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  • Articles  (8,353)
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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (8,353)
  • 1990-1994  (5,255)
  • 1980-1984  (3,098)
  • Economics  (7,921)
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  • Articles  (8,353)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Analysis and Management Strategy: A Survey Continued (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: I present an integrated survey of management strategy, which examines organizational design, competitive strategy, and public policy considerations. In addition, 1 offer suggestions on how economic analysis can be applied in unifying and developing management strategy as a field of study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00355.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choice of Treatment Intensities by a Nonprofit Hospital Under Prospective Pricing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Under prospective pricing, payers for health care essentially use price regulation of hospitals as a way of indirectly regulating the provision of treatment intensity. This paper presents a theory of how a nonprofit hospital selects treatment intensities for its products given the payer's choice of prices and then determines how the payer should select prices in light of this theory. The main result is that, in equilibrium, the ratio of price to marginal cost will vary across products inversely with the elasticity of demand with respect to treatment intensity. This means that, generally, the hospital will earn positive (negative) accounting profit on products with low-(high-) intensity elasticities of demand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00007.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Designing Optional No-Fault Insurance Policies for Health Care Systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Legislation to create optional no-fault insurance (ONFL) programs has recently been enacted in Florida and Virginia. ONFI programs provide compensation to patients when certain medical complications arise, provided the patient agrees not to sue the doctor for additional damages. The optimal design of ONFI programs is explored in this paper, focusing on the incentive effects of ONFI programs. The question of whether ONFI programs should be funded entirely by participating doctors, or whether social subsidies are optimal, is examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00113.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rendering Alternative Offerings Less Profitable with Resale Price Maintenance (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: When it was legal, resale price maintenance (RPM) was commonly observed on items such as aspirin, pens, pencils, toothpaste, soap, shaving cream, and milk. In providing a theory that is based on compensating retailers for their opportunity cost of shelf space, and that does not hinge on the existence of externalities in nonprice competition, this article explains why a manufacturer might impose RPM on these and many other products. By contrast, the use of RPM on food, grocery, and drug store items is not easily explained by standard theories such as free riding on presale services and quality certification by high-priced retailers.〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉The typical supermarket has room for fewer than 25,000 products. Yet there are some 100,000 available, and between 10,000 and 25,000 items aye introduced each year./〉
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00639.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competitive Advantage and Internal Organization: Nucor Revisited (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Why does the cost of organizing particular activities differ across competitors? This article explores in detail the organization of Nucor, a steel minimill that has sustained a significant cost advantage over its competitors. Nucor's past success highlights the complementarities among organizational policies and competitive advantage as well as barriers to the imitation of apparently superior organizational arrangements. The case study also suggests avenues for additional empirical and theoretical research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00685.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Costs, Institutional Mobility Barriers, and Market Structure: Advertising Agencies as Multiproduct Firms (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What accounts for the diversity and limited concentration that has long characterized the organization of the advertising agency industry? This question is addressed by treating an advertising agency as a multiproduct firm. The firm's product line or service mix is defined in terms of the set of different media categories where an agency places the advertising messages that it creates on behalf of its clients. Evidence is presented indicating that the structure of demand and costs in the advertising agency industry conforms to the conditions that MacDonald and Slivinski showed were required for an industry to sustain an equilibrium with diversified firms.Building on this framework, we formulate a set of three hypotheses relating to the realization of product-specific scale and scope economies. The first two hypotheses posit that given low fixed costs and minimal entry barriers, both media-specific scale and scope economies are available and can be exploited by relatively small-size agencies. The third hypothesis suggests that large agencies may experience diseconomies of scope as a consequence of excessive diversification induced by two pervasive industry institutional phenomena: (1) “bundling” of agency services to match client demand for a mix of media advertising, and (2) “conflict policy,” which prohibits an agency from serving competing accounts and operates as a mobility constraint.Utilizing a multiproduct cost function, we estimate media-specific scale and scope economies for a cross section of 401 U.S. agencies in 1987. The results obtained support the set of three hypotheses outlined above. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the restructuring currently underway in this industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00437.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Racing To Invest? The Dynamics of Competition in Ethical Drug Discovery (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Recent advances in the theoretical literature have greatly expanded our understanding of the forces that shape the competitive dynamics of research and development, but a paucity of sufficiently detailed empirical data has left these insights relatively untested. We draw on unusually detailed qualitative and quantitative infernal data provided at the research program level by 10 major pharmaceutical firms to explore the usefulness of the modern literature as a source of insight into the dynamics of competition in ethical drug discovery.Our analysis focuses on one particularly compelling aspect of the literature: the suggestion that in “winner take all situations,” competition in R&D becomes a Prisoner's Dilemma, leading to overinvestment in research. Without adequate measures of the social return to innovation, we can say nothing about whether there is “too much” or “too little” research undertaken by the industry, but our results do not support the suggestion that R&D investment in drug discovery is driven by the “tit-for-tat” or simple reaction function models hinted at by the institutional literature. First, R&D investment is only weakly correlated across firms once common responses to exogenous shocks are accounted far, and second, rivals' R&D results are positively correlated with own research productivity, which we interpret as evidence for extensive R&D spillovers rather than the depletion externality implied by “winner take all” models.These results are not, of themselves, sufficient to reject the hypothesis that investment behavior in the industry is driven by strategic considerations since there is theoretical support for a wide variety of observable behavior as equilibrium outcomes of strategic interaction. Nonetheless, they suggest that the more extreme forms of rent dissipation identified in the literature are probably poor characterizations of the reality of competition in pharmaceuticals. Our results point both to the need to develop theories that incorporate richer models of possible payoff structures, adjustment costs, and firm heterogeneity and to the need to collect empirical data that is comprehensive enough to enable one to test them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00481.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contracts and Specific Investment: An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Theory (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Empirical work has failed to keep pace with recent advances in transaction cost theory and the theory of contract. The first econometric analysis of its kind is reported by using a new data set of small subcuntractors making specific inputs for customers in the engineering industry. The use of formal contracts is found to be strongly associated with specific investment and other variables measuring technological complexity and vulnerability to potential opportunism by customers. Furthermore, despite typically long-term relationships, over half of subcontractors avoid making efficient, specific investments. Overall, we find strong support for the transaction cost theory of contracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00257.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Acquisition of Restructured Firms: An Illustration of Market Discipline? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) compensation and acquisition activity subsequent to corporate restructurings in a sample of 152 firms created by a voluntary corporate spin-off. We also investigate the linkage between these relationships and the stock market reaction to the initial restructuring announcements. Surprisingly, CEO wealth in the form of stock and options is strongly related to friendly and hostile acquisition activity, respectively. Moreover, the stock market appears to anticipate this subsequent acquisition activity. These results ask us to rethink our understanding of the motivational properties of equity ownership and the stock market's reaction to voluntary corporate spin-off announcements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00585.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reputation, Product Quality, and Warranties (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the firm's choice between implicit and explicit contracts as alternative methods of assuring product quality. The relationship between these two contractual forms is studied using a dynamic model with imperfect monitoring and team moral hazard where both the firm and the consumer take unobservable actions that affect product performance. The firm chooses the contractual arrangement that maximizes expected profit. Identified are conditions on the primitive attributes of the transactions and on the firm's environment that can help explain why firms might decide to use explicit contracting, implicit contracting, or a combination of the two. I also show that there are conditions under which the introduction of reputation causes explicit contracts to be more uniform and less sensitive to the details of the transaction than implied by static models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00605.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollution Regulation and Incentives for Pollution-Control Research (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We study the firm's incentives to engage in research for pollution-control technologies and to adopt new technologies that if discovers or that are discovered by other firms. Licensing of discoveries is assumed possible. We also study the regulator's problem in designing optimal environmental regulations that both control pollution and provide incentives for research. Technology adoption standards are part of the optimal regulation. Another finding is that making the adoption standard stricter reduces research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00663.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Random Advertising and Monopolistic Price Dispersion (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We investigate the role of price advertising in a market where consumers are imperfectly informed about prices. We consider a monopolist whose demand depends on price and advertising expenditure. This demand function is derived from optimizing behavior of consumers. Uninformed consumers may pay a cost to visit the seller and obtain price information. Advertising enables the monopolist to increase the number of informed consumers. In equilibrium the uninformed consumers form rational price expectations, and the seller necessarily adopts a random pricing and advertising strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00545.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    When Is Advertising a Signal of Product Quality? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A model of advertising is presented in which consumption experience is an imperfect indicator of product quality. In equilibrium, neither price nor advertising signal the quality of newly introduced goods. Advertising of established products can be a signal of quality, but if it is, it must be an imperfect signal leaving residual uncertainty that influences consumers’ repurchase decision. A set of observable implications follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00561.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does Competition Make Firms More Flexible? A Study of Limited Managerial Cognition (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A model of procedural decision making in firms is combined with an oligopoly model to study the effect of limited managerial cognition on firm flexibility. It is argued that a firm may vary its flexibility, and, hence, that there exists a trade-off between decision-making costs and costs due to imperfect adjustment to the environment. The main conclusions are the following: (1) The level of flexibility chosen by firms tends to be too low, from a social welfare point of view. (2) Entry reduces firm flexibility. Aggregated flexibility in the market may, however, increase in which case consumers are unambiguously better off. (3) Integration of isolated markets increases firm flexibility and consumer welfare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00279.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction: The Industrial Organization of Health Care (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00001.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Payer Competition and Cost Shifting in Health Care (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies a model in which two payers contract with one hospital. True costs per patient are not a possible basis for payment, and contracts can only be written on the basis of allocated cost. Payers choose a contract that is fully prospective or fully based on cost allocation, or a payment scheme that would give some weight to each of these two. We characterize the payers'equilibrium contracts arid show how in equilibrium hospital input decisions are distorted by the payers’ incentives to engage in cost shifting. Two cost-shifting incentives work in opposite directions, and equilibrium can be characterized by too little or too much care relative to the socially efficient level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00071.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Health Care Payment Systems: Cost and Quality Incentives (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper compares the cost and quality incentive effects of cost reimbursement and prospective payment systems in the health industry. When a provider cannot refuse patients who require high treatment costs or discriminate patients by qualities, optimally designed prospective payments can implement the efficient quality and cost reduction efforts, but cost reimbursement cannot induce any cost incentive. When the provider can refuse expensive patients, implementation of the first best requires a piecewise linear reimbursement rule that can be interpreted as a mixture of pure prospective payment and pure cost reimbursement, Under appropriate conditions, prospective payment can implement the first best even when the provider can use qualities to discriminate patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00093.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Consequences of Appointment Methods and Party Control for Telecommunications Pricing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: While the economic approach to the politics of regulation emphasizes the importance of organized economic interests in shaping policies, political institutions in which regulatory agencies are embedded may also have significant effects. By including both economic influences and characteristics of political institutions in a model of price setting by state regulators, this paper demonstrates that both shape regulatory behavior in the telecommunications industry. Whether commissioners are elected or appointed, whether they face confirmation by a legislature, and whether a single party controls both executive and legislative branches of state governments influence the level of prices charged for basic services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00301.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensation Schemes and Labor Market Competition: Piece Rate versus Wage Rate (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We investigate the choice of compensation scheme by firms. Our basic model shows that the unique equilibrium choice for profit maximizing duopsonists in a labor market is for one firm to offer a wage rate and for the other to offer a piece rate. This result arises because the firms recognize that, by offering different compensation schemes, they induce self-selection among workers, which thereby decreases the intensity of competition in the labor market. We find this asymmetry to be robust to allowing for firing, free entry, and a class of more general compensation schemes. When we broaden our model to permit firms to be differentiated in the eyes of workers (either geographically or by “other working conditions,” e.g.), we find that our results are preserved when differentiation is low, but that both firms choose to offer a piece rate when differentiation is high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00325.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excessive Investment in Hospital Capacities (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the present study I identify an inherent characteristic of health care markets that may lead to excessive investment by hospitals even when compensated according to a prospective reimbursement rule. It is demonstrated that the stochastic nature of the demand for medical services combined with the lumpiness of investment decisions may give rise to excessive investment when multiple hospitals select independently their levels of capacities. The source for the excessive incentives to invest is the difficulty of one hospital to internalize properly the externality generated by its investment decisions. Such an externality arises because when one hospital expands its capacity, it is more likely to be able to serve not only patients residing in its region but patients residing in neighboring regions as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00053.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent Theory and Evidence on Competition in Hospital Markets (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00169.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Issues in the Industrial Organization of the Market for Physician Services (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What is the nature of the industrial organization of the market for physician services? Is the market “competitive?” Are there pareto-relevant market failures, such that there is room for welfare-improving policies? Economists have devoted a great deal of attention to this market, but it remains relatively poorly understood. The key features of this market are that the product being sold is a professional service, and the pervasive presence of insurance for consumers. A professional service is inherently heterogeneous, nonretradable, and subject to an asymmetry of information between buyers and sellers. These characteristics are what bestow market power on sellers, further strengthened by the fact that consumers face only a small fraction of the price of any service due to insurance. This paper considers the implications of these characteristics for agency relationships between patients and physicians, and insurers (both private and public) and physicians. Agency relationships within physician firms are also considered. Both theoretical and empirical modeling of contracting between insurers and physicians and of the joint agency problems between patient and physician and insurer and physician are recommended as areas for future research. Because failures in this market are seen to derive largely from the structure of information, the potential gains from government intervention may be sharply circumscribed. Nonetheless, careful consideration of the competitive implications of contracting between physicians, insurers, and other health care providers is an important area for antitrust policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00211.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Review of Milgrom and Roberts'sEconomics, Organization and Management (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed in this article: Economics, Organization and Management, by Paul Milgrom and John Roberts
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00407.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Firm Growth and Survival: Does Ownership Structure Matter? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The publication of the passive learning model of Jovanovic and subsequently the active exploration model of Ericson and Pakes led to a resurgence in research on firm growth and survival. Empirical work measuring the relationship of growth and survival relative to size and age uncovered a number of strong regularities, consistent with the new theoretical models and also with a rather broad class of models of which the above represent special cases. But recent theoretical work has shown that when the learning models are applied to the special case of the labor managed firm, most of the sharp empirical predictions derived for profit maximization are rendered indeterminate. Given the impact of ownership structure on the theoretical results of the learning models, we use a dataset of French producer cooperatives to determine whether firms of different ownership structures actually have substantially different growth and survival patterns. We find that French cooperatives survive and grow in very much the same way as has been found for U.S. firms, suggesting that the empirical regularities previously uncovered hold for a much broader class of firms. We are left to conclude that the underlying empirical growth and survival relationships continue to hold for firms with sharply differing ownership structures, and the theoretical models are attempting to explain these broad-based relationships by means of overly specific modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00521.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local Hospital Competition in Large Metropolitan Areas (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses origin-destination data to define geographic local hospital markets in large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Results support past findings of service rather than price competition, with negative-cost Herfandahl-Hirschman indexes relationships at the market level (and sub-MSA level) and with profit margins negatively related to hospital market competition. The effects of total (direct plus indirect) market competition are unchanged between 1983 and 1988, precisely estimated, robust to estimation techniques, and unaffected by whether the number of direct competitors is included as an explanatory variable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00143.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTER-COUNTRY AND INTERREGIONAL COMPARISONS OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Review of Smeeding, T., O'Higgins, M., and Rainwater, L. (Ed.), Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative PerspectiveBorooah, V. K., McGregor, P. P. L., and McKee, P. M., Regional Income Inequality und Poverty in the United Kingdom
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    EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN GREAT BRITAIN 1975–90: THE ROLE OF AGE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the growing earnings dispersion among British men. The study is based on unit record data drawn from the New Earnings Survey. It is found that increases in inequality within age groups account for most of the rise in earnings inequality overall. Occupation too is a significant explanation of growing inequality among workers, but the major part of increased inequality within age groups remains unexplained.
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    ESTIMATES OF THE AGGREGATE QUARTERLY CAPITAL STOCK FOR THE POST-WAR U.S. ECONOMY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We construct quarterly aggregate gross and net capital stock series for the post-war U.S. economy using annual capital stock, capital depreciation, and capital discard figures along with quarterly investment series. We construct nominal and real measures of all three categories in the aggregate capital stock: consumer durable goods, producer durable goods, and business structures. In constructing the nominal series we take into account the changes in capital goods' prices. The series are constructed using four different methods. Using time- and frequency-domain techniques, we compare the constructed series and characterize their short-run, business cycle, and long-run cyclical properties. We find that the constructed series exhibit very different cyclical and shock persistence dynamics. Practial implications are discussed.
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    AN HISTORICAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX FOR THE NETHERLANDS (1938) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article presents an historical Social Accounting Matrix (1938) for the Netherlands, including related, non-monetary tables on demographic characteristics, employment, etc.
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    ZAKAT AND INEQUALITY: SOME EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Zakat is an important form of religiously-mandated charity under Islam. This paper examines its impact on income inequality in Pakistan. Data from 1987–88 are used to construct two income distributions-one that would have obtained if zakat had not been given, and one that did obtain when such giving took place. Atkinson-Kolm-Sen relative indices of income inequality are computed which show that zakat does reduce measured income inequality in Pakistan. Both intra-province and inter-province components of over-all inequality decline, though the amount of change is small.〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉So give to the kinsman his due, and to the needy, and to the wayfarer. That b best for those who seek Allah's countenance.The Koran
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    GROWTH AND WELL-BEING: INTRODUCING DISTRIBUTION-WEIGHTED GROWTH RATES TO REEVALUATE U.S. POST-WAR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to improve on the income growth rate as an indicator of changes in well-being, four composite indices of growth and income distribution are introduced and compared. When applied to the United
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    AN ALTERNATIVE TO DOUBLE DEFLATION FOR MEASURING REAL INDUSTRY VALUE-ADDED (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article proposes a new method to compute the real value-added of industries which would substitute for the traditional double deflation method. The new method consists of deflating industries' direct and indirect contributions to final demand deliveries (their value-added by commodity) by the respective final demand commodity prices. The article shows that the new industry real value-added measures have better statistical and analytical properties than those obtained by the double deflation method.
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    TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES, 1962–83 AND 1983–89 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using the 1983 and 1989 Surveys of Consumer Finances, I find evidence of sharply increasing house-hold wealth inequality over this period. Whereas mean wealth increased by 23 percent in real terms, median wealth grew by only 8 percent. The share of the top one-half percentile rose by five percentage points, while the wealth of the bottom two quintiles showed an absolute decline. The Gini coefficient increased from 0.80 to 0.84. Almost all the growth in real wealth accrued to the top 20 percent of wealthholders. In contrast, the degree of wealth inequality was almost identical in 1983 as in 1962, and real wealth growth was more evenly distributed across the wealth distribution. There is also evidence that the sharp increase in wealth inequality from 1983 to 1989 was due to a correspondingly sharp rise in income inequality, the increase of stock prices relative to housing prices, and relatively slow inflation.
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    UK Household Cost-of-Living Indices, 1979–92 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1994.tb00208.x
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    POVERTY IN PRE-REFORM UZBEKISTAN: WHAT DO OFFICIAL DATA REALLY REVEAL? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using 1989 household survey data, we investigate large differences in poverty measured with a conventional all-Union per capita income line between Uzbekistan, the largest Central Asian republic of the former U.S.S.R., and Ukraine as an example of a European republic. We show that (i) differences between the two countries in the distribution of household size is not the main explanation, (ii) undervaluation of agricultural income in kind understates the welfare of rural households, something of particular importance in Uzbekistan, and (iii) indicators of food consumption provide important additional information. Lessons are drawn for the measurement of poverty in post-Union Uzbekistan.
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    THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Review of Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.), The Accounts of Nations
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    SIMULTANEOUS USES OF TIME IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A household production function is developed which allows for persons to be engaged in more than one activity at a point in time. Labour inputs are scaled back when two activities are being undertaken. Data from the 1987 Australian Time Use Survey is used to estimate equations explaining input hours into home production by adult members of the household. One implication of the empirical results is that when two activities are being undertaken simultaneously input hours on the activity coded as “primary” and the input hours on the activity coded as “secondary” should each have a weight of one-half.
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    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Announcements (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1994.tb00063.x
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    EASTERN PROBLEMS AND WESTERN SOLUTIONS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of O. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch, P. Krugman, R. Layard and L. Summers, Reform in Eastern EuropeG. Sinn and H.-W. Sinn, Jumpstart: The Economic UniJication of GermanyJ. M. Kovács and M. Tardos (Ed.), Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe: Soviet-type Economics on the Threshold of ChangeR. Layard, 0. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch and P. Krugman, East-West Migration: The Alternatives
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    IMPUTED RENT AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses unit record survey data to implement a 1977 United Nations recommendation that imputed rent from owner-occupied housing be included in household income in statistics collected for income distribution purposes. The conceptual difficulties associated with employing the recommended National Accounts approach are highlighted by a comparison of the methodologies used to impute housing income for National Accounts purposes, for use in income distribution analyses and for income taxation purposes. The empirical difficulties associated with implementing the preferred approach are also discussed. The results reinforce the significant impact owner-occupation has on the well-being of many households and point to the importance of a disaggregate analysis of its distributional impact.
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    Announcements (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    HOW DID THE WEALTHIEST AUSTRALIANS GET SO RICH? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two hundred sixty-three of the largest Australian fortunes are classified by date and industry of origination. More began in property development, sheep ranching and clothing manufacturing than in other industries. First generation immigrants own more than twice the number of fortunes as would be expected on the basis of their proportion of the population. A panel of experts judged that three-quarters of the fortunes originated in competitive industries. One explanation for large fortunes accumulating in competitive industries is extraordinary returns to disequilibrium (innovation and product differentiation). Other explanations include the assumption of risk and the return to scarce entrepreneurial and managerial skills. Progress in communication and transport technology have made it possible to leverage modest Ricardian rents into large profits via chain operations.
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    GROWTH, INEQUALITY, AND POVERTY: A CAUTIONARY NOTE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Economic growth had less impact on poverty rates in the 1980s than in the 1960s. Could this be explained by Locke Anderson's observation that the higher median income, the greater the amount of growth needed to achieve a percentage point fall in the poverty rate? No, higher poverty rates are due instead to the rise in income inequality. With higher inequality, however, trickle down could be as effective in the 1990s as it was in the late 1960s. More generally, assessments of anti-poverty policy must recognize that inequality is as vital to changes in the poverty rate as growth in mean income.
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    ARE EQUIVALENCE SCALES THE SAME FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This research uses microdata from the 1986 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey and from the 1986–88 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate equivalence scales using a methodology which is very similar to that employed by Statistics Canada for the estimation of Low-Income Cutoffs. Employing identical sample selection criteria and identically specified models, we find that equivalence scales for the two countries are not, in general, statistically different when estimated in the same way. The larger issue is then whether the two countries should choose the same methodology for the estimation of equivalence scales.
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    THE DEGREE AND PATTERN OF INCOME IMMOBILITY IN SWEDEN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies immobility in the distribution of income using Swedish data. Tax data shows immobility in personal income to be a decreasing function of the length of the period over which it is studied and an increasing function of initial age. The results show immobility to be larger among males than among females. Based on a household income survey it is found that when the time period expands from one to two years, the Gini-coefficient of equivalent income per person decreases by five percent. A sample of males indicates that income immobility between generations in Sweden is low.
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    USE AND MISUSE OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FROM A MODELING PERSPECTIVE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: National accounts aggregates are not only abused as welfare indicators, there is also a considerable misuse in economic analysis and in modeling. Characteristics of national accounts-such as consistency, homogeneity and comprehensiveness-may turn into major disadvantages in the case of improper use. The main sources of misuse are the confusion of concepts, inadequate statistical units, the role of aggregation and what might be called “modeling on the basis of the results of modeling.” A plea is made for different data sets for different analytical purposes, for separate treatment of descriptive data, analytical data and modeling results, correct labeling and for a more open information strategy.
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    Financing Higher Education: Public Choice and Social Welfare (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Carbon Taxes, Consumer Demand and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Simulation Analysis for the UK (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Water Regulation: The Periodic Review — A Response (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    AN EXPENDITURE-BASED BILATERAL COMPARISON OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BETWEEN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a detailed bilateral comparison of GDP between China and the U.S. with 1986 as a reference date, using the purchasing power parity (PPP) approach formulated by the United Nations International Comparison Program (ICP). An estimate of PPP over GDP made for Chinese currency in this study was used t o estimate China's dollar per capita GDP in 1986 and 1991. The specific issues in the comparisons of the housing and the comparison-resistant services categories were discussed and an approach similar to the estimation of shadow rent was exercised. The possible errors in the bilateral comparison were analyzed.
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    SERVICE PRODUCTION IN HISTORICAL NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Constant price calculation of service production is a problematic issue in contemporary national accounts, and it is far more so in historical series. The indicator method has been suggested as one way of coming to terms with volume calculations. This method is scrutinized, and it is claimed that it does not represent the solution for historical matters. Instead, various techniques have to be used for various parts of the total. The methods of deflating service production in five countries' historical national accounts as well as the consequences of using different methods are compared. Most often, existing series are not compatible with those for goods production, which of course has repercussions on attempts to study e.g. productivity. It is concluded that much work has to be done to improve the methodology and to arrive at a common international framework for historical national accounts.
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    THE DISSAVING OF ANNUITY WEALTH AND MARKETABLE WEALTH IN RETIREMENT (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper compares the automatic dissaving of annuity wealth with the discretionary dissaving of marketable wealth that would result from life-cycle consumption behavior by retired persons. In simulations of a life-cycle model based on the isoelastic utility function and realistic parameter values, we find that marketable wealth normally would be dissaved more rapidly than annuity wealth. This suggests that empirical findings that show the opposite relation-slow dissaving of marketable wealth being accompanied by faster dissaving of annuity wealth (or total wealth)-should not be interpreted as evidence that supports the life-cycle theory.
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    EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (SNA) IN ROMANIA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Among the priorities of the Romanian strategy in the statistics field, the introduction of the National Accounts System is known as an important instrument for the experience of Romanian specialists in calculating some aggregated indicators of the National Accounts System since 1975 created the conditions to elaborate the national accounts.The 1990 Romanian Yearbook contains for the first time figures concerning Gross Domestic Product between 1980 and 1989, detailed by branches, incomes and expenses and also by aggregated input-output figures. By taking advantage of the technical assistance and support of French specialists in the National Accounts field, Romania made the first steps in elaborating the National Accounts System.Thus, methodological studies about the institutional sectors in the Romanian economy, the description of the operations in accounts adapted to our particularities, and specific aspects in the elaboration of input-output tables are now underway. The recorded progress, as well as the programs for the coming years and the technical assistance granted by EEC and by other countries assure us that by assiduous efforts we shall be able to build a statistics system which will satisfy the domestic requirements, concepts and methods used at the international level.MOTTO: “Transition to the market economy may be imagined as a vehicle which requires a powerful engine for functioning. For statistics this means the national accounts.”
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    Legislation for Business: Is It Fit for Public Consumption? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Water Regulation: The Periodic Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Equivalence Scales and Public Policy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    Child Support, Income Support and Lone Mothers (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    For Richer, For Poorer: The Changing Distribution of Income in the UK, 1961–91 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    Paying for Public Spending: Is There a Role for Earmarked Taxes? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Deregulation of Conveyancing Markets in England and Wales (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 15 (1994), S. 0 
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    Financial Constraints and Company Investment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Regressivity of a Value Added Tax: Tax Credit Method and Subtraction Method — A Japanese Case (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Errata (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Tax Reform and Economic Transition in the Czech Republic (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    A RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MODULE SUPPLEMENTING THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a national accounting framework that is tailored to a description of the role of Research and Development (R&D) in the national economy. The main differences from the standard national accounts are some changes in basic concepts and the introduction of additional, more detailed, classifications. The framework facilitates drawing macro-economic conclusions from all kinds of data on R&D. Figures presented in this way can serve as a data base for modelling the role of R&D in the national economy.
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    CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright, Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income
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    INCOME AND THE HAMILTONIAN1 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Among the many interpretations of real national income are (i) the return to national wealth and (ii) the Hamiltonian of an appropriately-chosen dynamic model of the economy. These interpretations are sometimes alleged to be equivalent and to constitute the self-evidently ideal definition to which statistics of real national income should conform as closely as possible., The allegation is correct on some very restrictive assumptions about technology and taste. Otherwise, these interpretations are inconsistent, inexpedient as definitions of real national income and significantly at variance with the usage in the national accounts. The return to wealth is unmeasurable with the currently-available data. The Hamiltonian is typically in the wrong units. It is an accurate reflection of neither productive capacity nor welfare in an intertemporal context. It is not well-defined in a tax-distorted economy. It is rarely an indicator of the return to wealth.〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉A personn's income is “the maximum value he can consume during a week and still be as well off at the end of the week as he was at the beginning”J. R. Hicks2〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉“…the rigorous search for a meaningful income concept leads to a rejection of all current income concepts and ends up with something closer to a “wealth-like magnitude,” such as the present discounted value of future consumption. …a standard welfare interpretation of NNP is that it is the largest permanently maintainable value of consumption. …What we have been calling net national product is just the Hamiltonian for a general optimization problem.”Martin L. weitman3
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    GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, CANADA, 1870–1926: A NOTE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    IS POVERTY INCREASING IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We assess the developing world's progress in reducing poverty during the late 1980s using new data on the distribution of household consumption or income per person for 44 countries. Local currencies are adjusted to purchasing power parity. To assess robustness, restricted dominance tests are applied to the poverty comparisons. An overall decrease in poverty incidence is indicated over a wide range of poverty lines and measures. However the change is small, and numbers of poor increased at roughly the rate of population growth. The experience was diverse across regions and countries; poverty fell in South and East Asia, while it rose in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.
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    MEASURING INEQUALITY WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 40 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to explore a number of measures of inequality within households. We focus primarily on two types of inequality, first, inequality in money incomes, second, inequality in control over household resources. Control is measured in two ways: first, as control over the management of household finances and, second, as influence over household decision-making. We discuss arguments for and against each of the measures of inequality, and compare the measures against one another in terms of the level of inequality each measure finds. The paper does not attempt to explain inequality; instead, its aim is to discuss the question “What is it that we wish to explain?”〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉 Perhaps less important, but also revealing, within the 21–34 age group, 90 percent of the males and 80 percent of the females felt that the other partner had more closet space. (“Poll suggests young marriages in big trouble.” The Ottawa Citizen, August 19, 1990.)
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    RELATIVE EARNINGS REDUX: YOUTH MOBILITY IN THE 1980s (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A complete view of inequality should encompass not only measures of distance between hierarchical ranks, but also measures of the extent of individual movement across ranks (mobility). Evidence from the NLSY indicates that relative earnings mobility was pervasive among young workers in the 1980s; possibly even higher than in the 1960s. Gender and race differences are apparent, however.
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    Tax Reform in the UK and Changes in the Progressivity of the Tax System, 1985–95 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    What Has Happened to Men's Wages since the Mid-1960s? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Taxation and Savings: A Survey (1994)
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    Retirement Behaviour in Britain (1994)
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    Dwarfs and Giants in the 1980s: Trends in the UK Income Distribution (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Current Cost Accounting: Its Role in Regulated Utilities (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Achieving the Rio Target: CO2 Abatement through Fiscal Policy in the UK (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Monetary Policy in the UK (1994)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This is the text of the IFS Annual Lecture 1994 delivered at the Chartered Accountants’ Hall, London on 1 June 1994.
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    Household Energy Efficiency in the UK (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Venture Capital (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Making the Most of Council Housing (1994)
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    The November 1993 Budget: Quo Vadis? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    A Composite Index for Statistical Inference for Ranking Metropolitan Areas (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The construction of a composite index is described to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for educational attainment. The suggested methodology departs from traditional rank sum methods in that this approach utilizes data resulting in a continuous scale, whereas in the rank sum method, no use is made of the actual values of the data, but merely their rankings. The proposed index circumvents several practical problems because the numbers generated are metric measures allowing the use of arithmetic and statistical operations. Data used are pupil/teacher ratio, an effort index, and academic options in higher education. Comparisons are made across areas by population size and by geographic region.
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    An Evaluation of State Budget Stabilization Funds Among Midwestern States (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, this paper examines the state budget stabilization funds of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Unlike previous research, this paper examines the movement of the fund balances over time (between 1983 and 1991), to see how the fund balances move in relation to a number of indicators of state fiscal health. The results of this research show that the use of these funds varies significantly among the states as does the level of funding and therefore the ability of the funds to serve as an effective tool for counter-cyclical state fiscal policy.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Agriculture, Environment, and Health: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century. Vernon W. Ruttan, Editor.Managing Water as an Economic Resource. James Winpenny.Trials of Transition: Economic Reform in the Former Communist Bloc. Michael Keren and Gur Ofer, Editors.Tower Block: Modern Public Houslng in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius.Capital and Communities in Black and White: The Intersections of Race, Class, and Uneven Development. Gregory S.Restructuring for Innovation: The Remaking of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. David P. Angel.Technopolis: High-Technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California. Allen J. Scott.
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    State Employment Growth: The Impact of Taxes and Economic Development Agency Spending (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The results of this study confirm the expected positive relationship between economic development agency spending and employment growth among the states. Furthermore, it is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the negative impact of personal taxes on employment growth.
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    Industrial Innovation among Small and Medium-Sized Firms in a Declining Region (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the impact of new technology adoption upon the market performance of small industrial firms. Survey data from a six-sector sample of Western New York manufacturers are presented. The results suggest a positive relationship between new technology adoption and growth of exports, value-added, and total sales. A central finding of the study is that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) confer different types of technical and commercial advantages across sectors. Two broad groups of process innovators are identified: (1) those that adopt new technology primarily to cut unit costs; and (2) those that aspire toward greater production flexibility. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the regional development implications that flow from the empirical results.
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    A Survey of Group Technology Adoption in the American Midwest (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents results of a hierarchical, fixed-question survey that sought responses about flexible machining cells, flexible labor cells, and concurrent changes in plant operations among nonelectrical machinery manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. General results indicate that the majority of firms in the American Midwest do not possess flexible manufacturing capability. Of those that do possess this capability, most adopted flexible labor cells prior to adopting flexible machining cells. These cells are small, employing relatively few workers and producing a limited line of products. While the adoption process has been plagued with training, scheduling, and integration problems, most plant managers are pleased with the performance of their flexible manufacturing cells. Management has been reluctant to break out of traditional relationships with suppliers, to trim levels of management and to explore strategic alliances with competitors. Survey results are disaggregated by year, size, positon-in-organization, and by union affiliation.
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    Book Review (1994)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:POSTMODERN CONTENTIONS: EPOCHS, POLITICS, SPACE. Edited by John Paul Jones III, Wolfgang Natter, and Theodore Schatzki.RESTRUCTURING HEGEMONY IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL NEW-LIBERALISM IN THE 1980s. Edited by Henk Overbeek.THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES. Edited by Douglas G. Lockhart, David Drakakis-Smith, and John Schembri.DEFENSE SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Edited by James E. Payne and Anandi Sahu.URBAN FINANCE UNDER SIEGE. Edited by Thomas R. Swartz and Frank J. Bonello.STATE & RESERVATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY. Edited by George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee.
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    Nonemployment Income and the Economic Base of Michigan Counties: 1959–1986 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00142.x
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  • 93
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    Announcement (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00974.x
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  • 94
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    Canada and the International System of Bank Headquarters Cities, 1968–1989 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines spatial-temporal trends in the international system of corporate banking centers. It is evident that the largest corporations locate their headquarters in a formal national decision-making hierarchy and that national and regional nodes within this hierarchy house the headquarters of major banks. Initially these banks link clients internally. However, as domestic corporations evolve into transnationals, banks follow their customers overseas and establish foreign headquarters. The results of the study indicate that, until 1975, American banking corporations and their financial centers dominated global banking. Since then other countries, most notably Japan and Germany, have successfully challenged this hegemony, while others like the United Kingdom and Canada have been in relative decline. The 1980s witnessed a new era of international coordination of the world's largest industrial countries. Canada, for example, opened its doors to international banking, joined the G-7, and presently is linked to the world's major banking centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1994.tb00141.x
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Privatisation and industrial relations in British shipbuilding (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The causes of the 1993 strike by 1300 workers at Yarrow Shipbuilders are examined. A managerial offensive, which included a restructuring of the labour process, was instigated by the Thatcher government's privatisation of the shipbuilding industry. Drawing on shop stewards' committee minute books, particular emphasis is given to the trade union response to management's confrontationalist approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00713.x
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Education, training and the economy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Report* on an international conference on “Human Capital Investments and Economic Performance”, Santa Barbara, California, November 1993
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00708.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New management practices in a multinational corporation: the restructuring of worker representation and rights? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article addresses the strategy of a multinational corporation's approach to implement new management practices within its European operating units. It explores how certain elements of an industrial relations system can facilitate the development of these practices. It argues that a foundation for labour may be being constructed which can condition eventual outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00696.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labour relations in transition in Eastern Europe (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article discusses the emerging models of labour relations in Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Poland. It focuses on the institutions of trade unions, tripartism, collective bargaining and participation and considers the degrees of similarity and difference between the countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00694.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance related pay: contrasting approaches (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article the author assesses the variations in the way in which organisations design, implement and operate individual performance related pay systems. Drawing upon the findings from two case studies, he highlights the importance of historical and other contextual factors in explaining these variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00697.x
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  • 100
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    Conflict, militancy and crisis in Italian industrial relations: a response to Terry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Terry's explanation of the role of the law in the flexibility of Italian industrial relations is disputed. Instead the political and social nature of the labour movement is used to explain what amounts to a ‘crisis’ for Italian unions
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1994.tb00700.x
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