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  • QnAs  (63)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (63)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Hindawi
  • 2010-2014  (63)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989
  • 1
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    QnAs with Neil Shubin [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: From the rust-brown sediments of long-dried streams that once rumbled through the rugged terrain of Canada’s Ellesmere Island, a team of paleontologists unearthed in 2004 fossils of a 375 million-year-old species of fish that may have nearly crossed an evolutionary Rubicon. Named Tiktaalik roseae, the now-extinct animal has come to...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 2
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    QnAs with Joseph LeDoux [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: In his 1933 inaugural address to the American people, President Franklin Roosevelt attempted to rouse the nation out of the stultifying Depression with his famous aphorism on fear as a self-fulfilling end. Decades later, a scientific understanding of fear continues to remain elusive, despite the unraveling of brain circuits triggered...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 3
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    QnAs with Cynthia J. Burrows [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: DNA sequences called telomeres, located at the ends of chromosomes, fold into compact structures called G-quadruplexes. These structures are named for the four repeated sequences of the nucleotide guanine that characterize telomeric DNA and shape the folding of the quadruplex. Cynthia J. Burrows, a chemist at the University of Utah...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 4
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    QnAs with Patricia Kuhl [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Machines that can precisely recognize and decode human speech remain a largely unrealized challenge facing scientists and engineers. Yet infants below the age of one recognize and attempt to imitate the sounds of human speech even before they begin to grasp the meaning of words or produce them. Around 12...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 5
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    QnAs with Fred Gage [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: With the advent of rapid genome sequencing, the view of the human genome as a vast desert dotted with far-flung oases of functional genes has contended with a growing appreciation of the role of regulatory sequences in shaping gene expression. The fraction of the human genome’s noncoding component that can...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 6
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    QnAs with Alan Guth [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-15
    Description: The announcement in March 2014 that a telescope near the South Pole had detected possible evidence of gravitational waves brought renewed attention to inflationary theory, which describes the earliest moments of the universe. According to inflationary theory, exotic matter present at the birth of the universe exerted repulsive gravitational effects,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 7
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    QnAs with Tom Insel [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Description: When it comes to uncovering how the brain develops across the human lifespan, “change” may be the key word. Mounting evidence from molecular atlases of brain development suggests that the midgestational human brain markedly differs from the adult brain, undergoing wholesale transformation over time by tuning the timing and location...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 8
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    QnAs with Davis Masten and Peter Zandan [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-05
    Description: The scientific community is often overshadowed by competing interests when it comes to gaining public attention. As a result, scientific findings are sometimes not given due prominence, hindering their ability to inform and shape public opinion and public policy, say Davis Masten and Peter Zandan, members of the Presidents’ Circle...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 9
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    QnAs with Victor Dzau [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-23
    Description: On July 1, 2014, Victor Dzau, the current chancellor of health affairs at Duke University, will relinquish his position at the university to begin the first day of his six-year term as President of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academies. Dzau is a prominent figure...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 10
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    QnAs with Elizabeth Spelke [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-02
    Description: If humans have a defensible claim of supremacy in the animal kingdom, it might lie in our superior cognitive abilities, which have endowed our species with unparalleled powers to probe our world. Those fundamental abilities—some shared with other species—help us make sense of space and number, use language, and forge...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 11
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    QnAs with Mary C. Waters [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-19
    Description: In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, a massive Category 3 storm, slammed into New Orleans, destroying levees, flooding most of the city, and forcing the relocation of thousands of residents. Some of these residents had been participating in a study of the effects of community college on low-income parents. Katrina proved the...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 12
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    QnAs with Simon A. Levin [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The 2008 global financial crisis starkly demonstrated the breakdown of a large, complex system. Although the consequences were widespread, the crisis stemmed from the decisions of individuals within the system. For more than 40 years, National Academy of Sciences member Simon A. Levin, an ecologist at Princeton University, has studied...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 13
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    QnAs with Tom Jessell [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-23
    Description: Over long years, neuroscientists have attempted to trace in cartographic detail the neural circuitry underlying goal-oriented movements, such as reaching, grasping, and handling objects. The modularity, precision, and smoothness of such movements arise from motor commands that descend from the brain to muscles, triggering rapid and continual feedback, which in...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 14
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    QnAs with Ian T. Baldwin [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-29
    Description: Chemical ecologist Ian T. Baldwin has devoted his career to understanding the traits that allow plants to survive in the wild. The founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany, and current head of its department of molecular ecology, Baldwin has developed a molecular toolbox...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 15
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    QnAs with Carol S. Dweck [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: In a classic psychological experiment performed in the late 1960s, animals in one group could stop administered shocks by pressing a lever, whereas those in another group could not stop the shocks despite pressing the lever. Later, when the powerless animals were eventually presented with a working lever, they didn’t...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 16
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    QnAs with Roger D. Cone [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The factors underlying obesity are multifaceted, but recent research suggests that the brain’s melanocortin circuits, which play a key role in controlling the balance between energy consumption and use, lie at the heart of obesity. According to Roger D. Cone, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 and...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 17
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    QnAs with Ralph R. Isberg [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: The moment a bacterium invades a human cell, the immune system triggers a series of events meant to destroy the pathogen and display the remnants like victory flags on the cell’s surface. National Academy of Sciences member Ralph R. Isberg, a professor of molecular biology and microbiology at Tufts University...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 18
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    QnAs with Richard Scheller [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: As electrical signals course through brain cells, a stepwise process of information transfer ensures that the signals are relayed across junctions called synapses. Orchestrating the process on either side of the synaptic gulf is a suite of proteins found on neuronal membranes and on tiny vesicles that ferry signaling molecules,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 19
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    QnAs with William Bialek [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: William Bialek works at the interface of physics and biology, searching for predictive mathematical theories that can quantify and explain diverse biological phenomena. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Bialek is the John Archibald Wheeler/Battelle Professor in Physics at Princeton University, a member of Princeton’s multidisciplinary Lewis-Sigler Institute...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 20
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    QnAs with Ann M. Graybiel [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-23
    Description: Much of our everyday behavior is guided by habits. By studying the electrical activity in the brains of animals as they acquire a habit, Ann M. Graybiel, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a National Academy of Sciences member, uncovers the neurobiological basis of how habits form...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 21
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    QnAs with John Clarke [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: More than five decades after superconductivity was discovered, John Clarke’s graduate adviser, Brian Pippard, at Cambridge University proposed a novel device to measure minute voltages. Clarke, now a Professor of the Graduate School in the Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, constructed such an ultrasensitive voltmeter based...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 22
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    QnAs with Lynn M. Riddiford [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Description: Lynn M. Riddiford may not have become a developmental biologist had she not stumbled across an article in Seventeen magazine as a teenager. She read that the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine—1,500 miles from her parents’ farm in Illinois—had a summer research program for high school...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 23
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    QnAs with Arthur Beaudet [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-24
    Description: In May 2012 Arthur Beaudet, a geneticist at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, reported a preliminary link between the deficiency of a gene that helps cells synthesize a biomolecule called carnitine and the risk of autism in some boys. Beaudet’s...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 24
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    QnAs with Detlef Weigel [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-10
    Description: In his scientific career, National Academy of Sciences member Detlef Weigel has gone from studying how fruit flies and flowers develop to investigating how plants adapt to different environments and the genomic variation that allows them to do so. Director of the Department of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 25
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    QnAs with Philippe J. Sansonetti [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-20
    Description: As a young resident doctor at France’s Hôpitaux de Paris in the 1970s, Philippe Sansonetti saw a lot of patients with infectious diseases, such as typhoid, whooping cough, and leprosy. Sansonetti and his colleagues treated those patients with antibiotics. By that point, however, the first signs of antibiotic resistance were...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 26
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    QnAs with Randolph Blake [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-22
    Description: Psychologist Randolph Blake has been fascinated for most of his career by a form of perceptual magic called binocular rivalry: Dissimilar images presented simultaneously one to each eye take turns perceptually disappearing and reappearing unpredictably. Furthermore, it is impossible to hold just one of those images in conscious awareness indefinitely....
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 27
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    QnAs with Benjamin D. Santer [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-04
    Description: When Benjamin Santer began studying the Earth’s climate in the late 1970s, he simply wanted to understand the links between human behavior and global climate change. Computer models and statistical analysis enabled him to measure this relationship. By developing “fingerprints” that distinguish between human and natural influences on climate, Santer,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 28
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    QnAs with Ronald DePinho [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-04
    Description: Ronald DePinho has spent most of his waking hours trying to unlock the genetic secrets of aging and cancer. Over the years, DePinho, president of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX, and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has come to...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 29
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    QnAs with Daniel Kahneman [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: The science of human decision-making has long been a stronghold of psychologists. Among the voices that abound in the literature on how people make choices, one scholarly voice has remained strident through several decades. By studying human behavior through the lens of economics, Princeton University psychologist Daniel Kahneman has shown...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 30
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    QnAs with Daniel Schacter [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-04
    Description: Since time immemorial, the fallibility of human memory has fascinated intellectuals in many fields of human endeavor. In his book The Seven Sins of Human Memory, a popular tome of scholarly work aimed at a general audience, Harvard University psychologist Daniel Schacter, a recently elected member of the National Academy...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 31
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    QnAs with Subra Suresh [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-03
    Description: Expertise, transparency, impartiality, appropriateness, confidentiality, and integrity: Those are the guiding principles of scientific merit review espoused by a recent global summit hosted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Led by the federal agency’s director Subra Suresh, former dean of engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a newly elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 32
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    QnAs with Baldomero M. Olivera [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-22
    Description: As an aspiring young biologist in the 1960s, Baldomero Olivera left Stanford University to return to his native Philippines, finding a laboratory devoid of equipment. While applying for research funding, Olivera decided to study something local and inexpensive, recalling from his childhood that certain cone snails use a harpoon-like tooth to inject prey with a deadly paralyzing venom. On a whim, Olivera decided to purify cone snail venom to see how it works. That off-the-cuff decision spawned a surprisingly successful career. Olivera, now a distinguished professor of biology at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT) and recently elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 33
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    QnAs with Charles F. Stevens [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-12
    Description: Charles F. Stevens applies the methods of theoretical physics, molecular biology, and anatomy to answer fundamental questions about the brain. A professor of neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1982, Stevens has helped unravel the molecular details of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Shu Chien [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-20
    Description: Shu Chien is one of only 13 scholars to belong jointly to the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine—a testament to his expertise in biology, medicine, and engineering and his ability to fuse the three fields in his research. A professor of bioengineering and medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Director of the UCSD Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Chien received the 2011 National Medal of Science, the highest honor bestowed to scientists and engineers by the United States government. His research has contributed greatly to our understanding...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Peter M. Kareiva [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-27
    Description: For his strident advocacy of people-centered conservation, aimed at striking a balance between economic and ecological interests, Peter Kareiva has been often cast as a maverick among environmentalists. Thanks to a growing infusion of science into conservation efforts in the 21st century, Kareiva, elected in 2011 to the National Academy of Sciences, says the environmental movement has come a long way since its birth two centuries ago. As chief scientist at The Nature Conservancy, a bastion for environmental interests, Kareiva helped launch a collaborative endeavor called the Natural Capital Project in 2006 to develop scientific tools to evaluate the costs...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Kirk R. Smith [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: Nearly half of the world’s population relies on fuels such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. In the 1980s, Kirk R. Smith, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of global health at the University of California at Berkeley, sounded the alarm that these fuels, when burned in open fires or traditional cook stoves, produce high levels of indoor air pollution that prematurely kill about 2 million people each year—more than either malaria or tuberculosis, according to Smith. Cleaner alternatives to traditional cook stoves exist, but convincing funding agencies and decision makers to invest...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Ruth S. DeFries [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Rising global demand for food, biofuels, and agricultural commodities such as soybeans and oil palm has driven the clearing of vast swaths of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranches and cropland. According to Columbia University geographer and National Academy of Sciences member Ruth DeFries, intensive high-yield farming is an often-proposed solution to simultaneously conserve tropical forests, increase food production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forest clearing. But whether this strategy works remains unclear. DeFries has long used satellite imagery to examine human transformation of the planet’s landscape. Here, DeFries shares her recent counterintuitive findings from a study...
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    QnAs with W. E. Moerner [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: The interplay of light and matter has long preoccupied Stanford University physical chemist W. E. Moerner. As a scientist at IBM Research during the late 1980s, Moerner developed then-novel techniques to configure holograms by altering the light-refracting properties of a polymer. Today, Moerner uses the power of light to probe how individual biological molecules behave within and without the seeming clutter of living cells. Moerner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his work, in particular the optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules. Those studies opened a window into the nanoscale world of cells, offering...
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    QnAs with Arthur L. Horwich [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: In the late 1950s, biochemist Christian Anfinsen demonstrated that the sequence of amino acids in a protein contains all of the information required for the protein to acquire its functional shape. In recent years, researchers have found that many newly minted proteins make an important stop on their journey to the native shape: they bind to one or more helper proteins called molecular chaperones, which prevent the proteins’ exposed surfaces from sticking to one another. Such undesirable molecular association can lead to protein aggregation, a hallmark of many human diseases. Together, German biochemist F. Ulrich Hartl and Yale University geneticist...
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    QnAs with Porter W. Anderson, Jr. [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: The work of National Academy of Sciences (NAS) member Porter W. Anderson, Jr. has benefitted millions of people around the globe: Anderson has spent his career developing vaccines against some of the leading causes of infection in children. For his contributions to the development and commercialization of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine—which has virtually eradicated one of the leading causes of meningitis in preschool-aged children—Anderson shared the 1996 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award with the late David Smith, Rachel Schneerson, and NAS member John Robbins. Since retiring from the University of Rochester in the late 1990s, Anderson...
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    QnAs with Richard T. Durrett [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Richard Durrett’s work lies at the interface of mathematics and biology, where the tools of probability theory are used to study problems in ecology, genetics, and cancer biology. Durrett, a professor of mathematics at Duke University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted his career to developing models for biological questions ranging from the behavior of populations in ecological systems to the effects of mutations and natural selection on genomes. Durrett talks to PNAS about his recent work on the development and spread of cancer and how mathematical approaches can be applied to biological...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with John A. Rogers [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: Nature is full of curves. So it is only natural that manmade devices meant to interact with nature emulate its elements of design. That is the line of reasoning behind the innovations of John Rogers, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a professor of materials science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Rogers’ innovations have inspired an array of approaches to render supple rigid surfaces found in electronic devices. From stretchable electronic sensors that can be slapped onto human skin like removable tattoos to digital cameras that mimic the retina to create pin-sharp images, Rogers has attempted...
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    QnAs with Harald zur Hausen [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The first carcinogenic virus was discovered in chickens in 1911. More than 70 years later, Harald zur Hausen demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, for which he garnered the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. A professor emeritus at the German Cancer Research Center and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, zur Hausen’s contributions to the field of virology have reshaped our understanding of the connections between infectious and chronic diseases. PNAS recently spoke with the Nobel laureate about HPV, undercooked beef, and scientific “dogma.”pnas;109/5/1378/UNFIG01F1unfig01Harald zur Hausen.PNAS:In general, how do viruses cause cancer?zur...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Adrian N. Raftery [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-31
    Description: Adrian Raftery has a penchant for probability. Over a three-decade career spanning several disciplines, Raftery, a professor of statistics and sociology at the University of Washington, Seattle, and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has used statistical tools to unravel uncertainty in all manner of projections....
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    QnAs with Michael S. Gazzaniga [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: Michael Gazzaniga began his career in neuroscience by studying how the human brain’s left and right hemispheres are specialized for different tasks. Over the years, those insights into brain function have fueled his interest in how the brain influences the mind. Gazzaniga, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has served on the US President’s Council on Bioethics and has authored several popular books that explore the links between the brain, behavior, and the law. As those links continue to burgeon, evidence based on neuroscience...
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    QnAs with Bruce A. Beutler [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: Most people can tell when their bodies are in the throes of an infection, but Bruce Beutler is on a mission to determine where and how this recognition actually begins, at the level of microbe-sensing immune cell molecules. A professor of immunology at the University of Texas Southwestern and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, Beutler shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating an infection-sensing role for the mammalian immune cell-surface receptor, TLR4. This protein activates the innate immune response—the body’s primary line of defense against pathogens—upon detecting LPS, a structural component...
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    QnAs with Kendall N. Houk [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-08
    Description: Kendall Houk, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Winstein Chair in Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, uses computational and theoretical chemistry to illuminate the underlying rules of organic and synthetic chemistry. By understanding how basic chemical reactions work, Houk can design molecules and enzymes to catalyze increasingly complex reactions. In his Inaugural Article, Houk uses molecular dynamics techniques to study the intricate underpinnings of the Diels-Alder reaction, a classic organic chemistry phenomenon first described in the 1920s. Here, he describes how theoretical and computational chemistry, bolstered by major advances in...
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    QnAs with Leif Andersson [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-27
    Description: The mutations linking animal form and function almost always have intriguing back stories, says Leif Andersson, a professor of functional genomics at Uppsala University, Sweden and a recently elected foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. Andersson’s research explores the genetic changes underlying phenotypic diversity in horses, pigs, dogs,...
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    QnAs with Leroy E. Hood [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Molecular biologist Leroy Hood says a transformation in medicine is gingerly afoot. The change, which he calls P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory), could turn today’s reactive approach to medicine into a proactive one in the future. Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, is no stranger to scientific revolutions. In the 1980s Hood helped invent automated DNA and protein synthesizers and sequencers, which made the Human Genome Project possible. Those technological feats snagged Hood many laurels, including the Kyoto Prize and the Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation. Hood tells PNAS how systems biology—the...
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    QnAs with May R. Berenbaum [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: Insects and plants often share a complicated relationship, and University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign entomologist May Berenbaum has a fine understanding of its chemistry. Berenbaum, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has long studied how insects and plants evolve chemical arsenals to survive together, pitting cunning defense against toxic offense. Author of a number of popular science books on coevolution, Berenbaum won the 2011 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her contributions to entomology. Among her many pursuits is an exploration of the likely cause of honey bee die-offs across the United States, an affliction called colony collapse disorder....
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    QnAs with Bruce M. Spiegelman [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Like good and bad cholesterol, human body fat comes in two varieties: white fat cells, which store excess calories, and brown fat cells, which burn energy to generate body heat. Less well known outside the scientific community, brown fat cells have long been a fascination for National Academy of Sciences member Bruce Spiegelman, a professor of cell biology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. Spiegelman’s work on fat metabolism is far-reaching: From finding ways to stimulate brown fat development in the body to unraveling the activity of drugs against diabetes, he has shown how understanding the genetics of...
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    QnAs with John P. Grotzinger [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: In late November 2011, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch its robotic explorer to scour Mars for signs of the planet’s ability to support life. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft is scheduled to lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, shuttling Curiosity, an SUV-sized rover with a hefty scientific payload, to the red planet’s surface. John Grotzinger, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, helps oversee the mission. He became involved in the quest after studying how changes in the Earth’s...
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    QnAs with Vern L. Schramm [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-09
    Description: At Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York City, Vern Schramm, a professor of biochemistry, devises ways to block cellular enzymes. Those enzymes, which catalyze a range of reactions at the heart of normal physiology, might hold keys to treating psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. Schramm’s studies on the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have led to a handful of drugs now being tested in clinical trials. In 2009, he developed a test for ricin, a deadly toxin found in castor beans, which has the potential to be used by bioterrorists. Schramm tells PNAS...
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    QnAs with Gary King [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-30
    Description: Gary King, a professor of social science at Harvard University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, fashions tools that harness the power of statistics, machine learning, and informatics to make sense of the numbers that matter to society. From evaluating the efficacy of a Mexican health policy reform to predicting the fate of the US Social Security trust fund, King’s sophisticated number crunching has important practical implications for disciplines as diverse as social, political, and health sciences. King tells PNAS how quantitative social science research can extend from academic journals into real-world scenarios.PNAS:You designed a health policy...
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    QnAs with Gilbert Strang [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-16
    Description: Of the world’s mathematicians, Gilbert Strang is possibly the most visible—or at least among the most frequently viewed. Millions of students from the Americas, Africa, China, Europe, India, and Singapore have watched Strang’s lectures on linear algebra courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s OpenCourseWare Web site (1), and many have e-mailed him to ask for one-on-one help. A former president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), author of several textbooks (2–9), and 2009 electee to the National Academy of Sciences, Strang wrote the book on linear algebra—and his text has changed how the material is taught....
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    QnAs with James E. Haber [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-06
    Description: As the director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center at Brandeis University in Waltham, MA, James Haber seeks to understand how cells repair damaged DNA—and what happens when the process goes awry, triggering the onset of cancer and other devastating diseases. Haber’s work on yeast genetics has earned him some of the highest honors in science, including the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime contributions in genetics and election to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010. Haber recently spoke with PNAS about the technologies his laboratory has used to explore a form of DNA damage known as...
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    QnAs with Peter H. Gleick [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-06
    Description: National Academy of Sciences member Peter Gleick is cofounder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security in Oakland, California, where he explores new ways of thinking about water issues. His creative insights have resulted in the biennial book series The World’s Water, a MacArthur Fellowship award in 2003, multiple appearances as an expert witness before Congress and the courts, and the 2010 book Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Peak water, the concept introduced in his PNAS Inaugural Article (1), became one of the New York Times’ “Words of...
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    QnAs with Eric S. Lander [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: This year marks the 10th anniversary of the sequencing of the human genome. More than two decades after the launch of the Human Genome Project, researchers have made remarkable inroads into unraveling human biology, evolution, and disease. As the tools of genome sequencing and analysis grow more sophisticated, insights into the human genome will slowly shift the terrain in the treatment of disease. To be sure, the shift has already begun. Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, offers PNAS readers his perspectives...
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    QnAs with Susan L. Lindquist [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Prions defy molecular biology’s central dogma. Misfolded proteins that self-perpetuate, prions were first isolated in the early 1980s as the cause of a fatal sheep disease called scrapie. Since then, prions have been implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases, composing a rogue’s gallery of deadly disease agents. Susan Lindquist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, has found that prions may have a little-appreciated positive side. Lindquist casts these seeming biochemical misfits in a surprising evolutionary role: Her studies have revealed that prions might...
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    QnAs with David Baltimore [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: At the age of 37, David Baltimore accomplished what many researchers dream of but few achieve: reversing an entrenched dogma, eventually leading to a new view of life. In the early 1970s, Baltimore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology, discovered reverse transcriptase—an enzyme found in some tumor viruses whose genetic code is written in the RNA alphabet. He found that reverse transcriptase can copy RNA into DNA, indicating that some viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate. The finding, which won Baltimore and others the 1975 Nobel Prize...
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    QnAs with Inder M. Verma [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: On November 1, 2011, Inder Verma, a professor of molecular biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1997, took the reins of PNAS as Editor-in-Chief. Verma succeeds University of California, Berkeley cell biologist Randy Schekman as leader of the journal. Verma received a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and performed postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore. Long recognized in the scientific community for his work in cancer genetics and gene therapy, Verma was most recently honored with...
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    QnAs with Cynthia Kenyon [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-12
    Description: For more than a decade, developmental biologist Cynthia Kenyon has sought the essence of youth in the soil-dwelling roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Through her studies on genes that control aging in the worm, Kenyon, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, joined the quest for immortality that has tickled the imagination of thinkers since time immemorial. Kenyon’s work has uncovered aging-related genes that affect physiological processes like metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Contradictory reports of experimental compounds purported to extend life or delay aging in animals have often roiled...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Robert C. Malenka [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Experiences bridge brain circuitry with behavior, affecting our ability to learn and remember. By influencing the nature of neurotransmission across synapses—junctions between nerve cells—experiences can physically shape the mind. Those influences, collectively termed synaptic plasticity, have been a focus of study for neuroscientist Robert Malenka for more than two decades. Malenka, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. Along the way, he has pinpointed changes in a raft of synaptic proteins that can alter the efficacy of neurotransmission across synapses. An offshoot of his studies on synaptic plasticity, Malenka’s work on how...
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