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  • evolution  (64)
  • temperature  (59)
  • Springer  (123)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Open Humanities Press
  • 2000-2004  (123)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of urban runoff from a detention pond on water quality, temperature and caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a headwater stream (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: urban runoff ; in situ bioassay ; Gammarus minus ; heavy metals ; water quality ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thompson Run, a headwater stream in central Pennsylvania (U.S.A.), supports an impaired macroinvertebrate community downstream of the outlet of a detention pond that receives urban runoff. To determine if toxicity from the metals or other pollutants in urban runoff contributed to impairment, we exposed adult, male Gammarus minus to urban runoff during a 42-day in situ bioassay that included 12 rain events. Test animals were collected from a site upstream of the detention pond outlet using two methods: precopula pair separation and sieving. Water quality, temperature and tissue metal concentrations were measured during the bioassay. The survival of precopula G. minus was lower (p=0.048) at a site downstream of the detention pond outlet compared to a site upstream of it, but the survival of sieved G. minus was not different between sites (p=0.803). Large hourly increases in temperature (up to 6.6 °C) and major reductions in water quality including order of magnitude increases in suspended materials (measured as turbidity) and the concentrations of copper, zinc and lead occurred downstream of the detention pond outlet during stormflow (i.e. following rain events). In contrast, changes in temperature and water quality were minor upstream of the pond outlet throughout the bioassay. Copper and cadmium concentrations in leaf samples and copper, zinc and lead concentrations in G. minus samples were significantly higher downstream of the pond outlet than they were upstream of it. Despite harsh conditions downstream of the pond outlet (i.e. metal contamination, inputs of suspended materials and rapid temperature increases), the in situ bioassay did not convincingly demonstrate that urban runoff was toxic to adult, male G. minus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017550321076
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of individual growth and population models of Daphnia pulex to Daphnia magna, Daphnia galeata and Bosmina longirostris (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 421 (2000), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cladocerans ; life history ; demography ; size structure ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daphnia models for individual growth and population dynamics have been developed in the manner of models developed by Gurney, McCauley, Andersen and others. All or most of the earlier models were parameterized for Daphnia pulex; we have used the D. pulex model as a baseline model for other species of Daphnia such as magna, galeata and also Bosmina longirostris. Because of the lack of ample data for D. magna, D. galeata and B. longirostris, some of the physiological data had to be relied on the other species whose data were available and in some case calibrated. We were able to produce reasonable results for individual growth as well as population dynamics under the controlled laboratory conditions. Most of the results were compared with the available laboratory data for population as well as growth. All the simulations have been done under high and low food concentrations. The animals are assumed to be feeding on green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtti) under the laboratory conditions of 18–20°C. The continuous growth until the end of the life was observed in smaller B. longirostris, whereas rapid growth in the beginning and slower after the start of the reproduction was observed in Daphnia species. The smaller species matured earlier than larger species. B. longirostris population sustained better than Daphnia species in medium food concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003955308697
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alu Elements and the Human Genome (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 108 (2000), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Alu ; evolution ; human specific ; polymorphism ; retroposition ; SINES ; 7SL RNA ; YAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aluinsertional elements, the most abundant class of SINEs in humans are dimeric sequences approximately 300 bp in length derived from the 7SL RNA gene. These sequences contain a bipartite RNA pol III promoter, a central poly A tract, a 3′ poly A tail, numerous CpG islands and are bracketed by short direct repeats. An estimated 500,000 to 1 × 106units are dispersed throughout the human haploid genome primarily in AT rich neighborhoods located within larger GC dense chromosomal regions via a mechanism known as retroposition. Retroposition activity of Aluelements is determined by both internal and flanking regulatory elements as well as distant genes affecting transcription or transcript stability. Aluelements impact the organization and expression of the human genome at many levels including the processes of recombination, transcription and translation. Twelve subfamilies of Aluare defined by distinct patterns of diagnostic base substitutions. Subfamilies may be classified as young, intermediate or old reflecting the time since the start of retroposition by their members. Some insertions of the youngest subfamilies are not yet fixed in the human species and represent polymorphic loci. Alus are excellent molecular markers for a variety of reasons. They aid in tracing the complex pattern of duplication and rearrangements that occurred during the evolution of primate genome. Unlike other mutations, Alusequences are rarely lost completely once retroposed, have a defined ancestral state and are free from homoplasy since independent and identical insertions are highly unlikely. Because of these characteristics, Alus are literally molecular fossils. Polymorphic Aluloci are especially useful in studies of human genetic diversity and in pedigree and forensicanalysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004099605261
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen content study of the lower atmosphere in León (Spain) by use of a tethered balloon (2000)
    Springer
    Aerobiologia 16 (2000), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: aerobiology ; airborne pollen ; León (Spain) ; lower atmosphere ; meteorology ; mixing ratio ; relative humidity ; tethered balloon ; temperature ; wind speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken in order to understand thebehaviour of airborne pollen grains, namely therelationship between their concentrations andconcomitant meteorological parameters, at differentaltitudes (ground level, 200, 400 and 600 m) of thelower atmosphere and its daily variations over onesite (the experimental farm of the University ofLeón). The experimental design involved a tetheredballoon (2.25 m3), an ADAS remote meteorologicalstation and an original radio controlled three headedpollen and spore sampler (called GABIS) using theRotorod design. Each head sampled a differentaltitude, while two control samples were taken atground level. Twenty-one takeoffs could be realized inthe 5 weeks period between end of May and end of June1997. Sampling was done early in the morning and sampling time at each altitudewas of 15 minutes. Results show that 45 differenttypes of pollen grains could be collected at this timeof the year and that significant variations could beobserved in the behaviour of the pollen cloud on a dayto day basis, probably because of differentmeteorological situations. Contrary to what isgenerally believed, pollen was in most cases moreabundant at higher altitude – on average by 30% ascompared to ground level – making evident anaerobiological layer of transport at about 500 m aboveground. This was especially the case for trees (Quercus and Castanea). The atmosphere MixingRatio was the most explicative factor at 200 m, whiletemperature dominated significance analysis at both400 and 600 m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007685513925
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Water Quality Parameters on the Migration of Vinyl Chloride Monomer from Unplasticized PVC Pipes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: diffusion rate ; migration ; pH ; temperature ; total dissolved solids ; unplasticized PVC pipes ; vinyl chloride monomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The migration of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from unplasticizedpolyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes was investigated using locallymanufactured pipes. Specimens of 33 cm long were used throughoutthe research. The investigation was carried out under differentconditions of water temperature, pH and total dissolved solidsconcentration and at different durations of exposure. The VCMconcentration in the water was evaluated using the gaschromotography (GC)/head-space technique. A VCM concentration ofmore than 2.5 ppb was detected after 30 days of exposure at45 °C. The initial VCM concentration in the uPVC pipewas predicted using equations derived from Fick's first law ofdiffusion. Water tenperature did not affect the migration ofVCM, unless it was raised to high values (i.e. 45 °C).Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH of water were found toaffect the release of VCM from uPVC pipes. Diffusion rate of VCMwas predicted as a function of pH or TDS values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249808374
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cellulose ; charcoal kiln ; decomposition ; herb seeds ; moisture ; respiration ; smoke pollution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006115104675
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Temperature on Absorption Efficiency of NO2 in Arsenite Method (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorption ; NO2 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The sodium arsenite method developed by Jacobs andHochheiser is one of the most widely used manualmethods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) monitoring inambient air, particularly in developing countries. Asreported, the method gives 82% NO2 absorptionefficiency (NAE) in the concentration range from 40 to750 μg/m3, when only one impinger tube isemployed in the sampling train at a flow rate of 0.2lpm and for 24 h sampling duration. Accordingly,a uniform correction factor (0.82) is used indenominator to calculate the ultimate concentration ofNO2 in ambient air.In the present investigation, the effect oftemperature on absorption efficiency of NO2 isstudied employing four impinger tubes in series tocollect the maximum NO2 generated in the gasstream. The study conducted at 16, 26 and 36 °Ctemperatures shows maximum absorption efficiency(average) of 87.8% at 26°C in 1st impingertube. At lower and higher temperatures, it is foundconsiderably less. A suitable correction factor,therefore, must be applied to estimate actual NO2concentration in ambient air using arsenite method, intropical countries like India, where atmospherictemperature variations are large (less than 5°Cin winter and more than 45°C in summer).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006131525148
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    The Constructibility of Artificial Intelligence (as Defined by the Turing Test) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of logic, language and information 9 (2000), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9583
    Keywords: Artificial Intelligence ; computability ; constructibility ; culture ; evolution ; society ; symbol grounding ; Turing ; Turing Machine ; Turing Test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The Turing Test (TT), as originally specified, centres on theability to perform a social role. The TT can be seen as a test of anability to enter into normal human social dynamics. In this light itseems unlikely that such an entity can be wholly designed in an“off-line” mode; rather a considerable period of training insitu would be required. The argument that since we can pass the TT,and our cognitive processes might be implemented as a Turing Machine(TM), that consequently a TM that could pass the TT could be built, isattacked on the grounds that not all TMs are constructible in a plannedway. This observation points towards the importance of developmentalprocesses that use random elements (e.g., evolution), but in these casesit becomes problematic to call the result artificial. This hasimplications for the means by which intelligent agents could bedeveloped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008363224791
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of the Subsurface Temperature Field Caused by Mining-Related Groundwater Management (2000)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 44 (2000), S. 442-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: temperature ; groundwater ; sedimentary basin ; exploitation ; transient effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The subsurface temperature field was studied on a set of 46 borehole logs measured in the vicinity of uranium deposits in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Vertical variations of the steady state temperature and the temperature gradient are governed by thermal conductivity which strongly varies in dependence on lithology. Large departures from undisturbed temperature detected in many holes are associated with uranium mining. A positive anomaly is observed in leaching fields where large amounts of acid are injected into the uranium-bearing Cenomanian. A negative anomaly is linked to the operation of hydraulic barriers which enclose the mining area and helps to contain pollution by pumping clean water into the Cenomanian aquifer. The spatial distribution of the observed temperature anomalies helps to map the migration of the fluids used in both processes. The temperature disturbance is propagated from the Cenomanian aquifer up through overlying impermeable sediments. The good fit of transient conductive models to the measured temperatures rules out heat advection and hence upward water flow towards and contamination of the upper Middle Turonian aquifer in the vicinity of the holes studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022168705973
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Controllability of Second-Order Differential Inclusions in Banach Spaces with Nonlocal Conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 107 (2000), S. 559-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: nonlocal conditions ; mild solutions ; evolution ; controllability ; fixed points
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we establish sufficient conditions for the controllability ofsecond-order differential inclusions in Banach spaces with nonlocalconditions. We rely on a fixed-point theorem for condensing maps due toMartelli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026447232030
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    On the Influence of Hot-Water Discharges on Phytoplankton Communities from a Coastal Zone of the Gulf of Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 209-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: microalgal communities ; photosynthesis ; temperature ; thermal pollution ; tropical coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of thermal discharges on thephytoplankton community from a coastal zone of theGulf of Mexico was evaluated through their structureand photosynthetic behaviour focusing on responses tochanges in light and temperature. Biological andphysicochemical parameters were measured over a periodof two years in an area with permanent hot waterdischarges from a thermoelectric plant. Thetemperature in the sampling area ranged from 23.5 to36 °C with differences between the coldest andthe hottest station from 5.3 to 9.2 °C.Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were reducedin the discharge area water column, due to turbulence.One hundred and one different taxa were identifiedwith a strong predominance of Diatoms. The chlorophylla concentration ranged from 0.3 to 6.1 μgL-1, with highest values of thephaeophytin:chlorophyll ratio found at the hottest station.The community structure did not show significativedifferences among sampling stations with respect totemperature variations. However, in the algalassemblages influenced by thermal discharges, it waspossible to observe alterations in the photosynthesisbehaviour. Phytoplankton response to short termphotosynthesis experiments was segregated according tocomposition and origin of microalgal assemblages.Samples with larger heterogeneous composition had moreconsistent oxygen production responses. Algalcommunities exposed to hot effluent showed differentdegrees of photosynthesis rate reduction,higher light requirements (〉500 μE m2 s-1)and lower temperature (25 °C) to achieve Pmaxthan algae sampled in sites without such exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005161309609
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  • 112
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    Effect of the Environment on the Bacterial Bleaching of Corals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 337-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bleaching ; bacterial infection ; coral ; Oculina ; temperature ; toxin ; zooxanthellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bleaching in stony-corals is the result of disruption of symbiosis between the coral hosts and photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). Coral bleaching events of unprecedented frequency and global extent have been reported during the last two decades. Recently, we demonstrated that bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea is caused by the bacterium Vibrio shiloi, when seawater temperature rises and allows the bacterium to become virulent. The first step in the infection process is host-specific adhesion of V. shiloi to O. patagonica via a β-galactoside receptor on the coral surface. The bacterium then penetrates into the coral tissue and produces extracellular materials which rapidly inhibit photosynthesis of zooxanthellae and bleach and lyse the algae. The inhibition of pothosynthesis is due to a low molecular weight, heat stable toxin and ammonia. Bleaching and lysis are due to a heat-labile, high molecular weight materials, probably lytic enzymes. Elevated temperature induces different virulence factors within the infectious agent of the disease, V. shiloi. Adhesion was found to be temperature-regulated. When the bacteria were grown at 16°C there was no adhesion to corals maintained at either 25°C or 16°. However, when the bacteria were grown at 25°C they adhered avidly to corals maintained at 16°C and 25°C. In addition, the production of lytic enzymes and the photosynthesis inhibitor was also found to be temperature dependent. Production of the latter toxin was ten times greater at 29°C than at 16°C, and extracellular protease was 5-fold higher in cultures grown at 29°C than at 16°C. The data presented here suggest an explanation for the correlation between elevated seawater temperatures and seasonal coral bleaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005274331988
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  • 113
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    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008982511653
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  • 114
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    Magnéli phases of anion-deficient rutile as lubricious oxides. Part I. Tribological behavior of single-crystal and polycrystalline rutile (Ti n O2n−1) (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 8 (2000), S. 65-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: solid lubricants ; lubricious oxides ; TiO2 ; rutile ; oxygen stoichiometry ; Magnéli phases ; tribometry ; friction ; wear ; shear strength ; temperature ; atmosphere ; extreme environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In part I of this paper series, wide temperature range SEM-tribometric results generated in vacuum and various partial pressures of oxygen are combined with relevant literature data to examine a hypothesis correlating the oxygen stoichiometry of the Ti n O2n−1 Magnéli phases of the rutile polymorph of titania with their tribological behavior. Single-crystal and polycrystalline rutile specimens of narrow stoichiometry ranges were sliding against α-SiC and themselves. The surface shear strength changes were determined as a function of the thermal–atmospheric test environment, and the shear strength values were estimated by the coefficients of friction, the real area of contact and the published yield strength of rutile. The data appear to be sufficient and sufficiently reliable to confirm the accuracy of the hypothesis. The tendency of the rutile stoichiometry (ergo the friction) to shift as a function of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen causes this material to be thermo-oxidatively unstable for tribological applications in extreme environments. In part II, a study is described to formulate oxidatively more stable Magnéli phases by Cu-doping, and test the new materials by SEM tribometry using a procedure used for pure rutile here in part I. By employing this doping methodology similar to creating high-temperature superconductive oxides in part II, some feasibility of producing oxidatively stable, lubricious oxides with acceptably low wear rates is indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019122915441
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  • 115
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    FTIR spectroscopy and nanotribological comparative studies: influence of the adsorbed water layers on the tribological behaviour (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 9 (2000), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: AFM ; force ; friction ; adhesion ; molecular water layer ; temperature ; capillary forces ; PMIRRAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under ambient conditions, a water film is always present on a silica substrate and generates additional capillary forces between the nanotip and the studied surface. In the present paper, we report AFM measurements of pull-off and friction forces as a function of the temperature and a comparative FTIR spectroscopy study. The AFM results show a net decrease of the forces as the temperature increases, while the IR spectroscopy indicates that the liquid film is removed at high temperature. Consequently, we deduce that a liquid neck is created between the tip and the surface and that the forces measured are mostly capillary forces. The present work shows that temperature studies with AFM can be a useful way to probe the influence of the capillary force in turn to characterize surface properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018868830205
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  • 116
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    Magnéli phases of anion-deficient rutile as lubricious oxides. Part II. Tribological behavior of Cu-doped polycrystalline rutile (Ti n O2n−1) (2000)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 8 (2000), S. 79-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: solid lubricants ; lubricious oxides ; TiO2 ; rutile ; oxygen stoichiometry ; Magnéli phases ; tribometry ; friction ; wear ; shear strength ; temperature ; atmosphere ; extreme environment ; molecular engineering ; cation doping ; aliovalency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract As a follow-up to the work described in part I of this paper series, a preliminary study was conducted with polycrystalline rutile TiO−x to render its friction and wear performance independent of the environment. The main goal was to confine the most tribologically desirable oxygen stoichiometries of the crystallographic shear-induced Magnéli phases (CSMP) of rutile by doping with cations similar in size and polarizability to the Ti4+, but with lower valences. The resultant chemical expulsion of oxygen from the rutile lattice was intended to generate CSMP free of friction and wear variations caused by changes in the thermal–atmospheric environment. Copper, iron, cobalt and nickel ions were tried as dopants introduced as their stable oxides via a simple ball-milling, hot-pressing and annealing procedure, but only a (Ti + Cu)O1.80 model blend resulted in a desired reaction. A portion of the copper entered the lattice to form a new titanium–copper CSMP, resembling the well-known V3Ti6O17 catalyst equivalent to an undoped rutile CSMP with an O/Ti ratio of 1.89. Although the shear behavior of this new, wear-resistant compound was in accordance with predictions, its friction is higher and more variable than desired for a wide environmental regime lubricant. The preparation technique was only sufficient to demonstrate that oxygen vacancy-induced creation of low-friction CSMP may be possible by doping; it does not appear to be useful for formulating practical, rutile-based lubricious oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019174932279
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  • 117
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    Breaking Through Artificial Selection Limits of an Adaptive Behavior in Mice and the Consequences for Correlated Responses (2000)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 30 (2000), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Artificial selection ; correlated responses ; nest-building behavior ; Mus domesticus ; realized heritability ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Previous divergent selection for nest-building behavior at 22 ± 1°C resulted in a 40-fold difference between the high and the low lines in amount of cotton used to build a nest. Correlated responses to selection indicated positive genetic correlations with body weight, nest-building at 4 ± 1°C, and litter size and negative genetic correlations with food consumption. At generation 46, the replicate high-selected (High 1 × High 2), randomly bred control (Control 1 × Control 2), and low-selected (Low 1 × Low 2) lines were crossed and the F1 showed significant heterosis for nest-building behavior. Regression of the F3 on the F2 generation gave heritability estimates of 0.16 ± 0.10 for the high and 0.07 ± 0.10 for the low cross, revealing a potential to break the selection limit (at least in the high direction), which had been reached at about 20 generations of selection. Indeed, renewed selection resulted in responses in both the high and the low directions of nesting, yielding realized heritabilities of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.004, respectively. Replicated renewed selection, using the F3 generation as the base population, in the high direction of nesting resulted in correlated increases in nest-building at 4 ± 1°C, litter size, and food consumption. Body weight did not change. The positive correlation with food consumption is opposite in sign compared to the original selection experiment. This indicates that the evolutionary potential of a population to adapt to a changing environment not only depends on its current genetic variability in one adaptive trait, but may be constrained by genetic correlations changing over the course of selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001962124005
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  • 118
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    Characteristics of Pestalotiopsis Associated with Hardy Ornamental Plants in the UK (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pestalotiopsis sydowiana ; morphology ; pathogenicity ; ericaceous plants ; conifers ; temperature ; pH ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem-base and roots of hardy ornamentals grown on commercial nurseries in the UK were identified and characterised according to pathogenicity and colony morphology. All 18 isolates were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana on the basis of conidia morphology, and confirmation of identification was made by experts at CABI Bioscience. Isolates were pathogenic on the host from which originally isolated. Typical symptoms included foliar browning of foliage and stems, and the presence of black or greenish-black acervuli on diseased tissue. Isolates were not host specific and infected other species of hardy ornamentals. Three colony types on potato dextrose agar were distinguished according to colour and production of acervuli by individual isolates. Three selected isolates of P. sydowiana were characterised by examining the effects of growth media, temperature, pH, and water potential on hyphal extension. Isolates grew well on commonly used growth media, including PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), V8 juice agar (V8), malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was in the range 20–25°C, with little or no growth occurring below 5°C or above 30°C. Hyphal extension occurred over a pH range between 2.6–8.6, with optimum values occurring at pH 5.5. In general, decreases in osmotic and matric potential caused a reduction in growth. Hyphal extension on media adjusted osmotically as NaCl ceased between −9.9 and −10.5 MPa. Isolates were more tolerant of osmotic than matric potential, with no growth occurring at −6.5 MPa on media adjusted with polyethylene glycol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008776611306
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    Some like it hot: Intra-Population Variation in behavioral Thermoregulation in Color-Polymorphic pygmy Grasshoppers (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: animal coloration ; body temperature ; ectotherm ; evolution ; Orthoptera ; poly-morphism ; Tetrix subulata ; thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ectothermic animals rely on external heat sources and behavioral thermoregulation to control body temperature, and are characterized by possessing physiological and behavioural traits which are temperature dependent. It has therefore been suggested that constraints on the range of body temperatures available to individuals imposed by phenotypic properties, such as coloration, may translate into differential fitness and selection against thermally inferior phenotypes. In this paper, I report an association between thermal preferences and thermal capacity (the ability to warm up when insolated) across different genetically coded color morphs of the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata. Data on behavioral thermoregulation of individuals in a laboratory thermal gradient revealed a preference for higher body temperatures in females than in males, and significant variation among colour morphs in preferred body temperatures in females, but not in males. The variation in females was in perfect accordance with estimates of morph-specific differences in thermal capacity. Thus, dark morphs not only attain higher temperatures when exposed to augmented illumination, but also prefer higher body temperatures, compared to paler morphs. This intra-population divergence probably reflects an underlying variation among colour morphs in temperature optima, and is consistent with the notion that coloration, behaviour and physiology evolve in concert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011024320725
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    The effect of temperature on development and fecundityof Scymnus levaillanti (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: development ; fecundity ; functional response ; reproductive numerical response ; temperature ; Coccinellidae ; Aphis gossypii ; Scymnus levaillanti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development and fecundity of Scymnus levaillanti(Mulsant) were recorded at fiveconstant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 ± 1 °C in 5 °C increments, 60 ± 5% RHand 16 h of artificial light (5000 Lux). Developmentaltime (egg to adult) of S. levaillantisignificantly decreased with increasing temperatures,ranging from 63.9 days at 15 °C to 11.1 days at35 °C. Development from egg to adult required305.2 DD above a developmental threshold estimated as11.7 °C. Oviposition periods lasted 86.5, 76.1,47.2, and 31.5 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C,respectively. No eggs were deposited at 15 °C.Higher temperatures resulted in shorter generationtimes (TO) and in decreased net reproductiverates (RO) of the coccinellid. S.levaillanti kept at 30 °C produced 0.151females/female/day, the highest per capita rate ofpopulation growth (rm). The `functional response'of larvae and adults of S. levaillanti matcheswell that described by Holling (1959) as Type 2.Daily number of eggs deposited by females increased toa plateau with increasing prey density. Resultsobtained here provide information about the biology ofS. levaillanti, and its feeding capacityindicates that it may act as an important control agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026505329762
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    Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: anti-fungal substances ; control ; host plant resistance ; Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927302916
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    Storage and formulation of the entomopathogenicnematodes Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: adjuvants ; attapulgite ; bentonite ; infectivity ; osmolarity ; pH ; survival ; temperature ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Heterorhabditis indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Successful control of insect pests through theapplication of entomopathogenic nematode dauerjuveniles of H. bacteriophora and H.indica can only be achieved when the nematodematerial reaches the end user in good condition.Storage and formulation techniques must provideoptimum conditions to guarantee a maximum survival andinfectivity of the nematodes. Nematode survival wastested at temperatures ranging between 5–25 °C.A maximum survival of H. indica was achieved at15 °C and the highest mortality at 5 °C.H. bacteriophora survived best at 7.5 °Cand least at 25 °C. An increase of the saltconcentration had positive effects on dauer juvenilesurvival in aqueous suspensions. Low pH between 6 and4 reduced the bacterial growth and prolonged survivalof stored dauer juveniles. Of the organic acidsascorbic, benzoic, citric and sorbic acid, onlyascorbic acid had a positive effect on H. indicasurvival. Extracts of the dried spice plants cinnamon,cloves, rosemary and oregano were tested. Enhancementof H. indica survival was recorded for cinnamonand cloves. Survival and infectivity of nematodesstored in attapulgite and bentonite clays and spongewere recorded over several weeks at different storagetemperatures. Infectivity was not influenced by thedifferent formulation materials. When stored insponge at 25 °C nematodes survived less than 1week and the formulation in clay could only prolongthis period for another week. At 5 °C thesurvival of H. bacteriophora in sponge wassuperior to that in clay, whereas H. indicasurvived less well in sponge than in clay at15 °C. Storage in aerated water at 5 °Cfor H. bacteriophora and at 15 °C for H. indica resulted in the lowest mortality. Forstorage at controlled conditions (temperature, pH andosmolarity), aerated water is superior to all othermethods tested and the addition of preservatives willincrease survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528727365
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    The Bioeconomics of Cooperation (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of bioeconomics 2 (2000), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: altruism ; culture ; evolution ; group selection ; natural selection ; new institutional economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract When transactions and information are costly and exchange is non-simultaneous, ‘institutions matter’. They matter because exchange under these circumstances subjects the participants to potentially harmful behaviors by other participants, among which are: opportunistic behavior, agency, the free-rider problem, cheating, moral hazard, and adverse selection. Institutions constrain these behaviors, allowing the participants to take advantage of the gains from trade and specialization, and thereby facilitating cooperation. Individuals adhere to institutional rules because they gain by doing so. Because the individual gains are inseparable from the structure of the institutions, the institutions themselves necessarily become the focus of the analysis—as we see in the new institutional economics (NIE). The new group selection position in biology involves a similar shift in focus from the level of the individual to the group when studying the evolution of altruism. But some of the proponents of group selection go further, arguing that altruism in biology evolves because it is in the interest of the group, but not the individual. In fact, group level analysis is necessary in biology, as in the NIE, because it allows for the discovery of ‘institutions’ that constrain cheating, opportunistic behavior, etc., thereby making participation in the group in the long-run self-interest of the individual.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011466701827
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