for unknown parameters' values. Parameter adaptation may be used as a technique to robustify minimum-phase systems [3]. We give an example of a locally stable adaptive tracking system in which the last assumption is weakened. The minimum-phase plant considered in the paper is a current-controlled squirrel cage induction motor.
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  • 105
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 497-511 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The statistics of a class of transient signal detectors known as spectral correlative detectors (SCD) are investigated. Rather than use asymptotic statistics, which are not valid for the short sample sizes typically encountered in transient detection, finite sample statistics are developed. In particular, for the case of no frequency averaging, the statistics are characterized in terms of a magnitude-of-complex-Wishart (MOCW) density function, and a noncentral-MOCW (NMOCW) density function under the condition that the transient signal is absent and present, respectively. Subsequently, the statistics of the SCD for various coherent and incoherent averaging lengths are characterized in an analogous fashion. Finally some experimental verification of these densities is presented.
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  • 106
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Economics of the art market ; price index ; financial markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Art is priceless, but paintings, and other objects, have been sold on markets since the time of the Roman Empire. In this paper, we describe a method for constructing a price index for paintings and compare this index to the indices of various financial markets. In particular, we discuss whether the price of art is related to financial markets, whether the art market is weakly efficient, and whether it is more or less risky than financial markets.
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  • 107
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 35-51 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Preventive investment ; occupational injuries ; compensation ; risk-aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the behavior of a competitive risk-averse firm that has to choose the optimal level of labor and preventive safety measures. If the firm's injury function includes a random component, then the firm is characterized by a lower demand for labor and by a higher demand for safety measures with respect to a firm whose injury risk is completely under its control. The comparative statics show that shifts in the parameters of the risk distribution will have effects that depend on the absolute risk-aversion functions. The introduction of safety standards will prompt a reduction in the demand for labor while a tightening of the compensation system will have ambiguous effects on the demand for the two inputs.
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  • 108
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 53-72 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Life insurance ; asset-liability management ; solvency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop a contingent claim model to evaluate the equity and liabilities of a life insurance company. The limited liability of shareholders is explicitly modelled. We focus on a specific type of life insurance policy—namely, the profit-sharing policy. In this policy, the policyholder is entitled to a guaranteed interest rate and a percentage of the company's yearly financial revenues. The implicit equilibrium interest rate and profit-sharing ratio are derived and analyzed. We finally discuss regulatory measures frequently encountered in the life insurance business such as rate ceilings, capital ratios, and asset restrictions.
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  • 109
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Insurance demand ; multiple sources of risk ; compulsory insurance ; standard risk aversion ; prudence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The assumption usually made in the insurance literature that risks are always insurable at the desired level does not hold in the real world: some risks are not—or are only partially—insurable, while others, such as civil liability or health and workers' injuries, must be fully insured or at least covered for a specific amount. We examine in this paper conditions under which a reduction in the constrained level of insurance for one risk increases the demand of insurance for another independent risk. We show that it is necessary to sign the fourth derivative of the utility function to obtain an unambiguous spillover effect. Three different sufficient conditions are derived if the expected value of the exogenous risk is zero. The first condition is that risk aversion be standard—that is, that absolute risk aversion and absolute prudence be decreasing. The second condition is that absolute risk aversion be decreasing and convex. The third condition is that both the third and the fourth derivatives of the utility function be negative. If the expected value of the exogenous risk is positive, a wealth effect is added to the picture, which goes in the opposite direction if absolute risk aversion is decreasing.
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  • 110
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 111
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. I 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 112
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 113
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 114
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Social insurance ; Redistribution ; Welfare state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper first discusses the standard reasons why private insurance cannot be expected to function well and why public intervention in or public provision of insurance can improve on private market outcomes. These arguments are based on efficiency but also on equity considerations. Then the paper turns to new developments in modern societies that might affect the balance between social and private insurance. They pertain to the current working of labor markets, to the openness of our economies and the ensuing fiscal competition, and to the crediblity and commitment problems faced by the state. The paper concludes that the public sector will find it less and less affordable to provide both insurance and assistance and recommends that it focus on the latter objective by awarding tax-financed uniform benefits on the basis of specified contingencies.
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  • 115
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 101-117 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Reinsurance ; Profit taxation ; Optimal risk sharing ; Solvency ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce profit taxation in Borch's [1962] model of a competitive insurance market. We analyze the impact of taxation on equilibrium prices and characterize the cases where optimal risk sharing is preserved. In the case of Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility functions, this abstract characterization is translated into simple conditions involving the solvency ratios of the companies. The case of Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA) utility functions is also studied.
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  • 116
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Financial guarantees ; Default risk ; Interest-rate risk ; Credit enhancement ; Private and public guarantees ; Deposit insurance ; Contingent claims analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We extend the financial guarantee insurance literature by modeling, under stochastic interest rates, private financial guarantees when the guarantor potentially defaults. By performing numerical simulations under plausible parameters values, we characterize the differential impact of the incorporation of stochasticity of interest rates on the valuation of both public and private guarantees.
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  • 117
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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  • 118
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 19 (1994), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Insurance policy characteristics ; insurance claims ; asymmetric information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of establishing the amount of losses covered by public and private insurance is often characterized by asymmetric information, in which the claimant already knows the extent of a loss but this can be demonstrated to the insurer only at a cost. It is shown that a simple arrangement, which provides greater coverage whenever individuals demonstrate high losses, gives claimants an excessive incentive to establish the amount of their losses. This paper determines what insurance claims process, consistent with the form typically employed in existing insurance arrangements, is optimal.
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  • 119
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Operator representations of stochastic subsurface flow equations allow writing their solutions implicitly or explicitly in terms of integro-differential expressions. Most of these representations involve Neumann series that must be truncated or otherwise approximated to become operational. It is often claimed that truncated Neumann series allow solving groundwater flow problems in the presence of arbitrarily large heterogeneities. Such claims have so far not been backed by convincing computational examples, and we present an analysis which suggests that they may not be justified on theoretical grounds. We describe an alternative operator representation due to Neuman and Orr (1993) which avoids the use of Neumann series yet accomplishes a similar purpose. It leads to a compact integro-differential form which provides considerable new insight into the nature of the solution. When written in terms of conditional moments, our new representation contains local and nonlocal effective parameters that depend on scale and information. As such, these parameters are not unique material properties but may change as more is learned about the flow system.
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  • 120
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 185-205 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Contaminant transport ; adsorption ; decay ; random walk ; killing ; Kolmogorov equations ; contamination of a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.
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  • 121
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
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  • 122
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    Mathematical programming 63 (1994), S. 109-125 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Alternative theorems ; quasidifferentiable programming ; nonsmooth analysis ; optimality conditions ; difference convex programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new generalized Farkas theorem of the alternative is presented for systems involving functions which can be expressed as the difference of sublinear functions. Various other forms of theorems of the alternative are also given using quasidifferential calculus. Comprehensive optimality conditions are then developed for broad classes of infinite dimensional quasidifferentiable programming problems. Applications to difference convex programming and infinitely constrained concave minimization problems are also discussed.
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  • 123
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    Mathematical programming 63 (1994), S. 83-108 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Convex programming ; deep cut ellipsoid algorithm ; rate of convergence ; location theory ; min—max programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a deep cut version of the ellipsoid algorithm for solving a general class of continuous convex programming problems. In each step the algorithm does not require more computational effort to construct these deep cuts than its corresponding central cut version. Rules that prevent some of the numerical instabilities and theoretical drawbacks usually associated with the algorithm are also provided. Moreover, for a large class of convex programs a simple proof of its rate of convergence is given and the relation with previously known results is discussed. Finally some computational results of the deep and central cut version of the algorithm applied to a min—max stochastic queue location problem are reported.
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  • 124
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    Mathematical programming 63 (1994), S. 157-182 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Steiner tree ; series—parallel graphs ; polyhedral characterization ; projection ; facets ; formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the vertex-weighted version of the undirected Steiner tree problem. In this problem, a cost is incurred both for the vertices and the edges present in the Steiner tree. We completely describe the associated polytope by linear inequalities when the underlying graph is series—parallel. For general graphs, this formulation can be interpreted as a (partial) extended formulation for the Steiner tree problem. By projecting this formulation, we obtain some very large classes of facet-defining valid inequalities for the Steiner tree polytope.
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  • 125
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    Mathematical programming 63 (1994), S. 213-234 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Max-flow problem ; min-cut problem ; duality gap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Strang (Mathematical Programming 26, 1983) gave a method to establish a max-flow min-cut theorem in a domain of a Euclidean space. The method can be applied also to max-flow min-cut problems defined by Iri (Survey of Mathematical Programming, North-Holland, 1979) whenever the capacity functions of max-flow problems are bounded and continuous. This paper deals with max-flow min-cut problems of Strang and Iri with unbounded or noncontinuous capacity functions. It is proved that, in such problems, max-flow min-cut theorems may fail to hold.
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  • 126
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    Mathematical programming 66 (1994), S. 273-281 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Minimal test sets for integer programming ; Simplicial complexes ; Maximal lattice free bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The simplicial complexK(A) is defined to be the collection of simplices, and their proper subsimplices, representing maximal lattice free bodies of the form (x: Ax⩽b), withA a fixed generic (n + 1) ×n matrix. The topological space associated withK(A) is shown to be homeomorphic to ℝ n , and the space obtained by identifying lattice translates of these simplices is homeorphic to then-torus.
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  • 127
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    Mathematical programming 66 (1994), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Network ; Multicommodity flow ; Minimum cost flow ; Edge-disjoint paths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract LetN = (G, T, c, a) be a network, whereG is an undirected graph,T is a distinguished subset of its vertices (calledterminals), and each edgee ofG has nonnegative integer-valuedcapacity c(e) andcost a(e). Theminimum cost maximum multi(commodity)flow problem (*) studied in this paper is to find ac-admissible multiflowf inG such that: (i)f is allowed to contain partial flows connecting any pairs of terminals, (ii) the total value off is as large as possible, and (iii) the total cost off is as small as possible, subject to (ii). This generalizes, on one hand, the undirected version of the classical minimum cost maximum flow problem (when |T| = 2), and, on the other hand, the problem of finding a maximum fractional packing ofT-paths (whena ≡ 0). Lovász and Cherkassky independently proved that the latter has a half-integral optimal solution. A pseudo-polynomial algorithm for solving (*) has been developed earlier and, as its consequence, the theorem on the existence of a half-integral optimal solution for (*) was obtained. In the present paper we give a direct, shorter, proof of this theorem. Then we prove the existence of a half-integral optimal solution for the dual problem. Finally, we show that half-integral optimal primal and dual solutions can be designed by a combinatorial strongly polynomial algorithm, provided that some optimal dual solution is known (the latter can be found, in strongly polynomial time, by use of a version of the ellipsoid method).
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  • 128
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    Mathematical programming 66 (1994), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Primary 49A52, 90C30 ; Secondary 26E15, 58C20 ; Nonsmooth analysis ; Second order necessary and sufficient conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we generalize and sharpen R.W. Chaney's results on unconstrained and constrained second-order necessary and sufficient optimality conditions [5–7] for general Lipschitz functions without the semismoothness assumption
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  • 129
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    Mathematical programming 67 (1994), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Error bound ; Analytic systems ; Karush—Kuhn—Tucker conditions ; Affine variational inequality ; Complementarity problem ; Integer feasibility problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Using a 1958 result of Lojasiewicz, we establish an error bound for analytic systems consisting of equalities and inequalities defined by real analytic functions. In particular, we show that over any bounded region, the distance from any vectorx in the region to the solution set of an analytic system is bounded by a residual function, raised to a certain power, evaluated atx. For quadratic systems satisfying certain nonnegativity assumptions, we show that this exponent is equal to 1/2. We apply the error bounds to the Karush—Kuhn—Tucker system of a variational inequality, the affine variational inequality, the linear and nonlinear complementarity problem, and the 0–1 integer feasibility problem, and obtain new error bound results for these problems. The latter results extend previous work for polynomial systems and explain why a certain square-root term is needed in an error bound for the (monotone) linear complementarity problem.
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    Mathematical programming 67 (1994), S. 29-51 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Infeasible-interior-point methods ; Linear complementarity problems ; Q-subquadratic convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We modify the algorithm of Zhang to obtain anO(n2L) infeasible-interior-point algorithm for monotone linear complementarity problems that has an asymptoticQ-subquadratic convergence rate. The algorithm requires the solution of at most two linear systems with the same coefficient matrix at each iteration.
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  • 131
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    Mathematical programming 67 (1994), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Stochastic programming with recourse ; Quantitative stability ; Lipschitz continuity ; Law of Iterated Logarithm ; Kolmogorov—Smirnov distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study stability of optimal solutions of stochastic programming problems with fixed recourse. An upper bound for the rate of convergence is given in terms of the objective functions of the associated deterministic problems. As an example it is shown how it can be applied to derivation of the Law of Iterated Logarithm for the optimal solutions. It is also shown that in the case of simple recourse this upper bound implies upper Lipschitz continuity of the optimal solutions with respect to the Kolmogorov—Smirnov distance between the corresponding cumulative probability distribution functions.
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    Mathematical programming 67 (1994), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Polynomial-time ; Linear programming ; Primal-dual ; Interior-point algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Kojima, Megiddo, and Mizuno investigate an infeasible-interior-point algorithm for solving a primal—dual pair of linear programming problems and they demonstrate its global convergence. Their algorithm finds approximate optimal solutions of the pair if both problems have interior points, and they detect infeasibility when the sequence of iterates diverges. Zhang proves polynomial-time convergence of an infeasible-interior-point algorithm under the assumption that both primal and dual problems have feasible points. In this paper, we show that a modification of the Kojima—Megiddo—Mizuno algorithm “solves” the pair of problems in polynomial time without assuming the existence of the LP solution. Furthermore, we develop anO(nL)-iteration complexity result for a variant of the algorithm.
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  • 133
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    Mathematical programming 67 (1994), S. 325-341 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Minimum capacity cut ; Network flow ; Polynomial algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present an efficient implementation of theO(mn + n 2 logn) time algorithm originally proposed by Nagamochi and Ibaraki (1992) for computing the minimum capacity cut of an undirected network. To enhance computation, various ideas are added so that it can contract as many edges as possible in each iteration. To evaluate the performance of the resulting implementation, we conducted extensive computational experiments, and compared the results with that of Padberg and Rinaldi's algorithm (1990), which is currently known as one of the practically fastest programs for this problem. The results indicate that our program is considerably faster than Padberg and Rinaldi's program, and its running time is not significantly affected by the types of the networks being solved.
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  • 134
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    Mathematical programming 64 (1994), S. 81-101 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: 90C25 ; Convex programming ; Proximal methods ; Augmented Lagrangian ; Decomposition-splitting methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a decomposition method for solving convex minimization problems. At each iteration, the algorithm computes two proximal steps in the dual variables and one proximal step in the primal variables. We derive this algorithm from Rockafellar's proximal method of multipliers, which involves an augmented Lagrangian with an additional quadratic proximal term. The algorithm preserves the good features of the proximal method of multipliers, with the additional advantage that it leads to a decoupling of the constraints, and is thus suitable for parallel implementation. We allow for computing approximately the proximal minimization steps and we prove that under mild assumptions on the problem's data, the method is globally convergent and at a linear rate. The method is compared with alternating direction type methods and applied to the particular case of minimizing a convex function over a finite intersection of closed convex sets.
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    Mathematical programming 65 (1994), S. 73-91 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Perturbation theory ; Sensitivity analysis ; Infinite linear programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 17-30 
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    Keywords: 90B35 ; Optimization ; optimal makespan schedule ; optimal mean flow time schedule ; regular criterion ; polynomial time algorithm ; NP-hard problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Reihenfolge-probleme mit zwei Aufträgen undm Maschinen untersucht, wobei die technologische Reihenfolge der Maschinen für den ersten Auftrag gegeben und für den zweiten Auftrag variabel ist. Es wird bewiesen, daß die Probleme “Minimierung der Gesamtbearbeitungszeit” und “Minimierung der mittleren Durchlaufzeit” NP-hard sind, wenn eine Unterbrechung der Operationen verboten ist. Für ein beliebiges reguläres Kriterium wird bei Zulassung von Unterbrechungen einO(n *) Algorithmus entwickelt, wobei mitn * die maximale Anzahl der Operationen für den ersten Auftrag bezeichnet wird.
    Notes: Abstract The shop-scheduling problem with two jobs andm machines is considered under the condition that the machine order is fixed in advance for the first job and nonfixed for the second job. The problems of makespan and mean flow time minimization are proved to be NP-hard if operation preemption is forbidden. In the case of preemption allowance for any given regular criterion theO(n *) algorithm is proposed. Here,n * is the maximum number of operations per job.
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  • 137
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 89-96 
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    Keywords: 65C10 ; 68C25 ; Random number generation ; log-concave distributions ; rejection method ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir erklären einen Algorithmus, der Stichproben von beliebigen log-konkaven Verteilungen (z.B. Binomial- und Hypergeometrische Verteilung) erzeugt. Er basiert auf Verwerfung von einer diskreten dominierenden Verteilung, die aus Teilen der geometrischen Verteilung zusammengesetzt wird. Der Algorithmus is gleichmäßig schnell für alle diskreten log-konkaven Verteilungen und nicht viel langsamer als Algorithmen, die nur für eine bestimmte Verteilung verwendet werden können.
    Notes: Abstract We give an algorithm that can be used to sample from any discrete log-concave distribution (e.g. the binomial and hypergeometric distributions). It is based on rejection from a discrete dominating distribution that consists of parts of the geometric distribution. The algorithm is uniformly fast for all discrete log-concave distributions and not much slower than algorithms designed for a single distribution.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 161-176 
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    Keywords: 65G05 ; 65K05 ; 90C20 ; Error analysis ; constrained optimization ; least squares problems ; null space method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die numerische Stabilität des Nullraum-Verfahrens [2], [7] für lineare Ausgleichsprobleme mit linearen Gleichungs-Nebenbedingungen wird einer Rückwärtsanalyse unterzogen. An Hand einer Klasse von Testproblemen wird experimentell das Verhalten des Verfahrens dargestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The numerical stability of the null space method [2], [7] for linear least-squares problems with linear equality constraints is studied using a backward error analysis. A class of test problems is also considered in order to show experimentally the behaviour of the method.
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  • 139
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    Keywords: 34B30 ; 65L15 ; 39A10 ; 65G10 ; Hill's equation, cycle slip rate ; eigenvalues ; continued fractions ; verfication ; comparison theorem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir stellen eine Methode vor, die mit Hilfe von Matrix-Kettenbrüchen und dem Sturm'schen Vergleichssatz die Verifikation von Eigenwerten des Randwertproblems der Phase-Locked-Loop-Gleichung erster Ordnung $$pu'' + (\lambda + \tilde g)u = 0$$ ,p = 1/SNR, mit allgemeiner phasenvergleichender Charakteristik $$\tilde g(\phi )$$ erlaubt.
    Notes: Abstract We present a method depending on matrix continued fractions and Sturm's comparison theorem to obtain verified inclusions for eigenvalues of the underlying boundary value problem of the first-order phase locked loop equation $$pu'' + (\lambda + \tilde g)u = 0$$ ,p = 1/SNR with general phase detector characteristic $$\tilde g(\phi )$$ .
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 281-297 
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    Keywords: 90B35 ; 90C27 ; Combinatorial problems ; on-line ; bin packing ; suboptimal algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir asymptotische untere Schranken von on-line Algorithmen für verschiedene Arten des Bin-Packungsproblems. Kürzlich haben Galambos und Frenk einen einfachen Beweis der unteren Schranke 1.536... für das eindimensionale Packungsproblem angegeben. Ausgehend von ihren Überlegungen präsentieren wir eine allgemeine Technik zur Herleitung unterer Schranken auch für andere Packungsprobleme. Wir verwenden diese Technik, um neue untere Schranken für das zweidimensionale (1,802...) und das dreidimensionale (1,974...) Packungsproblem zu beweisen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss lower bounds for the asymptotic worst case ratio of on-line algorithms for different kind of bin packing problems. Recently, Galambos and Frenk gave a simple proof of the 1.536 ... lower bound for the 1-dimensional bin packing problem. Following their ideas, we present a general technique that can be used to derive lower bounds for other bin packing problems as well. We apply this technique to prove new lower bounds for the 2-dimensional (1.802...) and 3-dimensional (1.974...) bin packing problem.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 39-49 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir mehrer Methoden zur numerischen Berechnung von Transportphänomenen in Halbleitern, die auf kinetischen Gleichungen basieren. Insbesondere betrachten wir den Aufwand an Rechenzeit für die verschiedenen Algorithmen, der in einigen Fällen die Anwendung auf höherdimensionale Probleme unmöglich macht.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider several methods for the numerical computation of carrier transport effects in semiconductors based on kinetic equations. We especially discuss the computational costs of the different algorithms, which in some cases prohibit their application to higher dimensional problems.
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  • 142
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 51-63 
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    Keywords: 65F10 ; 65N20 ; 65N30 ; Preconditioning ; conjugate gradients ; local refinement ; elliptic problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Präkonditionierte iterative Methoden von Typ der konjugierten Gradienten zur Lösung elliptischer und parabolischer Probleme werden auf lokal verfeinerten Gittern untersucht. Die Komponenten des während der Iteration berechneten Residuumsvektors werden betrachtet. Man erkennt, daß sie nur an den Knoten nahe dem Übergang zwischen feinem und grobem Gitter ungleich null sind. Diese Eigenschaft wird verwendet, um die präkonditionierte CG-Methode oder, wenn wie im parabolischen Fall die Matrix nicht symmetrisch ist, verallgemeinerte CG- oder GMRES-Methoden zu formulieren. Dadurch wird Speicherplatz und Rechenaufwand eingespart.
    Notes: Abstract Preconditioned iterative methods of conjugate gradient type for solving elliptic and parabolic problems discretized on grids wth local refinement are considered. The sparsity pattern of the residuals computed throughout the iterative process is investigated. It turns out that they are nonzero only near the interface nodes between the coarse-and fine-grids. This observation is used to formulate the preconditioned CG, and when the matrix is not symmetric as in the parabolic case—the generalized CG and GMRES methods, thus substantially saving storage and computation.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 139-159 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65N38 ; 45B05 ; 45E05 ; 45Z10 ; 65Y20 ; Boundary element method ; numerical quadrature ; collocation ; panel method ; cubature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit präsentiert effiziente Verfahren zur Bestimmung fast singulärer Integrale, wie sie in großer Anzahl bei der Diskretisierung von Integralgleichungen durch Kollokation auftreten. Die Methode basiert auf der Einführung von lokalen Polarkoordinaten um eine Dreiecksecke. Die innere Integration läßt sich analytisch durchführen, wobei man entweder entsprechende numerisch stabile Formeln oder Funktionsapproximationen verwenden kann. Die äußere Integration kann mit gewünschter Genauigkeit mittels Gauß-Legendre-Quadratur ermittelt werden. Numerische Tests unterstreichen die Effizienz unserer Methode.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present efficient methods to approximate nearly singular surface integrals arising massively when discretizing boundary integral equations via the collocation method. The idea is to introduce local polar coordinates centred at a corner of the triangle. Thus it is possible to perform the inner integration analytically, where either the corresponding formulae can be evaluated numerically stable or can be replaced by simple (rational) approximation quite efficiently. We show that the outer integration can be performed by simple Gauß-Legendre quadrature and how to adapt the order of the Gauß formulae to a required order of consistency. Numerical tests will emphasize the efficiency of our method.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 233-244 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine notwendige und hinreichende bedingung für die Existenz der Lösung der Intervall-Sylvester Gleichung angegeben. Dazu wird eine modifizierte Oettli Ungleichung abgeleitet, um die Lösung zu charakterisieren. Mehrere direkte Methoden für das Lösen der Gleichung werden vorgeschlagen und miteinander verglichen. Diese Methoden basieren auf verschiedenen Techniken wie Simulation, Lineare Programmierung, dem Zusammenhang zwischen einer Intervall-Sylvester Gleichung und einem Intervall-linearen System wie auch der Sensitivitätsanalyse. Weiters wird eine iterative Technik bereitgestellt, für die Konvergenz-Bedingungen verfügbar sind. Als Anwendung wird die Wurzel einer Intervall-Matrix berechnet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a solution for the interval Sylvester equation is given. A modified Oettli's inequality is derived to characterize the solution. Many direct methods for solving the equation are suggested and compared to each other. These methods are based on different techniques such as simulation, linear programming, correspondence between an interval Sylvester equation and an interval linear system as well as sensitivity analysis. An iterative technique for solving the interval Sylvester equation is provided with special conditions to guarantee the convergence. The square root of an interval matrix is calculated as an application to solving interval Sylvester equations.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 355-369 
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    Keywords: (Exact) computer arithmetic ; numerical algorithms ; dot-product computation ; summation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, der ein Skalarprodukt beliebiger Länge auswertet. Bei der Berechnung tritt nur ein minimaler Rundungsfehler auf, der nicht von der Anzahl der Summanden abhängt. Der Algorithmus hat einen konstanten Speicherbedarf, einen linearen Rechenaufwand und es ist keine Erweiterung der arithmetischen Grundoperationen notwendig. Durch eine kleine Änderung erhält man einen Algorithmus, der das Ergebnis in Maschinengenauigkeit berechnet. Wegen seiner einfachen Struktur kann der Algorithmus leicht in Hardware realisiert werden.
    Notes: Abstract We present a new algorithm which computes dot-products of arbitrary length with minimal rounding errors, independent of the number of addends. The algorithm has anO(n) time andO(1) memory complexity and does not need extensions of the arithmetic kernel, i.e, usual floating-point operations. A slight modification yields an algorithm which computes the dot-product in machine precision. Due to its simplicity, the algorithm can easily be implemented in hardware.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 337-354 
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    Keywords: Primary 65D30 ; 41A55 ; Secondary 65R10 ; Cauchy principal value integrals ; Hadamard finite part integrals ; modified quadrature formula ; midpoint formula ; trapezoidal formula ; Simpson formula ; Peano constants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir zeigen, daß der Fehlerterm jedes modifizierten zusammengesetzten Quadraturverfahrens für Cauchy-Hauptwert-Integrale mit Exaktheitsgrads die bestmögliche Größenordnung in den KlassenC k [−1,1],k=1,2,...,s hat, aber nich inC s+1[−1,1]. Explizite obere Schranken für die Fehlerkonstanten der modifizierten Mittelpunkt-, Trapez- und Simpson-Verfahren werden angegeben. Des weiteren werden die Ergebnisse auf die entsprechenden Verfahren für Finite-Part-Integrale vom Hadamardschen Typ verallgemeinert.
    Notes: Abstract We show that the error term of every modified compound quadrature rule for Cauchy principal value integrals with degree of exactnesss is of optimal order of magnitude in the classesC k [−1,1],k=1,2,...,s, but not inC s+1[−1,1]. We give explicit upper bounds for the error constants of the modified midpoint rule, the modified trapezoidal rule and the modified Simpson rule. Furthermore, the results are generalized to analogous rules for Hadamard-type finite part integrals.
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    Computing 52 (1994), S. 389-405 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 05C99 ; 68P20 ; 68R10 ; 90C27 ; Graph layout ; graph partitioning ; combinatorial optimization ; information retrieval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Begriff eines Informationsgraphen wird als eine Repräsentation für objektorientierte Datenbanken vorgestellt. Das Wiederauffinden von Informationen ergibt sich als Optimierungsproblem bezüglich der so entstandenen Informationsgraphen. Das Layout stellt nicht nur den Raumbedarf der Datenbank sondern auch den Zeitbedarf des Wiederauffindens der Informationen dar. Heuristiken für das Wiederauffindungsproblem werden identifiziert und experimentell ausgewertet. Eine neue Heuristik-connectivity traversal-ergibt sowohl ein schnelles Wiederauffindungsverfahren wie auch qualitativ hochwertige Layouts.
    Notes: Abstract The concept of an information graph is introduced as a representation for object-oriented databases. The retrieval layout problem is an optimization problem defined over the class of information graphs. The layout abstracts the space efficiency of representing the database as well as the time efficiency of information retrieval. Heuristics for the retrieval layout problem are identified and evaluated experimentally. A new heuristic, connectivity traversal, is found to be fast and to produce high quality layouts.
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    Computing 53 (1994), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65F35 ; 65L05 ; 65L07 ; Obrechkoff formula ; stiff differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Padé- oder Obrechkoff-Verfahren, die auf diagonalen oder subdiagonalen Padé-Approximationen der Exponentialfunktion beruhen, vereinen hohe Genauigkeit mit guter Stabilität; wegen des Auftretens höherer Ableitungen sind sie aber nur schwer effizient zu implementieren. Für das subdiagonale Verfahren dritter Ordnung mit zweiten Ableitungen haben wir eine Implementierung gefunden, die zu einem Code geführt hat, der für nicht besonders große, stark steife Systeme bei mäßigen Genauigkeitsforderungen konkurrenzfähig mit gängigen Codes ist.
    Notes: Abstract Padé or Obrechkoff methods based on diagonal or subdiagonal Padé approximations for the exponential function combine high accuracy and good stability; but the occurrence of higher derivatives makes their efficient implementation difficult. For the 3rd order subdiagonal 2nd derivative method, we have found an implementation which has resulted in a competitive code for moderately large, strongly stiff systems, under moderate accuracy requirements.
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    Computing 53 (1994), S. 119-136 
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    Keywords: 90C30 ; 65K05 ; Unconstrained optimization ; trust region method ; nonmonotone stabilization method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für das nichtrestringierte Optimierungsproblem wird eine neue Klasse von Trust-Region-Verfahren vorgestellt, die mit einer nichtmonotonen Stabilisierungsstrategie arbeiten. Die Konvergenzeigenschaften dieser Verfahren werden unter gewissen Regularitätsannahmen untersucht. Umfangreiche numerische Beispiele zeigen die hohe Effizienz dieser Verfahren.
    Notes: Abstract A class of trust region methods in unconstrained optimization is presented, by adopting a nonmonotone stabilization strategy. Under some regularity conditions, the convergence properties of these methods are discussed. Extensive numerical results which are reported show that these methods are very efficient.
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    Computing 53 (1994), S. 155-171 
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    Keywords: 65F10 ; 65N30 ; Wavelets ; wavelet packets ; robust multilevel methods ; V-cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten den gedämpftenV-Zyklus für die Wavelet-Variante der “Frequenzzerlegungs-Multigridmethode” von Hackbusch [Numer. Math.56, 229–245 (1989)]. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit bei hinreichender Dämpfung durch Anisotropie nicht beeinflußt wird, aber noch von der Anzahl des Niveaus abhängt. Unsere Analyse beruht auf Eigenschaften von Wavelet-Paketen, die formuliert und bewiesen werden. Numerische Schätzungen der Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit erläutern die theoretischen Ergebnisse.
    Notes: Abstract The dampedV-cycle of the wavelet variation of the “Frequency decomposition multigrid method” of Hackbusch [Numer. Math.56, pp. 229–245 (1989)] is considered. It is shown that the convergence speed under sufficient damping is not affected by the presence of anisotropy but still depends on the number of levels. Our analysis is based on properties of wavelet packets which are supplied and proved. Numerical approximations to the speed of convergence illustrate the theoretical results.
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    Computing 53 (1994), S. 173-194 
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    Keywords: Primary: 65D30, 41A55 ; Secondary: 65D32 ; Singular integrals ; numerical integration ; exponential convergence
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir stellen eine Klasse von zusammengesetzten Quadraturformeln variabler Ordnung vor, die sich zur numerischen Integration von Funktionen mit einer Singularität im Inneren oder in der Nähe des Integrationsbereichs eignen. Für alle Integranden in dem abzählbar normierten RaumB β wird eine exponentielle Konvergenz des Verfahrens bewiesen. Numerische Beispiele zeigen, daß die ermittelten asymptotischen exponentiellen Konvergenzraten scharf sind und schon bei einer kleinen Zahl von Quadraturknoten erreicht werden.
    Notes: Abstract A class of variable order composite quadrature formulas for the numerical integration of functions with a singularity in or near to the region of integration is introduced. Exponential convergence of the method is shown for all integrands in the countably normed spaceB β. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate that the asymptotic exponential convergence rates obtained here are sharp and already observed for a small number of quadrature points.
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    Computing 53 (1994), S. I 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 10H05
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ifu n denotes thenth zero of the function $$G\left( t \right): = \int_2^t {\left( {E\left( u \right) - \pi } \right)du,t \geqslant 2}$$ ,Ivić has shown thatu n+1 −u n ≪u n 1/2 for alln andu n+1 −u n ≫u n 1/2 (log un)−5for infinitely manyn. We sharpen his lower estimate for the gapu n+1 −u n o the best possible, namely,u n+1 −u n ≫u n 1/2 for infinitely manyn.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 107-119 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 58A20 ; 53A55
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that forn-manifolds (n≥3) the sets of all natural operatorsT→(T r* ,T q* ) andT-TT r* , respectively, are free finitely generatedC ∞(R r)-modules. We construct explicitly the bases of theC ∞(R r)-modules.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 121-137 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 35J65 ; 58E05 ; 49B27
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study semilinear problems in which the nonlinear term has different asymptotic behavior at ±∞ with the limits (1.2) spanning a finite number of eigenvalues of the linear operator.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 57M99
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a method for constructing an arbitrary number of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds of the same volume. In fact we prove that many hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume have an arbitrary number of non-homeomorphic finite convering spaces of the same degree and hence the same volume. This applies, for example, to all hyperbolic 3-manifolds whose universal covering group is a subgroup of finite index in a Coxeter group generated by the reflections in the faces of a hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedron. It also applies to all hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume with at least one cusp.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 179-197 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 16Y30
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates conditions under which a prime ideal is completely prime and conditions for which every prime ideal in a near-ring is completely prime. Various implications of these conditions are examined with respect to the associated radicals.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 199-212 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 46A04 ; 46A45
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this note is to investigate the topological structure (in particular the density condition) of subspaces and separated quotients of Fréchet spaces. Our main result is the following one: LetE be a Fréchet space which is neither Montel nor isomorphic to a closed subspace ofX × ε, withX a Banach space, also assume thatE can be written asF⊕G withF andG infinite dimensional closed subspaces ofE not isomorphic to ε, thenE contains a closed subspace with basis and not satisfying the density condition. We also prove that every Köthe echelon space of orderp, 1〈p〈∞, which is not quasinormable has a separated quotient with basis which does not satisfy the density condition.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 11J70 ; 11J85
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The transcendence of continued fractions α=[a 0;a 1,a 2,...] is proved under growth conditions involving the denominatorsq n of the convergents and shifted partial quotientsa n+k . Extending this idea, conditions for the algebraic independence of several continued fractions are given. The proofs use the approximation properties of continued fractions in combination with the Thue-Siegel-Roth Theorem or a criterion for algebraic independence of Bundschuh.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 263-284 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 93E35 ; 62L12 ; 34F05 ; 60F17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For linear learning processes with partial forgetting a recursion of the form $$X_{n + 1} = \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{k = j_n }^n {(B_k X_k + b_k ) with \frac{{j_n }}{n}} \to \alpha \in [0,1)$$ in a real separable Banach spaceB is investigated. Results on a.s. convergence and rate of convergence of (X n ) (loglog and distributional invariance principle) are obtained under corresponding assumptions on the sequences of arithmetic means of the random elementsb n andB n inB andL(B), resp., together with suitable spectral conditions on the (deterministic) Cesàro limit of (B n ). By the special casej n ≡1 results on stochastic approximation are comprehended. The limit process in the invariance principles satisfies a stochastic differential equation with delay.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 303-322 
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    Keywords: 11B05 ; 11N37
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let Ω(n) be the number of all prime divisors ofn and ω(n) the number of distinct prime divisors ofn. We definev q (x)∶=|{n≤x∶Ω(n)−ω(n)=q}|. In this paper, we give an asymptotic development ofv q (x); this improves on previous results.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 145-152 
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    Keywords: 11N45
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let Q(x) denote the number of 4-full numbers not exceeding x. It is well known that $$Q(x) = \sum\limits_{j = 4}^7 {r_j x^{1/j} + R(x)}$$ where $$r_j = \mathop {res}\limits_{s = 1/j} (F(s)/s), F(s) = \mathop \prod \limits_P \left( {1 + \frac{{p^{ - 4s} }}{{1 - p^{ - s} }}} \right)$$ and R(x) is the remainder. This paper proves that $$R(x) \ll x^{3626/35461 + \varepsilon }$$ where ε is any positive number.
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  • 164
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 171-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 53C40
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we completely classify complete hypersurfaces inR 4 with constant mean curvature and constant scalar curvature.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 1-16 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract LetD be an eight-dimensional, locally compact, connected double loop. It is proved that the dimension of the automorphism group AutD with respect to the compact-open topology is at most 16.
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  • 167
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 33-49 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 35A05 ; 35D05 ; 35D10 ; 35G25 ; 46F10
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper continues previous attempts to find a convenient mathematical setting in which linear and nonlinear Cauchy problems have a unique global solution, that reduces to a classical solution when the latter exists.
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  • 168
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 17-32 
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    Keywords: 11J72 ; 11J82
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is the aim of the present work to prove, under appropriate conditions, lower estimates for the dimension of ℚw 1 + ... + ℚw m over ℚ, wherew 1,...,w m are given real numbers. In particular, if this dimension ism, i.e. ifw 1,...,w m are linearly independent over ℚ, we are also interested in a quantitative version of this fact. Our qualitative theorems generalize a result of Nesterenko. Its formulation is quite similar to the “axiomatization” of methods for algebraic independence, as it became usual during the last decade.
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  • 169
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 51-61 
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    Keywords: 35Q30 ; 76D05 ; 03H05 ; 28E05
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We address the uniqueness problem for weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations using the methods of nonstandard analysis. We obtain a new description of the class of all weak solutions in dimensions 2 and 3. This yields new proofs of the classical uniqueness results and forn=3 opens a new method of exploring the possibility of nonuniqueness of solutions or of finding function spaces with both existence and uniqueness properties.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 63-94 
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    Keywords: 30C65
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We show that a quasisymmetric map between the boundaries of two John disks can be extended to a quasiconformal map of the extended plane. Additional results on John disks are also given.
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  • 171
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 28A51 ; 28C15
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Subject to the continuum hypothesis, the Haar measure on a compact group of topological weight ⩽χ2 admits a Baire strong lifting.
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  • 172
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 54E15 ; 6D20 ; 18B35
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an entourage-like theory of quasi-uniformities for frames. The theory comprises the theory of uniformities for frames as well as the classical theory of quasi-uniformities for spaces.
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  • 173
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 117 (1994), S. 285-302 
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    Keywords: 35G25 ; 35L70 ; 35L67
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the initial value problem for the scalar semilinear strictly hyperbolic equation in multidimensional space with data strongly singular at one point. Under the assumption of the initial data being conormal with respect to one point and bounded or regular with a certain low degree, the existence of the solution to this problem is obtained; meanwhile, it is proved that the singularity of the solution will spread on the forward characteristic cone of the hyperbolic operator issuing from this point, and the solution is bounded and conormal with respect to this cone.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 111-143 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 11D ; 11G
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract LetC: F(X, Y)=0 be an algebraic curve of genus ≥1, over a number fieldK. In this work we construct a modelG(Z,W)=0 of the curveC, over a fixed number fieldL with $$K \subseteq L$$ , having the following property: ifx, y are algebraic integers ofK withF(x, y)=0, thenz=Z(x, y), w=W(x, y) are algebraic integers ofL withG(z, w)=0. Also, the total degree and the height of the polynomialG are bounded. As an application of this result, we give a reduction of the problem to determine effectively the integer points on a curve of genus 2, over a number field, to the problem to determine effectively the integer solutions of an equation of degree 4, over a number field. Also we consider a family of curvesF(X, Y)=0, defined over a number fieldK, which are cyclic coverings ofP 1 and we calculate, using our previous results, an explicit upper bound for the height of the integer points ofF(X, Y)=0 overK.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 231-248 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The primary concern of this paper is to deal with Siegel zeros of Hecke-Landau zeta-functions in an algebraic number field of finite degree over the rationals. As in the rational case with DirichletL-functions, the location of such zeros is closely connected with lower bounds for the corresponding zeta-functions at the points=1. This will be the theme in the first part of the paper. In this second part we first derive a form of the Brun-Titchmarsh theorem in the setting of a number field which is appropriate in our context. Then we turn our attention to the fact that an improvement of the constant in this inequality would lead to the nonexistence of Siegel zeros. The procedure is based on a weighted algebraic form of Selberg's upper bound sieve.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 249-265 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 16Y30
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract ItG is a group written additively, the inner automorphisms and the endomorphisms additively generate near-ringsI(G) andE(G) respectively. IfI(G)=E(G), i.e., if every endomorphism is a sum of inner automorphisms, we callG anI-E group. In this paper we describe a class ofI-E groups which includes two of the four known classes ofI-E groups and which contains infinitely many other examples. The order ofI(G) is obtained and its radical determined.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 118 (1994), S. 267-313 
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    Keywords: 17B70 ; 14M17 ; 22E46
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We complete the study of arbitrary generic irreducible modules over a classical complex Lie superalgebraG initiated in [14] (whereG was assumed to be of type I) by presenting a full description of the underlyingG 0-module of any suchG-module. This enables us in particular to extend Beilinson-Bernstein's localization theorem to a certain full subcategory of the category ofG-modules with fixed central character and also to describe the image of the enveloping algebraU (G) in the global sections of a generic twisted ring of differential operators on any flag superspace. As an application we construct an infinite family of full subcategories of the category ofG-modules with fixed generic atypical central character, each of which is equivalent to the category ofG 0-modules with fixed regular central character.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; HPLC ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Trockenfrüchte ; Kohlenhydrate ; ESR ; HPLC ; food irradiation ; dried fruits ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While in a previous work the ESR spectroscopic detection of irradiated dried fruits was reported, in this paper liquid chromatographic determination of the carbohydrate fraction of these fruits is introduced and connected with the ESR results. After irradiation of dried fruits three different types of ESR spectra are observed. In most cases the dried fruits can be attached to these various types by means of their sugar composition. It was also found that the ESR spectra observed for sucrose-rich fruits are very similar to that of pure sucrose. The structure of the ESR spectra can change with storage. Probably, radical rearrangement reactions in the samples are responsible for these changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem in einer früheren Arbeit der ESR-spektroskopische Nachweis von strahlenbehandelten Trockenfrüchten besprochen wurde, wird in diesem Bericht die flüssigchromatographische Bestimmung der Kohlenhydratfraktion dieser Früchte vorgestellt und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Zuckerzusammensetzung und den ESR-Signalstrukturen nachgewiesen. Die bei der Bestrahlung von Trockenfrüchten beobachteten ESR-Spektren lassen sich in 3 Typen unterteilen. Die Zuordnung der Trockenfrüchte zu den einzelnen Typen anhand ihrer Kohlenhydratzusammensetzung gelingt in einer überwiegenden Zahl der untersuchten Proben. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daß die beobachteten ESR-Signale in ihrem Habitus denen der reinen bestrahlten Mono- und Disaccharide ähnlich sind. Dies trifft besonders für saccharosereiche Früchte und Saccharose zu. Die Struktur der ESR-Spektren strahlenbehandelter Trockenfrüchte kann sich über einen längeren Zeitraum ändern. Für die Veränderung werden radikalische Umwandlungen in der Probenmatrix verantwortlich gemacht.
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  • 180
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Nachtschicht ; Arbeiter ; Mahlzeiten ; Werktage ; Wochenende ; Nutrient intake ; nightshift ; worker ; meals ; weekdays ; weekend days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified weight record technique, total dietary intake was obtained in 24 permanent nightshift workers during a period of 7 consecutive days; intake data were attached to eight defined meals. As a control, 25 shift workers of the same company were investigated during the morning shift. Mean daily energy intake was 2866±616 kcal (12.0±2.6 MJ) including 14% protein, 39.5% fat, 37.8% carbohydrates, and 8.7% alcohol. Statistically significant differences between groups were found for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In both groups intake data for vitamin A, D, zinc and dietary fiber did not meet 3/4 of the recommandations of the German Nutrition Society. In contrast to controls, nutrient intake of the permanent nightshift workers was slightly less during weekend days; mean meal frequency decreased from 5.4 (weekday) to 4.3. The distribution of total daily nutrient intake to different meals partly did not agree with existing recommendations; however, the deviation seems reasonable. Regarding the risks for accidents as well as the working capacity, the relatively high alcohol intake during working hours has to be criticized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern eines metallverarbeitenden Betriebs in Bayern wurde über einen Zeitraum von 7 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen der gesamte Verzehr mit Hilfe der vereinfachten Wiegemethode erfaßt und 8 definierten Mahlzeiten zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 25 Wechselschicht-Arbeiter in der Frühschicht desselben Betriebs. Eiweiß lieferte 14%, Fett 39,5%, Kohlenhydrate 37,8% und Alkohol 8,7% der durchschnittlichen täglichen Energiezufuhr in Höhe von 2866±616 kcal (12,0±2,6 MJ). Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bestanden für Vitamin E und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren. In beiden Gruppen erreichte die Aufnahme an Vitamin A, D, Zink und Ballaststoffen nicht 3/4 der Empfehlungen der DGE. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe führten die Dauernachtschicht-Arbeiter an den Wochenenden geringfügig weniger Nährstoffe zu als an Werktagen; die durchschnittliche Mahlzeitenzahl verringerte sich von 5,4 (Werktag) auf 4,3. Die Verteilung der täglichen Nährstoffzufuhr auf einzelne Mahlzeiten an den Werktagen wich teilweise von bestehenden Empfehlungen ab, erscheint aber sinnvoll. Im Hinblick auf Unfallgefahren und Leistungsfähigkeit ist der relativ hohe Alkoholkonsum während der Arbeitszeit zu kritisieren.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 68-78 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; modifizierter 24 hour recall ; NF-Aufnahme ; NF-Quellen ; Dietary survey ; modified 24-h-recall ; dietary fiber intake ; dietary fiber source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From May to November 1991, a dietary survey in form of a 24-h-recall questionnaire was carried out in Zurich. For the first time, food data from a large, voluntary, undefined, selected collective was acquired (n=3653). The mean dietary fiber intake of the women was 30 g/day and of the men 33 g/day, which is comparable with various literature data. These values show a positive trend in the eating habits of the population. The dietary fiber intake was also considered in relation to the origin of the fibers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Zürich wurde von Mai bis November 1991 eine Ernährungserhebung in Form eines schriftlichen 24 hour recall durchgeführt. Erstmals wurden Verzehrszahlen eines überdurchschnittlich grossen, freiwilligen, nicht definiert ausgewählten Kollektivs erfasst (n=3653). Die durchschnittliche NF-Aufnahme der Frauen in Höhe von 30 g/Tag und der Männer in Höhe von 33 g/Tag ist mit diversen Literaturwerten vergleichbar und deutet auf eine positive Entwicklung im Ernährungsverhalten der Bevölkerung hin. Der NF-Verzehr wurde nach Herkunft der Fasern aufgeschlüsselt betrachtet.
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  • 182
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    Keywords: Nahrungsfolate ; Folatanalytik ; Folatverfügbarkeit ; Folatmetabolismus ; Food folates ; analysis of folates ; folate bioavailability ; folate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Because of the unequal and, in some instances, low stability of different folate vitamers against extreme conditions the analytical determination of folate and the estimation of folate losses in food processing and preparation cause considerable difficulties. HPLC allows determination of the native folate derivative patterns. As the bioavailability of folates is influenced by a variety of factors and different methods were employed for assessing bioavailability there is a considerable inconsistency in the results of these studies. Folates labeled with radioactive or stable isotopes provide new approaches to metabolic and bioavailability studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wegen der unterschiedlichen, zum Teil geringen Stabilität der einzelnen Folatvitamere gegenüber extremen Bedingungen bereitet sowohl die analytische Folatbestimmung als auch die Abschätzung der Folatverluste bei der Lebensmittelverarbeitung und-zubereitung erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Mit Hilfe der HPLC ist es möglich, Aussagen über das native Folatderivatmuster zu treffen. Da die Bioverfügbarkeit der Folate von vielen Faktoren beeinflußt wird und zur Bioverfügbarkeitsbestimmung unterschiedliche Methoden eingesetzt wurden, ist die Inkonsistenz der Ergebnisse erheblich. Mit radioaktiven oder stabilen Isotopen markierte Folate haben neue Wege in Bioverfügbarkeits- und Metabolismusuntersuchungen eröffnet.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 162-163 
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffpräferenz ; Serotonin ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Stimmung ; Protein ; Kohlenhydrat ; Plasma-Tryptophan ; Food preference ; serotonin ; nutrient intake ; mood ; protein ; carbohydrate ; plasma tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The neurotransmitter serotonin significantly contributes to the regulation of food intake and appetite behaviour. The cerebral serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of the precursor tryptophan. To examine how diets with different carbohydrate, protein and tryptophan content affect food preferences and the mood, healthy obese and non-obese male adults consumed the following isocaloric diets at breakfast: standard diet (60 % carbohydrate), protein-rich diet (35 % carbohydrate, 40 % protein), carbohydrate-rich diet (80 % carbohydrate), tryptophan supplemented diet (standard diet +1.5 g tryptophan). The plasma concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) is determined by their uptake with the diet. In obese and non-obese adults the TRP/LNAA-quotient rose significantly by upto 0.40 to 0.57, following the tryptophan supplemented breakfast. The protein-rich diet reduced the TRP/LNAA-quotient. The preference of protein-rich food after the consumption of carbohydrate-rich diets (60–80 % carbohydrate) was diagnosable with the non-obese person and not with the obese person. No obvious connection was detected between nutrient preferences and plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient. There was no influence of the plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient after meals with different nutrient relation on mood. Therefore it is concluded that different carbohydrate and protein content and also additional tryptophan supplementation of single meals is not able to modify the brain serotonin synthesis and release in healthy people in a kind that serotonin induced behaviour would be changed, at least on a short time basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Appetitverhaltens ist das zentralnervöse serotoninerge System beteiligt. Die Syntheses des Neurotransmitters Serotonin ist dabei von der Verfügbarkeit der Vorstufe Tryptophan abhängig. In dieser Studie erhielten gesunde normal- und übergewichtige Probanden folgende normokalorische Frühstücksmahlzeiten: Standarddiät (Mischkost mit 60 % Kohlenhydrate), proteinreiches Frühstück (35 % Kohlenhydrate, 40 % Protein), kohlenhydratreiches Frühstück (80 % Kohlenhydrate), Tryptophan-supplementiertes Frühstück (Standarddiät +1,5 g Tryptophan). Es wurde untersucht, wie sich diese Testdiäten mit unterschiedlichem Kohlenhydrat/Protein-Verhältnis post-prandial auf die Nährstoffpräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit auswirken. Die Nahrungspräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit wurden mittels Fragebogen ermittelt und zu den Blutparametern (Tryptophan (TRP), langkettige neutrale Aminosäuren (LNAA), TRP/LNAA-Quotient, Serotonin) in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Tryptophan- und LNAA-Konzentrationen im Plasma korrelierten erwartungsgemäß mit ihrer Aufnahme mit der Nahrung. Der aus beiden Parametern ermittelte TRP/LNAA-Quotient nahm bei Normal- und Übergewichtigen nach dem Tryptophan-supplementierten Frühstück um bis zu 0,40 auf 0,57 zu. Nach der proteinreichen Diät war bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen der Quotient aufgrund der relativ erhöhten Aufnahme an LNAAs erniedrigt. Eine Bevorzugung von proteinreichen Lebensmitteln nach dem Verzehr von kohlenhydratreichen Kostformen (60–80 % Kohlenhydrate) war bei den normalgewichtigen Probanden festzustellen, nicht jedoch bei den Übergewichtigen. Zwischen den Nährstoffpräferenzen und dem Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten war aber kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zu erkennen. Ein Einfluß des Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten auf die psychische Befindlichkeit konnte bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen ebenfalls nicht festgestellt werden. Offenbar läßt sich die zerebrale Serotoninsynthese und -freisetzung durch einmaligen Verzehr von Mahlzeiten mit unterschiedlicher Nährstoffrelation nicht in dem Maße beeinflussen, daß daraus serotoninvermittelte Verhaltensänderungen zu erwarten sind.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 230-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Fuzzy-Sets ; Prerow-Wert ; Ernährungs-Optimierung ; Nutrient intake ; fuzzy sets ; Prerow value ; optimization of nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fuzzy sets are especially suitable to evaluate the intake of a nutrient. For the evaluation of several components, the harmonic mean of the individual fuzzy values proves to be the best compromise. The mean of all nutrients results in the so called Prerow value, which can be used for the evaluation of the nutrition status. Maximizing the Prerow value is suitable for optimizing nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fuzzy-Sets sind besonders gut geeignet, die Zufuhr eines Nährstoffes zu bewerten. Für die Bewertung mehrerer Nährstoffe erweist sich das harmonische Mittel der einzelnen Fuzzy-Werte als angemessener Kompromiß. Die Mittellung über alle Nährstoffe ergibt den sogenannten Prerow-Wert, der zur Beurteilung des Ernährungsstatus herangezogen werden kann und dessen Maximierung auch geeignet ist, Ernährung zu optimieren.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 245-245 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rapssamen ; Mastrinder ; Fettsäuren ; Vitamin E ; oxidative Stabilität ; Rape seed ; beef cattle ; fatty acids ; vitamin E ; oxidative stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Four groups of five fattening bulls each consumed a concentrate — wheat straw-diet (2.5 : 1) supplemented with either 0, 7, 14 or 21 % ground rape seed for 350 days. Rape seed contained 427 g crude fat (ether extract) and 127 mg vitamin E per kg dry matter. The supplementation with rapeseed increased the fat concentrations in the rations from 25 to 50, 75 and 100 g, and of vitamin E from 11 to 19, 26 and 34 mg per kg dry matter. All bulls were slaughtered with about 560 kg body weight. Fatty acid composition of depot fat and of the fat ofmusc. long. dorsi were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Vitamin E concentrations in blood, depot fat and muscle were determined by HPLC. Oxidative stability of depot fat was measured as induction time by means of rancimat-test. Rape seed supplementation decreased C16-fatty acids and increased C18-fatty acids in depot and muscle fat. Muscle fat contained significantly more mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids (40.2 and 7.4 %) than depot fat (33.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Rape seed supplementation enhanced significantly the vitamin E-concentrations in all body samples. In depot fat vit. E increased from 4.5 to 7.3, 8.5 and 14.9 µg/g. Induction time increased from 10.9 to 18.5, 16.1 and 19.5 h, when 0, 7, 14 or 21 % rapessed were added.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Einzelfütterungsversuch über 350 Tage wurden der Kraftfutter-Weizenstroh-Ration (2,5 : 1) von je 5 Mastbullen 0, 7, 14 bzw. 21 % geschrotete Rapssamen zugesetzt. Infolge des Fett- (427 g) und Vitamin-E-Gehaltes (127 mg je kg Trockensubstanz, TS) der Rapssamen stiegen der Rohfett- bzw. Vitamin-E-Gehalt der Ration von 25 über 50, 75 auf 100 g bzw. von 11 über 19, 26 auf 34 IE je kg TS an. Mit einer Endmasse von ≈ 560 kg wurden alle Tiere geschlachtet und das Fettsäurenmuster des Nieren- und Beckenhöhlenfettes und des intramuskulären Fettes im Musc. long. dorsi, der Vitamin-E-Gehalt in diesen Proben sowie im Blut und die Induktionszeit des Depotfettes mittels Rancimattest ermittelt. Der Rapssameneinsatz bewirkte sowohl im Depot- als auch im Muskelfett einen Abfall im Gehalt an C16- und einen Anstieg der C18-Fettsäuren. Das intramuskuläre Fett enthielt signifikant mehr Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren (40,2 und 7,4 %) als das Depotfett (33,5 und 2,0 %). Der Vitamin-E-Gehalt stieg mit Rapssamenzulage in allen untersuchten Tierkörperproben signifikant an, im Depotfett erhöhte er sich von 4,5 über 7,3, 8,5 auf 14,9 µg/g. Die oxidative Stabilität des Depotfettes, gemessen als Induktionszeit mittels Rancimattest, stieg nach Rapssamenzulage von 10,9 über 18,5, 16,1 auf 19,5 h an.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Homoarginine labeling ; guanidination ; racemization ; D-amino acids ; protein digestibility ; Homoargininmarkierung ; Guanidinierung ; Razemisierung ; D-Aminosäuren ; Proteinverdaulichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Homoargininmarkierung (Guanidinierung) dient zur Bestimmung der wahren präcaecalen Proteinverdaulichkeit. Die Proteinguanidinierung erfolgt bei alkalischem pH, was möglicherweise zur Bildung von D-Aminosäuren führt. Da D-Aminosäuren enthaltende Proteinein vitro eine verminderte Verdaulichkeit zeigen, könnte die Homoargininmethode eine falsch niedrige Proteinverdaulichkeit ergeben. Daher wurde das Ausmaß der Proteinrazemisierung während der Guanidinierung von Casein bei pH-Werten zwischen 9 und 11 und bei Temperaturen zwischen 4 und 65°C bestimmt. Optimale Guanidinierungsbedingungen lagen bei 4°C und einem pH-Wert von 10,5–11 oder bei 22°C und pH 10. Höhere pH-Werte bei 22°C führten ebenso wie Temperaturen über 22°C zur Bildung nicht mehr vernachlässigbarer Mengen von D-Aminosäuren.
    Notes: Summary Homoarginine labeling (guanidination) is used to calculate true prececal protein digestibility. A particular worry is that guanidination of proteins at alkaline pH might cause formation of D-amino acids. If D-amino acids show decreased protein digestibility in vivo, as seen in vitro, then the homoarginine method would underestimate protein digestibility. Therefore, the degree of protein racemization was measured during guanidination of casein at pH values between pH 9 and 11 and temperatures between 4o and 65°C. Optimal conditions for the guanidination reaction were 4°C and pH 10.5–11 or 22°C and pH 10. A higher pH value at 22°C or temperatures above 22°C at each pH leads to the formation of appreciable amounts of D-amino acids.
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  • 189
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Censored regression models ; Gibbs sampler ; hierarchical models ; Bayesian inference ; EM algorithm ; data augmentation ; Tobit models ; Zensierte Regression ; Hierarchische Modelle ; Bayes-Methoden ; EM Algorithmus ; Tobit Modelle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden die Möglichkeiten einer neuen Bayesschen Inferenzmethode, dem sogenannten Gibbs-Sampler, für die Analyse von zensierten Regressionsmodellen — in der Ökonomie auch Tobitmodelle genannt — untersucht. Tobitmodelle haben ein weites Anwendungspektrum in den empirischen Wissenschaften, wie Ökonometrie und Biometrie. Die Schätzergebnisse des einfachen Tobitmodelles werden mit denen des hierarchischen Modells verglichen. Das untersuchte botanische Beispiel befaßt sich mit dem Zensierungsmechanismus bei der Reproduktion, d. h. dem Blühen von Pflanzen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss the potentials of a new Bayesian inference tool, called the “Gibbs sampler”, for the analysis of the censored regression or Tobit model. Tobit models have a wide range of applications in empirical sciences, like econometrics and biometrics. The estimation results of the simple Tobit model will be compared to a hierarchical Tobit model, and the Gibbs sampling approach to the related classical algorithm of expectation-maximisation (EM). The underlying botanical example of this paper is concerned with the censoring mechanism in plant reproduction and proposes the Bayesian Tobit model for the growth relationship between the reproductive part and the rest of the plant.
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  • 190
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Periodische Reihenfolgeprobleme ; zyklische Reihenfolgeprobleme ; Zahlenringproblem ; Periodic scheduling ; cyclic scheduling ; number rings problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We consider a problem concerning periodic activities with identical period lengths. The maximum amount of resource required by such activities is to be minimized. NP-completeness of this problem is demonstrated. In a very important theoretical case — monotonous amount of resource — a linear time algorithm for calculating an exact optimal solution in analytical form is proposed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Betrachtet wird ein Problem der parallelen Bearbeitung von Aufträgen (bestehend aus mehreren Auftragslosen). Wenn die Bearbeitung eines Auftrages beendet wurde, beginnt sofort die Bearbeitung eines identischen Auftrages. Der Verbrauch einer limitiert gegebenen Ressource über alle parallel durchzuführenden Auftragslose ist zu stabilisieren. Für den allgemeinen Fall wurde bewiesen, daß das Problem NP-schwer ist. Für einen relevanten theoretischen Fall — monoton wachsender Ressourcenverbrauch in der Reihenfolge der Auftragslose — wird ein linearer Algorithmus zur Bestimmung der Lösung in analytischer Form angegeben.
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  • 191
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Zuschnittprobleme ; Packprobleme ; Greedy-Algorithmen ; Knapsackprobleme ; Cutting stock ; packing ; greedy algorithms ; knapsack problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We propose an adaptation of the greedy algorithm for the one, two and three dimensional cutting stock problem. We measure the efficiency of the algorithms in terms of the worst case bound and the time complexity. We introduce and determine the class of all reasonable cutting stock algorithms, and determine worst case bounds for each subset of this class. We put forward an exact polynomial time algorithm which can be applied for most one dimensional cutting stock problems.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden diskrete Gradientenverfahren zur Lösung von ein-, zwei- und dreidimensionalen Zuschnittproblemen vorgeschlagen. Die Effektivität der Algorithmen wird an zwei Parametern gemessen: Arbeitsaufwand und Güte. Wir betrachten aus der Menge aller Lösungsalgorithmen für Zuschnittprobleme vernünftige Algorithmen und geben Güteabschätzungen für diese Klasse an. Eine Klasse eindimensionaler Zuschnittprobleme wird definiert, die zur Klasse P gehört.
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  • 192
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 223-224 
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  • 193
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: CSP ; Logik-orientierte Programmiersprachen ; Constraint Propagation ; Backtracking ; Arc-Konsistenz ; Path-Konsistenz ; CSP ; logic programming ; constraint propagation ; Backtracking ; Arc-Consistency ; Path-Consistency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Constraint logic programming is a relatively new area of research in Artficial Intelligence that holds an immense promise for Operations Researchers. The idea is to provide a logic programming language that accepts a series of logic statements and (arithmetic) constraints and then is capable to generate a feasible solution to the underlying constraint satisfaction problem. Informally, a constraint satisfaction problem is posed as follows. Given a set of variables and a set of constraints, each specifying a relation on a particular subset of the variables, find the relation on the set of all variables which satisfies all the given constraints. The required solution relation is a subset of the cartesian product of the variable domains. Traditionally, backtrack search is used to solve constraint satisfaction problems. In order to overcome the inefficiency of a simple backtrack search consistency checks among variable value assignments were incorporated introducing new knowledge by constraint based reasoning to reduce the search space and discover failures earlier. Most common are node- and arc-consistency checks the only ones which are also implicity introduced in recent constraint based logic programming languages. CHARME [7, 8] is such a programming language, a general modeling language and problem solver that allows to find model-based implementations and provides guided backtrack search which can lead to efficient and competitive search strategies for certain problems in combinatorial optimization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Constraint-basierte Logikprogrammierung ist ein neues und auch für das Operations Research vielversprechendes Gebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Eine logikorientierte Programmiersprache generiert zulässige Lösungen eines Constraint-Satisfaction-Problems, dessen Beschreibung auf einer Menge logischer Aussagen und einer Anzahl von Nebenbedingungen basiert. Ein Constraint-Satisfaction-Problem besteht aus einer Menge von Variablen sowie einer Menge von Nebenbedingungen über diesen Variablen. Gesucht ist eine zulässige Wertezuweisung der Variablen, als Teilmenge des cartesischen Produkts der Variablenwertebereiche, die allen Nebenbedingungen genügt. Traditionelle Lösungsverfahren basieren auf einer Suche mittels Backtracking. Konsistenzprüfungen von Variablenwertzuweisungen können dabei die Effizienz des Suchverfahrens wesentlich erhöhen, da neues, implizit vorhandenes Wissen über den Suchraum aus der Menge der Nebenbedingungen erschlossen und genutzt wird. Constraint-basierte Logiksprachen reduzieren während der Lösungssuche die Variablenwertebereiche automatisch, so daß nur noch node- und arc-konsistente Relationen betrachtet werden. CHARME [7, 8] ist eine derartige Programmiersprache, in der modellnahe Implementierungen parametergesteuerte Suchstrategien zulassen, die u. U. Probleme der Kombinatorischen Optimierung effizient lösbar machen.
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  • 194
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 224-224 
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  • 195
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 225-225 
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  • 196
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 242-242 
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  • 197
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 248-248 
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  • 198
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Multi-criteria optimization ; locally efficient points ; Multi-kriterielle Optimierung ; Lokal effiziente Punkte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden zwei Tests beschrieben, die es ermoglichen zu entscheiden ob ein gegebener Punktx 0 ∈ ℝ N lokal effizient ist oder nicht bzgl. einer endlichen Menge stetig differenzierbarer reeller Funktionen. Beispiele zeigen, daß die Tests auf einer nirgends dichten Menge versagen können.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present two tests which can decide whether a given pointx 0 ∈ℝ N is locally efficient or not with respect to a given finite set of real valued continuously differentiable functions defined on ℝ N . Examples indicate that the tests may fail on a nowhere dense set.
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  • 199
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    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 227-241 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Entscheidungstheorie ; mehrfache Zielsetzung ; Graphik ; Benutzerschnittstelle ; Übersicht ; Decision theory ; multi-criteria decision making ; graphics ; user interface ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The paper surveys techniques for visualization in the context of multi-criteria decision problems. Techniques for representing decision variables, attribute values of alternatives, ordinal preference relations and cardinal evaluations are covered. Several techniques are presented for each area, taking into account problems of implementation in interactive systems and cognitive effects that might result from the use of different graphical representations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden Ansätze zur graphischen Darstellung von Elementen von Entscheidungsproblemen bei mehrfacher Zielsetzung vorgestellt. Dabei wird nach den Betrachtungsebenen des Problems zwischen der Darstellung von Entscheidungsvariablen, von Attributwerten sowie von ordinalen und kardinalen Präferenzaussagen unterschieden. Neben der Darstellung der einzelnen Ansätze wird auch auf den damit verbundenen Rechenaufwand sowie mögliche Interpretationsprobleme eingegangen.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Deep-fat frying ; sunflower oil ; column chromatography ; color index ; acid value ; fatty acid esters ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Fritieren ; Säulenchromatographie ; Refraktionsindex ; Fettsäurengehalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen eines Sonnenblumenöls, das 15 mal aufeinanderfolgend für die Fritierung von Kartoffeln benutzt wurde, untersucht. Dazu wurden analytische Routinemethoden, wie die Gaschromatographie der Fettsäuren, die Bestimmung des Refraktions-und Farbindexes sowie der Säurezahl mit einer absorptionschromatographischen Methode zur Bestimmung der polaren Verbindungen, die während des Fritierens entstehen, verglichen. Der Gehalt polarer Verbindungen stieg signifikant (p〈0,05) von 6,2±0,3 mg/100 mg Öl auf 18,7±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl bei der letzten Fritierung. Die Konzentration an Linolensäure verminderte sich dagegen signifikant (p〈0,05) von 53,8±0,2 mg/100 mg Öl auf 48,1±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl beim 15. Durchgang. Der Gehalt an Ölsäure veränderte sich dagegen nicht. Der Farbindex und die Säurezahl stiegen signifikant (p〈0,05) nach 15 Fritierungen. Die Veränderung des Farbindexes, der Säurezahl und des Gesamtgehalts polarer Verbindungen wiesen eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen auf (0,98〉r〉0,933; p〈0,01). Der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigte ebenfalls eine signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen (r=−0,692; p〈0,05). Die Säurezahl und der Farbindex sowie der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigten ebenfalls eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zum Anteil der polaren Verbindungen (r=−0,9272 bzw. r=0,9065 bzw. r=−0,764; alle p〈0,01). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Routinemethoden, wie Säurezahl oder Farbindex, die wir für die Bestimmungen im Sonnenblumenöl benutzt haben, genauso nützlich sein können wie andere mehr spezifische Methoden, wenn man die Ausgangswerte dieser Indizes für das zu behandelnde Öl hat.
    Notes: Summary The alteration of a sunflower oil used repeatedly and discontinuously for frying potatoes on 15 successive occasions was studied. For this purpose, standard analytical indexes, such as fatty acids, gas chromatography, refraction and color indexes, and acid value were compared with a chromatographic method that quantifies the polar compounds originated during fryings. Total polar content increased significantly (p〈0.05) from 6.2±0.3 mg/100 mg oil to 18.7±0.8 mg/100 mg oil in the last frying. Linoleic acid decreased significantly (p〈0.05) from 53.8±0.2 mg/100 mg oil to 48.1±0.8 mg/100 mg oil at the 15th frying, while oleic acid concentration remained unaltered throughout the frying operations. The color index, and acid value, showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after 15 fryings. Color index, acid value, and total polar content highly and significantly correlated with the number of fryings (0.981〉r〉0.933; p〈0.01). Linoleic acid concentrations also significantly correlated (r=−0.692; p〈0.05) with the number of fryings performed. Acid value, color index, and linoleic acid concentration also showed high and significant correlation with the percentage of total polar component of the oil (r=0.9272, r=0.9065 and r=−0.764 respectively; all p〈0.01). These data suggest that standard methods such as acid value and color index can be applied and are as useful as silica-gel chromatographic evaluation in the monitoring of frying operations, provided that initial values of both the color index and acid value are available.
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