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  • Ecology  (196)
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  • 101
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    Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Description: Biodiversity is essential to human well-being, but people have been reducing biodiversity throughout human history. Loss of species and degradation of ecosystems are likely to further accelerate in the coming years. Our understanding of this crisis is now clear, and world leaders have pledged to avert it. Nonetheless, global goals to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss have mostly not been achieved. However, many examples of conservation success show that losses can be halted and even reversed. Building on these lessons to turn the tide of biodiversity loss will require bold and innovative action to transform historical relationships between human populations and nature.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 102
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    Beyond the roots of human inaction: Fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Description: The term "environmental problem" exposes a fundamental misconception: Disruptions of Earth’s ecosystems are at their root a human behavior problem. Psychology is a potent tool for understanding the external and internal drivers of human behavior that lead to unsustainable living. Psychologists already contribute to individual-level behavior-change campaigns in the service of sustainability, but attention is turning toward understanding and facilitating the role of individuals in collective and collaborative actions that will modify the environmentally damaging systems in which humans are embedded. Especially crucial in moving toward long-term human and environmental well-being are transformational individuals who step outside of the norm, embrace ecological principles, and inspire collective action. Particularly in developed countries, fostering legions of sustainability leaders rests upon a fundamental renewal of humans’ connection to the natural world.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 103
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    Putting a value on injuries to natural assets: The BP oil spill (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 104
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    What lies beneath (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 105
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    Going green on the silver screen (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-05
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
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    Living by the lessons of the planet (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    New crop pest takes Africa at lightning speed (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-05
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    Noise pollution is pervasive in U.S. protected areas (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-05
    Description: Anthropogenic noise threatens ecological systems, including the cultural and biodiversity resources in protected areas. Using continental-scale sound models, we found that anthropogenic noise doubled background sound levels in 63% of U.S. protected area units and caused a 10-fold or greater increase in 21%, surpassing levels known to interfere with human visitor experience and disrupt wildlife behavior, fitness, and community composition. Elevated noise was also found in critical habitats of endangered species, with 14% experiencing a 10-fold increase in sound levels. However, protected areas with more stringent regulations had less anthropogenic noise. Our analysis indicates that noise pollution in protected areas is closely linked with transportation, development, and extractive land use, providing insight into where mitigation efforts can be most effective.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    Shhh, you're disturbing the ecosystem (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-05
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Description: Hunting is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but a systematic large-scale estimate of hunting-induced defaunation is lacking. We synthesized 176 studies to quantify hunting-induced declines of mammal and bird populations across the tropics. Bird and mammal abundances declined by 58% (25 to 76%) and by 83% (72 to 90%) in hunted compared with unhunted areas. Bird and mammal populations were depleted within 7 and 40 kilometers from hunters’ access points (roads and settlements). Additionally, hunting pressure was higher in areas with better accessibility to major towns where wild meat could be traded. Mammal population densities were lower outside protected areas, particularly because of commercial hunting. Strategies to sustainably manage wild meat hunting in both protected and unprotected tropical ecosystems are urgently needed to avoid further defaunation.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    A river runs through it (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    [Perspective] Using fire to promote biodiversity (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-25
    Description: Fire profoundly influences people, climate, and ecosystems (1). The impacts of this interaction are likely to grow, with climate models forecasting widespread increases in fire frequency and intensity because of rising global temperatures (2). However, the relationship between fire and biodiversity is complex (3, 4). Many plants and animals require fire for their survival, yet even in fire-prone ecosystems, some species and communities are highly sensitive to fire. Recent studies (2, 3, 5, 6) are helping to define fire regimes that support the conservation of species with different requirements in a rapidly changing world. Authors: L. T. Kelly, L. Brotons
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 114
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    [This Week in Science] Fire management, made to measure (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-25
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 115
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    Probing the metabolism of microorganisms (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 116
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    How latitude affects biotic interactions (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-30
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 117
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    A human-driven decline in global burned area (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-30
    Description: Fire is an essential Earth system process that alters ecosystem and atmospheric composition. Here we assessed long-term fire trends using multiple satellite data sets. We found that global burned area declined by 24.3 ± 8.8% over the past 18 years. The estimated decrease in burned area remained robust after adjusting for precipitation variability and was largest in savannas. Agricultural expansion and intensification were primary drivers of declining fire activity. Fewer and smaller fires reduced aerosol concentrations, modified vegetation structure, and increased the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Fire models were unable to reproduce the pattern and magnitude of observed declines, suggesting that they may overestimate fire emissions in future projections. Using economic and demographic variables, we developed a conceptual model for predicting fire in human-dominated landscapes.
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 118
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    Chronic exposure to neonicotinoids reduces honey bee health near corn crops (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-30
    Description: Experiments linking neonicotinoids and declining bee health have been criticized for not simulating realistic exposure. Here we quantified the duration and magnitude of neonicotinoid exposure in Canada’s corn-growing regions and used these data to design realistic experiments to investigate the effect of such insecticides on honey bees. Colonies near corn were naturally exposed to neonicotinoids for up to 4 months—the majority of the honey bee’s active season. Realistic experiments showed that neonicotinoids increased worker mortality and were associated with declines in social immunity and increased queenlessness over time. We also discovered that the acute toxicity of neonicotinoids to honey bees doubles in the presence of a commonly encountered fungicide. Our work demonstrates that field-realistic exposure to neonicotinoids can reduce honey bee health in corn-growing regions.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 119
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    Modularity limits disturbance effects (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 120
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    [Perspective] Belowground drivers of plant diversity (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Long before Ernst Haeckel coined the term “ecology” in 1866, nature explorers, such as Alexander von Humboldt, observed that vegetation composition changes with climate. However, it still remains unclear what determines the local composition and species richness of vegetation. Understanding the roles of belowground invertebrates and microbes is particularly challenging. On pages 173 and 181 of this issue, respectively, Teste et al. (1) and Bennett et al. (2) report field studies that elucidate the role of soil microorganisms as drivers of plant community composition. Author: Wim H. van der Putten
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 121
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 122
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    [Perspective] Butterfly communities under threat (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 123
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    [This Week in Science] This is no time to be a butterfly (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 124
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    [Perspective] Can Apulia's olive trees be saved? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: On 21 October 2013, the Italian phytosanitary service notified the European Commission (EC) that the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa had been detected in olive trees near Gallipoli, a tourist destination in Italy's southern region of Apulia (1). This xylem-limited bacterium is spread by insect vectors and causes disease in crops such as grapevines, citrus, coffee, and almond; various ornamentals; and trees such as oaks, elms, and sycamores. Because of the risks of X. fastidiosa being introduced, established, and spread throughout Europe, this species is a regulated quarantine pest. Yet, X. fastidiosa has been left unchecked and has marched northward, leaving destruction in its wake (see the photo) (2). The establishment of X. fastidiosa in Italy has been an agricultural, environmental, political, and cultural disaster. Author: Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 125
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    [This Week in Science] Olive quick decline syndrome (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 126
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    [In Depth] An unhappy peace dividend (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Recent dives into Colombia's Cartagena Bay have revealed an unusually resilient coral reef thriving in the polluted waters. But the reef faces a threat: an end to Colombia's decades-long guerrilla war. The government is on the verge of inking a peace deal with its main adversary, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC. Experts expect peace to lead to a development boom, threatening ecosystems all over the country with deforestation and runoff. A new shipping lane is planned for Cartagena Bay, and construction will mean dredging right through the reef. Researchers believe studying the reef's resiliency could help struggling corals around the world and are racing to collect samples before it's too late. Author: Lizzie Wade
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 127
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    [Perspective] Thermal trouble in the tropics (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Early Victorian naturalists marveled at the profusion of diversity they encountered as they traveled from temperate to tropical latitudes. The inverse relationship between latitude and species richness that these naturalists first observed is now referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. Various ecological and evolutionary explanations have been proposed for the latitudinal diversity gradient. Of these, perhaps none are more relevant to contemporary conservation issues than Janzen's hypothesis of latitudinal differences in species' climatic tolerances and thermal selectivity (1). On page 1437 of this issue, Chan et al. (2) advance Janzen's early theories by elucidating some of the potential selective pressures imposed by climate and climate variability. Authors: Timothy M. Perez, James T. Stroud, Kenneth J. Feeley
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 128
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    [Perspective] How frigate birds soar around the doldrums (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: In 1492, Columbus encountered frigate birds while en route to the New World and noted that the bird “does not alight on the sea nor depart from land 20 leagues” (1). Columbus observed correctly that frigate birds do not land on the sea, but he severely underestimated how far some frigate birds fly from land. On page 74 of this issue, Weimerskirch et al. (2) show that great frigate birds (Fregata minor) reduce transit costs by riding strong thermal updrafts beneath or inside cumulus clouds and then gliding long distances to another thermal, searching for food along the way. By exploiting cumulus clouds and trade winds in the Indian Ocean, the birds forage around the doldrums, a largely windless zone. Authors: Raymond B. Huey, Curtis Deutsch
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 129
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    [Perspective] How climate change affects plants' sex lives (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Climate change affects wild plant species across their geographical ranges. Studies at the margins of species' ranges reveal upslope expansion, low-elevation range contraction, and, in some cases, a lack of geographic response to climate change (1). However, all populations, including those in the core of species' ranges, are subject to climate-driven natural selection that promotes adaptation to a warmer world (2). Theoretical models show that coupled spatial and temporal responses of populations can mediate the negative effects of climate change (3, 4), but it remains unclear whether these processes can occur fast enough to rescue populations from extinction (5). On page 69 of this issue, Petry et al. (6) report rapid spatial and temporal change in plant sex ratios in response to changing climatic conditions. These changes could facilitate geographic range shifts in the montane perennial herb valerian (Valeriana edulis). Authors: Julie R. Etterson, Susan J. Mazer
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 130
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    [In Depth] Scientists split on Oregon old-growth forest plan (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-13
    Description: New rules governing 1 million hectares of federal forestland in the Pacific Northwest are rekindling a bit of the old-growth timber wars of the late 20th century. The changes announced by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) on 5 August have environmentalists charging that it rolls back important habitat protections contained in the 1994 Northwest Forest Plan. That plan severely curtailed logging on 10 million hectares of federal lands in the name of protecting forests and species, including the northern spotted owl. Meanwhile, Oregon counties that get timber revenue from BLM land charge that the agency is still restricting logging too much. Some scientists are siding with the environmental groups, whereas others say the new approach is an advance that rests on science that has emerged over the last 2 decades. The outcome of this debate could set the stage for changes by the U.S. Forest Service, which controls most of the land covered by the 1994 plan. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [In Depth] Blind cave fish may provide insights into human health (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Degenerated retinas, globs of liver fat, wildly fluctuating blood sugar and insulin levels—all can spell trouble for people. But they are a way of life for Astyanax mexicanus, better known as the blind cave fish or Mexican tetra. For decades, biologists have studied these pale 6-centimeter-long fish to understand the ecological and evolutionary effects of subterranean life. Now, some researchers argue that the fishes' adaptations can shed light on human diseases including retinal degeneration and diabetes. And results presented last week at the 2016 International Conference on Subterranean Biology back up that view. The U.S. National Institutes of Health sees promise in cave fish as well, having agreed to fund the work of several cave fish biologists. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Ancient grasslands at risk (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: Concerns over deforestation have led to attempts to identify suitable areas for reforestation around the world (1). The most ambitious effort to date is the World Resources Institute (WRI) Atlas of Forest and Landscape Restoration Opportunities (1). This map is linked to a global plan to reforest degraded lands to offset anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The immediate target is the reforestation of 1.5 million km2 by 2020 (2, 3). Vast areas of open grassy vegetation have been identified as suitable for reforestation. But are all these grasslands secondary products of deforestations? Recent research shows that grasslands are often ancient and highly biodiverse, but it remains difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary grasslands on a large scale. Reforestation efforts thus risk converting ancient tropical grasslands to plantations. Author: William J. Bond
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Reforest with care (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Soil immune responses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Soil microorganisms are central to the provision of food, feed, fiber, and medicine. Engineering of soil microbiomes may promote plant growth and plant health, thus contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability (1, 2). However, little is known about most soil microorganisms and their impact on plant health. Disease-suppressive soils offer microbiome-mediated protection of crop plants against infections by soil-borne pathogens. Understanding of the microbial consortia and mechanisms involved in disease suppression may help to better manage plants while reducing fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Authors: Jos M. Raaijmakers, Mark Mazzola
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Soils to the rescue (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Ecologically relevant data are policy-relevant data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: History tells us that the motivation for new environmental policy is much stronger when there is demonstrated ecological impact. Multinational agreements to stop the use of DDT followed the precipitous decline of predatory bird populations. Similarly, decisions to regulate emissions to prevent acid rain followed widespread degradation of aquatic habitats. Ideally, environmental policy should be catalyzed by scientific evidence rather than environmental catastrophe. As scientists, we can do our part by providing evidence that is relevant to the natural environment. On page 1213 of this issue, Lönnstedt and Eklöv (1) take an important step forward in this regard by reporting ecologically relevant evidence on a growing environmental issue: microplastic pollution. Author: Chelsea M. Rochman
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Book Review] Back to nature (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Imagine a chain of uninterrupted wild landscapes spanning the savannas and forests of southern and central Africa, the woodlands of Poland and Belarus, and the tropical forests of Central and South America. By committing half of the planet's terrestrial and marine surface to nature, Edward O. Wilson believes that we can save millions of species, as well as humanity. This is Wilson's audacious proposal to stave off the coming biological apocalypse, the sixth mass extinction event, which he outlines in Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life. Author: Christine J. Griffiths
    Keywords: Ecology
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  • 138
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    [Perspective] Living sentinels for climate change effects (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Humans have long used animals as sentinels for threats to their own well-being. Canaries in coal mines are a classic example. On a global scale, studies of birds were key to detecting environmental problems caused by the excessive use of pesticides (1, 2). The recent loss of up to 98% of some vulture populations highlights the widespread dangerous effects of diclofenac use in cattle (3). Bee populations, sentinels for global insect losses, are also declining owing to the combined stress from pesticides and other environmental changes caused by humans, resulting in a widespread loss of pollination services (4). On page 819 of this issue, van Gils et al. (5) highlight another global ecological warning sign, this time linked to Arctic warming. They show that long-term changes in the body architecture of Arctic wading birds can affect their survival in their tropical wintering range. Authors: Martin Wikelski, Grigori Tertitski
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [In Depth] El Niño's warmth devastating reefs worldwide (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Even as recently as early March, Australian coral reef scientists still hoped that the legendary Great Barrier Reef (GBR) would get off lightly in the current El Niño, the climate phenomenon that brings unusually warm water to the equatorial Pacific, stressing and often killing corals. No such luck. On 20 March, the GBR Marine Park Authority in Townsville, Australia, reported that divers were finding extensive coral bleaching—the loss of symbiotic algae—in remote northern areas of the reef. Many sections were already dead. Subsequent flyover surveys have confirmed an unfolding disaster, with only four of 520 reefs appearing unscathed. The GBR joins a lengthening list of reefs bleached because of the El Niño that started in late 2014. It is now the longest bleaching event ever, and many more corals worldwide will likely die. Author: Dennis Normile
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Underground networking (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: Almost all land plants, including most trees, shrubs, and herbs, form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi (1). These soil fungi acquire nutrients that they transfer to their plant hosts in exchange for carbon (see the photo). Plants in natural vegetation can acquire up to 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus from their mycorrhizal associates (2). Individual mycorrhizal fungi can simultaneously colonize many plant hosts of the same species or different species. As a result, plants in natural communities are interconnected by mycorrhizal networks. Earlier studies with small tree seedlings revealed that carbon is transferred from one plant to another through these underground mycorrhizal pipelines (3). On page 342 of this issue, Klein et al. (4) show that interplant carbon transfer is not confined to tree seedlings. Author: Marcel G. A. van der Heijden
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] A latitudinal gradient for genetic diversity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: The tropics have by far the highest species diversity on Earth. Over two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrates occur in tropical moist forests (1). The species diversity is also highest in the tropics for several other taxa, such as vascular plants and arthropods, and in other realms, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. These latitudinal gradients were described decades ago (2), but recent work has yielded detailed knowledge of species-richness patterns. For example, Hurlbert and Jetz suggest that global maps of terrestrial vertebrate species richness are now accurate at resolutions of 100 to 200 km (3). Yet, little is known about the global patterns of genetic diversity. On page 1532 of this issue, Miraldo et al. help to fill this gap by presenting a global map of intraspecific (within-species) genetic diversity of amphibians and terrestrial mammals (4). Author: Henrique M. Pereira
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] How palynology was born (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-28
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] How dams can go with the flow (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: The world's rivers are regulated by about 58,000 large dams (more than 15 m high) that provide water supplies for municipalities and irrigation, allow downstream navigation, and enable hydropower production (1). New dams are widely seen as sources of green energy. An estimated 75% of the world's potential hydropower capacity is unexploited (2), and some 3700 new dams are currently proposed in developing economies (3, 4). But dams also cause substantial and often unacknowledged environmental damage. Recent research affords insight into how dams might be strategically operated to partially restore some lost ecosystem functions and services. Authors: N. LeRoy Poff, John C. Schmidt
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Reducing the ecosystem impacts of dams (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] A new evolutionary classic (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: An army ant colony does not welcome outsiders. Yet within the nests of most species of army ants, quietly stealing nourishment from their unwitting hosts, live tiny beetles that have evolved to look, smell, and behave just like their hosts. They have managed this evolutionary feat not just once, but at least a dozen times, new research shows. There are other classic examples of parallel evolution, but those species had a recent common ancestor, whereas the rove beetles have been diverging for more than a hundred million years. And just as ant colonies are jackpots for ant look-alike rove beetles, so, too, are termite nests. Based on a morphologically based family tree, other researchers propose that an adaptation of some beetles for living and hunting in sand helped protect the first beetle parasites from the termite attack. Now, some of these rove beetles have come to look and act just like the termites. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Policy Forum] Toward a national, sustained U.S. ecosystem assessment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: The massive investment of resources devoted to monitoring and assessment of economic and societal indicators in the United States is neither matched by nor linked to efforts to monitor and assess the ecosystem services and biodiversity that support economic and social well-being. Although national-scale assessments of biodiversity (1) and ecosystem indicators (2) have been undertaken, nearly a decade has elapsed since the last systematic assessment (2). A 2011 White House report called for a national biodiversity and ecosystem services assessment (3), but the initiative has stalled. Our aim here is to stimulate the process and outline a credible framework and pathway for an ongoing assessment of ecosystem functioning (see the photo). A national assessment should engage diverse stakeholders from multiple sectors of society and should focus on metrics and analyses of direct relevance to policy decisions, from local to national levels. Although many technical or science-focused components are in place, they need to be articulated, distilled, and organized to address policy issues. Authors: Stephen T. Jackson, Clifford S. Duke, Stephanie E. Hampton, Katharine L. Jacobs, Lucas N. Joppa, Karim-Aly S. Kassam, Harold A. Mooney, Laura A. Ogden, Mary Ruckelshaus, Jason F. Shogren
    Keywords: Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HUMAN IMPACTS. The unique ecology of human predators (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Paradigms of sustainable exploitation focus on population dynamics of prey and yields to humanity but ignore the behavior of humans as predators. We compared patterns of predation by contemporary hunters and fishers with those of other predators that compete over shared prey (terrestrial mammals and marine fishes). Our global survey (2125 estimates of annual finite exploitation rate) revealed that humans kill adult prey, the reproductive capital of populations, at much higher median rates than other predators (up to 14 times higher), with particularly intense exploitation of terrestrial carnivores and fishes. Given this competitive dominance, impacts on predators, and other unique predatory behavior, we suggest that humans function as an unsustainable "super predator," which-unless additionally constrained by managers-will continue to alter ecological and evolutionary processes globally.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Darimont, Chris T -- Fox, Caroline H -- Bryan, Heather M -- Reimchen, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):858-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. darimont@uvic.ca. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3060, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Consumer Behavior ; Ecology ; Fishes ; Humans ; Mammals/psychology ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction
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    Love knows no boundaries (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fadri-Moskwik, Maria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):254. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6231.254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Maria Fadri-Moskwik is a cellular and molecular biologist and most recently a clinical assistant professor at Washington State University, Spokane. For more on life and careers, visit ScienceCareers.org. Send your story to SciCareerEditor@aaas.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; Ecology ; *Marriage ; Molecular Biology
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  • 149
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic denitrification: a controversy revived (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aerobic denitrification ; Thiosphaera pantotropha ; Nitrate reduction ; Bacterial selection ; Ecology ; Oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During studies on the denitrifying mixotroph, Thiosphaera pantotropha, it has been found that this organism is capable of simultaneously utilizing nitrate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors in respiration. This phenomenon, termed aerobic denitrification, has been found in cultures maintained at dissolved oxygen concentrations up to 90% of air saturation. The evidence for aerobic denitrification was obtained from a number of independant experiments. Denitrifying enzymes were present even in organisms growing aerobically without nitrate. Aerobic yields on acetate were higher (8.1 g protein/mol) without than with (6.0 g protein/mol) nitrate, while the anaerobic yield with nitrate was even lower (4 g protein/mol). The maximum specific growth rate of Tsa. pantotropha was higher (0.34 h-1) in the presence of both oxygen (〉80% air saturation) and nitrate than in similar cultures not supplied with nitrate (0.27 h-1), indicating that the rate of electron transport to oxygen was limiting. This was confirmed by oxygen uptake experiments which showed that although the rate of respiration on acetate was not affected by nitrate, the total oxygen uptake was reduced in its presence. The original oxygen uptake could be restored by the addition of denitrification inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408378
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  • 150
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacillus tusciae, a new species of thermoacidophilic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen oxidizing sporeformer from a geothermal area (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus tusciae ; New species ; Taxonomy ; Ecology ; Chemolithoautotrophy ; Hydrogen oxidation ; Hydrogenase ; Thermophily ; Geothermal manifestation ; Solfatara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing sporeformer has been isolated from ponds in a solfatara in the geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Some physicochemical parameters of the habitat were determined. The habitat was characterized by the presence of molecular hydrogen in the escaping gases, a very low content of phosphate and organic matter. Temperature and water level in the ponds varied widely. The organism formed oval, subterminal spores, which swelled distinctly the sporangium. Optimal growth occured between pH 4.2 and 4.8 at 55°C. It grew best under autotrophic conditions, but organic substrates including short chain fatty acids, amino acids and alcohols could also support heterotrophic growth. Sugars were not metabolized. The hydrogenase was soluble but did not reduce pyridine nucleotides. Based on its morphological and biochemical features, the organism belongs to the genus Bacillus, but differs from all the previously described species. It is therefore proposed as constituting a new species, Bacillus tusciae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408386
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  • 151
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pflanzenvergesellschaftungen mit Riccia-Arten in Südwestafrika (Namibia) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 55 (1984), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Hepaticae ; Pioneer vegetation ; Resurrection (poikilohydric) plants ; Riccia ; South West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three associations of the Nanocyperion teneriffae Lebrun 1947 (Sporoboletalia festivi Lebrun 1947) are described. They are physiognomically and ecologically similar to associations of the Mediterranean Isoeto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 and Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. 1940. They are rich in very specialized therophytes and resurrection plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039982
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  • 152
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life history of the gulf darter, Etheostoma swaini (Pisces: Percidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Habitat ; Feeding ; Age ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Mississippi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Etheostoma swaini, the gulf darter, was collected from the Black Creek drainage in southern Mississippi (February 1978 – April 1979). The gulf darter generally inhabits small- to moderate-size creeks and occurs over a sand or sandy mud bottom, often in association with aquatic vegetation or a layer of organic debris. Larval dipterans were the most important food items, both numerically and volumetrically. Chironomids were found in 71–100% of the stomachs in all except the unusual March 16 collection. The length frequency distribution and the scale annuli analysis indicated there were three year-classes present in the population at any one time. Fifty-one percent of the specimens taken were less than 12 months old. During the mid-February to late March spawning season gulf darters were most often collected over clean gravel or gravelsand substrates. Laboratory observations suggest that the female burrows into the gravel where the demersal, adhesive eggs are deposited. Female gulf darters significantly outnumbered males at a ratio of 59:41.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002261
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    Early development of the northern logperch, Percina caprodes semifasciata, according to the theory of saltatory ontogeny (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 173-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Percidae ; Etheostomatini ; Darters ; Ecomorphology ; Embryology ; Ecology ; Early life history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The early development of northern logperch, Percina caprodes semifasciata, was examined from an ecological perspective and in relation to the theory of saltatory ontogeny. Steps, the intervals of relative homeostasis, separated by thresholds, rapid switches to new form and function resulting from canalization of changes in the preceeding step, are described and related to environmental factors. Adaptive shifts in growth allometries provided further evidence of the saltatory nature of ontogeny. Logperch eggs are small (1.2 mm diameter), demersal, and adhesive. The simple embryonic respiratory system reflects high oxygen availability on the lotic spawning grounds. Hatching occurs early, relative to other darters, and free embryos are pelagic. The small free embryos presumably drift downstream to lentic areas, where small planktonic food is more abundant. Logperch are therefore nonguarding, open substrate spawning lithopelagophils and, along with other Percina species, have not advanced from ancestral percid reproductive styles. Percina species have generally remained in ancestral habitats-rivers and lakes. The close correlation between developmental patterns of logperch and environmental factors is therefore interpreted as a restriction based on retention of ancestral characteristics, not as evidence of novel adaptations to new habitats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000463
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  • 154
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    Early development of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, according to the theory of saltatory ontogeny (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 11 (1984), S. 277-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Percidae ; Etheostomatini ; Ecomorphology ; Embryology ; Ecology ; Early life history ; Heterochrony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The early development of rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, was examined from an ecological perspective. Steps and thresholds of ontogeny to completion of body squammation are defined, and related to environmental factors. Rainbow darter eggs are about 2 mm diameter, considerably larger than those of related logperch (Percina caprodes). The embryonic vitelline respiratory plexus is much more extensive. The pelagic interval characteristic of logperch and ancestral percids is eliminated and onset of exogenous feeding is delayed. The larger larvae of the rainbow darter can begin feeding directly on aquatic insects, and complete their life cycle in streams. Therefore, shifts in the timing of important thresholds (e.g. exogenous feeding) are ecologically important. Furthermore, early maturation and/or delayed bone and scale formation may be responsible for reductions in the lateralis system and scalation in this and other darter species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001375
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  • 155
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    Competition for fluctuating nutrient (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 18 (1983), S. 255-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Population dyamics ; Ecology ; Periodic solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model of the competition of n species for a single essential periodically fluctuating nutrient is considered. Instead of the familiar Michaelis-Menten kinetics for nutrient uptake, we assume only that the uptake rate functions are positive, increasing and bounded above. Sufficient conditions for extinction are given. The existence of a nutrient threshold under which the Principle of Competitive Exclusion holds, is proven. For two species systems the following very general result is proven: All solutions of a τ-periodic, dissipative, competitive system are either τ-periodic or approach a τ-periodic solution. A complete description of the geometry of the Poincaré operator of the two species system is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276091
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  • 156
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    Nematodes (Longidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis loof) in growth and nodulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; (Actinomycetes) ; Ecology ; Hippophaë ; (Mystiflora: Elaeagnaceae) ; Longidorus ; (Nematoda: Longidoridae) ; Nodulation ; Soil ; sterization ; Vegetational succession ; Tylenchorhynchus (Nematoda: Tylenchrohynchidae)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hippophaë rhamnoides seedlings were grown in sterilized and unsterilized soil from a decliningH. rhamnoides scrub, to which different numbers ofLongidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis were added. In sterilized and unsterilized soil, retardation of growth, content of dry matter in the shoots, and incidence of deformed short lateral roots of test plants were positively correlated with counts of both nematode species. Nitrogen content in the shoots, nodulation on the roots of test plants and increase increase in nematodes were negatively correlated with the initial number of both nematode species in sterilized soil. In unsterilized soil, an unknown biotic factor was present that reduces growth ofH. rhamnoides, nodulation and multiplication of the nematodes. This factor seems to interact with the nematodes in reducing growth ofH. rhamnoides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197763
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  • 157
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    The determination of soil chitinase activity: Conditions for assay and ecological studies (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chitin ; Chitinase ; Chitinglycanohydrolase ; E. C. 3.2.1.14 ; Ecology ; Fertilizers ; Rhizosphere effects ; Soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chitinase activity was determined by incubating a mixture of toluene-treated soil with 1% (w/w) colloidal chitin suspension for 18 h at 37°C and then, after dilution, assaying the amount of N-acetyl-glucosamine released. Maximal chitinase activity was observed at 45°C and optimal pH for enzymatic reaction was 5.0–5.5. Soil chitinase activity decreased with increasing soil depth and was significantly affected by crop cover and fertilization regime. Chitin added to soil stimulated chitinase activity. Enzyme activity was correlated with the soil fungal population but not with numbers of actinomycetes or bacteria. A specialized mycoflora was associated with chitin decomposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178617
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  • 158
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    Resiliency of reef fish communities in the Florida Keys following a January 1977 hypothermal fish kill (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 9 (1983), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Artificial reefs ; Competition ; Intermediate disturbance ; Ecology ; Mortality ; Predation ; Recruitment ; Stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis In January 1977, a record breaking cold spell caused fish kills at Big Pine Key, Florida. Census data collected before and after the cold spell from a series of model reefs constructed in 1975 showed a significant drop in mean number of reef fish species and individuals. Following this disturbance, high recruitment of juveniles occurred, presumably due to reduced competition, predation, or a combination of these. Model and natural patch reef communities examined the summer following the cold spell (1977) were significantly different from those examined the summer before (1976) and the second summer following the cold spell (1978). During the summer of 1977, a significantly smaller mean fish size and a significantly greater mean number of species and individuals were observed. Increased species richness following the cold spell is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Contrary to some theoretical predictions, results suggest reef fish communities are highly resilient to some regional disturbance.
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    Ground water contamination in the United States (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-08-19
    Description: Ground water contamination is of increasing concern in the United States because about 50 percent of our drinking water comes from well water. The causes of contamination stem from both point sources and nonpoint sources. Since ground water moves slowly, the contaminant may affect only a small portion of an aquifer for a considerable period of time. Deleterious effects on human health have resulted from pathogenic organisms in ground water and from its toxic chemical composition. It is difficult to estimate the extent of contamination on a national basis as the frequency of instances of contamination is very variable. Remedial actions to clean up aquifers are difficult, expensive, and sometimes not feasible. Many of the laws and regulations that control ground water contamination are designed with other main objectives.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pye, V I -- Patrick, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Aug 19;221(4612):713-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6879171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Water Pollution/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    EPA revs up to regulate biotechnology (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Marjorie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Nov 18;222(4625):823-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11644077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *DNA, Recombinant ; Ecology ; Federal Government ; Government ; *Government Regulation ; Industry ; Legislation as Topic ; *Social Control, Formal ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency ; genetic engineering. Unlike the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the ; National Institutes of Health, which oversees federally funded researchers, the ; EPA has the power to regulate industry and to concern itself with the health ; risks and environmental impact of commercial ventures. Claiming authority to ; regulate geneticaly engineered pesticides and organisms under the Federal ; Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, and under the Toxic Substances ; Control Act, EPA officials expect industry to contest in court the agency's ; controversial extension of its regulatory powers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Congress ponders rDNA and environmental risks (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-07-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Marjorie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jul 8;221(4606):136-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11644007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *DNA, Recombinant ; Ecology ; *Federal Government ; *Government ; *Government Regulation ; Hazardous Substances ; Public Policy ; *Social Control, Formal ; the topic of a 22 June 1983 hearing held by Representatives Albert Gore and Doug ; Walgren. Scientists testified that potential hazards from the release of rDNA ; organisms into the environment are low, and that voluntary guidelines, like those ; of the National Institutes of Health's Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, are ; sufficient to control the new technology. Some government officials concur with ; this assessment. Should increased federal oversight be decided upon, it has yet ; to be established whether the Environmental Protection Agency or the Agriculture ; Department has regulatory authority.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 162
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    Photosynthetic metabolism in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C. (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Oscillatoria rubescens ; Photosynthetic pathways ; Photosynthetic enzymes ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short term14C labelling experiments and enzymatic activities related to primary pathways of photosynthesis have been studied in the cyanophytaOscillatoria rubescens D.C. from axenic cyclostat cultures. Responses of samples from cultures with different amounts of nitrogen are presented and compared. Variations in photosynthetic pigments are used to quantify the degree of nitrogen starvation at different levels. PEPcarboxylase activity remains low and is not affected by nitrogen starvation. RuBPcarboxylase activity is lowered to nearly two thirds of its normal metabolic rate by starvation but PEPcarboxykinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities are significantly higher in this case. Malate dehydrogenase is slightly altered and malic enzyme is never active. Starved algae replaced in fresh complete media fix rapidly14C in nitrogen compounds such as amino acids. Results are discussed in regard to both physiological and ecological characteristics ofO. rubescens. PEPcarboxykinase can play a role in making efficient use of HCO 3 - .
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  • 163
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    Dynamics ofOstrya carpinifolia woods in the Southern Alps (N-Italy) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 48 (1982), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fringe communities ; Numerical classification ; Ostrya carpinifolia woods ; Phytogeographic elements ; Phytosociology ; Southern Alps (N-Italy) ; Vegetation dynamics ; Wood edge communities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forest regeneration in the vegetation complex of the submontane belt in the Southern Alps involves the active participation ofOstrya carpinifolia woods and their wood edge communities. The corresponding syndynamical processes are described by employing phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological methods. It is concluded that: (i) The communities of the grassland-wood transition are of major importance in the successional developments in this man-made vegetation complex. (ii) Many species occurring in the region of the deciduous forests of Eurasia find their refuge in such transitional communities and are supposed to play an important part in the succession. (iii) Ostrya carpinifolia is considered as an early successional tree species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00726880
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  • 164
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    Frankia growth and activity as influenced by water potential (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth responses of Frankia isolates to decreasing water potential were monitored in systems where potentials were controlled by KCl, NaCl and Polyethylene glycol. The highest potential tested was −2 bar (basal medium). The general pattern emerging was that isolates fromAlnus glutinosa, A. viridis andComptonia peregrina showed declining growth at potentials below −2 to −5 bar. AMyrica gale isolate showed declining growth with decreasing potential. All isolates were more sensitive to decreases in potential in a matric controlled than an osmotic controlled system. They all showed approximately 50 percent growth reduction at −5 to −8 bar, and meagre growth at −16 bar after 35 days. The Comptonia isolate was the most vigorous at low potentials. Nitrogen fixation ability was monitored for two isolates. Highest specific activities were observed between −3 and −5 bar for the Myrica isolate and between −5 and −7.5 bar for theA. glutinosa isolate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374525
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    Effects of crop rotation and fertilization on catalase activity in a soil of the southeastern United States (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Catalase ; Ecology ; Fertilizers ; H2O2∶H2O2 oxidoreductase ; Rhizosphere effects ; Soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Catalase activity of a loamy sand under a 3-year crop rotation in the southeastern U.S.A. was monitored. Corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were the summer crops in the rotation. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted after corn, and soybean was followed by a winter fallow period. Cotton was followed by a mixture of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum Gibelli & Belli) which was eventually plow-incorporated as a green manure. Highest mean catalase activities were recorded in soil under the wheat, soybean, and winter legume crops; lowest activities were found in soil bearing corn and cotton, and during the winter fallow period. The fertilization regime influenced soil catalase activity independently of the crop. Soil deficient in any of the major elements showed low enzyme activity. Highest activity was found in soil fertilized with P and K, and with N supplied by a winter legume crop. Addition of supplementary mineral nitrogen to this regime reduced catalase activity. Elimination of the winter legume crop from an otherwise complete fertilization regime resulted in a drastic reduction in enzyme activity. In soil receiving a complete fertilization regime there was a close correlation between soil catalase and xylanase activities. A similar correlation between these two enzymes was not found in soil receiving incomplete fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185708
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  • 166
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    Thermoregulatory behavior and diel activity of yearling winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Temperature ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Fish ; Marine juveniles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Sixteen yearling winter flounder, tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes, voluntarily occupied an 8–27°C range of temperature, with a modal final thermal preferendum of 18.5°C (mean 18.7°C, median 19°C, midpoint 17.5°C, s.d. 1.9°C, S k + 0.33). The locomotor activity pattern of the yearling fish in the laboratory was markedly nocturnal, with mean hourly nocturnal activity exceeding mean hourly diurnal activity by a factor of 3.4. Maximum activity occurred at 0300 EST, minimum activity at 1400 EST. While activity generally increased with temperature, a local activity minimum occurred at 18.7°C, coinciding with the 24-hour mean final thermal preferendum. Comparison of these laboratory data with previously published field data suggest that behavioral responses to temperature and light play significant roles in determining age- and size-specific differences in seasonal depth stratification and onshore-offshore distributions in this species.
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  • 167
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    Patterns of abundance variation in reef fishes near an artificial reef at Guam (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 121-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Seasonality ; Predator-prey ; Predator interference ; Turnoverrate ; Diversity ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Development of the fish community on a submerged 16 m barge and variation in fish abundance on nearby transects were surveyed twice monthly for twenty months. A steady increase in abundance was observed for certain fishes on the barge, whereas a few species exhibited distinct seasonal variation on both the barge and transects. Most of the seasonal species settled between March and May. Some seasonal species appeared to be site selective in their settlement and consequently settled juveniles were clumped in their distribution. An abundance of preferred topographical features may be why settlement was relatively high at the study site and indirectly why predators became significantly (r3 = 7.67***, N = 37) more abundant at the study area during the months of maximum prey settlement. Concurrent settlement of several species during the same few months may be important because juveniles become an abundant food source to predators during those few months only. Periodic swamping of predators by abundant juvenile prey may improve the chances for individuals of rarer prey species to be overlooked and therefore be succesfully recruited.
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    Autocidal control of screwworms in North America (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-22
    Description: The larva of the blowfly Cochliomyia hominivorax, also known as the screwworm, eats the living flesh of cattle and sheep and other warm-blooded animals. A program to eradicate the screwworm in the United States was initiated in the 1950's. The program was very effective until 1968, but severe screwworm outbreaks occurred in 1972 to 1976 and in 1978. Although the program has again been effective since 1979, the possibility of outbreaks recurring in the future has highlighted the need for a broader understanding of the pest. Studies of screwworm populations in the United Stated and Mexico indicate that much of the genetic diversity of this insect is distributed among sympatric non-interbreeding populations. A new approach may be required to retain the effectiveness of the control program and to prevent a serious outbreak from threatening the economic viability of the U.S. livestock industry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richardson, R H -- Ellison, J R -- Averhoff, W W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 22;215(4531):361-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7199204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*prevention & control ; Diptera/classification/*physiology ; Ecology ; Infertility, Male ; Insect Control/methods ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Myiasis/*prevention & control ; North America ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Reproduction ; Screw Worm Infection/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Agricultural research and Third World food production (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-07-16
    Description: By the close of this century the world may have to feed as many as 2 billion additional people. Most of them will be born in developing countries, especially in marginal lands ill-suited for food production. This article focuses on efforts by the International Agricultural Research Centers to increase food production in the Third World and addresses the social and ecological issues raised by the introduction of high-yielding varieties into fertile Third World lands and describe how varieties are being tailored for introduction into marginal areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plucknett, D L -- Smith, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 16;217(4556):215-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7089555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Developing Countries ; Ecology ; *Food Supply ; Humans ; *Research
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 170
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    Ecological planning: A review (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 495-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Suitability analysis ; Land-use assessment ; Ecology ; Planning ; Human ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Beginning with the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, the federal government of the United States has enacted numerous pieces of legislation intended to protect or conserve the environment. Other national governments have also enacted environmental legislation during the past two decades. State and local governments have also adopted policies concerned with environmental planning and management. Multiple laws and overlapping governmental agency responsibilities have confused development and resource management efforts. A comprehensive methodology that integrates the legal mandates and the agency missions into a common and unified framework is needed. Ecological planning offers such a method. Application of the method allows planners and resource managers to better understand the nature and character of the land and/or resource and therefore make better decisions about its appropriate use or management. The steps taken in an ecological planning process—1) goal setting, 2) inventory and analysis of data, 3) suitability analysis, 4) developing alternatives, 5) implementation, 6) administration, and 7) evaluation—are outlined and explained. Hand-drawn overlays and computer programs as techniques for handling ecological planning information are compared. Observations and suggestions for further research are offered.
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    On optimal intrinsic growth rates for populations in periodically changing environments (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 12 (1981), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Ecology ; Periodic differential equations ; Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The theory developed here applies to populations whose size x obeys a differential equation, $$\dot x = r(t)xF(x,t)$$ in which r and F are both periodic in t with period p. It is assumed that the function r, which measures a population's intrinsic rate of growth or intrinsic rate of adjustment to environmental change, is measurable and bounded with a positive lower bound. It is further assumed that the function F, which is determined by the density-dependent environmental influences on growth, is such that there is a closed interval J, with a positive lower bound, in which there lies, for each t, a number K(t) for which $$F(K(t),t) = 0$$ and, as functions on J × ℝ, F is continuous, while ∂F/∂x is continuous, negative, and bounded. Because x(t) = 0, 〉 0, or 〈 0 in accord with whether K(t) = x(t), K(t) 〉 x(t), or K(t) 〈 x(t), the number K(t) is called the “carrying capacity of the environment at time t”. The assumptions about F imply that the number K(t) is unique for each t, depends continuously and periodically on t with period P, and hence attains its extrema, K min and K max. It is, moreover, easily shown that the differential equation for x has precisely one solution x * which has its values in J and is bounded for all t in ℝ; this solution is of period p, is asymptotically stable with all of J in its domain of attraction, and is such that its minimum and maximum values, x min * and x max * , obey $$K_{min} \leqslant x_{min}^* \leqslant x_{max}^* \leqslant K_{max}^* .$$ The following question is discussed: If the function F is given, and the function r can be chosen, which choices of r come close to maximizing, x min * ? The results obtained yield a procedure for constructing, for each F and each ɛ 〉 0, a function r such that x min * 〉 K max − ɛ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276921
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    Fagus silvatica L. und das aceri-fagetum an der alpinen Waldgrenze in Mitteleuropäischen gebirgen (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 44 (1981), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Aceri-Fagetum ; Alpine timberline ; Dynamics of stands ; Ecology ; Fagus silvatica ; Morphogenesis ; Polycormons ; Vegetative regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the Central Europaean mountain ranges, the alpine timberline is usually formed by Picea abies or by other conifers (Larix decidua, Pinus mugo, Pinus cembra). Unlike in the East Europaean mountains, the Balkan Peninsula, the Europaean Mediterranean and Les Vosges, Fagus silvatica occurs sporadically on the alpine timberline in this area where it forms very specific woods. This type of the alpine timberline is bound to the association Aceri-Fagetum (Bartsch 1940, Moor 1952). This association is found on the highest sites of the Fagion alliance in the subalpine vegetation zone. Within this zone, the association is bound to localities with heavy snowfall and a submaritime climat. It occupies larger areas in the Swiss Jura and in Les Vosges. In other Central Europaean mountains (the Alps, Schwarzwald, Krkonoše etc.) it occus in isolated areas only. Many trunk deformations and bush forms are found with Fagus on a large scale in the snow impacted localities (steep slopes, periphery of corries, avalanche slopes etc.). Crawling and sliding snow causes these growth deformations in the Fagus seedlings since their first year. The general increase of the vegetative propagation is a remarkable and exceptional response of Fagus in adapting to these extreme growth conditions. Under alpine timberline conditions, the generative propagation is very limited. The vegetative shoots with adventitious root systems are formed mainly from branches layering in the humus. The typical monocormonal tree-form of Fagus from lower altitudes turns in this way into a polycormon. From an evolutionary point of view, it is a suitable substitution; but from the ecological viewpoint, however, it is a sturdy growth form. In its typical form, the polycormon is formed by a number of vegetative shoots, which may be deformed but are very elastic and resistent. The number of shoots in a polycormon varies from 3–5 below, and up to 40–50 at and above the timberline. They are formed by shoots of a number of filial successions. The decay of a polycormon results from decreasing vitality of single shoots or, very often, it is caused by the impact of snow and ice. Considering, however, the fact that single shoots have a sufficient adventitious root system and are thus physiologically independent, the dying of the other shoots does not mean a danger for the existence of the remaining part of the polycormon. The age of a polycormon as a whole is difficult to determine. Fagus polycormons can be considered as a typical growthform of the highest sites of the association Aceri-Fagetum. No other tree species is able to form close stands under these conditions. This phenomenon is of primary importance for the existence of this plant community. The unusual character of the structure and dynamics of the highest Aceri-Fagetum stands gives rise to a special type of the alpine timberline which should be understood not as a ‘line’ but as a transitional zone between the closed stands and the hon-wooded plant communities of the subalpine vegetation zone. The dynamic succession of the Fagus polycormons guarantees the stability of the Fagus stands forming the alpine timberline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119797
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    Some observations on the ecology, metal uptake and nickel tolerance of Alyssum serpyllifolium subspecies from the Iberian peninsula (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 45 (1981), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alyssum serpyllifolium subspecies ; Nickel accumulation ; Nickel tolerance ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out on the tolerance to, and uptake of, nickel by three iberian subspecies of Alyssum serpylliforium Desf. Two of these subspecies, the serpentine-endemic ssp. lusitanicum from Bragança, Portugal and ssp. malacitanum from Málaga, Spain, are hyperaccumulators (〉 1000 μg/g in dried material) of nickel. Their possible ancestor, ssp. serpyllifolium (from Granada, Spain) was a non-accumulator of this element. Seeds of the two serpentine-endemics germinated extensively in nickel concentrations up to 12 000 μg/g (1.2%) whereas ssp. serpyllifolium only germinated in nickel concentrations below 60 μg/ml. Tolerance tests involving measurement of new root lengths of excised seedlings placed in varying nickel concentrations, again showed much greater tolerance of the two serpentinophytes. In both series of experiments, the order of tolerance was: ssp. lusitanicum 〉 ssp. malacitanum 〉 ssp. serpyllifolium. In pot trials involving seedlings of ssp. malacitanum grown in mixtures containing varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, and nickel, the most important finding was that plants will tolerate higher nickel contents in the soil when excess calcium is added. This is achieved by lowering the uptake of nickel. There appeared to be some concomitant reduction in calcium uptake in the presence of nickel, and some increase in uptake of magnesium. The resultant lower calcium/magnesium ratio in the plant, though not symptomatic of a favourable condition for colonization of serpentine soils, probably results from a mechanism which renders nickel innocuous to the plant at the expense of calcium uptake. It is suggested that the physiological characters of ssp. lusitanicum and ssp malacitanum are sufficiently different to support arguments for promoting the latter to full specific rank as has now been done for ssp. lusitanicum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054673
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    Factors affecting growth and nodulation ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.Rhamnoides in soils from two successional stages of dune formation (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 317-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Ecology ; Gamma irradiation ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; Longidorus ; Nematode ; Nodulation ; Root nodules ; Soil sterilization ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To explain the decline of Hippophaë scrub in the vegetation succession in the dunes of The Netherlands, the growth and nodulation of Hippophaë plants grown in pots, using soil from an early stage (site AH) and a post-optimum stage (site HP), were investigated. In HP-soil nodulation, yield, and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of test plants were always lower and the number of necrotic nodules and the dry matter content were always higher than in AH-soil, even after inoculation with crushed nodules and the addition of a nutrient solution. Plants in HP-soil also had darker roots, less root hairs, a higher number of short lateral roots and a higher percentage of dead roots than those in AH-soil. These characteristics of adverse growth conditions disappeared upon ignition or gamma-irradiation of HP-soil. Possible explanations of these results are discussed. The degeneration of Hippophaë scrub cannot be ascribed to the age of the plants, the absence of sufficient infective endophyte particles or to abiotic factors such as unfavourable physical (particle size) or chemical soil conditions but is caused by biotic factors. No indications were obtained that plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria are involved. HP-soil in contrast to AH-soil, however, contained large numbers of the nematodeLongidorus sp., a species known to cause root deformations. The conclusion was that this nematode is one of the biotic factors involved in the degeneration of the Hippophaë scrub. This degeneration is due to a restriction of the root system resulting in a low phosphate uptake, a low nodulation capacity and, as a consequence, a low nitrogen content. The results demonstrate that biotic soil factors are important in influencing succession in higher plant communities.
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    Production ecology in the Northern Baltic (1981)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 76 (1981), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecology ; production ; Gulf of Bothnia ; pelagial ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Production biology in the Bothnian Bay is discussed and compared to that of the southern parts of the Baltic. Severe ice-conditions, low water temperatures in spring and early summer and a pronounced water-colouring cause a delay of the spring development of phytoplankton and a low annual production in the Bothnian Bay. This delay makes possible a higher efficiency of the pelagic system as the zooplankton fauna can develop in harmony with the food resources. The downward transport of energy and matter to the bottom communities from an efficient pelagial should be small and temporally unpredictable, which is thought to be an adequate explanation of the observed very low benthic fauna biomasses in the Bothnian Bay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014038
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    Reproductive tactics of the Asian cichlids of the genusEtroplus in Sri Lanka (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Behavior ; Ecology ; Parental care ; Reproductive cycles ; Colonial nesting ; Etroplus maculatus ; Etroplus suratensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The Asian cichlids,Etroplus maculatus (the orange chromide) and E. suratensis (the green chromide) in Sri Lanka reproduce twice during the year when water conditions are favorable for nest construction and maintaining visual contact with offspring. These are the drier premonsoonal and monsoonal seasons when water turbidity decreased and salinity increased. When breeding in isolation orange chromide pairs selected dense vegetation where nests were camouflaged. During the peak breeding cycle (July) orange chromide pairs selected sparse vegetation for nesting as a compromise between survival of young and availability of adult food. These areas were also occupied by foraging non-breeding conspecifics which increased the threat of cannibalism of offspring. Under these pressures most orange chromides nested in colonies which helped decrease both actual and attempted cannibalism. The sympatric green chromide does not forage during nesting and nest site selection was determined mainly by factors favoring offspring survival. Biparental care is exhibited by both species. One member of an orange chromide pair stands guard over offspring while the other leaves the territory to forage — their roles are reversed every few minutes. The total parental investment is equivalent to the full investment of a single parent. Monogamy appears to be maintained by their metabolic constraints. In the green chromide both parents are vigilant over offspring and neither forages thus spending twice as much time in parental investment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001803
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    Fluctuations in the muskellunge (Esox masquinongy Mitchill) population of Chautauqua Lake, New York (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fish ; Ecology ; Population density ; Exploitation ; Tagging ; Catch per effort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Population and exploitation estimates were made from angler recaptures of Chautauqua Lake muskellunge,Esox masquinongy Mitchill. Fish were tagged during Conservation Department studies in 1941–1946, 1961–1965 and 1976–1978. Population estimates of adult fish ranged from one to seven fish per hectare and angler exploitation rates of tagged fish fluctuated from 3.8% to 14.1%. Relative catch indicators suggest a major decline in the lake's muskellunge population during the last decade. Overexploitation, habitat alteration and interspecific competition with recently introduced fish species were cited as probable causes of the decline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002785
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    The lack of changes in nocturnal estuarine fish assemblages between new and full moon phases in Serpentine Creek, Queensland (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Australia ; Communities ; Cycles ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Estuary ; Lunar periodicity ; Migration ; Sub-tropics ; Tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A series of 10 sites were sampled at new and full moon phases in a vertically homogenous estuary, Serpentine Creek, Queensland, Australia. Forty-five species (14,518 individuals) were caught and analysed using standardized Shannon & Gleason diversity indices, and total number of species and individuals. The coefficients of variation for these values were greater for times than for sites. There were no significant differences between 14 pairs of new and full moon phases fort,t,t, andt, or between mean number of individuals for the 16 most abundant species. If significant variations do exist within months, then experiments should be done between spring and neap tides as this study found no differences between the spring tides associated with new and full moon phases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002786
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    Progress report on the eel expedition of R.V. ‘Anton Dohrn’ and R.V. ‘Friedrich Heincke’ to the Sargasso Sea 1979 (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Anguilliformes ; Anguillidae ; Leptocephalus ; Fish larvae ; Horizontal distribution ; Vertical distribution ; Spawning area ; Migration ; Ultrasonic tracking ; Hydrography ; Ecology ; North Atlantic ; Anguilla anguilla ; A. rostrata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis This report presents preliminary results of the 1979 Sargasso Sea expedition from February to May 1979. Information is given on horizontal and vertical distribution of eel larvae and adults, adult eel tracking and pelagic trawling. Related matters such as electrophoretic studies on anguilliform larvae, feeding of eel larvae, predation on leptocephali, occurrence of other anguilliform larvae and hydrography are mentioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005768
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  • 180
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    Field observation on death feigning: a unique hunting behavior by the predatory cichlid, Haplochromis livingstoni, of Lake Malawi (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Mimicry ; Shamming death ; Africa ; Fish ; Chafing ; Predation ; Ecology ; Cyrtocara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Haplochromis (=Cyrtocara) livingstoni, one of the predatory cichlids of the sand community of Lake Malawi, Africa, occurs at a density of 1.3 individuals per hectare. They are territorial, defending areas 15 m wide by 40 m long along the interface of sand andVallisneria weed beds. Individuals use a ‘death feigning’ hunting pattern to capture prey. From a position of lying on their sides semiburied in the sand, these fish attack small cichlids. During four hours of SCUBA observations three successful attacks from this position were seen. After an attack the small cichlids scatter and the predator moves on toward a new aggregation of fish where it again plays dead. Individuals feign death an average of seven times per thirty minutes watch. Death feigning behavior is initiated in two ways. The fish either 1) is stationary with its ventral surface on or close to the sand, and then falls onto its side, or 2) drops from the water colum into `lying on side' position. The initial behavioral actions of the latter method are similar to chafing behavior. But instead of chafing the sand and rising again off the bottom, the fish plows into the sand and remains immobile. These data further add to the evidence that cichlids are remarkably flexible in their feeding behavior.
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    Populations ofRhizobium japonicum associated with the surfaces of soil-grown roots (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fluorescent antibody ; Immunofluorescence ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizosphere ; Root surfaces ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of nativeRhizobium japonicum 123 in the rhizospheres of field and pot grown plants as determined by immunofluorescence were calculated on the basis of root surface area. The density ofR. japonicum 123 on the root fluctuated between a few hundred to over a thousand per square centimeter of root surface. As root volume expanded rapidly, the Rhizobium density fell to less than one hundred per unit area. There was no appreciable effect due to different plant, nitrogen amendment, or addition of another strain ofR. japonicum, on the surface density of the nativeR. japonicum population on roots. Nor did the native population influence the added strain. Direct examination of root surface segments revealed that naturalized rhizobia existed sparsely on root surfaces in the form of short rods. They were observed to be attached sideways or in a polar manner on root hairs, epidermal cells, and at junctions of tap and lateral roots. There was no evidence of specific stimulation of the homologous Rhizobium by the host plant as a prelude to nodulation.
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    Biodegradation of chemicals of environmental concern (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-09
    Description: Microorganisms in soils and waters convert many synthetic organic chemicals to inorganic products. Other compounds are transformed only by cometabolism. These microbial processes may lead to environmental detoxication, the formation of new toxicants, or the biosynthesis of persistent products. Type reactions are proposed for major categories of enzymatic transformation of synthetic chemicals in soils, natural waters, and sewage. Some organic molecules are resistant to microbial attack, and explanations for the persistence of such compounds are suggested.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alexander, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 9;211(4478):132-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7444456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Ecology ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Soil Microbiology ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Regulation of technological activities: a new approach (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramo, Simon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 21;213(4510):837-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11643656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Technology ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Ecology ; *Federal Government ; *Government ; *Government Regulation ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Nuclear Energy ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; *Public Policy ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Social Change ; *Social Control, Formal ; *Technology ; *Technology Assessment, Biomedical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Internal fertilization in an oviparous frog (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-04-24
    Description: Eleutherodactylus coqui, an oviparous frog, undergoes internal fertilization. If this mode of fertilization occurs in other species of anurans, interpretations of anuran reproductive strategies based on the assumption of external fertilization must be reviewed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Townsend, D S -- Stewart, M M -- Pough, F H -- Brussard, P F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Apr 24;212(4493):469-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6894203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Female ; *Fertilization ; Oviposition ; Ranidae/*physiology ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chemical defense mechanisms on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: Seventy-three percent of all exposed common coral reef invertebrates, from four phyla (42 species) tested, are toxic to fish. This represents the first evidence of the high incidence to toxicity in the marine tropics among several phyletic groups comprising dominant species. Most of the remaining exposed species have structural defense mechanisms against predation by fish. Of cryptic invertebrates, 25 percent are toxic to fish. The relation between toxicity, fish feeding behavior, community structure, and evolutionary theory is discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bakus, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):497-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7455691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Venoms/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Microbial competition (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-28
    Description: Populations of microorganisms inhabiting a common environment complete for nutrients and other resources of the environment. In some cases, the populations even excrete into the environment chemicals that are toxic or inhibitory to their competitors. Competition between two populations tends to eliminate one of the populations from their common habitat, especially when competition is focused on a single resource and when the populations do not otherwise interact. However, a number of factors mitigate the severity of competition and thus competitors often coexist.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fredrickson, A G -- Stephanopoulos, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 28;213(4511):972-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7268409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Ecology ; Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Growth ; Population Dynamics ; Yeasts/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 187
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    Ideology and wildlands management: The case of Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Carolinian ; Ecology ; Ideology ; Policy ; Rondeau ; Technology ; Wildland Management ; Parks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This is a critical examination of some of the basic concepts that have guided management of parks and related reserves, often termed wildlands. Study is focussed on Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, and on concepts such as wilderness, primeval forest, and the Carolinian forest. Deer culling and other management policies and practices have been based upon the idea that the highly valued sassafras, tulip, and other species of the Carolinian forest are decreasing due to browsing. Field mapping and analysis of historic vegetation records indicate that this trend is not in fact occurring. Historic research also reveals difficulties in defining the Carolinian or other perceived types of forest for management purposes. A major reassessment of ideology and management policy and practice seem to be required in Rondeau and other wildlands. Vague or general concepts such as wilderness or preservation should be strongly complemented and supported by more precise statements of objectives, a learning attitude, and experimentation and research. As a result of the technical uncertainties and value judgments frequently involved, management should also be based upon the expressed preferences and continuing involvement of citizens.
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    Ecology of sessile rotifers (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 73 (1980), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecology ; feeding ; invertebrate behavior ; larval biology ; Rotifer ; sessile rotifer ; substrate-dependent survivorship ; substrate selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019445
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    Production of brook charr and ouananiche in a large rapid, tributary of the Caniapiscau River, northern Quebec (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Salvelinus fontinalis ; Salmo salar (ouananiche) ; Ecology ; Salmonids ; Atlantic salmon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The age structures of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) and ouananiche (Salmo salar) stocks inhabiting a large rapid the river Méo, tributary to the Caniapiscau River were used to compare population stability and production of these species in north central Quebec. The brook chart stock was stable whereas ouananiche showed considerable variation in year class strength. Stock estimates were not significantly different for the two species although the brook charr estimate was 1.5 that of the ouananiche. Production estimates differed by a greater margin because of different growth patterns. Brook chair production was estimated at 19.4 kg ha−1 yr−1. Above age 2+ it was 11.4 kg ha−1 yr−1 which compares with 4.8 kg ha−1 yr−1 for the same age groups of ouananiche.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000947
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  • 190
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    Analysis of temporal changes in fish assemblages in Serpentine Creek, Queensland (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 117-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cycles ; Communities ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Estuary ; Multiple regressions ; Oceanography ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Time-series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis From November 1975 to April 1977 nocturnal dermersal fish were sampled fortnightly at ten sites in Serpentine Creek using a three meter beam trawl with a 3.2 cm mesh net. Forty-five species from thirty-four families were obtained totalling 14 518 individuals with the six most abundant species comprising approximately 72% of the catch. Using multiple regression techniques with Fourier transformations, the mean number of species (S) and abundance (N) of all fish were found to conform to a regular annual cyclical pattern with maxima in April and May. A trend toward declining abundances of individuals and species was present. Shannon (H′) and Gleason (G) diversity indices showed no regular seasonal trends and are considered poor indicators of pollution. In comparison with other estuarine studies at different latitudes Serpentine Creek conforms to the theory that more tropical waters have the greatest faunal diversity. Seventeen of the 22 most abundant species demonstrated a regular annual cycle of abundance. The number of species, abundance and diversity measures were greatest about 1 km from the mouth of the creek and gradually declined upstream. This was the region with highest macrobenthos diversity and with the most stable abiotic values. Temperature and/or salinity were positively correlated with the abundance of eleven species. The species were placed in five groups according to their periodic characteristics. The proportion of ‘resident’ species was low and this is consistent with Tyler's (1971) theory of temperature stabilized fish assemblages. The known biology of six species is related to their occurrence. Salinity and temperature values in the creek exhibit an annual cycle which preceeds that of Bramble Bay by approximately one month. Rainfall in the watershed was correlated with observed salinity values. It is postulated that salinity is the common feature between temperate and tropical estuaries in the maintenance of community cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391619
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  • 191
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    Beta diversity of a Gulf of California rocky-shore fish community (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Bay ; Dispersal ; Ecology ; Egg type ; Fish larvae ; Islands ; Points ; Rocky habitats ; Species turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Reef fish community composition in three segments of a peninsular rocky shoreline in the Gulf of California was estimated over four periods by visual observation. ‘Point’ and ‘bay’ segments had regular and distinct species compositions over most periods while a ‘middle’ segment was least distinct but consistently had the greatest number of species. Compositional change along the peninsula was least regular during the coldest sea temperature period (April). Mean species turnover between segments was highest between point and bay. Within segments, the point had greater compositional predictable composition (lowest species turnover). When species with regular frequency of encounter were classified into ‘point’, ‘middle’, ‘bay’, and ‘no trend’ groups it was found that comparatively more ‘point’ species had pelagic eggs and comparatively more ‘bay’ species had demersal eggs. Beta diversity of rocky-shore fishes along the physical gradient of the Punta Doble peninsula reflects a transition between exposed and protected rocky shoreline communities. The correlated physical environmental characteristics associated with exposed and protected habitats are discussed in relation to diversity regulation and dispersal strategies in reef fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391618
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  • 192
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    Occurrence and infective potential of the endophyte ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.rhamnoides in coastal sand-dune areas (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 123-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Ecology ; Endophyte distribution ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; Infective potential ; Nodulation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The infective potential (IP) of nodule homogenates from field-grownHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.rhamnoides was determined by counting the number of nodules formed on test plants after inoculation with various dilutions of the homogenates. The IP was almost constant,i.e. 105 to 106 per gram of fresh nodule material. Methods to store nodule material without loss of IP were tested. The IP of air-dried nodule powders stored at 6°C hardly decreased during a period of more than a year. Data are presented on the IP of soil samples from sites representing various stages of dune formation. BeforeH. rhamnoides appeared, the IP was low: 1 to 36 nodules were formed on test plants per kg of soil. This low IP was due to low numbers of infective endophyte particles in these soils. During the succession of theH. rhamnoides scrub, the IP of the soil increased, due to the increase in the number of endophyte particles in the soil. Gradually, however, nodulation was limited by other environmental factors. The nature of these factors is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197959
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  • 193
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    Seasonality in habitat selection by the gold color morph of Cichlasoma citrinellum and its relevance to sympatric speciation in the family Cichlidae (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cichlid ; Ecology ; Behavior ; Evolution ; Tropics ; Polymorphism ; Central America ; Lake Malawi ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Cichlasoma citrinellum is a polymorphic species whose individual coloration varies from the dark grey markings typical of the species to yellow, orange, and red. In Lake Jiloá, Nicaragua the depth distribution of these latter, nongrey, golden morphs shows dramatic seasonal variation. In the height of the dry season in February over 50% of the gold morphs occur above 9 m, but as the breeding season approaches they migrate deeper such that less than 7% of the gold population occurs above 9 m at the onset of the breeding season. During the rainy season when breeding occurs most of the gold morphs occur below 15 m. It appears that gold morphs ‘voluntarily’ move into deeper water to breed rather than being aggressively forced deeper by larger, territorial grey morphs as was implied in an earlier paper (McKaye & Barlow 1976). Since the morphs of this species assortatively mate and select different habitats in which to breed, future sympatric splitting of this species is possible. Likely examples of sympatric speciation and of incipient speciation in the family Cichlidae are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000953
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  • 194
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    Prevalence and intensity ofCapillaria catostomi (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in southern Lake Huron, Canada (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fish ; Nematode ; Populations ; Life cycle ; Host factors ; Ecology ; Parasites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A total of 314 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) taken monthly during May to December 1975 and in April and May 1976 from southern Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, were examined forCapillaria catostomi. Prevalence determined from fresh white suckers (66%) was significantly lower than from frozen white suckers (81%). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence ofC. catostomi in samples taken at monthly intervals; in male and female white suckers; or in the age categories. Mean intensity of infection was not significantly different in fresh (9.6 [± 13.41]) or frozen (10.4 [± 13.11]) white suckers. There was no significant difference in intensities between monthly samples in male and female white suckers or in the age categories. Suckers were infected with 1–172 worms. The percentage of male, female and immature worms did not change with sex or age of host or by month. The frequency distribution showed the parasites were overdispersed. A possible life cycle forC. catostomi involving an oligochaete intermediate host is discussed and an attempt made to explain the almost constant levels of prevalence and intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005362
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  • 195
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    Bionomics and health importance of fowl tickArgas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818) (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Argas persicus ; Bionomics ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fowl tickArgas (Persicargas) persicus occurs in warm areas of Slovakia, where its distribution is limited by the 650–700 mm annual average isohyet and the +8° C annual average isotherm. In Slovakia, larvae hatch from spring to autumn, and nymphal and adult moultings occur chiefly in July and August. Larvae feed for four days, nymphs and adults for less than one hour. The tick develops and reproduces during the warm season in the wild but throughout the year under favourable laboratory conditions in which the life cycle requires 17 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931982
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  • 196
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    Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-02-08
    Description: Several dysgenic traits may occur within the Drosophila melanogaster species as a result of crosses between different strains. Crossing two mutually interacting categories, named inducer and reactive, may lead, among other abnormalities, to a specific kind of female sterility that has proved useful for investigating the genetic factors involved in the interaction. The reactive state appears to result from a cytoplasmic state ultimately controlled by a chromosomal polygenic system. The inducer character is determined by a chromosomal factor that exhibits all characteristics of a transposable element. Overall, the data contribute to clarification of mutator activities in D. melanogaster and open new opportunities to investigate unusual genetic mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bregliano, J C -- Picard, G -- Bucheton, A -- Pelisson, A -- Lavige, J M -- L'Heritier, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Feb 8;207(4431):606-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6766221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/genetics ; Animals, Wild/genetics ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Ecology ; Female ; Genes, Regulator ; Hot Temperature ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Infertility, Female/genetics ; Mutation ; Oocytes/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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