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  • Other Sources  (58)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2010-2014  (17)
  • 1995-1999  (41)
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  • 1
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    Seasonal ITCZ migration dynamically controls the location of the (sub)tropical Atlantic biogeochemical divide (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 (4). pp. 1438-1442.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Inorganic nitrogen depletion restricts productivity in much of the low-latitude oceans, generating a selective advantage for diazotrophic organisms capable of fixing atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). However, the abundance and activity of diazotrophs can in turn be controlled by the availability of other potentially limiting nutrients, including phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe). Here we present high-resolution data (∼0.3°) for dissolved iron, aluminum, and inorganic phosphorus that confirm the existence of a sharp north–south biogeochemical boundary in the surface nutrient concentrations of the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean. Combining satellite-based precipitation data with results from a previous study, we here demonstrate that wet deposition in the region of the intertropical convergence zone acts as the major dissolved iron source to surface waters. Moreover, corresponding observations of N2 fixation and the distribution of diazotrophic Trichodesmium spp. indicate that movement in the region of elevated dissolved iron as a result of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone drives a shift in the latitudinal distribution of diazotrophy and corresponding dissolved inorganic phosphorus depletion. These conclusions are consistent with the results of an idealized numerical model of the system. The boundary between the distinct biogeochemical systems of the (sub)tropical Atlantic thus appears to be defined by the diazotrophic response to spatial–temporal variability in external Fe inputs. Consequently, in addition to demonstrating a unique seasonal cycle forced by atmospheric nutrient inputs, we suggest that the underlying biogeochemical mechanisms would likely characterize the response of oligotrophic systems to altered environmental forcing over longer timescales.
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  • 2
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    Marine algae and land plants share conserved phytochrome signaling systems (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 111 (44). pp. 15827-15832.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
    Description: Phytochrome photosensors control a vast gene network in streptophyte plants, acting as master regulators of diverse growth and developmental processes throughout the life cycle. In contrast with their absence in known chlorophyte algal genomes and most sequenced prasinophyte algal genomes, a phytochrome is found in Micromonas pusilla , a widely distributed marine picoprasinophyte (〈2 μm cell diameter). Together with phytochromes identified from other prasinophyte lineages, we establish that prasinophyte and streptophyte phytochromes share core lightinput and signaling-output domain architectures except for the loss of C-terminal response regulator receiver domains in the streptophyte phytochrome lineage. Phylogenetic reconstructions robustly support the presence of phytochrome in the common progenitor of green algae and land plants. These analyses reveal a monophyletic clade containing streptophyte, prasinophyte, cryptophyte, and glaucophyte phytochromes implying an origin in the eukaryotic ancestor of the Archaeplastida. Transcriptomic measurements reveal diurnal regulation of phytochrome and bilin chromophore biosynthetic genes in Micromonas. Expression of these genes precedes both light-mediated phytochrome redistribution from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and increased expression of photo-synthesis-associated genes. Prasinophyte phytochromes perceive wavelengths of light transmitted farther through seawater than the red/far-red light sensed by land plant phytochromes. Prasinophyte phytochromes also retain light-regulated histidine kinase activity lost in the streptophyte phytochrome lineage. Our studies demonstrate that light-mediated nuclear translocation of phytochrome predates the emergence of land plants and likely represents a widespread signaling mechanism in unicellular algae.
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  • 3
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    Eukaryotic algal phytochromes span the visible spectrum (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 111 (10). pp. 3871-3876.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
    Description: Plant phytochromes are photoswitchable red/far-red photoreceptors that allow competition with neighboring plants for photosynthetically active red light. In aquatic environments, red and far-red light are rapidly attenuated with depth; therefore, photosynthetic species must use shorter wavelengths of light. Nevertheless, phytochrome-related proteins are found in recently sequenced genomes of many eukaryotic algae from aquatic environments. We examined the photosensory properties of seven phytochromes from diverse algae: four prasinophyte (green algal) species, the heterokont (brown algal) Ectocarpus siliculosus, and two glaucophyte species. We demonstrate that algal phytochromes are not limited to red and far-red responses. Instead, different algal phytochromes can sense orange, green, and even blue light. Characterization of these previously undescribed photosensors using CD spectroscopy supports a structurally heterogeneous chromophore in the far-red-absorbing photostate. Our study thus demonstrates that extensive spectral tuning of phytochromes has evolved in phylogenetically distinct lineages of aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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  • 4
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    Harvesting of drifting filamentous macroalgae in the Baltic Sea: an energy assessment (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    In:  Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 6 (1). Art.-Nr.: 013116.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-23
    Description: Eutrophication combined with climate change has caused ephemeral filamentous macroalgae to increase and drifts of seaweed cover large areas of some Baltic Sea sites during summer. In ongoing projects, these mass occurrences of drifting filamentous macroalgae are being harvested to mitigate eutrophication, with preliminary results indicating considerable nutrient reduction potential. In the present study, an energy assessment was made of biogas production from the retrieved biomass for a Baltic Sea pilot case. Use of different indicators revealed a positive energy balance. The energy requirements corresponded to about 30%–40% of the energy content in the end products. The net energy gain was 530–800 MJ primary energy per ton wet weight of algae for small-scale and large-scale scenarios, where 6 000 and 13 000 tonnes dwt were harvested, respectively. However, the exergy efficiency differed from the energy efficiency, emphasising the importance of taking energy quality into consideration when evaluating energy systems. An uncertainty analysis indicated parametric uncertainty of about 25%–40%, which we consider to be acceptable given the generally high sensitivity of the indicators to changes in input data, allocation method, and system design. Overall, our evaluation indicated that biogas production may be a viable handling strategy for retrieved biomass, while harvesting other types of macroalgae than red filamentous species considered here may render a better energy balance due to higher methane yields.
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  • 5
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    Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (9). pp. 3229-3236.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Description: In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines how a growing knowledge of the vast range of animal-bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed our thinking about five questions: how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other's genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts; and how can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of animal-bacterial interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged to broaden their appreciation of these interactions and to include investigations of the relationships between and among bacteria and their animal partners as we seek a better understanding of the natural world.
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  • 6
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    Isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in a tropical marine boundary layer (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (44). pp. 17668-17673.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-27
    Description: Long-term observations of the reactive chemical composition of the tropical marine boundary layer (MBL) are rare, despite its crucial role for the chemical stability of the atmosphere. Recent observations of reactive bromine species in the tropical MBL showed unexpectedly high levels that could potentially have an impact on the ozone budget. Uncertainties in the ozone budget are amplified by our poor understanding of the fate of NOx (= NO + NO2), particularly the importance of nighttime chemical NOx sinks. Here, we present year-round observations of the multiisotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in the tropical MBL at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory. We show that the observed oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate are compatible with nitrate formation chemistry, which includes the BrNO3 sink at a level of ca. 20 ± 10% of nitrate formation pathways. The results also suggest that the N2O5 pathway is a negligible NOx sink in this environment. Observations further indicate a possible link between the NO2/NOx ratio and the nitrogen isotopic content of nitrate in this low NOx environment, possibly reflecting the seasonal change in the photochemical equilibrium among NOx species. This study demonstrates the relevance of using the stable isotopes of oxygen and nitrogen of atmospheric nitrate in association with concentration measurements to identify and constrain chemical processes occurring in the MBL.
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  • 7
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    Arctic sea-ice decline archived by multicentury annual-resolution record from crustose coralline algal proxy (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (49). pp. 19737-19741.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-25
    Description: Northern Hemisphere sea ice has been declining sharply over the past decades and 2012 exhibited the lowest Arctic summer sea-ice cover in historic times. Whereas ongoing changes are closely monitored through satellite observations, we have only limited data of past Arctic sea-ice cover derived from short historical records, indirect terrestrial proxies, and low-resolution marine sediment cores. A multicentury time series from extremely long-lived annual increment-forming crustose coralline algal buildups now provides the first high-resolution in situ marine proxy for sea-ice cover. Growth and Mg/Ca ratios of these Arctic-wide occurring calcified algae are sensitive to changes in both temperature and solar radiation. Growth sharply declines with increasing sea-ice blockage of light from the benthic algal habitat. The 646-y multisite record from the Canadian Arctic indicates that during the Little Ice Age, sea ice was extensive but highly variable on subdecadal time scales and coincided with an expansion of ice-dependent Thule/Labrador Inuit sea mammal hunters in the region. The past 150 y instead have been characterized by sea ice exhibiting multidecadal variability with a long-term decline distinctly steeper than at any time since the 14th century.
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  • 8
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    Thick-shelled, grazer-protected diatoms decouple ocean carbon and silicon cycles in the iron-limited Antarctic Circumpolar Current (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (51). pp. 20633-20638.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-25
    Description: Diatoms of the iron-replete continental margins and North Atlantic are key exporters of organic carbon. In contrast, diatoms of the iron-limited Antarctic Circumpolar Current sequester silicon, but comparatively little carbon, in the underlying deep ocean and sediments. Because the Southern Ocean is the major hub of oceanic nutrient distribution, selective silicon sequestration there limits diatom blooms elsewhere and consequently the biotic carbon sequestration potential of the entire ocean. We investigated this paradox in an in situ iron fertilization experiment by comparing accumulation and sinking of diatom populations inside and outside the iron-fertilized patch over 5 wk. A bloom comprising various thin- and thick-shelled diatom species developed inside the patch despite the presence of large grazer populations. After the third week, most of the thinner-shelled diatom species underwent mass mortality, formed large, mucous aggregates, and sank out en masse (carbon sinkers). In contrast, thicker-shelled species, in particular Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, persisted in the surface layers, sank mainly empty shells continuously, and reduced silicate concentrations to similar levels both inside and outside the patch (silica sinkers). These patterns imply that thick-shelled, hence grazer-protected, diatom species evolved in response to heavy copepod grazing pressure in the presence of an abundant silicate supply. The ecology of these silica-sinking species decouples silicon and carbon cycles in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, whereas carbon-sinking species, when stimulated by iron fertilization, export more carbon per silicon. Our results suggest that large-scale iron fertilization of the silicate-rich Southern Ocean will not change silicon sequestration but will add carbon to the sinking silica flux.
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  • 9
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    Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (44). pp. 18192-18197.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean acidification acts on pH homeostasis in echinoderm larvae. Understanding acid–base regulatory capacities is important because intracellular formation and maintenance of the calcium carbonate skeleton is dependent on pH homeostasis. Using H+-selective microelectrodes and the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF, we conducted in vivo measurements of extracellular and intracellular pH (pHe and pHi) in echinoderm larvae. We exposed pluteus larvae to a range of seawater CO2 conditions and demonstrated that the extracellular compartment surrounding the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) conforms to the surrounding seawater with respect to pH during exposure to elevated seawater pCO2. Using FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument. PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong changes in pHe whenever seawater pH changes. However, measurements of pHi demonstrated that PMCs are able to fully compensate an induced intracellular acidosis. This was highly dependent on Na+ and HCO3−, suggesting a bicarbonate buffer mechanism involving secondary active Na+-dependent membrane transport proteins. We suggest that, under ocean acidification, maintained pHi enables calcification to proceed despite decreased pHe. However, this probably causes enhanced costs. Increased costs for calcification or cellular homeostasis can be one of the main factors leading to modifications in energy partitioning, which then impacts growth and, ultimately, results in increased mortality of echinoid larvae during the pelagic life stage.
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  • 10
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    Predominance of heavily calcified coccolithophores at low CaCO3 saturation during winter in the Bay of Biscay (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (23). pp. 8845-8849.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-27
    Description: Coccolithophores are an important component of the Earth system, and, as calcifiers, their possible susceptibility to ocean acidification is of major concern. Laboratory studies at enhanced pCO2 levels have produced divergent results without overall consensus. However, it has been predicted from these studies that, although calcification may not be depressed in all species, acidification will produce "a transition in dominance from more to less heavily calcified coccolithophores"Ridgwell A, et al., (2009) Biogeosciences 6:2611-2623. A recent observational study Beaufort L, et al., (2011) Nature 476:80-83 also suggested that coccolithophores are less calcified in more acidic conditions.We present the results of a large observational study of coccolithophore morphology in the Bay of Biscay. Samples were collected once a month for over a year, along a 1,000-km-long transect. Our data clearly show that there is a pronounced seasonality in the morphotypes of Emiliania huxleyi, the most abundant coccolithophore species. Whereas pH and CaCO 3saturation are lowest in winter, the E. huxleyi population shifts from 〈10% (summer) to >90% (winter) of the heavily calcified form. However, it is unlikely that the shifts in carbonate chemistry alone caused the morphotype shift. Our finding that the most heavily calcified morphotype dominates when conditions are most acidic is contrary to the earlier predictions and raises further questions about the fate of coccolithophores in a high-CO2 world.
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  • 11
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    PNAS Plus: Carbon and sulfur back flux during anaerobic microbial oxidation of methane and coupled sulfate reduction (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (52). E1484-E1490.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-25
    Description: Microbial degradation of substrates to terminal products is commonly understood as a unidirectional process. In individual enzymatic reactions, however, reversibility (reverse reaction and product back flux) is common. Hence, it is possible that entire pathways of microbial degradation are associated with back flux from the accumulating product pool through intracellular intermediates into the substrate pool. We investigated carbon and sulfur back flux during the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate, one of the least exergonic microbial catabolic processes known. The involved enzymes must operate not far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. Such an energetic situation is likely to favor product back flux. Indeed, cultures of highly enriched archaeal–bacterial consortia, performing net AOM with unlabeled methane and sulfate, converted label from 14C-bicarbonate and 35S-sulfide to 14C-methane and 35S-sulfate, respectively. Back fluxes reached 5% and 13%, respectively, of the net AOM rate. The existence of catabolic back fluxes in the reverse direction of net reactions has implications for biogeochemical isotope studies. In environments where biochemical processes are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, measured fluxes of labeled substrates to products are not equal to microbial net rates. Detection of a reaction in situ by labeling may not even indicate a net reaction occurring in the direction of label conversion but may reflect the reverse component of a so far unrecognized net reaction. Furthermore, the natural isotopic composition of the substrate and product pool will be determined by both the forward and back flux. This finding may have to be considered in the interpretation of stable isotope records.
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  • 12
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    Transcriptomic resilience to global warming in the seagrass Zostera marina, a marine foundation species (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (48). pp. 19276-19281.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Large-scale transcription profiling via direct cDNA sequencing provides important insights as to how foundation species cope with increasing climatic extremes predicted under global warming. Species distributed along a thermal cline, such as the ecologically important seagrass Zostera marina, provide an opportunity to assess temperature effects on gene expression as a function of their long-term adaptation to heat stress. We exposed a southern and northern European population of Zostera marina from contrasting thermal environments to a realistic heat wave in a common-stress garden. In a fully crossed experiment, eight cDNA libraries, each comprising ∼125 000 reads, were obtained during and after a simulated heat wave, along with nonstressed control treatments. Although gene-expression patterns during stress were similar in both populations and were dominated by classical heat-shock proteins, transcription profiles diverged after the heat wave. Gene-expression patterns in southern genotypes returned to control values immediately, but genotypes from the northern site failed to recover and revealed the induction of genes involved in protein degradation, indicating failed metabolic compensation to high sea-surface temperature. We conclude that the return of gene-expression patterns during recovery provides critical information on thermal adaptation in aquatic habitats under climatic stress. As a unifying concept for ecological genomics, we propose transcriptomic resilience, analogous to ecological resilience, as an important measure to predict the tolerance of individuals and hence the fate of local populations in the face of global warming.
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  • 13
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    Newly identified and diverse plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 108 (4). pp. 1496-1500.
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
    Description: The use of molecular methods is altering our understanding of the microbial biosphere and the complexity of the tree of life. Here, we report a newly discovered uncultured plastid-bearing eukaryotic lineage named the rappemonads. Phylogenies using near-complete plastid ribosomal DNA (rDNA) operons demonstrate that this group represents an evolutionarily distinct lineage branching with haptophyte and cryptophyte algae. Environmental DNA sequencing revealed extensive diversity at North Atlantic, North Pacific, and European freshwater sites, suggesting a broad ecophysiology and wide habitat distribution. Quantitative PCR analyses demonstrate that the rappemonads are often rare but can form transient blooms in the Sargasso Sea, where high 16S rRNA gene copies mL-1 were detected in late winter. This pattern is consistent with these microbes being a member of the rare biosphere, whose constituents have been proposed to play important roles under ecosystem change. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that cells from this unique lineage were 6.6 ± 1.2 x 5.7 ± 1.0 μm, larger than numerically dominant open-ocean phytoplankton, and appear to contain two to four plastids. The rappemonads are unique, widespread, putatively photosynthetic algae that are absent from present-day ecosystem models and current versions of the tree of life.
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  • 14
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    Meltwater and Deglaciation, SE Baffin Shelf (NE Margin Laurentide Ice Sheet) Between 13.5 and 7 KA: From O and C Stable Isotopic Data (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Paleoceanography, 6 (5). pp. 621-637.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: Stable isotopic values on planktonic foraminifera in a suite of cores from basins across the SE Baffin Shelf are used to extract a record of meltwater events during Termination I deglaciation. Resolution and Hatton basins lie on the SE Baffin Shelf at water depths 〉 500 m, seaward of major conduits for ice drainage from the eastern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates are used to constrain our chronology of events in ten cores. In Resolution Basin, three cores have 14C AMS dates on foraminifera of 〉 20 ka at their bases; whereas Hatton Basin cores terminate in sediments 〈 13 kyr. Sedimentation rates varied between 0.1 to 4.5 m/ka. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios were obtained on 146 samples of the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) sinistral, from seven of the ten cores. No evidence was found to indicate that test morphology or size affected ∂18O. Between 7 and 13.5 ka the surface water on the shelf was on average 1 ‰ lower than the open ocean signal. Significant temporal variations were found in both ∂18O and ∂13C. Evidence for significant low ∂18O events occurred between 13 and 8 ka. The ∂13C record from the planktonic foraminifera suggests a threefold division of events between 13 and 7 ka, with positive values between 10.8 and 13.0 ka, negative values between 9 and 10.8 ka, and positive values from 7 to 9 ka. The ∂18O data suggest the presence of meltwater on the shelf some 3,000 years prior to the first late glacial dates on terrestrial deglaciation (at circa 10.4 ka). “Hudson Strait must be the real key to the importance of the calving process during deglaciation, because it is potentially the largest marine outlet for the Laurentide Ice Sheet and because it leads into the very center of the ice sheet.....the rates of calving through Hudson Strait during the period of initial ∂18O rise unfortunately are unknown.”
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  • 15
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    A Heinrich-like event, H-0 (DC-0): Source(s) for detrital carbonate in the North Atlantic during the Younger Dryas Chronozone (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Paleoceanography, 10 (5). pp. 943-952.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: In the North Atlantic we define H-0 as a Heinrich-like event which occurred during the Younger Dryas chron. On the SE Baffin shelf prior to 11 ka, surface water productivity was reasonably high, as measured by the numbers of diatom and planktic foraminifera per gram, but an abrupt increase in detrital carbonate (DC-0 event) (from approximately 15% up to 50% carbonate by weight) occurred at 11 ± 14C ka and continued to circa 10 ka. These deposits, 2–6 m thick, are dominated by detrital calcite and silt- and clay-sized sediments. During this event (DC-0/H-0), ice extended onto the inner shelf but did not reach the shelf break and probably originated from a center over Labrador-Ungava. As a consequence, the pattern of ice-rafted debris and sediment provenance shown by H-O in the North Atlantic is different from that during H-1 (14.5 ka) or H-2 (20 ka) when the ice sheet extended along the axis of Hudson Strait and may have reached the shelf break; for example, there is no concrete evidence for DC-O is cores on the floor of the Labrador Sea due east of Hudson Strait (HU75-55,-56), but H-O has been noted in cores off Newfoundland and west of Ireland. A coeval carbonate event to DC-0, but this one dominated by dolomite, occurs in HU82-SU5 on the west side of Davis Strait with a source either from northern Baffin Bay or Cumberland Sound. Although other sources for North Atlantic detrital carbonate cannot be totally excluded, our evidence suggests that H-0 represents the expression of glaciological instability of the Laurentide Ice Sheet within the general region of Hudson Strait and probably to the north (Cumberland Sound and northernmost Baffin Bay). There is one younger DC event, dated circa 8.4 ka, present in sediments along the Labrador margin and in Hudson Strait, which represents the final collapse of the ice sheet within Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay.
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  • 16
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    Nitrosopumilus maritimus genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107 . pp. 8818-8823.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-25
    Description: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea are ubiquitous in marine and terrestrial environments and now thought to be significant contributors to carbon and nitrogen cycling. The isolation of Candidatus “Nitrosopumilus maritimus” strain SCM1 provided the opportunity for linking its chemolithotrophic physiology with a genomic inventory of the globally distributed archaea. Here we report the 1,645,259-bp closed genome of strain SCM1, revealing highly copper-dependent systems for ammonia oxidation and electron transport that are distinctly different from known ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Consistent with in situ isotopic studies of marine archaea, the genome sequence indicates N. maritimus grows autotrophically using a variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutryrate pathway for carbon assimilation, while maintaining limited capacity for assimilation of organic carbon. This unique instance of archaeal biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant ectoine and an unprecedented enrichment of multicopper oxidases, thioredoxin-like proteins, and transcriptional regulators points to an organism responsive to environmental cues and adapted to handling reactive copper and nitrogen species that likely derive from its distinctive biochemistry. The conservation of N. maritimus gene content and organization within marine metagenomes indicates that the unique physiology of these specialized oligophiles may play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen.
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  • 17
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    Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 107 (33). pp. 14679-14684.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Among eukaryotes, four major phytoplankton lineages are responsible for marine photosynthesis; prymnesiophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and prasinophytes. Contributions by individual taxa, however, are not well known, and genomes have been analyzed fromonly the latter two lineages. Tiny "picoplanktonic" members of the prymnesiophyte lineage have long been inferred to be ecologically important but remain poorly characterized. Here, we examine pico-prymnesiophyte evolutionary history and ecology using cultivation-independent methods. 18S rRNA gene analysis showed picoprymnesiophytes belonged to broadly distributed uncultivated taxa. Therefore, we used targeted metagenomics to analyze uncultured pico-prymnesiophytes sorted by flow cytometry from subtropical North Atlantic waters. The data reveal a composite nuclear-encoded gene repertoire with strong green-lineage affiliations, which contrasts with the evolutionary history indicated by the plastid genome. Measured pico-prymnesiophyte growth rates were rapid in this region, resulting in primary production contributions similar to the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. On average, pico-prymnesiophytes formed 25 of global picophytoplankton biomass, with differing contributions in five biogeographical provinces spanning tropical to subpolar systems. Elements likely contributing to success include high gene density and genes potentially involved in defense and nutrient uptake. Our findings have implications reaching beyond pico-prymnesiophytes, to the prasinophytes and stramenopiles. For example, prevalence of putative Ni-containing superoxide dismutases (SODs), instead of Fe-containing SODs, seems to be a common adaptation among eukaryotic phytoplankton for reducing Fe quotas in low-Fe modern oceans. Moreover, highly mosaic gene repertoires, although compositionally distinct for each major eukaryotic lineage, now seem to be an underlying facet of successful marine phytoplankton.
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    El Niño Dynamics (1998)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    In:  Physics Today, 51 (12). p. 32.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Bringer of storms and droughts, the El Niño∕Southern Oscillation results from the complex, sometimes chaotic interplay of ocean and atmosphere.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 19
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    Bacterial infection as assessed by in vivo gene expression (1997)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94 (3). pp. 934-939.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: In vivo expression technology (IVET) has been used to identify 〉100 Salmonella typhimurium genes that are specifically expressed during infection of BALB/c mice and/or murine cultured macrophages. Induction of these genes is shown to be required for survival in the animal under conditions of the IVET selection. One class of in vivo induced (ivi) genes, iviVI-A and iviVI-B, constitute an operon that resides in a region of the Salmonella genome with low G+C content and presumably has been acquired by horizontal transfer, These ipi genes encode predicted proteins that are similar to adhesins and invasins from prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (Escherichia coli [tia], Plasmodium falciparum [PfEMP1]) and have coopted the PhoPQ regulatory circuitry of Salmonella virulence genes. Examination of the in vivo induction profile indicates (i) many ivi genes encode regulatory functions (e.g., phoPQ and pmrAB) that serve to enhance the sensitivity and amplitude of virulence gene expression (e.g., spvB); (ii) the biochemical function of many metabolic genes may not represent their sole contribution to virulence; (iii) the host ecology can be inferred from the biochemical functions of ipi genes; and (iv) nutrient limitation plays a dual signaling role in pathogenesis: to induce metabolic functions that complement host nutritional deficiencies and to induce virulence functions required for immediate survival and spread to subsequent host sites
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  • 20
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    Mineral Physics & Crystallography - A Handbook of Physical Constants (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, (ISBN 0-521-81734-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Handbook of mineralogy ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of physics ; Geochemistry
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Elastic constants of mantle minerals at high temperature (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Mineral Physics & Crystallography - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 37, pp. 64-97, (ISBN 3-540-24988-5)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Physical properties of rocks ; Review article ; Mineralogy
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  • 22
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    Seismic traveltime tables (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 126-143, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Travel time ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 23
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    Classification of rocks and their abundances on the Earth (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 1-7, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Physical properties of rocks ; Mineralogy ; Review article
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  • 24
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    Isotopic decay data (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 271-282, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; radioactivity ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of physics
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  • 25
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    Rheology of rocks (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1002, no. 231, pp. 148-165, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Rheology ; Inelastic ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Review article
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  • 26
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    Seismic models of the Earth: Elastic and anelastic (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 88-103, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Rheology ; Seismology
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  • 27
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    Free oscillations: Frequencies and attenuations (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 104-125, (ISBN 0080419208)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Attenuation ; Rheology
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  • 28
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    Acoustic velocity and attenuation in porous rocks (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 20-34, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Physical properties of rocks ; Attenuation ; porosity ; Velocity ; Review article
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  • 29
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    Deep-crustal seismology of continental margins (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. 28, pp. 309-314
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Plate tectonics ; Review article
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  • 30
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Silicates and Oxides in geochemistry and geophysics (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Mineral Physics & Crystallography - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 303-331, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: NMR ; Spectrum ; Spectral analysis ; Geochemistry ; Physical properties of rocks ; Review article
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  • 31
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    Natural radioactivity of the crust and mantle (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 283-291, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; radioactivity ; isotopes ; Geothermics
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  • 32
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    Plate motions and crustal deformation (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. 302, pp. 365-369
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Seismicity ; Geodesy ; Review article
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  • 33
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    Magnitudes and moments of earthquakes (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, pp. 206-213
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Magnitude ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; seismic Moment
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  • 34
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    Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 105-126, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Geothermics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Review article
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  • 35
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    Electrical conductivity models of the crust and the mantle (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. XVI:, pp. 190-205, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Geoelectrics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses !
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  • 36
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    Models of mantle viscosity (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Mineral Physics & Crystallography - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 227-236, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Rheology ; Inelastic ; Modelling ; Review article ; Geothermics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses !
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  • 37
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    Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 23-40, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Volcanology ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earth rotation ; Geochemistry ; Nuclear explosion ; Source ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; GeodesyY ; Chaotic behaviour ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Rock mechanics ; remote ; sensing ; Mineralogy ; Geodesy ; Global Positioning System ; Very Long Baseline Interferometry ; Satellite Laser Ranging ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Planetology
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  • 38
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    Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, (ISBN 0-521-81734-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of physics
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  • 39
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    Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, (ISBN 0-521-81734-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Plate tectonics ; TIDES ; Geomagnetics ; Geothermics ; Seismology ; Geoelectrics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Paleomagnetism ; isotopes ; Geochemistry ; Oceanography ; Volcanology ; physical ; constants
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  • 40
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    Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Mineral Physics & Crystallography - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 303-331, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Mineralogy ; Physical properties of rocks ; Review article
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  • 41
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    Present plate motions and plate boundaries (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 66-87, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Modelling ; Review article ; Geodesy ; Paleomagnetism
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  • 42
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    Rock failure (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Rock Physics & Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 127-147, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Geochemistry ; Physical properties of rocks ; Mineralogy ; Review article
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  • 43
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    Seismic source modeling (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. SC.TECH./SEM.16/R.60, pp. 299-308
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Source ; Modelling ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 44
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    Lithosphere dynamics and continental deformation (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. SC.TECH./SEM.16/R.60, pp. 379-383
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Tectonics ; rifting ; basins ; Fault zone ; Stress ; Fluids ; Review article
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  • 45
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    Earthquake geodesy and hazard monitoring (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. M79-E-11 [79127 Arto 129], pp. 249-255, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Earthquake hazard ; Review article
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  • 46
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    Crustal deformation (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2097, pp. 371-377, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Very Long Baseline Interferometry ; Satellite Laser Ranging ; Global Positioning System ; Plate tectonics ; Review article
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  • 47
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    Intraslab earthquakes and phase changes in subducting lithosphere (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 25, pp. 287-297, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Mineralogy ; Hypocentral depth ; Review article
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  • 48
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    Marine geodynamics: Depth-age revisited (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. AFGL-TR-88-0314, pp. 413-418, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; evolution ; GeodesyY ; Review article
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    Volcanic eruptions, prediction, hazard assessment, remote sensing, and societal implications (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. paper SPWLA 90-H, pp. 257-262, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake hazard ; Review article
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  • 50
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    Seismology and the test ban: A new era (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. 89-144, pp. 269-273, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Review article
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  • 51
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    Rock deformation: Ductile and brittle (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 57, pp. 451-457, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Rheology ; Review article
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  • 52
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    New ideas about the physics of earthquakes (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 1034, no. SAND 80-2048, pp. 283-286, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Review article
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  • 53
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    Volcano seismology, hazards assessment (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 70, pp. 263-267, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 54
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    Chaos, fractals, nonlinear phenomena in Earth sciences (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, vol. 10, no. 91-N-FA07-7-4, pp. 341-343, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
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    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Chaotic behaviour ; FractureT ; Non-linear effects ; Review article
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  • 55
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    Earthquake prediction, societal implications (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991 - 1994. Contributions in Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets, ed. by R. A. Pielke, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, no. 43, pp. 243-247
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Review article
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  • 56
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    Heat flow of the Earth (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 144-158, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Geothermics ; Review article
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  • 57
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    Crustal structure of the Earth (1995)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, Washington, American Geophysical Union, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 214-224, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995
    Keywords: Review article ; Velocity depth profile ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust)
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  • 58
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    Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. (1995)
    National Academy of Sciences
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92 (22). pp. 10237-10241.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: The eukaryotic green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta acclimates to decreased growth irradiance by increasing cellular levels of light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex apoproteins associated with photosystem II (LHCIIs), whereas increased growth irradiance elicits the opposite response. Nuclear run-on transcription assays and measurements of cab mRNA stability established that light intensity-dependent changes in LHCII are controlled at the level of transcription. cab gene transcription in high-intensity light was partially enhanced by reducing plastoquinone with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), whereas it was repressed in low-intensity light by partially inhibiting the oxidation of plastoquinol with 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB). Uncouplers of photosynthetic electron transport and inhibition of water splitting had no effect on LHCII levels. These results strongly implicate the redox state of the plastoquinone pool in the chloroplast as a photon-sensing system that is coupled to the light-intensity regulation of nuclear-encoded cab gene transcription. The accumulation of cellular chlorophyll at low-intensity light can be blocked with cytoplasmically directed phosphatase inhibitors, such as okadaic acid, microcystin L-R, and tautomycin. Gel mobility-shift assays revealed that cells grown in high-intensity light contained proteins that bind to the promoter region of a cab gene carrying sequences homologous to higher plant light-responsive elements. On the basis of these experimental results, we propose a model for a light intensity signaling system where cab gene expression is reversibly repressed by a phosphorylated factor coupled to the redox status of plastoquinone through a chloroplast protein kinase.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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