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  • Articles  (8,787)
  • Elsevier  (7,486)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1,301)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1990-1994  (8,787)
  • 1935-1939
  • Geography  (8,787)
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  • Articles  (8,787)
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  • 1
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . State and local governments commonly finance investment in public capital by issuing bonds and by using current revenues. This paper presents a model of state and local governments' reliance on borrowing in which the optimal share of debt in the financing of capital investment depends on the relative costs of tax and debt finance. Equations are derived and estimated for spending on public capital and the share of debt in the financing of that spending. The results reveal that the level of private incomes plays an important role in both the capital investment and financial decisions of the jurisdiction. Even after controlling for Sunbelt-Snowbelt differences in incomes, grants, outstanding debt and certain demographic factors, the results indicate that state and local governments located in the Snowbelt rely more heavily on bond issues to finance capital investment. Finally, the estimated invariance of the level of state and local capital investment to the share of debt in the financing of the investment suggests that investment decisions are not greatly affected by factors influencing the willingness to issue bonds.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Consider a community investigating the integration of recycling into its waste management program. Even if (1) the county's citizens do not gain utility from recycling, (2) landfill space is plentiful, and (3) the market price for recyclables is zero, recycling can still be optimal for a local government. By determining the relationship between the amount of recycling and the location of a recycling center, conditions are identified under which recycling will reduce total waste management costs enough that municipal recycling will be optimal. In addition, it is shown that the likelihood of municipal recycling increases with the size of the city.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . National and regional employment patterns are subject to growth-instability tradeoffs. This paper applies the portfolio selection model to detailed employment data for the U.S. economy and selected states. Empirical results indicate that growth-instability trade-offs exist in a form not previously understood. The paper also identifies growth and stabilization potential by identifying stabilizing sectors.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The paper takes microlevel data on U.K. regional policy instruments and other financial assistance payments to industry to examine the time profile of assisted employment up to five years after the date of assistance. The theoretical analysis indicates factors bearing on the employment effect of industrial assistance and highlights the possibly key role played by the firm's access to private funds. The results from the regression analysis indicate that both the build-up and duration of subsidy-induced jobs vary between assistance form and firm, and that assistance is generally ineffective in large firms. Elsewhere, assisted jobs accumulate over a period of three years, but then are lost to policy at high rates.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper analyzes 1954–1987 state manufacturing employment growth in 19 two-digit industries. Markets were found to be the strongest influence in 18 industries. Labor was the second strongest, followed by a threshold variable. Weaker influences were resources, taxes, and amenities. Regional values for the market, labor, and threshold variables corresponded well with regional employment change in the Manufacturing Belt and all other regions of the U.S.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We develop an alternative specification of the regional portfolio diversification problem that explicitly incorporates important information on regional economic structure and avoids certain inconsistencies in the traditional specification with respect to what constitutes the choice set. We also implement improved econometric procedures for estimating the required parameters and provide an empirical example using 1987 data for the Colorado economy to illustrate the potential differences in sectoral allocations obtained when applying our alternative approach versus the traditional one.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This study proposes, and finds evidence supporting, the hypothesis that restrictive residential land-use and minimum lot-size zoning are substitute ways of controlling the population intensity of future residential development. In addition, evidence is found linking externality, fiscal and exclusionary objectives to restrictive residential zoning.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines the possibility of sustaining a collusive equilibrium in a standard location model. Drawing on recent developments in game theory, it is suggested that collusion is only feasible if market areas lie within a certain range. When market areas are large the threat of entry is likely to undermine any collusive agreement. In contrast when market areas are small, defection from the cartel is shown to be profitable. Thus collusion is shown to be feasible only when market areas and demand lie within certain bounds. More generally, this result appears to be consistent with the somewhat ambiguous empirical evidence which suggests that competitive pricing behavior is likely to prevail in periods of excessively high demand and during recessions.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Associative memory techniques are drawn from the artificial intelligence literature, and have demonstrated considerable utility for parameter identification in dynamical systems. Previous turning point forecasts constructed by LeSage are compared to forecasts generated by associative memories and simple autoregressive models. Both the associative memories and the autoregressions perform as well or better than the more complicated econometric procedures described by LeSage, with the exception of West and Harrison's (1989) dynamic linear model specification. Extensions are suggested.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Trading Industries, Trading Regions, edited by Helzi Noponen, Julie Graham, and Ann R. Markusen. The New Social Economy: Reworking the Division of Labor, by Andrew Sayer and Richard Walker. Regional Economic Modeling: A Systematic Approach to Economic Forecasting and Policy Analysis, by George I. Treyz. International Futures: Choices in the Creation of a New World Order, by Barry B. Hughes. The Migration of Labor, by Oded Stark. Regional Economic Development: Canada's Search for Solutions, second edition, by Donald J. Savoie. Scarcity by Design: The Legacy of New York City's Housing Policies, by Peter D. Salins and Gerald C. S. Mildner. The Metropolis in Black and White: Place, Power, and Polarization, edited by George C. Galster and Edward W. Hill. The Changing Social Geography of Canadian Cities, edited by Larry S. Bourne and David F. Ley. 1993. Land and Labor in the Greek World, by Alison Burford. Visions and Strategies of European Integration: A North European Perspective, edited by Lars Lundqvist and Lars Olof Persson. Playing the Field: Why Sports Teams Move and Cities Fight to Keep Them, by Charles C. Euchner. Minor League Baseball and Local Economic Development, by Arthur T. Johnson.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The performance of five criteria for identifying significant interregional labor market linkages is compared. The criteria suggest differential model specifications based on the implicit tradeoff between parsimony and specification bias. Models were specified using: Akaike's final prediction error; Schwarz's Bayesian information criterion; an input-output model; Aoki's time series algorithm; and a combined input-outputi/time series approach. Models of the changes in monthly employment for twelve industries in six regions in northeastern Utah were specified using each criterion. Models based on Schwarz's criterion and the input-output criterion were preferred to those based on other criteria.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Models of the firm with costly labor turnover and models of migration with location-specific consumption amenities are two standard explanations of the co-existence of persistent wage differentials with extensive labor mobility. Labor turnover models postulate a worker quit function where the quit rate is inversely related to the regional wage differential in the steady state. We use amenity-consumption models of migration to show conditions under which this postulate is consistent with household utility maximization. Our model extends standard amenity-consumption analysis by making the value of amenities contingent on the “state” of the household. These household states are defined in terms of demographic, education, and health characteristics and are assumed to follow a Markov process.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We consider a location and allocation game for two competitor firms, A and B, that each seek to locate p facilities in a network. A market is captured by a particular firm if that market's closest facility belongs to that firm rather than a competitor. The question is as follows: Firm A wants to locate its p facilities so that B, which enters also with p facilities after Firm A has located its facilities, will capture the minimum market value possible. That is, Firm A wishes to preempt Firm B in its bid to capture market share to the maximum extent possible. A model is presented that addresses this issue, together with solution methods and computing times.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper departs from the human capital tradition in the migration literature by formalizing the market-specific information contained in wages along the lines suggested by Phelps's (1969) “island parable” of search. It allows us to incorporate the role of market wage variability as a source of information in individual migration decisions. Essentially wages are assumed to vary due to two types of sources: local and national. Individuals observe their current market wage but are uncertain about the source of variation in their wage level. An integral part of the expected utility comparison that migrants make then is evaluating the information content of their current market wage; how much of it is local and how much of it is common with other markets? Given this evaluation, what can they expect of wages at alternative markets; how precise is their expectation? A linear approximation to the expected utility comparison that migrants make is used to formulate a probit specification of the move or stay decision conditional on origin market and individual characteristics. The focus here is on quantifying the effects of the origin market acting through amenities and the share of market-specific wage variability as it affects forecasts of alternative wages and forecast precision. A subsample of employed males, not in school or in the military, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) age 16 to 22 years is used for estimation. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretically predicted relationship between migration propensities and regional differences in the information content of wages. In addition, the results provide evidence that risk aversion deters migration given uncertainty, measured by forecast precision, about alternative market wage levels.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Cosmo-Creative Society: Logistical Networks in a Dynamic Economy, edited by Åe E. Andersson, David F. Batten, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, and Kazuhiro Yoshikawa. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, by Anna Lee Saxenian. Potentials and Bottlenecks in Spatial Development: Festschrift in Honor of Yasuhiko Oishi, edited by Hirotada Kohno and Peter Nijkamp. Diffusion and Use of Geographic Information Technologies, edited by Ian Masser and Harlan J. Onsrud. The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, by James M. Blaut. Guangdong: Survey of a Province Undergoing Rapid Change, edited by Y. M. Yeung and David K. Y. Chu. Urban Development in the Muslim World, edited by Hooshang Amirahmadi and Salah S. El-Shakhs. The Lost Frontier: Water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture, by Robert A. Sauder. The Costs of Worker Dislocation, by Louis Jacobson, Robert LaLonde, and Daniel Sullivan. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Jan Ondrich and Michael Wasylenko. Rural America and the Changing Structure of Manufacturing: Spatial Implications of New Technology and Organization, Conference Proceedings.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We propose a mixed fixed and random coefficients framework for regional modeling. The framework allows the presence of both the region-specific effects and commonality of responses across regions. Bayes solutions for estimating parameters of interest and for generating predictions are derived. Within a Bayesian framework a predictive density approach to evaluate the impact of changes is suggested. We apply the methodology to evaluate the impact of new rate structures on Ontario regional demand for electricity.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We discuss the distance to shopping in the context of three fundamental theories: The Optimal City Theory, the Central Business District Theory and a Cost-Benefit Theory. Each is described and estimated separately by econometric models. The three theories are combined in a final model using the expansion method. The final model, including all three theories, is based on enquiry data from 15 Danish towns.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines medium-run and long-run equilibria in unbounded (circular) and bounded (linear) one-dimensional multifirm markets. A price-location adjustment model is outlined that dows simulation of the spatial equilibrium when these firms anticipate reactions from their nearest spatial rivals. Thus, the market equilibrium is derived from the interdependent but atomistic decisions of the competing firms and is not imposed by some outside observer or agency. Ail conjectures are exogenous; the three well-known price conjectures (Greenhut-Ohta, Hotelling-Smithies, and Losch) are highlighted; and the relevant comparative statics are provided.
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  • 24
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The location of a new facility in a competitive environment is investigated. It is assumed that customers patronize the facility with the highest utility value rather than the closest facility. Simulations show that the new approach yields a superior location in terms of market size captured. Sensitivity analyses of the problem parameters illustrate the sensitivity of the location and the sensitivity of the market size captured to the facility's quality.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . .The growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) commonly has been viewed as a “procompetitive” change in the structure of the health care delivery system. Because HMOs collect a prepaid fee from subscribers, they serve a dual role as insurers and providers of health care. While HMOs may have competed directly with conventional insurance plans, their effect in health care markets is potentially quite different. A multisector spatial equilibrium model, which incorporates the optimizing behavior of consumers, independent fee-for-service(FFS)providers, and a centralized HMO, is used to explore the effects of an exogenous shift in market structure away from FFS delivery toward the provision of seivices by the HMO. As more physicians are diverted from FFS practice to enter the HMO, both the HMO membership fee and prices in the FFS sector tend to rise. This pattern is consistent with empirical trends in the United States during the 1980s where, despite the rapid growth in HMOs and other forms of prepaid care, both FFS prices and HMO membership fees have risen sharply.
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  • 27
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper analyzes the implications of an exogenous shift in relative prices for an economy that suffers from urban unemployment, as well as uncertainty, in the agricultural sector. Among other things, we show that with agricultural uncertainty, an exogenous shift in relative prices will lower agricultural profit. This result is in sharp contrast with the conventional case of risk-neutrality or certainty where agricultural profit is unaffected by changes in the terms of trade.
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  • 28
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Migration and Residential Mobility: Macro and Micro Approaches, by Martin Cadwallader Integrated Urban Models 2: New Research and Applications of Optimization and Dynamics, by Stephen H. Putman. Urban Public Finance in Developing Countries, by Roy W. Bahl and Johannes F. Linn. The Randstad A Research and Policy Laboratory, edited by Frans M. Dieleman and Sako Musterd. Jumpstart: The Economic Unification of Germany, by Gerlinde Sinn and Hans-Werner Sinn. 1993. (Translation, by Juli Irving-Lessmann Problems of Economic Transition: Regional Development in Central Europe, edited by Tibor Vasko. Regions Reconsidered: Economic Networks, Innovation, and Local Development in Industrialized Countries, edited by Edward Bergman, Gunther Maier, and Franz Tödtling. The Changing Role of Rural Communities in an Urbanizing World Saskatchewan 1961–90, by Jack C. Stabler, Margaret R. Olfert, and Murray Fulton. Restructuring Rural Saskatchewan: The Challenge of the 1990's, by Jack C. Stabler and Margaret R. Olfert. Housing Markets and Residential Mobility, edited by G. Thomas Kingsley and Margery Austin Turner. Spreadsheet Models for Urban and Regional Analysis, edited by Richard E. Klosterman, Richard K. Brail, and Earl G. Bossard. Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development, edited by Daniel M. Otto and Thomas G. Johnson. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective, by Elinor Ostrom, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne. Preparing for the Twenty-First Century, by Paul Kennedy.
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  • 29
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This article examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution, using CPS data from 1979 to 1988. Metropolitan growth increases the poorest quintile's income by a greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan growth also increases the value of property owned by the richest quintiles. Economic development programs to increase local growth will have a net progressive effect if the cost per job created is low, and these costs are financed by personal taxes. But programs with a high cost per job, or financed by cutting welfare, will reduce the net income of the poorest quintile.
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  • 30
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . During the last thirty years there has been much research effort in regional science devoted to modeling interactions over geographic space. Theoretical approaches for studying these phenomena have been modified considerably. This paper suggests a new modeling approach, based upon a general nested sigmoid neural network model. Its feasibility is illustrated in the context of modeling interregional telecommunication traffic in Austria, and its performance is evaluated in comparison with the classical regression approach of the gravity type. The application of this neural network approach may be viewed as a three-stage process. The first stage refers to the identification of an appropriate network from the family of two-layered feedforward networks with 3 input nodes, one layer of (sigmoidal) intermediate nodes and one (sigmoidal) output node (logistic activation function). There is no general procedure to address this problem. We solved this issue experimentally. The input-output dimensions have been chosen in order to make the comparison with the gravity model as close as possible. The second stage involves the estimation of the network parameters of the selected neural network model. This is performed via the adaptive setting of the network parameters (training, estimation) by means of the application of a least mean squared error goal and the error back propagating technique, a recursive learning procedure using a gradient search to minimize the error goal. Particular emphasis is laid on the sensitivity of the network performance to the choice of the initial network parameters, as well as on the problem of overfitting. The final stage of applying the neural network approach refers to the testing of the interregional teletraffic flows predicted. Prediction quality is analyzed by means of two performance measures, average relative variance and the coefficient of determination, as well as by the use of residual analysis. The analysis shows that the neural network model approach outperforms the classical regression approach to modeling telecommunication traffic in Austria.
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  • 31
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Assessing regional economic impacts of recreation trips is important to public agencies' decisions about using recreation as a rural development tool. Minimizing the total cost of recreation trip production implies that households will spatially distribute their purchases of inputs to trip production, including both trip-specific inputs and durable recreation equipment. A recreation site contributes to a region's economic growth through household purchases of trip inputs. The site's cost effects, price information effects, and recreation and retail agglomeration effects cause changes in household recreation purchases and ultimately generate regional economic impacts.
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  • 32
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper describes statistics for model criticism in spatial econometrics. The purpose of these statistics is to evaluate how well a chosen model fits the data and to identify influential cases and how they affect the aggregate picture. The paper reviews results in Martin (1992) for the regression model with correlated errors where the coefficients of the variance matrix are assumed either known or fixed. The problems of applying the statistics in spatial econometric modeling are discussed. An application is reported which considers diagnostics for the mean function and highlights cases that might influence estimates of the parameter of the error model. Different ways of assessing the influence of cases are also described.
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  • 33
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Recent research suggests that in nonmonocentric cities compensation for commutes takes the form of both lower housing prices and higher wages. This paper develops a random utility model that predicts the probability of an actor choosing to commute between each residence and job in a metropolitan area conditional on the observed location of housing units and job sites. The model allows commuting time, origin-specific amenities, land prices, destination-specific amenities and wages to influence actors' choices. We estimate the model using maximum likelihood and generalized least squares techniques and data on commuting between each of 38 origin and 15 destination jurisdictions in the Tokyo metropolitan area.The empirical results show that, all else equal, a one percent increase in commuting time reduces the probability that a route (origin-destination combination) will be chosen by almost five percent. Origin-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into land prices and destination-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into wages. Desirable residential amenities include school quality and a low ratio of day to night population. Desirable workplace amenities include a large share of white collar jobs and a high density of employment.
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  • 34
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper investigates the regional variations in the impact of technological change and in gains from consolidation among U.S. commercial banks. We estimate a multiproduct translog cost function with the appropriate regional dummy variables. Technological change, ray scale economies and scale biases in technological change are estimated for each region. Furthermore, pairwise expansion path economies between all the regions are calculated to evaluate the potential gains from interregional consolidation. In general Southwest banks had the worst and Southeast the best technological change. There is substantial disparity across regions. It also appears that technological change increased the efficient size in the Midwest and Southwest regions and reduced it in the West, Northeast and Southeast. Banks in all regions show ray economies of scale, affirming the need for larger banks if output mix remains constant. Finally, the results support takeover of regional banks by the Money Center banks but not vice-versa, and favor consolidation among regional banks. The biggest potential gains accrue from mergers of Southeast banks with either Midwest or Southwest banks and the least gains are derived from mergers between Midwest and Southwest banks.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Slow Plague: A Geography of the AIDS Pandemic, by Peter Gould. Economic Adaptation: Alternatives for Nonmetropolitan Areas, edited by David L. BarMey. The Rebirth of Urban Democracy, by Jeffrey M. Berry, Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thomson. Economic Logistics: The Optimization of Spatial and Sectoral Resource, Production, and Distribution Systems, by Sten Thore. Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modeling, and Policy Evaluation, edited by Manfred M. Fischer and Peter Nijkamp. Marketing Places: Attracting Investment, Industry and Tourism to Cities, States, and Nations, by Philip Kotler, Donald H. Haider, and Irving Rein. The Language of Planning: Essays on the Origins and Ends of American Planning Thought, by Albert Z. Guttenberg. Economic Aspects of German Unification: National and International Perspectives, edited by Paul J.J. Welfens. Sustainable Development and Urban Form, edited by Michael Breheny. Japanese Cities in the World Economy, edited by Kuniko Fujita and Richard Child Hill.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper presents the derivations of several new algorithms for the computation of maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of a very general form of the gravity model. The algorithms are then compared with previously available algorithms including GLIM and that given in Sen (1986). One of the new algorithms emerges as far superior in just about every way to its competitors. In particular, it is usually much more than an order of magnitude faster than the GLIM procedure and that given in Sen (1986). It is also not substantially affected by pitfalls such as multicollinearity and (unlike the GLIM procedure) is capable of comfortably handling large O-D matrices.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Migrants are generally assumed to gather specific information about the destination primarily through physical contact, or through family, friends, and acquaintances. In this paper, I propose an additional source of information: similarities between origin and destination labor markets. Data from the 1983–1987 PSID are used in a two-stage least squares model of postmove search duration in the U.S. Rural-to-urban migrants (except for rural Southerners) exhibit significantly lower search duration than other groups, controlling for productivity-related characteristics and postmove earnings. In addition, employment growth differences between origin and destination are found to be better predictors of search duration than are differences in average earnings. This research is among the first to integrate search-theoretics and conventional migration models to explain postmove economic outcomes.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a contemporary survey and synthesis of research on the regional dimensions of technology and competitiveness and explores ways in which technological change has influenced industrial restructuring in U.S. regions. Neoclassical models of regional growth are judged to be seriously wanting in their treatment of technological change. Industrial organization theories such as product/profit cycles, best-practice firms, and flexible specialization have proven to be more illuminating. However, the task remains to integrate technology as a core element in a geography of production and regional economic change that includes both global strategic decision-making of companies and the viability of plants in particular regional settings. Although the federal government as sponsor and procurer of technology has contributed significantly to regional industrial restructuring, the prospects for state and local governments to facilitate technological change appear to be very limited.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: A case study of the Hong Kong watch industry demonstrates the adaptive flexibility of labor-intensive industrial clusters. The study describes the evolution of industry in Hong Kong, and highlights the unique attributes of the country's economic history which have influenced the structure of production systems in the country. Focusing on the role of global competition, the case study identifies the constraints posed by a labor-intensive flexible production system in the face of continuous technological change in the industry.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: There is little consensus in the development literature on whether it is supply explanations such as competitiveness levels, or, the external demand structure which drive the link between exports and economic growth. This paper attempts to reconcile the polarization of the aforementioned viewpoints by examining the effects of both world demand and a country's competitiveness in exports on the relationship between export growth and economic growth. The results indicate that only developing countries which are highly competitive and which also face relatively favorable external demand for their exports experience above-average growth. Weak external demand reduces the positive effects of exports on growth substantially but may be offset by high levels of competitiveness in trade. The results imply that both regional and Third World growth studies on the link between exports and economic growth would profit more from integrating both supply as well as external demand explanations rather than succumb to one of the two viewpoints.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Institutions matter to economic development—particularly to the process of economic transformation. New technologies and new ways of organizing economic activity do not emerge in a vacuum, but bear the imprint of institutional arrangements. Economic transformation thus entails institutional adaptation as well as technological change—the emergence of new ways of organizing production or production systems and new sets of social and economic relationships which provide the institutional context for economic growth and development. Just as importantly, new institutional arrangements do not emerge tabula rasa, but reflect the legacy of old social and institutional forms. Given particular social and institutional legacies, different societies adapt differently to economic transformation. This article employs a theoretically-informed comparative examination of postwar Japanese capitalism to explore the critical role played by institutions in the process of economic transformation.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper examines spatial-temporal trends in the international system of corporate banking centers. It is evident that the largest corporations locate their headquarters in a formal national decision-making hierarchy and that national and regional nodes within this hierarchy house the headquarters of major banks. Initially these banks link clients internally. However, as domestic corporations evolve into transnationals, banks follow their customers overseas and establish foreign headquarters. The results of the study indicate that, until 1975, American banking corporations and their financial centers dominated global banking. Since then other countries, most notably Japan and Germany, have successfully challenged this hegemony, while others like the United Kingdom and Canada have been in relative decline. The 1980s witnessed a new era of international coordination of the world's largest industrial countries. Canada, for example, opened its doors to international banking, joined the G-7, and presently is linked to the world's major banking centers.
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    Notes: The paper presents a model of worktrip length for rural nonmetropolitan resident women. We find that some factors important in constraining the length of urban women's commute, such as linking worktrips with household-related trips. are less relevant in a rural setting. We also find that women working in non-feminized occupations, women receiving employer-provided health benefits, and women with better transportation resources, tend to have longer worktrips.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper explores the impact of new technology adoption upon the market performance of small industrial firms. Survey data from a six-sector sample of Western New York manufacturers are presented. The results suggest a positive relationship between new technology adoption and growth of exports, value-added, and total sales. A central finding of the study is that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) confer different types of technical and commercial advantages across sectors. Two broad groups of process innovators are identified: (1) those that adopt new technology primarily to cut unit costs; and (2) those that aspire toward greater production flexibility. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the regional development implications that flow from the empirical results.
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    Notes: This paper presents results of a hierarchical, fixed-question survey that sought responses about flexible machining cells, flexible labor cells, and concurrent changes in plant operations among nonelectrical machinery manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. General results indicate that the majority of firms in the American Midwest do not possess flexible manufacturing capability. Of those that do possess this capability, most adopted flexible labor cells prior to adopting flexible machining cells. These cells are small, employing relatively few workers and producing a limited line of products. While the adoption process has been plagued with training, scheduling, and integration problems, most plant managers are pleased with the performance of their flexible manufacturing cells. Management has been reluctant to break out of traditional relationships with suppliers, to trim levels of management and to explore strategic alliances with competitors. Survey results are disaggregated by year, size, positon-in-organization, and by union affiliation.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book Review in This Article:POSTMODERN CONTENTIONS: EPOCHS, POLITICS, SPACE. Edited by John Paul Jones III, Wolfgang Natter, and Theodore Schatzki.RESTRUCTURING HEGEMONY IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL NEW-LIBERALISM IN THE 1980s. Edited by Henk Overbeek.THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES. Edited by Douglas G. Lockhart, David Drakakis-Smith, and John Schembri.DEFENSE SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Edited by James E. Payne and Anandi Sahu.URBAN FINANCE UNDER SIEGE. Edited by Thomas R. Swartz and Frank J. Bonello.STATE & RESERVATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY. Edited by George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Structure of a Modern Economy: The United States, 1929–89. by Kenneth E. Boulding.Inequality Reexamined. Amartya Sen.Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Divisions of Labor, and Inequality in High-Tech Industries. Glenna Colclough and Charles M. Tolbert II.Persistent Poverty in Rural America. Rural Sociological Society Task Force on Persistent Rural Poverty.Deep Disagreement in U.S. Agriculture: Making Sense of Policy Conflict. by Christopher Hamlin and Philip T. Shepard.Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California. William Blomquist.Trading Industries: Trading Regions. Helzi Noponen, Julie Graham and Ann Markusen, editors.Trading in a New World Order: The Impact of Telecommunications and Data Services on International Trade in Services by Bruno Lanvin, editor.Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras. Patricia A. Wilson.Latin America's Turnaround: Privatization, Foreign Investment, and Growth. Paul H. Boeker, editor.The Dynamics of Liberalization: Tanzania and the IMF by Horace Campbell and Howard Stein, editors.Keynes General Theory of Interest: A Reconsideration. Fiona C. Maclachlan.Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development. Daniel M. Otto and Thomas G. Johnson, editors.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Elinor Ostrom, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne.The Colonizer's Model OF THE World: Geographical Diffusionism AND Eurocentric History. James Blaut.The Age OF Migration: International Population Movements IN The Modern World. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller.Environmental Problems In Eastern Europe. F.W. Carter and D. Turnock, Editors.China's Economic Reform: Administering The Introduction Of The Market Mechanism. George Totten and Zhou Shulian.Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley And Route 128. AnnaLee Saxenian.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper establishes the concept of production system as an analytical framework to embrace recent industrial changes. Five dimensions of production system changes are posited. A case study of the Korean consumer electronics sector shows that the companies have experienced diverse patterns of changes, but these changes are generally related to plant location, ownership, export orientation, and company size.
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    Notes: This paper focuses on restructuring in eleven first-tier suppliers in the South Wales motor components sector and examines the influence of production politics, including plant-local labor market relations, on the implementation of flexible manufacaturing during the 1980s. Although industrial geographers have recognized the role of recruitment and training in the restructuring of the spatial division of labor they have tended to focus primarily on the role of new firms operating at “green field” sites and view this process as functional to the needs of capital. However, the argument of this paper will be that while new forms of work organization are influenced by the technical and commercial possibilities of new technology and markets, the form of work organization cannot simply be “read off” from the macro-economic level, but will be partially determined by existing spatiallyuneven social relations of production.
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    Notes: This paper presents a historical perspective of growth of the Mexican automobile industry, focusing on the changing position of Third-World producers within the global motor vehicle industry. Both the impact of Mexican government policies directed toward increasing international competitiveness and that of adjustments made by transnational corporations to changes in technology and production methods are reviewed. Finally, a demand function that relates the proportion of the industry output that is exported to relative producer prices, Mexican and U.S. income, and government policy variables is estimated. The results of that analysis are consistent with the hypotheses that Mexican automotive sector exports are significantly related to (1) relative Mexico/U.S. producer prices, (2) income in the United States, and (3) changes in Mexican government export promotion policies initiated in 1983. These specific results, coupled with the global changes taking place in the industry, lead to the conclusion that Mexico can be expected to continue on its course toward fuller integration into the world motor vehicle industry as a producer of both finished vehicles and parts. While this would be a probable scenario even in the absence of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Agreement is likely to accelerate the growth of internationally competitive automotive sector production in Mexico.
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    Notes: Existing studies of convergence across jurisdictions of a nation have focused on developed economies. A key assumption underlying regional convergence is geographical factor mobility, and in a developed economy, mobility is facilitated by low transportation costs. By the same token, convergence in a less-developed economy may be impeded by the absence of a well-developed transportation infrastructure. We examine the rate and industrial composition of economic convergence in a neighboring less-developed country (LDC), Mexico, to examine how it might have differed from the U.S. experience.We find evidence of stronger convergence in Gross State Product per capita in Mexico relative to existing estimates of U.S. convergence. Further, while manufacturing activity has been found to be a primary source of convergence in the U.S., we find weaker evidence of convergence of manufacturing activity in Mexico. On the other hand, industries such as hotels and transportation were found to be significantly influential in regional convergence in the Mexican economy.
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    Notes: Input-output models are frequently used to estimate impacts, benefits or damages from some event. These analytic models and the questions they are designed to answer are usually based on political definitions of regions. However the true impacts propagate according to the actual spatial pattern of the regional economy. Because of the divergence between the political regions used for analysis and the economic regions on the ground, the economic impacts which spill over political boundaries can sometimes become analytically important. This paper applies these concepts to a case study of allocating irrigation water from the Pecos River in Texas and New Mexico. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that New Mexico used water belonging to Texas. Our analysis suggests that the spillover benefits to Texas from New Mexico's use of the water might equal or exceed the benefits which Texas would have gotten from using the water itself. Texas might be better off because New Mexico took its water.
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    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan (the Asian newly industrialized economies [NIEs]) were the economic success stories of the 1970s and 1980s. While there are a number of competing explanations for their rapid growth, some focusing upon the process of export-led development, the Asian NIEs face a more hostile global competitive environment than heretofore acknowledged. Their competitiveness in labor-intensive and traded-goods manufactured industries has been undermined by new competitors including the ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as China. With new competitors, the rise of trading blocs, and the shrinkage of export surpluses (over imports) it is doubtful if the NIEs will be able to sustain past rates of growth over the coming years. The capacity to adjust efficiently to changing circumstances has become a vital determinate of long-term growth of the NIEs. Whatever the virtues of past state-based industrial policies, restructuring is now a very important part of the life of firms in the NIEs’labor-intensive industries. Moreover, the significance of these industries in each of the NIEs has been undercut by the growing importance of the global finance industry and its attendant political economy.
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    Papers in regional science 73 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Several investigators have developed hierarchically structured maximal covering location problems, especially for hierarchies with two levels such as clinics and hospitals: Moore and ReVelle developed and applied a hierarchical covering model to a medical service delivery problem in Houduras; and Church and Falon developed two alternate model forms of hierarchical covering that were applied to a medical services planning, problem in Colombia. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid formulation that encompasses all three of these previous models and which allows for the trade-off of up of four different objectives. This new model formulation is also an improvement in that it has a significantly more efficient and compact structure, even while encompassing a more complete location problem, of which the three previous works are special cases. Example solutions are given for two different data sels involving regions in Colombia and Uganda. In addition, two further model formulations of a closely related nature are presented without computational results.
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    Notes: Immigrants may affect natives through a number of channels. Among these many channels of influence, the production theory and public sector channels have been most frequently studies in the context of contemporary U.S. immigration. Other channels that may be important are changed local demand for final goods and services (including that generated by immigrant wealth); indirect and induced demands for factors of production, demand for fixed capital (e.g. housing) and land, technological change, scale and agglomeration economies, unemployment, labor fore participation, inflation, balance of payments, regional and national net experts, internal migration, remittances, externalities and fertility patterns. This paper discusses certain problems with the use of the production theory and public sector channels and also describes the potential importance of other channels, as indicated for other countries and/or for the U.S. during other periods of time. While these alternative channels may sometimes reinforce the two they frequently run counter to them.
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    Notes: The relationship between migration and unemployment duration is examined. Standard job predictors of spell length (replacement income, labor force experience, personal characteristics and economic conditions) are included as control variables alongside measures of migration in a Weibull hazard model. The model is estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Young adults who migrated while unemployed had longer durations of unemployment than those who did not migrate. The rate at which they found jobs was also linked to how long they had been unemployed, to being laid off, being African American, to going to college, having a mortgage and of national unemployment conditions.
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    Papers in regional science 73 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper considers frontier migration to the Ecuador Amazon as a multistage phenomenon, examining the entire migration stream from its origins in highland and coastal locales of Ecuador, to intermediate stops outside and within the Amazon, to final Amazon destinations. The approach is one where models pertaining to regional development, migration, and pioneer activity are treated as complementary to one another meshed with a qualitative knowledge of place. It is shown that frontier set element patterns reflect the composite of these models, a maturing space-economy, and the interaction of local characteristics with exogenesis circumstances representing national and international contexts.
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    Notes: Immigrants' attachments to home and their assimilation into the host society have been identified as major factors influencing international return migration. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of attachment and assimilation, with a special focus on the impact of duration of stay. Using survey data on guestworkers in West Germany in 1984 and 1989, the study finds that assimilation increases at a decreasing rate as the duration of stay is extended. The relationship between attachment and length of stay is less strong but shows a general trend of decreasing attachment levels as guestworkers prolong their stay in Germany. The resulting trends for return migration are characterized by an overall decline in the propensity to return as the duration of nationality. Overall, the results allude to the importance of distinguishing between short term and long term immigrants.
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    Notes: This study investigates the impale of climate on metropolitan elderly migration rates. Factor analyses is used to identify six factors within a set of forty climatic variables. These six factors, along with eleveit nonclimatic variables, are used to predict elderly in and outmigration rates. Metropolitan areas with muld winters and low average incomes are alterative to elderly immigrants, while those with high rents and cleat dry summers ate likely to lose older residents through outmigration. These findings are consistent with the life course model of mobility, and with the destruction between conservative and innovating migrants.
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    Papers in regional science 73 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The linkage between migration and sector characteristics is the subject of the paper. We analyze the impact of a tax rate change on a location's population and the accompanying, dynamic that occurs in the local labor market and public sector. Local labor market characteristics, tax price effects, and scale economics in consumption of a public good are found to influence the local population equilibrium.
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    Notes: Household travel behaviour entails interdependent deliberate decisions, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. Because of the complexity of the decision making process in which individuals are engaged, computational process models (CPMs) are promising means of implementing behavioral principles, which, unlike other disaggregate modeling approaches do not rely on a utility maximizing framework. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a CPM interfaced with the geographical information system Arc/Info. How to model household' travel behaviour is illustrated in a case study of a single household in which one member started telecommuting.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, an empirical model of intrametropolitan population and employment growth is developed and estimated. The empirical model is derived from equilibrium relationships that describe intrametropolitan population mid employment levels. The equilibrium relationships are related to the dynamic process of population and employment growth through the use of a lagged adjustment model. The empirical implementation of the model uses data on 365 municipalities in northern New Jersey. The use of observations that the geographically proximate necessitates that the spatial structure of the model he handled explicitly. A simultaneous system with spatial autocorrelation in the dependent variables is estimated. The results generally agree well with theory.
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    Notes: This paper reports on an attempt to use a simulated annealing algorithm to solve a discrete equilibrium network design model for planning one way streets in urban areas. There has been little research on applying network design techniques to the widely used traffic management strategy of one way streets, and there has been an interest in applying global search methods to large scale and difficult problems The paper explains how to develop an algorithm by following the general framework of simulated annealing for a discrete network in which a heuristic and a simulated annealing algorithm may be a useful addition to the arsenal of techniques for researchers and practitioners who wish to tackle discrete equilibrium network design problems.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze regional developments in unemployment and vacancies in the Netherlands during the 1980s. Our purpose is to establish to what extent the differences in unemployment and vacancy rates are due to difference in regional labor market performance. The analysis is carried out by considering labor market dynamics using the concept of the matching function. We find a constant returns to scale matching function with coefficients of 0.25 for unemployment and 0.75 for vacancies. Efficiency rises substantially during the recession in the beginning of the 1980s. Regional differences in efficiency appear to be small for most regions, suggesting that a reduction in regional unemployment should by stimulating regional labor demand.
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    Notes: A model based on a regional property rights framework is specified and lyze the behaviour of regional governments in China. It is able to explain the phenomena, often observed in China, of local protectionism, inefficient output and input mix and tendency towards macroeconomic instability. The analysis suggests that given existing economic institutions, tax instruments on their own are unlikely to be effective in controlling the general level of economic activity and/or influencing the structure of the economy.
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    Notes: This paper explores the current state of regional science. Our principal thesis is that “mainstream” regional science is in a state of crisis. There arc two major symptoms that justify the use of the term crisis: a lack of relevance and a narrowness of perspective. On the one hand, the field has not sufficiently demonstrated that it can address real world problems. On the other hand, the openness and breadth that was the original goal of regional science is mostly conspicuous by its absence. In order to stimulate a debate on the nature and evolution of regional science, we present a set of orienting principles that indicate desirable directions for the future orientation of the field.
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    Notes: This paper focuses on the idea that new telecommunication technologies are “enabling technologies” for processes of industrial and spatial restructuring. How-ever, they remain only a necessary and not a sufficient condition to generate processes of decentralization of industrial activities and local development. A vast literature on the effects of now information technologies ou industrial restructuring and regional development has been reviewed, with the aim of focusing on the linkages between new telecommunication technologies and the economic characteristics of new industrial and spatial systems. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part analyzes in depth the nature of the new technologies in order to understand their real capacity and potential to reshape industrial and spatial systems. An interpretation on the technological, organizational and economic features of adoption processes is crucial Id understand the real capabilities of these technologies. The second part is focused on an empirical investigation of the effects of these new technologies on the location of industrial activities, and, conse quently, on local development, for a sample of firms located in Italy.
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    Notes: Recent attempts to broaden the scope of spatial interaction models have focused on introducing elements of competitive market structure. These extensions advance our understanding of spatial markets, but fail to deal adequately with forms of impedance other than distance. These limitations are critical when dealing with different types of interaction. Business services, in particular, are less sensitive to distance as a source of impedance. In this paper, we introduce an approach to model the trade of business services that extends upon traditional models of spatial interaction. We propose a model of trade that defects competitive market stuctures and differentiates the traditional spatial source of impedance from an aspatial source. The model is evaluated with sales data obtained from a survey of business service firms in the Chicago metropolitan region.
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    Notes: This paper analyzes the developments in the location of business services in Finland, with special reference to the regional variation in entry and exit rates of firms. Business service industries have grown very rapidly in Finland in the same way as in other countries. The supply of business services is typically highly centralized. In Finland, concentration diminished with the acceleration I the growth of manufacturing in the less advanced regions during the 1970s. this had the effect of stimulating the market for business service firms. The different development phases faced by regions are proposed as a possible explanation for regional variations. In most cases, turbulence seemed also to be higher for newer or more innovative industries.
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    Notes: The purpose of this paper is first in provide an explicit distinction between the Henry George theorem and the capitalization hypothesis, as synthesized with the Samuelson condition in a simple setting of a region with and without fiscal transfers. Secondly, in a multi-regional setting with free migration and fiscal transfers, the arguments are explored and conditions derived for the confiscation of capitalized land value. It is clearly shown that the Henry George theorem and the capitalization hypothesis are completely different from a theoretical point of view, and that in special case the later might be interpreted as the bridge between the conditions cannot be satisfied simultaneously. The condition for full capitalization can rarely be met in reality. Hence marginal rents would not be an accurate measure of the benefits of public investments. Some confiscation is necessary not only to prevent unexpected income redistribution but also to attain the optimal population distribution through fiscal transteps. In the case of the use of fiscal transfers to achieve an optinal allocation of population, rent lends to be high in exploiled regions and low in subsidized regions, relative to the level of public goods that is provided. The redistribution of the fiscal resources gained by the confiscation is examined as well.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water marketing has been proposed as one means of reallocating water supplies in the western United States. While markets for western water currently exist and may be expected to expand, the institutional constraints within which the markets must operate will limit the ultimate size and efficiency of those markets. Lack of articulation of public interests in the water resource itself leads to incomplete definition of the private rights to use the water, and it is those private rights which are sold or leased in the market. The increase in size and efficiency of any market in water rights will be dependent on the willingness of legislatures to specifically define the nature and extent of public interests in water supplies, and detailed definition is unlikely.
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    Notes: : Diquat herbicide and rhodamine WT dye were applied in a lake to three 1.6 ha plots either with a polymer, which reportedly aids in sinking and confinement of aquatic herbicides, or without a polymer. Diquat and dye concentrations were measured at three different depths in the water column within the plots during the first three hours after application to determine vertical distribution of diquat and dye, and in composite samples at fixed distances from the plot up to 168 hours after application to determine movement out of the treated plots. Diquat and dye were homogeneous in the water column when no polymer was used, but were concentrated near the surface when polymer was used. This distribution may have resulted from temperature stratification. Polymer did not affect movement of diquat or dye out of the plots. The half-lives of diquat within the plots were 25 (SE=6.2) hr, 39 (SE=4.3) hr, and 25 (SE=2.0) hr. Forty-six percent of samples collected at the edges of the plots did not contain detectable diquat residues and only 66 percent of those samples with detectable diquat contained greater than the potable water tolerance (10 ppb). Diquat was not found in any samples 168 hours after application 61 m or farther from the edge of the plots. Dye and diquat concentrations were weakly correlated within and outside the plots. Dye half-lives were consistently higher than diquat, which suggests that the herbicide was removed from the water by plants and sediments more rapidly than dye.
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    Notes: : Water marketing is an increasing important topic for policy makers and water managers, especially in the Western United States. Indian reserved rights (or Winters rights) differ in significant ways from water rights under most state prior appropriation systems. As Winters rights are quantified, a number of issues are emerging concerning the extent to which these water rights may be marketed, particularly to off-reservation users. This paper will review the evolution of Indian reserved water rights and discuss key issues surrounding the marketing of these rights.
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    Notes: : The concentrations of dissolved fixed inorganic nitrogen (ΣN) in Bermuda ground waters can be very high due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. The high anthropogenic flux is due to domestic cesspit operation. Mass balance calculations indicate that ground water seepage, especially rich in ΣN, is a major source of nutrients into the near shore coastal zone of Bermuda. The ground water flux of ΣN is approximately 1.5 to 4 times that of the sewage flux of ΣN to Bermuda's nearshore waters. This input of ΣN may be important in the development of algal blooms in these waters. Our work, coupled with other recent investigations, suggests that the ground water input of nutrients into nearshore marine waters is an important process globally.
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    Notes: : Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.
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    Notes: : Recent stream survey data (1989–1993) from 31 stream segments of 21 streams within the upper South Umpqua Watershed Oregon were compared to 1937 stream survey data collected from these same stream segments. Current low-flow wetted stream widths of 22 of the 31 surveyed stream segments were significantly different than in 1937; 19 stream segments were significantly wider while the remaining three stream segments were significantly narrower. In only 1 of 8 tributaries to the South Umpqua River which had headwaters within land designated wilderness area did low-flow stream channel width increase since 1937. Conversely, 13 of the 14 tributaries to the South Umpqua River which originated from lands designated as timber emphasis were significantly wider than in 1937. The observed change in stream width was linearly related to timber harvest (r2= 0.44), road density (r2= 0.45), and the amount of large organic debris remaining within the active stream channel (r2= 0.43). These findings suggest that timber harvest and road construction may have resulted in changes in channel characteristics. These channel changes may also be a factor in the observed decline of three of the four populations of anadromous salmonids within the basin.
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    Notes: : To quantify the effectiveness of best management practice (BMP) implementation on runoff, sediment, and nutrient yields from a watershed, the Nomini Creek watershed and water quality monitoring project was initiated in 1985, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The changes in nonpoint source (NPS) loadings resulting from BMPs were evaluated by comparing selected parameters from data series obtained before, during, and after periods of BMP implementation. The results indicated that the watershed-averaged curve number, sediment, and nutrient (N and P) concentrations were reduced by approximately 5, 20, and 40 percent, respectively, due to BMP implementation. The nutrient yield model developed by Frere et al. (1980) was applied to the water quality parameters from 175 storms, but it failed to adequately describe the observed phenomena. Seasonal changes in nutrient availability factors were not consistent with field conditions, nor were they significantly different in the pm- and post-BMP periods. An extended period of monitoring, with intensive BMP implementation over a larger portion of the watershed, is required to identify BMP effectiveness.
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    Notes: : Simulation of ground-water flow and fate of contaminants in the subsurface environment constitutes a major phase of most environmental assessment and site remediation studies. These simulation studies yield information on spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in the subsurface media. An important use of this information is to conduct exposure assessment studies. Spatial and temporal distributions of both chemical concentrations and exposed populations render this integrated exposure analysis task rather difficult. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), on the other hand, provide a platform in which layered, spatially distributed databases can be manipulated with ease, thereby simplifying exposure analysis tasks significantly. In this paper, we describe procedures that combine the simulation models and demographic databases under a GIS platform to automate the exposure assessment phase of a typical health assessment study. Procedures developed herein significantly simplify the post-processing phase of the analysis, and render the overall task more ‘user friendly.’ A site-specific application is included as a demonstration of the proposed process.
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    Notes: : Suspended solids and ammonium concentration profiles measured at five locations in Duluth-Superior Harbor during July-October 1985 were analyzed to quantify wind and ship effects on sediment resuspension and resulting harbor water quality. Wind components from the SE quadrant correlated strongly with depth-averaged suspended solids concentrations that were unaffected by ship passage or thermal stratification. Winds from that quadrant have the largest fetch in the harbor. The highest correlation (r2= 0.93) was with the 6-hour average of the ESE wind velocity component. Multiple linear regression analysis of data from post-ship passage concentration profiles yielded numerical estimates of settling velocities of 0.08 to 0.25 cm s−1, typical of ship-resuspended sediments, and vertical eddy diffusivities of 4 to 13 cm2 s1. The results suggest that ambient vertical eddy diffusivities in the harbor are less than 4 cm2 s−1 in the absence of ship passages and with winds less than 5 m s−1 (10 knots).
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    Notes: : Design of a stormwater pump station is a complicated procedure because of the large number of parameters that are involved. Even the most basic pump station serving a small catchment requires a computationally intensive iterative evaluation. However, the design problem consists primarily of finding the combination of temporary storage and pump capacity that accommodates runoff of the selected recurrence interval for the least cost. A procedure is developed for rapidly obtaining the needed relation between storage volume and discharge for small pump stations where a constant outflow can be assumed and the inflow hydro-graph can be represented using the modified rational method with rainfall given by a widely-used intensity-duration equation. Accepting the limitations of the modified rational method and the simplifications applied to pump station operation, the procedure provides an uncomplicated way of rapidly finding the stormwater runoff volume that needs to be temporarily stored for given values of pump discharge and activation water level (or, equivalently, activation storage volume). Ultimate determination of temporary runoff storage will depend on an economic analysis of the trade-off between storage volume and pump capacity.
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    Notes: : Current conventions for reporting analytical results from environmental samples brings the objectives of laboratory scientists into conflict with those of environmental scientists. The objective of chemical analyses is to provide estimates of the true composition of samples. Reported results must reflect the analytical uncertainty. Current conventions require left-censoring of those results below the Limit of Detection. The objective of statistical interpretation of environmental data is to provide estimates of the characteristics of ecosystems. Such statistical analyses are often confounded by left-censoring of analytical results. We review the different points of view and propose a compromise which recognizes these conflicting perspectives.
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    Notes: : Most hydrologic models require input parameters which represent the variability found across an entire landscape. The estimation of such parameters is very difficult, particularly on rangeland. Improved model parameter estimation procedures are needed which incorporate the small-scale and temporal variability found on rangeland. This study investigates the use of a surface soil classification scheme to partition the spatial variability in hydrologic and interrill erosion processes in a sagebrush plant community. Four distinct microsites were found to exist within the sagebrush coppice-dune dune-interspace complex. The microsites explained the majority of variation in hydrologic and interrill erosion response found on the site and were discernable based on readily available soil and vegetation information. The variability within each microsite was quite low and was not well correlated with soil and vegetation properties. The surface soil classification scheme defined in this study can be quite useful for defining sampling procedures, for understanding hydrologic and erosion processes, and for parameterizing hydrologic models for use on sagebrush range-land.
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    Notes: : According to the 1990 National Water Quality Inventory nutrient runoff from agriculture is one of the largest contributors to watershed contamination. Nutrient balance studies suggest that many farmers use more fertilizer than necessary because of insufficient crediting for nutrients coming from manure and legumes. Using data from the USDA's 1990 Farm Costs and Returns Survey, we found that farmers raising only conventional crops spend between $470 to $624 million more per year on fertilizer than necessary. This accounts for a range of 24 percent to 32 percent of total annual nitrogen (N) purchases. The excess N amounts to between 2.5 to 3.3 billion pounds N and has considerable water pollution potential. Farmers and the fertilizer industry have responded positively to highly focused research and education programs which support improved crediting of these nutrients.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Injection of water and subsequent withdrawal were carried out in three existing water wells (SU-10, C-105, and SU-135A) in Kuwait. The objective of the study was to assess the technical feasibility of artificial recharge in the carbonate Dammam Formation and the clastic Kuwait Group aquifers. In the absence of any pretreatment of injection water and measures for maintenance of line pressure, clogging from suspended solids and air entrapment occurred in all three experiments. It was, however, possible to inject for one month in Wells SU-10 and C-105 where injection took place in the Dammam aquifer. In Well SU-135A, where the Kuwait Group aquifer was the target for injection, clogging became so severe that the injection experiment had to be abandoned. The injection/withdrawal data were analyzed with the help of a multi-aquifer flow model and a transport model. The models took into account the effects of crossflow within the boreholes on the distribution of intake and discharge rates for different aquifers, and hence, on the recovery efficiency. The experiments suggested that the artificial recharge of the Dammam and the Kuwait Group aquifers was technically feasible. The problem of clogging was, however, more severe for the Kuwait Group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper first presents a brief review of an earlier effort to estimate the benefits associated with achieving the Clean Water Act objectives. It then discusses what would be involved in doing a retrospective benefit-cost analysis of the Clean Water Act and some information on changes in several measures of water quality over the past 20 years. The paper concludes with a summary of a recent effort to estimate the realized benefits associated with the Clean Water Act and some implications for policy. (KEY TERMS: benefits; benefit-cost analysis; costs; recreation; water pollution; water quality.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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