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  • Other Sources  (17)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1995-1999  (17)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1
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    Rayleigh Fractionation (1999)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Rayleigh fractionation is an important, open system process that involves the progressive removal of a fractional increment of a trace substance from a larger reservoir. A consistent relationship, such as a distribution coefficient, equilibrium constant, or a fractionation factor, is maintained between the reservoir and each increment at the instant of its formation, but, once formed, each increment is thereafter removed or otherwise isolated from the system. The mathematical constraints of this process include the distribution coefficient along with a statement of material balance in the shrinking system. These constraints may be combined into a single differential equation that may be integrated to a well-known relationship discovered by Rayleigh (1902). Examples of this common process include condensation, distillation, and the formation of crystals from a melt or a solution. As shown in the following, Rayleigh fractionation explains many different characteristics of meteoric waters, and provides a first-order explanation of the MWL
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    The Role of Mountains and Plateaus in a Triassic Climate Model (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  In: Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Climate Reconstructions. , ed. by Crowley, T. J. and Burke, K. C. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, 39 . Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 116-143. ISBN 0-19-511245-8
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Distribution and abundance of the fished population ofLoligo forbesiin Scottish waters: analysis of research cruise data (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55 (1). pp. 14-33.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Length-frequency data on squid (Loligo forbesi) collected during trawling surveys in Scottish waters from 1980 to 1994 were analysed to describe temporal and spatial patterns in abundance and to examine the prospects for using survey abundance to forecast fishery abundance. Loligo was patchily distributed in space and time. Distribution patterns in the North Sea in February appeared to be strongly related to bottom temperature (squid avoided waters 〈7°C) and, to a lesser extent, salinity (more squid in more saline water). For other areas and times, no temperature or salinity data were available, but there were trends for squid on the west coast to be more abundant in westerly areas and higher latitudes, and for squid at Rockall to be more abundant in shallow water. Inter-annual trends in abundance differed between the North Sea, west coast and Rockall, but average survey abundances for the North Sea and west coast tended to be positively correlated. For the North Sea and west coast, survey abundance was positively correlated with fishery abundance for the same month and area, and average abundance for the February North Sea survey was a reasonable predictor of commercial CPUE in the autumn of the same year (the peak of the fishery). Some of the observed trends were consistent with the existence of a stock-recruitment relationship but may indicate that abundance in a given calendar year is linked to climatic factors.
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  • 4
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    Aspects of the biology of the giant form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Arabian Sea (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 64 (1). pp. 21-34.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: An investigation was carried out on the recently discovered ‘giant’ extra large (XL) form of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis from the Arabian Sea. The sample consisted of 2 males, which have not been previously described, and 13 females. Diet composition, parasite loading, sucker ring dentition, biolumi-nescence and sexual dimorphism were examined and compared to known parameters of the medium (M) form. Reproductive strategy, potential fecundity, egg size distribution in the ovary and oviducts were examined in mature XL females. Evidence of multiple spawning in the giant form was also investigated. Overall body shape, bioluminescent structures and coloration of the giant form were similar to the M form, though the XL form had a smaller fin angle than the M form. The mature female XL form has a dorsal mantle length about twice that of a mature female M form. Adult females of the XL form have a dorsal mantle length about twice that of adult males of the same form. Differences between males and females were found in arm sucker ring dentition and parasite load, suggesting a difference in diet. This could be linked to size differences between the sexes. A strong correlation between ovary mass and mantle length was found (r2 = 0.64). Poor correlation was found between mantle length and oviduct mass (r2 = 0.128) and potential fecundity (r2 = 0.07). Potential fecundity ranged between 2–5 million eggs and the holding capacity of the oviducts was approximately 300, 000 eggs. This combined with the presence of spermatangia and the presence of food in the stomach suggest that the XL form is a multiple spawner. S. oualaniensis appears to have a plastic phenotype and has adapted to the Arabian Sea conditions by evolving the capacity to grow to a giant size.
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  • 5
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    Prey and feeding patterns of resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Mammalogy, 79 (3). pp. 1045-1059.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Stomach contents of a resident community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Sarasota Bay area of the westcentral coast of Florida were studied to examine potential factors leading to patterns of habitat use. Composition and size of prey were analyzed and correlated with feeding behavior of individual dolphins of known histories. Examination of stomach contents of 16 stranded dolphins revealed a diet composed exclusively of fish (15 species), most of which were associated with seagrasses in varying degrees. Observational records for 21 years showed that feeding typically occurred in shallow (2–3 m) waters and in the vicinity of seagrasses in 23% of cases. Dolphins usually fed alone or in small groups and on non-obligate schooling prey. The main species of prey were soniferous, an indication that passive listening may be important in detection of prey. The close agreement between species of fishes represented in stomach contents and habitat of prey, as indicated by observations of feeding, suggests that analysis of stomach contents is a reasonable approach for studying prey and feeding patterns of dolphins. Meadows of seagrass are one of the habitats of importance to dolphins in the Sarasota Bay area, and their protection is important for conservation of these animals.
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  • 6
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    The Geology of Earthquakes (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  New York, Oxford University Press, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 1-4020-1348-5 hb, ISBN: 1-4020-1349-3 pb)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Textbook of geology ; Seismology ; Tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Induced seismicity ; Magnitude ; Maximum likelihood
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    The Impact of Data Assimilation on ENSO Simulations and Predictions (1997)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 125 (5). pp. 819-830.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: In this study, the impact of oceanic data assimilation on ENSO simulations and predictions is investigated. The authors’ main objective is to compare the impact of the assimilation of sea level observations and three-dimensional temperature measurements relative to each other. Three experiments were performed. In a control run the ocean model was forced with observed winds only, and in two assimilation runs three-dimensional temperatures and sea levels were assimilated one by one. The root-mean-square differences between the model solution and observations were computed and heat content anomalies of the upper 275 m compared to each other. Three ensembles of ENSO forecasts were performed additionally to investigate the impact of data assimilation on ENSO predictions. In a control ensemble a hybrid coupled ocean–atmosphere model was initialized with observed winds only, while either three-dimensional temperatures or sea level data were assimilated during the initialization phase in two additional forecast ensembles. The predicted sea surface temperature anomalies were averaged over the eastern equatorial Pacific and compared to observations. Two different objective skill measures were computed to evaluate the impact of data assimilation on ENSO forecasts. The authors’ experiments indicate that sea level observations contain useful information and that this information can be inserted successfully into an oceanic general circulation model. It is inferred from the forecast ensembles that the benefit of sea level and temperature assimilation is comparable. However, the positive impact of sea level assimilation could be shown more clearly when the forecasted temperature differences rather than the temperature anomalies themselves were compared with observations.
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  • 8
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    Reproductive cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (L.) in the northern part of the bay of Biscay (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 . pp. 19-28.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-16
    Description: The sexual cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, from the northern part of the Bay of Biscay was followed over several years (1988 to 1990 and 1992 to 1993). Sucessive maturity stages are reached at the same time regardless of site in the northern part of the Bay. In this area, the majority of cuttlefish reproduce during their second year of life (group II) whereas the remainder reproduce in their first year (group I). The first visible signs of sexual development concern the testis in males and the genital tract in females. Males mature earlier than females: the first spermatophores appear in July (group II) and October (group I) while mature eggs appear from December (group II) and March (group I). The breeding season lasts from about mid-March to late June (3.5 months).
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  • 9
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    Cladistic analysis of the octopods based on anatomical characters (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (3). pp. 311-325.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-19
    Description: Parsimony analysis of 29 finned and finless octopod taxa considered 66 anatomical and morphological characters to discover synapomorphies that unite monophyletic groups. The resultant cladogram (177 equally parsimonious trees at 191 steps, CI 0.429) resolved all relationships except those among the 16 exemplars of the Octopodidae included and those among Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta. Bootstrap values of over 90% support the monophyly of the finned and finless octopods, relationships among the finned octopods, the bolitaenids and the monophyly of Haliphron, Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta; bootstrap values for other nodes range from 57 to 79%. Among finned octopods, specimens representing Grimpoteuthis are basal, as Voss (1988a) suggested. Specimens of Opisthoteuthis represent a distinct lineage, and are sister taxon, in this analysis, of Cirroteuthis (although specimens of Stauroteuthis could not be included). New definitions of the genera Opisthoteuthis and Grimpoteuthis are provided to reflect their separate evolutionary histories rather than their overt morphological similarity. Among finless octopods, bolitaenids are basal. The monophyletic Octopodidae is the sister taxon to the clade containing the sister taxa Vitreledonella and Amphitretus, and Haliphron, Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta. The Ctenoglossa and Heteroglossa, families grouped by shared radular dentition, are diphyletic and paraphyletic, respectively. The cladistic relationships demonstrate that both the Vitrele-donellidae and Idioctopodidae are junior synonyms of the Amphitretidae; despite conspicuous morphological differences separating these taxa, they share a recent evolutionary history.
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  • 10
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    Statolith shape and microstructure in studies of systematics, age and growth in planktonic paralarvae of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) from the western Bering Sea (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 19 (12). pp. 1993-2030.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: The microstructure, morphology and ontogenetic development of statoliths and age and growth of 405 planktonic paralarvae and 117 juveniles belonging to 10 species of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) were studied in the region of the continental slope in the western part of the Bering Sea (57°00′–61°30′N, 163°00′E–179°20′W). The statolith microstructure of all species was characterized by the presence of a large droplet-shaped nucleus and bipartite postnuclear zone divided into two by the first stress check, except for Berryteuthis magister which had only one stress check and an undivided postnuclear zone. In Gonatus spp., completion of development of the postnuclear zone coincided with full development of the central hook on the tentacular club. Daily periodicity of statolith growth increments was validated by maintaining 13 paralarvae of the four most abundant species in captivity. All species might be subdivided into two groups based on statolith microstructure, i.e. species with a central position of the nucleus within the first statolith check (Gonatopsis spp., Egonatus tinro and B.magister) and species with the nucleus shifted to the inner side of the first statolith check (Gonatus spp.). Comparative analysis of statolith morphology showed that paralarval statoliths have species-specific characters that allowed the construction of keys to identify species of gonatid paralarvae based on their statoliths. Analysis of paralarval growth using statoliths revealed that these cold-water planktonic gonatid paralarvae have fast growth rates, attaining a mantle length of 7–10 mm at 15–20 days and 20–25 mm at 35–70 days.
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  • 11
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    Age of the micronektonic squid Pterygioteuthis gemmata (Cephalopoda: Pyroteuthidae) from the central-east Atlantic based on statolith growth increments (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (2). pp. 287-290.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
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  • 12
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    Changes in mantle muscle structure associated with growth and reproduction in the tropical squid Photololigo sp. (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (2). pp. 290-293.
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-03
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  • 13
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    The Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part I: The Tropical Pacific (1997)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 125 . pp. 703-720.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: In this paper the performance of the global coupled general circulation model (CGCM) ECHO-2, which was integrated for 10 years without the application of flux correction, is described. Although the integration is rather short, strong and weak points of this CGCM can be clearly identified, especially in view of the model's performance of the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific. The latter is simulated with more success relative to the earlier version, ECHO-I. A better representation of the low-level stratus clouds in the atmosphere model associated with a reduction in the shortwave radiative flux at the air-sea interface improved the coupled model's performance in the southeastern tropical oceans, with a strongly reduced warm bias in these regions. Modifications in the atmospheric convection scheme also eliminated the AGCM's tendency to simulate a double ITCZ, and this behavior is maintained in the CGCM simulation. Finally, a new numerical scheme for active tracer advection in the ocean model strongly reduced the numerical mixing, which seems to enhance considerably the level of interannual variability in the equatorial Pacific. One weak point is an overall cold bias in the Tropics and midlatitudes, which typically amounts to 1°C in open ocean regions. Another weak point is the still too strong equatorial cold tongue, which penetrates too far into the western equatorial Pacific. Although this model deficiency is not as pronounced as in ECHO-1, the too strong cold tongue reduces the level of interannual rainfall variability in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Finally, the interannual fluctuations in equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are too equatorially trapped, a problem that is also found in ocean-only simulations. Overall, however, the authors believe that the ECHO-2 CGCM has been considerably improved relative to ECHO-1.
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  • 14
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    Age and growth of planktonic squids Cranchia scabra and Licoranchia reinhardti (Cephalopoda, Cranchiidae) in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 18 (9). pp. 1675-1683.
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: Statolith microstructure was studied in two abundant planktonic cranchiids, Cranchia scabra (56 specimens, 38-127mm mantle lengh, ML) and Liocranchia reinhardti (34 specimens, 99-205mm ML) sampled in epipelagic waters of the western part of the Gulf of Guinea (tropical Atlantic). Growth increments were revealed in ground statoliths of both species. It was possible to distinguish two growth zones in statolith microstructure by their colour in reflected light of the microscope: the translucent postnuclear zone and pale white opaque zone. Assuming that growth increments in statoliths were produced daily, ages of the largest immature C. scabra and L. reinhardti were 166 and 146 days, respectively. Both cranchiids are fast-growing squids with growth rates in length resembling those of juveniles of tropical ommastrephids and Thysanoteuthis rhombus. Liocranchia reinhardti grows faster: its growth rate in ML is approximately twice that of same-aged C. scabra. The life cycle of both cranchiids consists of two phases. During their epipelagic phase, C. scabra and L. reinhardti feed and grow rapidly from paralarvae to immature young in the epipelagic waters, attaining 120-130 and 170-200 mm ML by ages of 4-5 months, respectively. Then they change their life style to a deepwater phase.
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  • 15
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    Age and growth of the squid loligo vulgaris off the south coast of Portugal, using statolith analysis (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 62 . pp. 359-366.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Age composition and growth rates of the squid Loligo vulgaris (Lamark, 1797) were studied by examination of growth increments within statoliths of 419 specimens (mantle length, ML, ranging from 32 to 400mm). The squid were obtained by monthly sampling from the catches of commercial trawls off southern Portugal between March and September, 1993. The total number of growth increments in the mounted and ground statoliths was counted using a semi-automatic image analysis system. ML was significantly correlated with both the statolith length, TSL and the number of increments, NI. The female statolith was slightly larger than the male statolith for the same mantle size. Growth rates of individuals showed high variability with an average estimated at 34.6mm month-1 for males and 33.5mm month-1 for females. Growth in length between 70 and 280 days was best described by a power function for both sexes. The growth index of the statolith (TSL/NI) decreased with individual growth. The result may be related with the onset of sexual maturation. L. vulgaris hatched throughout the year with two distinct peaks, in spring which is the main breeding period, and in autumn. The life cycle of the L. vulgaris population on the south Portugese shelf was completed in one year.
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  • 16
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    The Seasonal Cycle over the Tropical Pacific in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models (1995)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 123 (9). pp. 2825-2838.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific simulated by 11 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) is examined. Each model consists of a high-resolution ocean GCM of either the tropical Pacific or near-global means coupled to a moderate- or high-resolution atmospheric GCM, without the use of flux correction. The seasonal behavior of sea surface temperature (SST) and eastern Pacific rainfall is presented for each model. The results show that current state-of-the-art coupled GCMs share important successes and troublesome systematic errors. All 11 models are able to simulate the mean zonal gradient in SST at the equator over the central Pacific. The simulated equatorial cold tongue generally tends to be too strong, too narrow, and extend too far west. SSTs are generally too warm in a broad region west of Peru and in a band near 10°S. This is accompanied in some models by a double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) straddling the equator over the eastern Pacific, and in others by an ITCZ that migrates across the equator with the seasons; neither behavior is realistic. There is considerable spread in the simulated seasonal cycles of equatorial SST in the eastern Pacific. Some simulations do capture the annual harmonic quite realistically, although the seasonal cold tongue tends to appear prematurely. Others overestimate the amplitude of the semiannual harmonic. Nonetheless, the results constitute a marked improvement over the simulations of only a few years ago when serious climate drift was still widespread and simulated zonal gradients of SST along the equator were often very weak.
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  • 17
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    Growth of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, using a new method based on gladius microstucture (1995)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 199 . pp. 445-458.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: A study of individual and group growth rates based on a method of growth determination using the gladius was carried out in two populations of the purple-back flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniesis) in the Arabian Sea. The duration of the life cycle in all populations and size groups examined was approximately one year. The growth pattern of linear increase was either slightly S-shaped or almost linear, while growth in weight followed a power-type pattern. Generally, females grew faster than males. Use of the gladius as a recording structure makes it possible to study the real growth of a specimen, rather than the statistical correlation of length/weight versus age, as in the commonly used statolith method. Analysis of individual growth rates in large-sized sawning females revealed growth rhythm with roughly a one-month periodicity in which phases of rapid growth (17-21 days; 1.6-3,6mm per day) alternate with phases of slow growth (12-14 days; 0.4-1.2mm per day). This new method is simple to use and may be applied even on board a vessel during research cruises.
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