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  • Articles  (13)
  • 550 - Earth sciences  (13)
  • General Chemistry
  • Technische Universität  (8)
  • GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ  (5)
  • 2000-2004  (6)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Abstract In recent years, consideration of ecological concerns in urban planning gains in importance. The acquisition of an up-to-date database as an requirement for planning processes is a very costly and time-intensive task using manual remote sensing methods. Therefore, the development of new automated acquisition methods is of high priority. In this study a new concept for quantitative characterization of urban biotopes using airborne hyperspectral scanner data was developed. The objective was the quantitative description of the current state of urban biotopes based on area-wide automated surface mapping. The analysis of material-specific reflectance characteristics of urban surfaces is a requirement for an area-wide surface inventory. These reflectance characteristics were investigated analyzing field and laboratory spectra as well as image spectra of hyperspectral HyMap data. The results show the potential of differentiating a multitude of urban surfaces solely based on their spectral characteristics. Robust spectral features were identified and described numerically allowing an automated identification of urban surfaces using HyMap data. Some problems remain in the differentiation between roof materials and open spaces that consist of the same material. For the area-wide identification of surface materials a combined classification and unmixing approach was developed. The first step involved the classification of spectrally pure pixels (seedlings). These seedlings represent potential endmembers in a spatially defined neighborhood of unknown mixed pixels for the subsequent unmixing procedure. Spectral similarities of some roof materials and open spaces required separate identification of seedlings using a mask for buildings. The accuracy assessment was performed using a object-oriented approach. It showed that 57\% of the urban objects - covering 78% - 81% of the total area - were correctly identified. The assessment of the state of urban biotopes is based on the surface mapping results. For this purpose, these results were integrated into the existing database of the urban biotope mapping of Dresden using GIS-based methods. Thus, information of material inventory of each urban biotope was available. This information allows the derivation of quantitative parameters, such as degree of overbuilt area and surface sealing. The relevance of the parameters for urban planning decisions was proven using statistical and spatial analyses. The results reveal that the properties of urban biotope types show a high variability that is not addressed by manual urban mapping methods. With this new mapping approach ecologically relevant information for urban biotopes could be automatically derived from hyperspectral data. In this context a high quality level of the surface mapping results is crucial. The identification of small objects is expected to be improved by using hyperspectral data with a higher spatial resolution. Further, the addition of thermal channels and the integration of 3D surface models would allow surface mapping on an extremely high accuracy level. Die Berücksichtigung "ökologischer Belange bei stadtplanerischen Bauvorhaben und Planungen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Da die Erfassung der dazu notwendigen aktuellen Datengrundlagen mit einem hohen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden ist, hat die Entwicklung neuer automatischer Erfassungsmethoden einen hohen Stellenwert. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Konzept zur Nutzung hyperspektraler Flugzeugscannerdaten für die quantitative Charakterisierung städtischer Biotope entwickelt. Ziel war es, auf der Basis einer flächendeckenden und automatischen Oberflächenkartierung den Zustand der städtischen Biotope in einem Beispielgebiet von Dresden quantitativ zu beschreiben. Voraussetzung für die flächendeckende Erfassung städtischer Oberflächen auf der Basis von hyperspektralen Flugzeugscannerdaten war die Untersuchung ihrer materialspezifischen spektralen Reflexionseigenschaften. Sie wurden sowohl in Feld- und Laborspektrometermessungen als auch in den Bildspektren der hyperspektralen HyMap-Daten untersucht. Im Ergebnisse wurden eine Vielzahl von Oberflächenmaterialien anhand charakteristischer spektraler Merkmale differenziert. Die robusten spektralen Merkmale wurden auf der Basis numerischer Maße beschrieben, die eine automatische Identifizierung der Oberflächenmaterialien mit Hilfe von HyMap-Daten ermöglichten. Schwierigkeiten verblieben bei der Trennung einiger Dach- und Freiflächen, welche auf spektrale Ähnlichkeiten zurückzuführen waren. Für die flächendeckende Identifizierung der Oberflächenmaterialien wurde ein kombiniertes Klassifizierungs- und Entmischungsverfahren eingesetzt. Es beinhaltete im ersten Schritt die Klassifizierung der spektral reinen Pixel (Seedlings). Die Seedlings stellten in der Umgebung unbekannter Mischpixel potentielle Endmember für ihre anschließende Entmischung dar. Die spektralen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen einigen Dach- und Freiflächen erforderten ihre getrennte Identifizierung im Rahmen der Seedlings-Klassifizierung mit Hilfe von Gebäudemasken. Die thematische Genauigkeit der fernerkundlichen Ergebnisse wurde mit einem objektorientierten Ansatz überprüft. Danach wurden 57% der städtischen Objekte, die eine Fläche von 78% - 81% abdeckten, korrekt identifiziert. Die fernerkundliche Oberflächenkartierung stellte die Grundlage für die Zustandsbeschreibung städtischer Biotope dar. Dazu wurden die fernerkundlichen Ergebnisse mit Hilfe GIS-basierter Methoden in die bestehende Datenbank der Stadtbiotopkartierung Dresdens integriert. Für jedes Biotop standen somit Informationen zur materiellen Ausstattung zur Verfügung. Diese Informationen ermöglichten die Ableitung quantitativer Parameter wie z.B. dem Bebauungsgrad und dem Versiegelungsgrad. Ihre Aussagekraft für stadtökologische Fragestellungen wurde durch statistische und räumliche Analysen überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Vielfalt der städtischen Biotope eines Typs, die mit den bisher in der Planungspraxis verwendeten Methoden nicht ausreichend beschrieben werden konnten. Mit dem dargestellten Ansatz wurde ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur automatischen Ableitung stadtökologisch relevanter Informationen aus hyperspektralen Daten geleistet. Die Qualität der automatischen Oberflächenkartierung ist in diesem Zusammenhang entscheidend. Verbesserungen bei der Identifizierung kleiner Objekte sind mit dem Einsatz räumlich höher aufgelöster hyperspektraler Daten zu erwarten. Mit der Verwendung weiterer spektraler Kanäle im thermalen Infrarotbereich und der Integration von 3D-Stadtmodellen kann die automatische Oberflächenkartierung auf einem sehr hohen Genauigkeitsniveau durchgeführt werden.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 3
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    Technische Universität
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 4
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    Technische Universität
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 5
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    Technische Universität
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Within a few years after the German reunification, most open pit lignite mines in the Central German Lignite Mining District have been shut down leaving more than 200km2 of devastated land in Saxony (Germany) even now. These areas are in demand of short term conceptions for future landuse and suitable recultivation methods. This thesis investigates, how thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing in particular can provide valuable information, which is required to assist the landuse planning in identifying and classifying critical areas. In order to establish the mining of the lignitic seams the overburden Quatemary and Tertiary sediments had been removed and dumped in conveyor bridge dumps. The Tertiary sediments contain the mineral pyrite, which reacts to sulfuric acid under wet oxidizing conditions. The acidification of the dumps is not only strongly affecting the chemical characteristics of groundwater and residual lakes but also the stability of slopes leaving the risk of slides and subsidences. For a risk assessment of the aff~cted areas the geochemical and mineralogical composition as well as compositional changes of the dumps have to be explored. This is giving strong motivation for the application of remote sensing methods to answer the short term demands of landuse planners. Hyperspectral scanner data were acquired over two open pits (Espenhain, Zwenkau). The used scanner is DLR's Digital Airbome Imaging Spectrometer (DAIS 7915) which records data in 79 bands from the visible to thermal infrared. To allow a quantitative approach by means of empirical methods, the airbome data had to undergo a number of correction procedures and accompanying ground truth measurements had to be carried out. For a quantitative analysis of the target area, the data were calibrated and atmospherically corrected. Atmospheric modeling is based on the software packages SENSAT and ATCOR using the MODTRAN code. Interna! distortions of the imagery were corrected from flight attitude information and the data were finally geocoded to Gauß-Krüger-coordinates. A total of 77 field sarnples were taken to develop quantification algorithms based on spectral characteristics. Chemical and mineralogical analyses (GFZ Potsdam) as well as thermal infrared laboratory spectrometry (2.5-14μm) were performed. The samples were found tobe mainly composed of quartz (50-90 weigth percent), alkaline feldspars (5-20 wt.% ), kaolinite (0-15 wt.%), illite (2-20 wt.%) and pyrite (0-4 wt.%). In the TIR, many rock-forming minerals (e.g. silicates) show characteristic spectral features. To investigate the influence of different grain sizes on the spectral behavior, the particulate material was ground to grain sizes 〈63μm. Both, the fine homogenized and the original dump sediments were measured. The mineralogical quantitative sarnple composition was correlated with the spectral features measured in the laboratory. Different approaches were investigated to quantify the rnineralogical composition including absorption band depths and spectral angle mapping (SAM). The analysis in the laboratory allowed a determination of kaolinite and quartz contents of the overburden dumps. By transferring the regressions obtained from laboratory spectroscopy to atmospherically corrected and calibrated DAIS 7915 data, quartz contents were successfully mapped. Due to the broad TIR bands of DAIS, the spectral features of kaolinite were not resolved in the airbome data. A temperature map derived from night-time DAIS thermal infrared data were evaluated with respect to exothermic pyrite oxidation, too. The fresh Tertiary dumps in Zwenkau show thermal anomalies which seem to be related to exothermic oxidation processes. As a final outlook, the potential of the ASTER sensor, which is planned to be launched in early 1999, was evaluated. The TIR bands of ASTER are likely tobe a powerful tool for the mapping of quartz contents of particulate material. However, the low geometric resolution in the thermal infrared (90m pixel size) causes limitations for a structural analysis. Therefore, the Multi-Sensor-Multi-Resolution Technique (MMT) was used to unmix the low resolution bands using the higher resolution reflective ASTER bands (15-30m pixel size). The results show a significant improvement of the images. The MMT algorithm allows a further spectral investigation of the unmixed TIR data. The results presented in this work show that remote sensing data can provide useful information for a quantitative assessment and monitoring of environmental impacts. The combined use of the wavelength region from the VIS to TIR produces characteristic features that allow a differentiation of the mineralogical components, which could not have been achieved with either data set separately.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 9
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    GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-11-14
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German , English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen im Rahmen des DFG-Projekts erweitern und verbessern die bisherige Kenntnis über den rezenten Spannungszustand von Mitteleuropa. Die Meßergebnisse vom Raum Sachsen-Thüringen als Teil des Grenzgebietes Böhmisches Massiv gegen das südwestliche Vorland beruhen auf oberflächennahen in-situ-Messungen. Obwohl sie nur die Spannungsverteilung der obersten Kruste wiederspiegeln, ergeben sie ein interpretierbares Bild. Trotz ermittelter Variabilität der Spannungsrichtungen und - Intensitäten ist eine Geologie-relevante Felderung in Gebiete mit relativ homogenen Spannungsrichtungen erkennbar. In-situ-Spannungsmessungen sind offenbar trotz aller Einschränkungen, die den Autoren bewußt sind, geeignet, das unterschiedliche rezente Verhalten geologischer Strukturen zu ermitteln. Nachweisbar ist der Einfluß rezent aktiver regionaler Störungszonen auf das Spannungsfeld: Gestützt wird die Aussagefähigkeit der Meßdaten durch zahlreiche Ergebnisse anderer Autoren (und Methoden), mit denen sie in der Regel übereinstimmen.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 13
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    GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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