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  • Articles  (104)
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  • Springer  (104)
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • Canadian Center of Science and Education
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (60)
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  • Articles  (104)
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  • Springer  (104)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Society of Civil Engineers
  • Canadian Center of Science and Education
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence across industrialised countries (1890–1989): new results using time series methods (1999)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050042
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival and Growth of Bighead Carp Fry Exposed to Low Salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) ; growth ; Laguna Lake ; salinity tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16‰). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6‰) than 11 (2.3‰) and 18–day old fry (6.0‰), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2‰ for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6‰ for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009277012959
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium Requirement of Tiger Puffer Fed a Semi-Purified Diet (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bone mineralization ; calcium requirement ; feed efficiency ; growth ; semi-purified diet ; tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) were fed semi-purified diets with graded levels (0–0.40%) of calcium (Ca) supplements for 8 weeks at a temperature of 23.0–25.5 °C. At the end of the feeding experiment, average final body weight increased with increasing dietary Ca levels. A diet without Ca supplement resulted in poor average final body weight and 0.05% dietary Ca supplement could not significantly improve the growth. However, supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.40% significantly increased growth. Dietary Ca supplements of 0.10% or more also improved the feed efficiency in tiger puffer. Ca and phosphorus contents of the bone were independent of dietary Ca supplements. However, 0.40% Ca in the diet decreased the zinc and manganese contents of bone. Results indicated that supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.20% in a semi-purified diet were required to maintain normal growth, feed utilization and bone mineralization of tiger puffer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009237429590
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral Reflectance, Growth and Chlorophyll Relationships for Rice Crop in a Semi-Arid Region of India (1999)
    Springer
    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; growth ; rice crop ; spectral reflectance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Relations among spectral reflectance, chlorophyll ‘a’, and growth of rice plants grown on irrigated light textured soil in a semi arid region are presented here. There was a linear relation between spectral reflectance and rice plant height (r = 0.97), for band 1 (0.45–0.52 μm) reflectance values. On the other hand, in bands 2 (0.52–0.60 μm) and 3 (0.63–0.69 μm), reflectance values decreased until 70 days after planting (DAP) and then increased during the reproductive phase of the crop. The near infrared band 4 (0.76–0.90 μm) showed a maximum reflectance at 59 DAP (panicle initiation stage) and a decline in reflectance thereafter through maturity. The peak value of IR/R ratio was 16.39 at 62 DAP during the early reproductive phase; thereafter, it declines gradually with the maturity of the crop. Chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration was high during early growth (vegetative and early reproductive stages) and decreased during the flowering and maturity stages. The rice plant canopy show a high chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration at 64 and 59 DAP for sites A and B, respectively. Chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration is higher in site A plant canopies than it is in site B during the entire crop cycle. A good inverse correlation (r = 0.91) has been found between chlorophyll ‘a’ and band 1, while the IR/R ratio and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed a relationship (r = 0.78) with the chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration during the crop cycle. Band 2, 3 and 4 radiance values show a biphasic linear relationship with chlorophyll ‘a’ concentrations, negative for early growth and positive for flowering and maturity stages. Results indicate that the period between 66 to 70 DAP is most suitable for the assessment of rice crop yield, based on chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008056400348
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancing Growth of Common Carp, Rohu and Mozambique Tilapia through Plant Substrate: The Role of Bacterial Biofilm (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bacterial biofilm ; common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ; growth ; rohu (Labeo rohita) ; Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009229113868
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long Term Observation on Several Growth Parameters of Convict Child Under an Enhanced Ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum ; environmental UV effects ; growth ; ultraviolet radiation ; UVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long term (two generations) effect an enhanced (5%) sub-lethal ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation on growth and survival rate of a convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum is presented. Two UVA irradiated populations (G1-UVA and G2-UVA) and two control populations (G1-control and G2-control) were observed from age 60 to 403 days. The UVA populations were exposed to enhanced UVA irradiation from 4 months of age (G1-UVA and from egg's state (G2-UVA). The specific growth rates (daily weight and length increase) and the condition factors of the populations were not affected by the enhanced UVA, it depended more on the population size. At the adapted temperature range (27–29 °C) the survival rate of those populations was not affected by enhanced UVA. A combined effect of enhanced UVA and increased temperature (31–32 °C) was responsible for a high mortality rate in the GI-UVA. A total of 67% of the G1-UVA population died just within a week of exposure to high temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009263901180
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; dietary protein ; fecundity ; gonad maturation ; growth ; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g−1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009276911360
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and Survival of Blackslip Pearl Oyster Larvae Fed Different Densities of Microalgae (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feeding ; growth ; larvae ; micro-algae ; pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on an experiment to determine growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), larvae fed a 1:1 mixture of Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO and Pavlova salina at six different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 × 103 cells ml-1. Larval growth and survival were assessed every four days over a 20–day period. Exponential and logistic regression models were fitted to the growth and survival responses, respectively. Overall growth of larvae fed ≥5 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly greater (p 〉 0.01) than growth of larvae reared at other algal densities. The optimal food ration for maximum larval growth was 20 × 103 cells ml-1, which resulted in larvae with antero-posterior shell length of 230 μm after 20 days. These larvae were significantly larger (p 〉 0.05) than those in all other treatments at the end of the experiment. Survival of larvae fed 0, 1 and 2 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly lower than that of larvae in all other treatments at the end of 15 days (p 〉 0.01). Maximal survival (8%) over the 20 day period was shown by larvae fed 10 × 103 cells ml-1, while lower survival was shown by larvae fed 2 × 103 cells ml-1 (2%) and 1 × 103 cells ml-1 (0%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009207810808
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and Survival of Fingerlings of Silver Catfish Exposed to Different Photoperiods (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: fingerlings ; growth ; light regimes ; photoperiod ; silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009299830102
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary Results on Rearing of Sparus Aurata × Pagrus Pagrus Hybrids. Performance Comparison With the Parental Species (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) ; growth ; hybridization ; red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization between gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, was undertaken and viable hybrids were produced by an artificial hormonal-induced cross. The hybrids, from the cross of female red porgy and male gilthead sea bream (Pp × Sa), survived through the yolk-sac larval stage. The hybrids produced from the cross of female gilthead sea bream and male red porgy (Sa × Pp) presented higher mortality in the larval stage (98.4%) compared to gilthead sea bream (80.0%) and red porgy (92.5%). Afterwards, the Sa × Pp hybrid was compared to the offspring of its parental species under the same rearing conditions (tanks of 500 l capacity, natural light, ambient temperature, self-feeding with commercial feed) in a 40–week experiment. In this comparative study, the Sa × Pp hybrid had intermediate mortality rate (6%), compared to gilthead sea bream (0%) and red porgy (21%). The growth profile of this hybrid resembled the slow growing phases of its parents (red porgy in warm period and gilthead sea bream in cold period). The feed conversion ratio between fish forms was not significantly different (1.54–1.84 in the Sa × Pp hybrid, 1.53–1.56 in the maternal species and 1.33–1.40 in the paternal one). The body weight variation in the Sa × Pp hybrid was quite high (31.7–37.9%), compared to that in gilthead sea bream (19.7–24.7%) and red porgy (18.0–31.3%). With respect to body coloration, the Sa × Pp hybrid was distinguishable and classified into groups of red porgy-like (55.1%), gilthead sea bream-like (40.6%), and intermediate forms (4.3%). The preliminary results of this study proved that the produced Sa × Pp hybrid had too low a performance for aquaculture use, but the interesting consequent hereditary potential could be a useful tool in fish hybridization practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296000457
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed treatment with growth regulators and crop productivity. I. 2,4-D as an inducer of salinity-tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2 ; 4-D ; germination ; growth ; salinity-tolerance ; seed treatment ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to study the effect of 2,4-D on rooting and salinity tolerance of wheat. Seeds of one commercial wheat (Inqalab-91) and three salt-tolerant wheat lines (WL-41, WL-359, and WL-1073 developed through wide hybridization) were included in the study. Preliminary and short-term experiments were conducted to determine the level of 2,4-D (administered through seed soaking for 24.5 h. at 25 °C in the dark) at which the maximum number of roots emerged. Under hydroponic conditions, 2,4-D treatment of seeds caused an increase of 60 to 100% in the number of primary roots. The maximum increase in the number of roots was observed in one of the salt tolerant wheat lines (WL-41). The roots appeared in bunches but showed stunted growth at higher levels of 2,4-D. Dry matter accumulation decreased markedly; the effect was more pronounced in Inqalab-91 which is less tolerant to stress than other wheat lines. In all wheat types, allocation of dry matter to roots relative to shoot increased due to 2,4-D treatment. In soil, seeds treated with different levels of 2,4-D showed a germination delay of 1–3 days. Although the number of primary roots increased, 2,4-D treatment caused a decrease in total dry matter accumulation by plants grown for 40 days. In another experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions, seed germination and growth of seedlings was significantly retarded in saline compared to that in non-saline (normal) soil. Initially, the pace of germination of treated seeds as well as seedling growth was slower in both soils, but after six weeks, the leaf area of seedlings raised from treated seeds was greater than those raised from untreated seeds. Towards maturity, plants arising from treated seeds developed wider and longer flag leaves leading to enhanced yield. Root biomass decreased in saline soil as compared to normal soil. However, 2,4-D treatment caused a substantial increase in root biomass in saline soil and the roots were harder in texture in wheats other than Inqalab-91. Seed treatment with 2,4-D led to a significant improvement in the number of productive tillers, yield of straw and grain, and grain protein content of all wheats grown in saline soil. Plants grown in normal soil did not show any marked effect of seed treatment on grain yield and other agronomic parameters. The four wheats showed substantial differences for different parameters but the salt tolerant wheat lines performed better compared to the commercial variety Inqalab-91.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004627017883
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 217 (1999), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anchorage ; development ; growth ; root systems ; symmetry ; tree stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stability of shallowly rooted trees can be strongly influenced by the symmetry of the ‘structural’ system of woody roots. Root systems of forest trees are often markedly asymmetric, and many of the factors affecting symmetry, including root initiation and the growth of primary and woody roots, are poorly understood. The internal and environmental factors that control the development, with respect to symmetry and rigidity, of shallow structural root systems are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr.). Areas where there is insufficient knowledge are highlighted. A scheme is proposed that represents the root system as a set of spokes that are variable in number, size and radial distribution. Rigidity can vary between and along each of the spokes. The root system is presented as a zone of competition for assimilates, where allocation to individual roots depends upon their position and local variations in conditions. Factors considered include the production of root primordia of different sizes, effects of soil conditions such as the supply of mineral nutrients and water on growth of primary and woody roots, and the effect of forces caused by wind action on growth of the cambium, giving rise to roots which, in cross section, resemble I- or T-beams, and efficiently resist bending.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004578032481
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of salinity on the association between root symbionts and Acacia cyanophylla Lind.: growth and nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia cyanophylla ; endomycorrhizae ; growth ; nutrition ; Rhizobia ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Acacia cyanophylla Lind. plants submitted to salinity stress was followed in the greenhouse. The plants were associated with indigenous symbiotic microorganisms isolated from the coastal dunes of the Souss-Massa region. A two months period of salinity had a large negative impact on plant growth and acquisition of macro nutrients. However, the study underlined the role of the microbial inoculum for the plant in the achievement of salt tolerance. An isolate of Bradyrhizobium sp., RCM6 (R1), originating from the Massa dunes, was highly efficient in improving growth and nutrition of the A. cyanophylla. Double inoculation with the rhizobia and an endomycorrhizal complex, isolated from the Lamzar dunes had a clear additional positive effect, i.e. the fungi further increased the tolerance of the A. cyanophylla plants to salinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004745707277
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodic chilling exposure during nursery culture (1999)
    Springer
    New forests 18 (1999), S. 301-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: chilling stress ; drought stress recovery ; field performance ; growth ; morphology ; nursery culture ; tree nursery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five week old white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings were placed within controlled-temperature growth chambers, and subjected to one of four periodic, chilling treatments for approximately 16 weeks. The treatments differed in the frequency of 24 hour exposure to 5 °C the seedlings received, and ranged from no chilling (control), to once every two, three or four days. After 25 weeks of growth, the control seedlings were significantly taller than all chilling-exposed seedlings, but stem diameters were similar. Chilling did not affect either needle length or needle density compared to control seedlings. During a water deficit test, frequently chilling-exposed seedlings maintained significantly higher mid-day shoot water potentials under extreme water stress. Re-watering after the drought resulted in all chilling-treated seedlings recovering faster to pre-stress shoot water potential levels than the control seedlings. Measurements of new root growth after 21 days at 10 °C indicated that previous chilling exposure delayed or inhibited new root production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006687523702
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biochemical control of leaf expansion during drought (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ABA ; cell wall-associated peroxidase ; expansins ; growth ; pH ; XET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade it has become clear that we cannot always explain the observed reduction in leaf expansion rates during drought by measuring the plant's water relations. This has led us to question the possibility of a role for the cell wall and its biochemical machinery in controlling the rate of leaf expansion during drought. However, if we are to reject or modify previous assumptions regarding the control of leaf expansion during drought, then we must offer alternative explanations. This article addresses recent work from this laboratory and in the literature, concerning the involvement of cell wall-enzymes, pH and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating leaf expansion during water deficit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006299514732
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    R&D, Learning, and Phases of Economic Growth (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 429-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; R&D ; education ; regime shift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The role of learning and R&D in economic development is addressed in an endogenous growth model. When human capital is below a threshold level, the model predicts that skills are accumulated as the only growth-generating activity, whereas both innovation activities and learning drive growth above this level. Hence, an endogenous regime shift is triggered when the level of human capital reaches the threshold level because it becomes profitable to innovate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009871510523
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Mercantilism and Modern Growth (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 55-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: mercantilism ; growth ; taxation ; openness ; familiarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Nations close themselves voluntarily to varying degrees. Restrictions on the flow of ideas are difficult to understand, since open countries have higher relative incomes. This article provides an explanation based on the existence of two channels of public finance—traditional and mercantilistic. The latter refers to monopoly creation to provide a stream of government revenue. Strong, profitable monopolies require that the nation be closed to new ideas about technology and organization. The government sets the degree of restriction to balance current mercantilistic revenue with future revenue from traditional sources. The model is supported with numerical simulations and historical illustrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009878625417
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  • 18
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    Notes on Growth Accounting (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; Solow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth accounting breaks down economic growth into components associated with changes in factor inputs and the Solow residual, which reflects technological progress and other elements. After a presentation of the standard model, the analysis considers dual approaches to growth accounting (which considers changes in factor prices rather than quantities), spillover effects and increasing returns, taxes, and multiple types of factor inputs. Later sections place the growth-accounting exercise within the context of two recent strands of endogenous growth theory—varieties-of-products models and quality-ladders models. Within these settings, the Solow residual can be interpreted in terms of measures of the endogenously changing level of technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009828704275
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    Patterns of Economic Development and the Formation of Clubs (1999)
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 305-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence clubs ; poverty trap ; cultural factors ; location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the sources of heterogeneity across a worldwide set of countries. Unspecified ex ante and unanticipated cultural (Protestant versus Catholic), geographical (continents), and institutional (OECD versus non-OECD) clubs emerge endogenously and naturally as homogeneous classes on the basis of their economic structure. The dynamics both within and across the identified groups of countries are consistent with multiple equilibrium-growth models proposed by, for instance, Azariadis and Drazen (1990), therefore strengthening the viability of the convergence club hypothesis. In particular, higher stages of development are, on average, non linearly associated with higher stages of growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009858603947
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    Economic Growth and Political Regimes (1999)
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 81-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; investment ; regimes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The absence of continuous regime type measures that focus on institutions rather than outcomes besets studies on whether democratic or authoritarian regimes grow faster. Additional shortcomings include the failure to consider development stages and the erroneous endogenous specification of regimes. Given panel data on 105 countries from 1960 to 1989, the effective party/constitutional framework measure does not correlate with growth or investment in the total sample. But considering development levels, some evidence indicates that discretion decreases growth in advanced areas, and, contrary to theory, inhibits investment in poorer countries. Also, single-party dictatorships have higher investment ratios but do not grow faster than party-less regimes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009830709488
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    Entrepreneurs, Professionals, and Growth (1999)
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 213-232 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: education ; work experience ; self-employment ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the implications for growth and development of the existence of two types of human capital: entrepreneurial and professional. Entrepreneurs accumulate human capital through a work-experience intensive process, whereas professionals’ human capital accumulation is education-intensive. Moreover, the return to entrepreneurship is uncertain. We show how skill-biased technological progress leads to changes in the composition of aggregate human capital; as technology improves, individuals devote less time to the accumulation of human capital through work experience and more to the accumulation of human capital through professional training. Thus, our model explains why entrepreneurs play a relatively more important role in intermediate-income countries and professionals are relatively more abundant in richer economies. It also shows that those countries that initially have too little of either entrepreneurial or professional human capital may end up in a development trap.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009806622022
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    Endogenous Fertility, Income Distribution, and Growth (1999)
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 331-349 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; fertility ; income distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes the interaction between growth and fertility via income distribution in a model in which fertility decisions are motivated by old-age support. It provides an explanation of the demographic transition of an economy from a stage of increasing fertility and low growth to a stage of low fertility, high human capital investments, and high growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009884804855
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    A Doodles Theory of Economic Growth (1999)
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    Review of industrial organization 14 (1999), S. 391-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Fate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Fate bringeth economic growth and malfeasance giveth its gains
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007758410930
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    Replacement of Fish Meal by Plant Proteins in the Diet of Nile Tilapia: Digestibility and Growth Performance (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 57-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: apparent digestibility coefficient ; fish meal ; growth ; Nile tilapa (Oreochromis niloticus) ; plant proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for a number of ingredients of plant or animal origin were obtained in order to formulate diets based on such values and to evaluate growth performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed four experimental diets in which fish meal was gradually replaced by a mixture of other ingredients. The digestibility of various diet components was measured by using an inert marker in the feed and by using the Guelph faeces collecting system. ADC values of the ingredients tested were generally high, especially for fish meal. It was found that extruded pea seed meal (92.6%), defatted soybean meal (94.4%), full-fat toasted soybean (90.0%) and micronized wheat (88.6%) were the best vegetable proteins tested. Lupin seed meal and faba bean meal had similar ADC values for protein and energy. Groups of tilapia, initial mean body weight (SD) 6.7 (0.1) g, were fed experimental diets with the same digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) containing graded levels of a mixture of vegetable ingredients as partial or total replacement of fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 12 weeks as partial or total replacement of fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 12 weeks at a water temperature of 25 °C. Significant differences were observed for weight gain among tilapia fed diets D0, D33, D66 and D100 (containing only animal protein, 33, 66, and 100% of plant protein, respectively). No significant differences were observed for voluntary intake among tilapia fed diets D0, D33 and D66. These values were significantly lower than those observed for tilapia fed plant protein based diet (D100) and suggest the possibility of partial replacement of fish meal by vegetable proteins without negative effects.
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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    Modelling the growth of a methanotrophic biofilm: Estimation of parameters and variability (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 177-191 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: AQUASIM ; biodegradation ; biofilm ; growth ; kinetics ; methane ; modelling ; nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses the growth of methanotrophic biofilms. Several independent biofilm growths scenarios involving different inocula were examined. Biofilm growth, substrate removal and product formation were monitored throughout the experiments. Based on the oxygen consumption it was concluded that heterotrophs and nitrifiers co-existed with methanotrophs in the biofilm. Heterotrophic biomass grew on soluble polymers formed by the hydrolysis of dead biomass entrapped in the biofilm. Nitrifier populations developed because of the presence of ammonia in the mineral medium. Based on these experimental results, the computer program AQUASIM was used to develop a biological model involving methanotrophs, heterotrophs and nitrifiers. The modelling of six independent growth experiments showed that stoichiometric and kinetic parameters were within the same order of magnitude. Parameter estimation yielded an average maximum growth rate for methanotrophs, μm, of 1.5 ± 0.5 d−1, at 20 °C, a decay rate, bm, of 0.24 ± 0.1 d−1, a half saturation constant, $${\text{K}}_{{\text{S(CH}}_{\text{4}} {\text{)}}} $$ , of 0.06 ± 0.05 mg CH4/L, and a yield coefficient, $$Y_{CH_4 } $$ , of 0.57 ±: 0.04 g X/g CH4. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed on this model. It indicated that the most influential parameters were those related to the biofilm (i.e. density; solid-volume fraction; thickness). This suggests that in order to improve the model, further research regarding the biofilm structure and composition is needed.
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    The transition from physical infrastructure to infostructure: infrastructure as a modernising agent in Singapore (1999)
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    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalisation ; growth ; information technology ; infrastructure ; knowledge ; modernisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the modernising role played by infrastructure and the transition of emphasis from physical infrastructure to knowledge-based infostructure as a source of economic growth in Singapore, noting the factors behind the change in strategy. Occupying a strategic sea route location and serving a resource-rich hinterland, Singapore inherited from the old British empire a well-established infrastructure when it achieved self-government in 1959. Since 1965, Singapore's development has been led by a pro-business developmentalist government, and strongly linked to technological advances in the West on which it also relies heavily for its exports and multinational corporation investments. From the 1980s, the government has launched a series of pro-IT plans to prepare the city-state's transition to an `intelligent island', and a regional hub for high-technology, and international financial transactions, a full-swing state-initiated strategy to leap from a semi-peripheral economy to be part of the developed core, and enhance its status to that of a world city. Despite barriers, some positive results have been observed. In terms of IT's spatial effect, it is largely overshadowed by the predeterministic long-term plans of the state's powerful planning authority.
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    The relationship between silicon availability, and growth and silicon concentration of the salt marsh halophyte Spartina anglica (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; porewater ; salt marshes ; silicon ; Spartina ; tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of silicon concentrations of various halophytes from salt marshes in the S.W. Netherlands shows that the silicon concentration of Spartina anglica (Gramineae) is relatively high. To study the influence of dissolved Si concentrations on growth and plant tissue concentrations of S. anglica, silicic acid was introduced into the sediment of natural patches of this halophyte occurring on a tidal flat. This resulted in a strong increase in dissolved silicon levels in the sediment porewater. In addition, S. anglica was cultured in the laboratory on nutrient solution enriched with dissolved silicon. Neither in the field nor in the laboratory experiment did the increased silicon levels have effects on shoot growth or led to consistent increases in the silicon concentration of plant tissues. Finally, different S. anglica stands in a number of salt marshes around the Oosterschelde basin were examined on sediment porewater silicon concentrations and silicon plant tissue concentrations. Sediment porewater silicon levels ranged between 36 and 554 μM. The average silicon concentration of the shoots from the various populations ranged between 3.52 and 11.73 mg/g DW. Consistent with the results of the field and laboratory experiments, there was no correlation between porewater silicon concentrations and average shoot length at the different sites, nor between porewater silicon concentrations and shoot silicon levels. Apparently, vegetative growth and tissue silicon concentrations of S. anglica do not respond to concentrations of dissolved Si in the range to which the plants were exposed naturally or experimentally in the field and in the laboratory (ca. 15–550 μM). In the data set pertaining to the different S. anglica field populations, however, negative correlations were observed between the average number of leaves per shoot at the different locations and the total silicon content of the 4th and 2nd leaves and of the entire shoots. The possible mechanisms explaining differences in tissue Si concentrations are discussed.
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    Immigration, assimilation and growth (1998)
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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    Endogenous fertility, mortality and growth (1998)
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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    The influence of feeding regime on growth and slaughter traits of cage-reared Atlantic salmon (1998)
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    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; Condition factor ; feeding regimes ; growth ; proximate composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different feeding methods on growth and slaughter traits of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been examined. Swimming activity associated with feeding was greatest amongst fish fed using automatic feeders, intermediate amongst those fed predetermined rations by hand, and least in groups of fish fed to satiation twice per day. Fish fed to satiation ate more and grew faster than did those provided with rations predicted to support high rates of growth, but the fish fed to satiation had higher feed:gain ratios than those given predetermined rations as two meals per day. The muscle tissues of the fish fed to satiation had higher lipid (%) and lower moisture (%) contents than did those of the fish fed the predetermined rations, but differences in muscle composition could be accounted for by differences in the size of the fish. Lipid was positively, and moisture negatively, correlated with fish size, whereas per cent protein and dress-out losses were little influenced by fish size and feeding regime. The fish fed to satiation were slightly heavier for a given length than those in the other groups. There was, however, no evidence that the largest fish had the highest condition factor, nor could condition factor be used to predict per cent lipid in the muscle tissue. Size variation increased in all groups of fish, and this was, in part, due to the cessation of growth of maturing individuals. Size variation was, however, most marked in the groups fed using automatic feeders, suggesting that interindividual competition for food was greatest amongst these fish.
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    The spirit of capitalism, social status, money, and accumulation (1998)
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    Journal of economics 68 (1998), S. 219-233 
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    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: spirit of capitalism ; social status ; money ; growth ; E1 ; E31 ; O42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates the unambiguous existence of the Tobin portfolio-shift effect in the wealth-is-status and the spirit-of-capitalism models of growth. Namely, higher inflation leads to higher capital stock in the long run, and inflation increases the endogenous-growth rate of the economy.
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    Root growth responses to lead in young maize seedlings (1998)
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    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 55-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell length ; growth ; lateral roots ; lead ; phytotoxicity ; roots ; seedling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was undertaken to follow the appearance and development of symptoms of lead toxicity in growing roots of seedlings. The effects of lead nitrate (10-2–105 M) were studied on the roots of maize (Zea mays) seedlings, cvs. Diamant and Sterling. The roots were grown on filter paper either on glass in trays or in large Petri dishes. The following characteristics of root growth were studied: seed germination, length of primary and seminal roots, number of seminal and lateral roots, length of branching zone, length of meristem and fully-elongated cells and the number of fully-elongated cells along the daily length increment. 10-2 M lead nitrate exerted a clear toxic effect on root elongation just after radicle emergence; its influence on shoot growth was weak. However 10-2 M Pb solution did not affect either radicle emergence itself or seminal root emergence, which can be explained by the impermeability of seed testa to lead salt. The inhibitory effect of 10-3 M lead nitrate appeared a day later and was not as toxic: the growth of primary and seminal roots proceeded at lower rate due to a partial inhibition of cell division and cell elongation in them. 10-3 M lead nitrate modified the root system morphology: it exerted no effect on the emergence of lateral roots and their number, but induced a more compact distribution of lateral roots along a shorter branching zone due to a reduced length of mature cells in the primary root. As a result of the more prominent inhibition of primary root growth, a shorter branching zone with more compactly located lateral roots occupied a position much closer to the root tip than in roots grown without the influence of lead.
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    The influence of salinity on growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 205 (1998), S. 163-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; growth ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; salt-tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.
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    Root distribution following spatial separation of water and nitrogen supply in furrow irrigated corn (1998)
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    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 187-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; growth ; nitrogen ; root ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proper management of water and fertilizer placement in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching into the groundwater. Potential management practices tested in a two year field experiment included row or furrow fertilizer placement combined with every or alternate furrow irrigation. To understand how fertilizer availability to plants could be affected by these management practices, root growth and distribution in a Ulm clay loam soil were examined. Spring rains were greater than normal in both years providing adequate moisture for early root growth in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. As the non-irrigated furrow began to dry, root biomass increased as much as 126% compared with the irrigated furrow. The greatest increase was at lower depths, however, where moisture was still plentiful. When early season moisture was available, roots proliferated throughout the soil profile and quickly became available to take up fertilizer N in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. Root growth responded positively to fertilizer placement in the furrow in 1996 but not in 1995. Excessive N leaching in 1995 may have limited the response to fertilizer N.
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    Black spruce family growth performance under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 (1998)
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    New forests 15 (1998), S. 271-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: early selection ; genotype × environment interaction ; growth ; retrospective ; seedling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings from 20 families of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), representing a large range in field productivity, were subjected to a greenhouse retrospective test under ambient (409 ppm – year 1, 384 ppm – year 2) and high (686 ppm – year 1, 711 ppm – year 2) atmospheric CO2 environments. After one and two growth cycles, seedling height and diameter growth significantly increased under elevated CO2. At the end of the experiment, seedlings grown under high CO2 had a mean above-ground dry weight of 48.77 g as compared to 26.36 g for seedlings grown under ambient atmospheric CO2. Families were a significant source of variation for all growth parameters. Although the family × CO2 environment interaction was not a statistically significant source of variation in the analysis of variance, the correlation between greenhouse and 15-year field height growth was weaker (r = 0.29, p = 0.2177) under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (r = 0.51, p = 0.0223) following the first growth cycle. However, following the second growth cycle, greenhouse-field correlations were similar between the two CO2 environments (ambient CO2: r = 0.55, p = 0.0115; elevated CO2: r = 0.56, p = 0.0101). Thus, with this set of families, growth performance ranking after two years appears relatively stable under ambient and elevated CO2.
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    Why Isn't Convergence Instantaneous? Young Workers, Old Workers, and Gradual Adjustment (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 5-28 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; complementarity ; adjustment ; young workers ; old workers ; age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The human capital of young and old workers are imperfect substitutes both in production and in providing on-the-job training. This helps explain why capital does not flow from rich to poor countries, causing instantaneous convergence of per capita output. If each generation chooses its human capital optimally, given that of the preceding and succeeding generations, human capital follows a unique rational-expectations path. For moderate substitutability, human capital within each sector oscillates relative to that in other sectors, but aggregate human capital converges to the steady state monotonically.
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    Free Trade, Growth, and Convergence (1998)
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 143-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence ; trade ; liberalization ; knowledge diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Can trade liberalization have a permanent affect on output levels, and more important, does it have an impact on steady-state growth rates? The model emphasizes the role that knowledge spillovers emanating from heightened trade can have on income convergence and growth rates during transition and over the long run. Among the results of the model, unilateral liberalization by one country reduces the income gap between the liberalizing country and other, wealthier countries. From the long-run growth perspective, unilateral (and multilateral) liberalization generates a positive impact on the steady-state growth of all the trading countries.
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    Income Distribution, Redistributive Politics, and Economic Growth (1998)
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 217-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; inequality ; political economy ; income distribution ; political effect ; threshold effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.
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    Democracy and Growth: Alternative Approaches (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 241-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: democracy ; growth ; regime change ; regression tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article focuses on two previously unexamined aspects of the relationship between economic growth and democracy. First, the growth experiences of countries that experience significant changes in democracy are examined directly. Countries that democratize are found to grow faster than a priori similar countries, while countries that become less democratic grow more slowly than comparable countries. These differences do not seem to be due to differences in education or investment levels. Second, regression tree analysis suggests that democracy, along with initial income and literacy, contributes to the identification of regimes of countries facing similar aggregate production functions.
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    Economic Growth and Investment in Education: How Allocation Matters (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 337-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; education ; human capital ; panel data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article proposes an approach to answering two questions: first, does investment in education help growth; second, does the allocation of investment in education matter? I develop a model where individual ability is heterogeneous and education both trains students and reveals their suitability for further training. I use UNESCO data on educational enrollments and spending to estimate the efficiency of existing educational allocations in a panel of countries. A cross-country growth decomposition regression shows that the correlation of human capital capital accumulation and GDP growth is not significant in countries with poor allocations but is significant and positive in countries with better allocations.
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    Photomorphogenetic responses to UV radiation and short-term red light in lettuce seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: greening ; growth ; hypocotyl ; leaf ; red light ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of red light (R), far-red light (FR) and UV radiation on growth and greening of lettuce seedlings (Latuca sativa L., cv. Berlinskii) have been investigated. UV-B and UV-C inhibited hypocotyl elongation and stimulated cotyledonary growth. R in combination with UV-B and UV-C partly eliminated these effects, but FR increased those and reversed the R effect. Chlorophyll accumulation was inhibited by UV-B and UV-C. In comparison with cotyledonary growth, R strengthened the UV inhibitory effect, and FR reversed this effect of R. Thus, UV and phytochrome system modify the effects of each other on hypocotyl and leaf growth in lettuce seedlings depending on the level of active phytochrome formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006047327094
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    Fast changes in growth rate and cytokinin content of the shoot following rapid cooling of roots of wheat seedling (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cooling ; cytokinins ; growth ; immunoassay ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the concentration of cytokinins were studied following root cooling. Simultaneously, the growth rate of the second leaf was monitored with a highly sensitive growth sensor attached to its tip. Cytokinins were separated by thin layer chromatography and immunoassayed using antibodies to zeatin riboside. The extension rate of the second leaf decreased within 15 minutes of cooling the nutrient medium from 24 °C to 4 °C. The concentration of cytokinins in shoots decreased with similar rapidity. In contrast cytokinins in roots increased slightly during the initial period of cooling before declining. The sharp decrease in cytokinin concentrations in shoots 15 minutes after cooling of roots may contribute to the abrupt inhibition of shoot growth.
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    Beyond Our Original Horizons: the Tropicalization of Beverton and Holt (1998)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 8 (1998), S. 307-334 
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    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: Beverton ; gear selection ; growth ; Holt ; mortality ; multispecies modelling ; Y/R analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The extension into tropical areas of Beverton and Holt's yield per recruit approach for stock assessment represents a straightforward case of ‘normal science’, the common Kuhnian counterpart to his much rarer ‘paradigm shifts’. It is shown that the normal science which, in recent decades, has led to new methods for estimating growth, mortality and other statistics required for yield per recruit analyses in data-sparse environments, has not only enriched fisheries science and aquatic biology as a whole, but has also contributed to identify the limitations of the single-species research programme originally defined by Beverton and Holt. The most likely prospect for that programme, in the tropics and elsewhere, is to become a component of the ‘multispecies’, or rather ‘ecosystem’ approach that is emerging, and to which Beverton and Holt will have contributed many of the concepts, and much of the rigour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008863215253
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    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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    Lipaemia and liver composition in pregnant rats consuming olive oil and olive oil used for frying (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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    Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 294-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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    Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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    Architecture and development of the oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) root system (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 33-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: development ; Elaeis guineensis ; growth ; oil palm ; root architecture ; root system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth dynamics and architecture of the oil-palm root system are described. Following a transitional juvenile phase, eight different morphological types of roots have been distinguished according to their development pattern and state of differentiation: primary vertical and horizontal roots, secondary horizontal roots, upward growing secondary vertical roots and downward growing secondary vertical roots, superficial and deep tertiary roots and quaternary roots. The relative position of these types of roots determines a morphological and functional unit of the root system called 'root architectural unit' of the oil palm. This root polymorphism enabled us to define a morphogenetic gradient, which reflected the oil-palm root-system ontogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004290024473
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    Effects of potassium deficiency on tomato growth and mineral nutrition at the early production stage (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; potassium deficiency ; potassium ; sodium ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of potassium deficiency on hydroponically grown tomato were investigated at the early production stage (23 leaves, 3 trusses). Two types of potassium deficiency were applied : the permanent deficiency lasted for 23 days whereas the 10-day temporary deficiency was followed by a 7-day period of potassium supply resumption. Growth was assessed through non-destructive measurements. Permanent potassium deficiency resulted in growth slow-down before visual symptoms appeared on the adult leaves (leaves 12 to 17), but the older leaves (next to the first truss) were not affected. Temporary potassium deficiency reduced the growth rate, but, after potassium supply resumption, the plants recovered a growth pattern which was similar to that of the control plants. The potassium of the older leaves appeared to be less mobilizable than that present in the adult leaves where the visual deficiency symptoms appeared. Potassium uptake kinetics during the potassium supply resumption period were investigated on the plants submitted to temporary deficiency. In tomato plants which had been temporarily deprived of potassium before being transferred onto a standard nutrient solution, potassium uptake was faster than in the control plants. This result is to be related to the plant ability to recover a normal growth pattern. As a result of the occurrence of K-Mg and K-Na antagonisms, the sum of the cations was maintained at a constant value in some plant organs.
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    Do Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation have higher phosphorus requirements than those supplied with adequate fertilizer nitrogen? (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 213-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nodulation ; P supply ; symbiotic N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract P requirements of Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings inoculated with Frankia and reliant on symbiotic N2 fixation were compared with those of uninoculated seedlings grown with 4 levels of fertilizer N in a solution culture system. Growth responses to increasing P supply depended on the N treatment that had been imposed. At the two lowest levels of N supply (0 μt M and 100 μt M) growth was relatively poor and there was no response to increasing P supply above 10 μt M and 50 μt M P respectively. In contrast, inoculated seedlings and those with higher levels of combined N (500 μt M and 1000 μt M) had significantly greater shoot dry weights (except at 0.1 μt M P), and they responded to increasing P supply to between 50 and 100 μt M P. At each level of P supply, the dry weights of seedlings in these 3 N treatments were similar. Nitrogen concentrations in shoots of seedlings provided with fertilizer N decreased with increasing P supply to 50 μt M and then remained unchanged. In contrast, N concentrations in shoots of inoculated seedlings increased with increasing P supply to 25 μt M P. At the 2 highest levels of P supply, N concentrations in shoots of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those in seedlings provided with fertilizer N. In all N treatments, P concentrations in shoots increased with increasing P supply; concentrations were similar in inoculated seedlings and those with the 2 highest levels of fertilizer N across all levels of P supply. Alleviation of P deficiency in inoculated seedlings increased nodule number, nodule dry weight, N2 fixation g-1 nodule dry weight (nodule 'efficiency'), P concentration in nodules, proportion of total seedling biomass allocated to nodules and average nodule size. However, all these parameters reached their maximum values at levels of P supply at, or below, those required for maximum host-plant growth (50 to 100 μt M P). The results indicate that the P requirement for host plant growth per se is similar to, or higher than, that required for symbiotic N2 fixation processes.
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    Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation of rice seedlings at the nursery stage upon performance in the paddy field and greenhouse (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 191 (1997), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; growth ; nutrition ; preinoculated seedlings ; wetland rice ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at the nursery stage on the growth and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice (t Oryza sativa L.) under field and pot conditions. Seedlings were grown on γ-ray sterilized paddy soil in two types of nurseries, namely dry nursery and wet nursery, with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation which was a mixture of indigenous AMF (t Glomus spp.) spores collected from the paddy field. Five-to-six week old seedlings were transplanted to the unsterilized soil under field and pot, respectively. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher shoot biomass under both nursery conditions 5 weeks after sowing. Mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation were 2 to 3 times higher in the dry nursery than the wet nursery at the transplanting stage. Mycorrhizal colonization of plants inoculated in the nursery remained higher than those not inoculated under both field and pot conditions. Sporulation after transplanting to field conditions was about 10 times higher than in the pot. Inoculated plants produced higher biomass at maturity under field conditions, and the grain yield was 14-21% higher than those not inoculated. Conversely, grain yield and shoot biomass were not significantly influenced by AMF colonization under pot conditions. For plants originating from the dry nursery, N, P, Zn and Cu concentrations of field-grown plants at harvest were significantly increased by preinoculation with AMF over those left uninoculated. We conclude that the AMF inoculation at the nursery stage under both dry and wet conditions increased growth, grain yield and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice under field conditions.
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    A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on seedling growth of rice (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; growth ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on growth of rice seedlings were compared. The lowest tested concentration of ABA and MJ that inhibited seedling growth was found to be 4.5 and 0.9 µM, respectively. Growth inhibition by ABA is reversible, whereas that by MJ is irreversible. GA3 was found to be more effective in reversing inhibition of shoot growth by ABA than by MJ. KCl partially relieved MJ-inhibited, but not ABA-inhibited, growth of rice seedlings. The beneficial effect of K+ on growth of rice seedlings in MJ medium could not be replaced by Li+, Na+ or Cs+. MJ treatment caused a marked release of K+ into the medium. In order to understand whether cell wall-bound peroxidase activity was inversely related to rice seedling growth, effects of ABA and MJ on cell wall-bound peroxidase activity were also examined. Results indicated that both ABA and MJ increased cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of rice seedlings. Although MJ (4.5 µM) was less effective in inhibiting root growth than ABA (9 µM), MJ was found to increase more cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots than ABA.
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    Power, Distributive Conflicts, and Multiple Growth Paths (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 155-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; taxation ; capital flight ; multiple equilibria ; redistribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article shows that multiple growth paths may occurin a politico-economic model of endogenous growth. This multiplicityis characterized by the coexistence of the low-tax, low-capital-flightequilibrium and a high-tax, high-capital-flight equilibrium.The likelihood of multiplicity is crucially related to the structureof power in society—namely, it is necessary that the politicallydecisive agents have a greater access to international capitalmarkets than the average in the economy.
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    The Distribution of Human Capital and Economic Growth (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 93-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: Income distribution ; human capital ; growth ; overlapping-generations ; Kuznets hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009785714248
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    The Transition from Stagnation to Growth: An Adaptive Learning Approach (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 185-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; human capital ; development ; transition ; learning ; genetic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article develops the first model in which, consistentwith the empirical evidence, the transition from stagnation toeconomic growth is a very long endogenous process. The modelhas one steady state with a low and stagnant level of incomeper capita and another steady state with a high and growing levelof income per capita. Both of these steady states are locallystable under the perfect foresight assumption. We relax the perfectforesight assumption and introduce adaptive learning into thisenvironment. Learning acts as an equilibrium selection criterionand provides an interesting transition dynamic between steadystates. We find that for sufficiently low initial values of humancapital—values that would tend to characterize preindustrialeconomies—the system under learning spends a long periodof time (an epoch) in the neighborhood of the low-income steadystate before finally transitioning to a neighborhood of the high-incomesteady state. We argue that this type of transition dynamic providesa good characterization of the economic growth and developmentpatterns that have been observed across countries.
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    Exploitation and Growth (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 251-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: exploitation ; growth ; property rights ; taxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract I develop a model of exploitation—coercive wealthtransfer—and growth based on social importance. Exploitationreduces growth since the return to capital falls with exploitationcosts. Initial relative wealth across groups—the measureof social importance—determines which group is the exploiterand how costly exploitation will be. The exploiter selects anexploitation path that maintains its dominant position and rarelymaximizes current transfers. Productive minorities and fast-growinggroups are most prone to exploitation. International sanctions,if strong, end exploitation; otherwise they increase exploitationand reduce growth. Segregation and apartheid are broadly consistentwith the theory.
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    Macrodynamic Implications of Income-Transfer Policies for Human Capital Investment and School Effort (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 305-329 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; income distribution ; tax and transfer policy ; human capital investment ; school effort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The distortion in educational investment in poorer childrenis often attributed to credit market imperfections and henceto the unequal access of children to educational opportunity.However, the distortion might also be attributable to disincentiveeffects that cause children to make inefficient use of educationalopportunities. This possibility is demonstrated for an overlappinggenerations economy with multiple family dynasties in which childrenhave random unobservable abilities and base their school efforton their parents‘ after-tax returns to schooling. Income redistributioncan result in suboptimal effort choices that offset the beneficialeffects of income transfers and sharply lower social welfare.
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    Technology Transfer, Income Distribution and the Process of Economic Development (1997)
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    Open economies review 8 (1997), S. 245-270 
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    ISSN: 1573-708X
    Keywords: income distribution ; human capital ; growth ; complementarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the role of income distribution and technology transfer in the process of economic development. A novel aspect of the model is that the composition of human capital as well as the level affect economic growth. Utilizing an overlapping-generations model in which income distribution changes endogenously, we present an economic explanation for why some countries could not start modern economic growth; why some countries took off but have apparently stopped growing after some time; and why some countries have successfully developed and continue to grow.
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    New Information Technology and the Knowledge-Based Economy. The Italian Evidence (1997)
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    Review of industrial organization 12 (1997), S. 593-607 
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    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: New information technology ; communication and business services ; innovation ; productivity ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This work analyses the outcome of the interaction between: 1) the diffusion of new information technologies; 2) their effects on the tradability, divisibility and transportability of information; 3) the growing role of business service industries in the introduction of new technologies; 4) the interaction between receptivity and connectivity of learning agents in the generation of localized technological change based upon both tacit and generic knowledge, and 5) the parallel increase in total factor productivity. The empirical results provide some support, with respect to the Italian economy, to two hypotheses: 1) The co-evolution of usage of business and communication services. Our empirical analysis has shown the strong correlation between the levels and rates of growth in the use of communication and business services. 2) The productivity enhancing effects of the co-evolution in the use of business and communication.
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    Location and the Growth of Nations (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 399-418 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; international spillovers ; spatial economics ; openness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Does a country‘s long-term growth depend on what happensin countries that are nearby? Such linkages could occur for avariety of reasons, including demand and technology spillovers.We present a series of tests to determine the existence of suchrelationships and the forms that they might take. We find thata country‘s growth rate is closely related to that of nearbycountries and show that this correlation reflects more than theexistence of common shocks. Trade alone does not appear responsiblefor these linkages either. In addition, we find that being neara large market contributes to growth.
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    Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; diffusion ; convergence ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We construct a model that combines elements of endogenousgrowth with the convergence implications of the neoclassicalgrowth model. In the long run, the world growth rate is drivenby discoveries in the technologically leading economies. Followersconverge toward the leaders because copying is cheaper than innovationover some range. A tendency for copying costs to increase reducesfollowers‘ growth rates and thereby generates a pattern of conditionalconvergence. We discuss how countries are selected to be technologicalleaders, and we assess welfare implications. Poorly defined intellectualproperty rights imply that leaders have insufficient incentiveto invent and followers have excessive incentive to copy.
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    Matching, Heterogeneity, and the Evolution of Income Distribution (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 61-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: search ; matching ; mismatch ; human capital ; growth ; wage inequality ; income inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes a model in which firms and workershave to engage in costly search to find a production partner,and endogenizes the skill, job, and wage distributions in thiscontext. The presence of search frictions implies that thereare two redistributive forces in the labor market. The firstis mismatch relative to the Walrasian economy; skilled workerstend to work with lower physical to human capital ratios, andthis compresses the earnings differentials. The second is theopportunity cost effect; because the opportunity cost of acceptingan unskilled worker, which is to forgo the opportunity to employa skilled worker, is high, unskilled wages are pushed down. Theinteraction between these two forces leads to a non-ergodic equilibriumprocess for wage and income inequality. Further, the presenceof mismatch reduces the rate of return to physical capital andthus depresses growth. A key prediction of the analysis is thatincreasing wage inequality is more likely to arise in economieswith less frictional labor markets, which is in line with thediverse cross-country patterns observed over the past two decades.Finally, the paper predicts that, as is largely the case withU.S. data, between group and within group wage inequality shouldmove in the same direction.
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    Democratic Choice of an Education System: Implications for Growth and Income Distribution (1997)
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 169-183 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; education ; inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We use an OLG model to examine democratic choice betweentwo modes of government support for education: subsidies forprivately purchased education and free uniform public provision.We find little conflict between democracy and growth: the samefactors that generate popular support for subsidization overfree uniform provision—large external benefits, a largeexcess burden, and little inequality—also favor its relativegrowth performance. Furthermore, restricting the franchise toan upper-income elite may also reduce growth. Two extensionsexamine the effect of intergenerational mobility and indicatethe theoretical possibility of periodic swings in the balancebetween public and private spending.
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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    The dependence of internal brown spot development upon calcium fertility in potato tubers (1996)
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    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 165-178 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; temperature stress ; growth ; nutrient deficiency ; tuber analysis ; tuber size ; glasshouse ; growth room
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine calcium fertility and high temperature effects on internal brown spot development in potato, cv. Russet Burbank plants were fertilised with Hoagland's nutrient solution with or without calcium. Prevalence and severity of internal brown spot were greatest in tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation during growth. Internal brown spot was evident as early as tuber initiation. A high growth medium temperature (32°C) at tuber maturity with a lack of calcium increased internal brown spot incidence and severity. No tubers subjected to the high temperature and fertilised with calcium developed internal brown spot. Peel calcium concentration of tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation was lower (0.5–0.8 g/kg) than tubers receiving calcium (1.2–1.9 g/kg). Medullary tissue calcium concentration was similar under both calcium regimes. Calcium availability during early tuber growth was an influential factor in internal brown spot development, however high temperature effects may not be discounted in exacerbating the disorder.
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    Democracy and growth (1996)
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 1-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; freedom ; rule of law ; O40 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth and democracy (subjective indexes of political freedom) are analyzed for a panel of about 100 countries from 1960 to 1990. The favorable effects on growth include maintenance of the rule of law, free markets, small government consumption, and high human capital. Once these kinds of variables and the initial level of real per capita GDP are held constant, the overall effect of democracy on growth is weakly negative. There is a suggestion of a nonlinear relationship in which more democracy enhances growth at low levels of political freedom but depresses growth when a moderate level of freedom has already been attained. Improvements in the standard of living—measured by GDP, health status, and education—substantially raise the probability that political freedoms will grow. These results allow for predictions about which countries will become more or less democratic over time.
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    Growth, income distribution, and democracy: What the data say (1996)
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 149-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: income distribution ; growth ; fertility ; political instability ; O1 ; H5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issues: the properties and reliability of the income distribution data, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far, and the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth. The main conclusion in this regard is that there is strong empirical support for two types of explanations, linking income distribution to sociopolitical instability and to the education/fertility decision. A third channel, based on the interplay of borrowing constraints and investment in human capital, also seems to receive some support by the data, although it is probably the hardest to test with the existing data. By contrast, there appears to be less empirical support for explanations based on the effects of income distribution on fiscal policy.
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    Influence of environmental parameters on the biomass development ofRuppia drepanensis populations in Doñana National Park: the importance of conditions affecting the underwater light climate (1996)
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    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 157-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: brackish marsh ; growth ; light attenuation ; submerged macrophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The development of submerged plant communities dominated byRuppia drepanensis Tineo in the brackish marsh of the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) was coupled to seasonal variation in environmental factors for two consecutive years. Plant biomass increased rapidly in early spring (March), with steady biomass yields (up to 100 g afdw m−2) together with abundant flowering and fruiting in late spring (April–May). Wind-induced sediment resuspension and periphyton growth strongly influenced the light climate experienced by the submerged vegetation, while a phytoplankton effect was generally negligible. Development of the submerged vegetation coincided with a decrease in water extinction coefficient and in bicarbonate concentration. Thus, where dense macrophyte meadows develop, light climate probably is the limiting factor in the early spring, while temperature and bicarbonate levels are so by the end of the season. Interannual variation was found to be very high, both in abundance and distribution of the submerged vegetation, mainly because of differences in rainfall which influenced the inundation cycle. Grazing by waterfowl accounted also for this effect, as in dry years birds concentrate in the few wetlands still containing water.
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    Imperfect competition and capital accumulation: the role of price normalization (1996)
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    Journal of economics 63 (1996), S. 279-302 
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    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: general equilibrium ; imperfect competition ; growth ; price normalization ; D43 ; D51 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a capital-accumulation model with infinitely lived households and two production sectors. The intermediate-good sector is characterized by perfect competition, a constant-returns-to-scale technology, and production externalities. The final-good sector is a monopoly operating under constant returns to scale. We analyze the general equilibrium in the sense of Gabszewicz and Vial [Journal of Economic Theory (1972) 4: 381–400] for this economy and different price-normalization rules. It is shown that the qualitative behavior of the equilibrium paths depends crucially on the chosen normalization rule. In particular, whether equilibria are monotonic or oscillating and whether indeterminacy occurs or not may depend on the choice of the numeraire.
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    Soil chemical limitations to growth and development of Veronica officinalis L. and Carex pilulifera L. (1996)
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    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 281-289 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorosis ; growth ; iron ; nitrogen ; phosphate ; soil acidity ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Veronica officinalis and Carex pilulifera, widespread plants of acid soils in Europe, were grown in 50 soils of natural and seminatural ecosystems representing a wide range of soil chemical properties. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse at a soil moisture content of 55–65% WHC, ca. 60% R.H. of the air, temperature 14–16°C at night and 19–21°C by day; additional light 70 W m-2 12 h d-1. Properties closely related to soil acidity precluded growth of V. officinalis and limited the growth rate of C. pilulifera at soil pH-KCl 〈 ca. 3.4. In slightly-moderately alkaline (calcareous) soils, growth was primarily limited by insufficient phosphate uptake. A low growth rate of C. pilulifera. in such soils was related to low concentrations of exchangeable soil phosphate and low tissue concentrations of phosphorus. However, in high-pH soils, secondary effects due to suboptimum trace element (probably Fe) conditions, giving rise to symptoms of chlorosis, were also indicated. The highest growth rates of both species were invariably measured in soils of intermediate acidity having very high concentrations of exchangeable phosphate. Multiple regression tests on the entire material indicated that 65–75% of the variability in several growth functions could be accounted for, when two or more soil characters were included in the equation. Besides phosphate, exchangeable Zn (in C. pilulifera) and nitrate (in V. officinalis) were of considerable importance in accounting for growth rates.
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    Inter-varietal differences in xylem exudate composition and growth under contrasting forms of N supply in cucumber (1996)
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    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; carbohydrates ; carboxylates ; cultivar ; growth ; nitrate ; xylem exudate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in the inorganic and organic composition of xylem exudate, growth and N content under contrasting forms of N supply in three cucumber cultivars (Hyclos, Medusa and Victory) were studied in glasshouse conditions. The plants were grown hydroponically with two NO3 -:NH4 + ratios (100:0 and 60:40). The xylem sap of Medusa grown with both N sources displayed an increase of organic N and carboxylate concentrations and a decrease of cations, inorganic anions and carbohydrates compared with that of those grown with NO3 - alone, showing a higher growth and N content in tissues and thus better utilization of N supplied as NO3 - and NH4 +. Mixed N nutrition in Hyclos caused the greatest amounts of NO3 - and NH4 + in xylem sap, lower root weight and N levels in the leaves, while its root was unable to generate an adequate supply of organic N compounds. Despite the levels of cations, inorganic and organic anions were reduced by the NH4 + supplied to Victory, the ionic balance in the xylem sap, growth and N content remained similar to that of those supplied with NO3 - alone. Finally, the cucumber cultivars studied here, responded differently to the form of N supplied, it may partly be due to their ability of assimilating N in the roots and partly to the form in which the N is translocated to the shoot.
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    Variation, co-ordination and compensation in root systems in relation to soil variability (1996)
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    Plant and soil 187 (1996), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compensation ; growth ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; nutrient ; roots ; soil ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In soil, the distributions of nutrients, water, pores, and microbes vary in time and space. These, in turn, contribute to the variations in root form and function that we see when we grow plants in soil and other non-uniform media. This paper addresses three questions about the consequences of non-uniform distributions of nutrients: how do roots respond to variations in nutrient distribution?; how specific are such responses?; to what extent can we predict them? Roots vary both physiologically and structurally in response to nutrient distributions. The first type of response is primarily a stimulation of nutrient uptake rate per unit of root; the second, a stimulation of root growth where and when the nutrient is most readily available. The first tends to be nutrient-specific and its magnitude related to the extent of the non-uniformity in nutrient availability. The second is less-specific in the sense that the magnitude of the response, when there is one, varies little from one nutrient to another. This leads to apparently exaggerated compensatory capacity, especially for ions that are relatively mobile in soil, such as NO3 -. Because the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these responses are largely unknown, we cannot say how they are co-ordinated within individual plants. Nor can we predict a plant's responses precisely. What we can do is generate statistical descriptions of them by comparing data collected in many experiments for many species. This produces general rules that summarise what happens, but which probably cannot be applied a priori to specific cases. H Lambers Section editor
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    Convective-diffusive model of two-dimensional root growth and proliferation (1996)
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    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 231-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chrysanthemum ; diffusion ; growth ; model ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulations of crop productivity and environmental quality depend strongly on the root activity model used. Flexible, generic root system models are needed that can easily be coupled to various process-based soil models and can easily be modified to test various hypotheses about how roots respond to their environment. In this paper, we develop a convective-diffusive model of root growth and proliferation, and use it to test some of these hypotheses with data on the growth of roots on potted chrysanthemum cuttings. The proliferation of roots is viewed as a result of a diffusion-like gradient-driven propagation in all directions and convection-like propagation downwards caused by geotropism. The finite element method was used to solve the boundary problem for the convective-diffusive equation. To test hypotheses, we wrote modules in a way that caused a test parameter to be zero, should the hypothesis be rejected. These modules were added or removed to test each hypothesis in turn and in various combinations. The model explained 92% of the variation in the experimental data of Chen and Lieth (1993) on root growth of potted chrysanthemum cuttings. For this dataset the following hypotheses were accepted: (1) root diffusivity (colonization of new soil) did not depend on root density, (2) there was no geotropic trend in root development, (3) potential root growth increased linearly with root density, (4) there were (at least) two classes of roots with different rates of growth and proliferation, and (5) potential root growth rate decreased with distance from the plant stem base.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015306
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    Drought-avoidant soybean germplasm maintains nitrogen-fixation capacity under water stress (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 39-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; drought ; drought-avoidant germplasm ; Glycine max (L.) Merrill ; growth ; nitrogen ; assimilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inoculated soybeans (Glycine max L. (Merrill)) were grown in controlled environments to evaluate the relationship between genotype and plant water status on nodule function, nitrogen assimilation, growth rates, and seed yield. Plants were grown under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions during the linear pod-filling growth stage in sand culture using N-free nutrient solution. Dry matter and N accumulation were greater for the drought-adapted Plant Introduction 416937 (PI) than for ‘Forrest’, a commercially adapted genotype of similar phenology. These differences are attributed to: (i) more favorable internal water balance throughout the pod-filling period (higher total leaf water potential), (ii) higher photosynthetic function (more total leaf area and higher net carbon exchange rates), and (iii) stronger nodule function (larger nodule mass, greater specific and total nodule activity, and thus more nitrogen assimilation) for the PI than for Forrest. While Forrest out yielded the PI under WW conditions, the percentage reduction in seed mass per plant was less for the PI than for Forrest when both genotypes were exposed to desiccating conditions. The inference is that soybean germplasm with the capacity to maintain tissue turgidity, and thus leaf and nodule function, during reproductively-imposed desiccation may reduce the extent to which yield is compromised during drought. These findings have implications for the role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in conserving yield under dry weather conditions.
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    Immobilized Frankia spores remained viable on dry storage and on restoration to medium regenerated active colonies (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; growth ; immobilization ; nitrogenase activity ; spores ; sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spores of Frankia strain ACN1AG, immobilized in calcium alginate beads, germinated to produce colonies that increased in protein content and showed nitrogenase activity. Air dried immobilized spores remained viable for at least 15 days in dry condition, making the storage and transport of Frankia strains easy. This also opens the possibility of using beaded spores as inocula.
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    Seed source variation in 32P uptake in inus taeda L. seedlings: A possible regulation by efflux (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 182 (1996), S. 259-265 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; loblolly pine ; 32P labeling ; phosphorus efflux ; phosphorus uptake ; Pinus taeda L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short-term 32P uptake experiments were conducted with intact seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to examine possible seed source variation in net accumulation of 32P in roots and shoots, and in rates of unidirectional influx. Seed source had a highly significant effect on biomass and P concentrations of shoots and roots. Seedlings from two seed sources representing fast-growing populations (a broadly-adapted and wet-site seed source) accumulated over 60% more total seedling P than smaller seedlings from a drought-hardy seed source, reflecting higher biomass and root P concentrations. Rates of unidirectional 32P influx in seedlings from the drought-hardy seed source were more than twice the rates of the seedlings from the broadly-adapted seed source. However, after 24 h in labeled uptake solution, net accumulation of 32P was similar, suggesting that rates of unidirectional efflux from roots of the drought-hardy seed source were also high. Although there were no significant differences in biomass and tissue P concentrations between the two fast-growing seed sources, rates of unidirectional influx in seedlings from the broadly-adapted seed source were 42% lower than rates in seedlings from the wet-site source. Yet, after 24 h in labeled uptake solution, net accumulation of 32P in seedlings from the broadly-adapted seed source was 50% higher. Unidirectional efflux out of the root may regulate net uptake of P as much, if not more, than influx in loblolly pine seedlings-at least under high-P growth conditions. The results in this study do not support previous studies with herbaceous plants suggesting that fast-growing species typically exhibit higher rates of nutrient uptake than slow-growing species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029057
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    The effect of aluminium and media on the growth of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal highbush blueberry plantlets (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 301-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; ericoid mycorrhizae ; growth ; infection ; nutrient uptake ; Vaccinium corymbosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect of aluminium (0 and 600μM) and media (sand, and 1:1 sand:soil) on mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) highbush blueberry plantlets. There were no differences in nutrient uptake and total plant dry weight between M and NM plantlets. However, more root growth, as determined by dry weight, was observed in M than NM plantlets. The plantlets growing in sand had more dry weight than did those in the soil medium. Although the root growth and shoot growth were reduced by the 600μM Al treatment, the direct effect of Al on plantlet growth was not clear due to Al and P interactions. Plant nutrient uptake was reduced by high concentrations of Al, suggesting that high Al concentration limited the ability of roots to acquire most of the nutrients. Mycorrhizal cortical cell infection levels of 15–20% wene maintained in the roots in soil medium but decreased to about 5% over the 6 weeks of the experiment in the sand medium. Although M plantlets accumulated more Al in their roots, Al was readily transported to the leaf tissues of M and NM plantlets.
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    The susceptibility of white spruce seedlings to overwinter injury and their post-injury field responses (1996)
    Springer
    New forests 12 (1996), S. 261-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: freeze-desiccation ; boreal forest ; planting ; roots ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Foliar and stem injury was assessed in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings planted in the spring and in the summer of 1992 and injured during their first overwintering on two sites in the southeastern boreal forest of British Columbia. Freeze-desiccation appears to be the main cause of the injury. Seedlot effect on the injury was significant, while planting time effect was not. Although the seedlot effect may be confounded with stock-type effect, analyses indicated increasing injury with increasing seedling height and declining ground-level diameter. Seedling vigour (height and diameter increments in the previous growing season) was also significantly related to the injury which increased with increasing vigour but the significance of this relationship varied from site to site. Condition of injured seedlings generally declined further during the post-injury growing season. This decline was greater in spring-planted than in summer-planted seedlings. Excavated root systems of container-grown seedlings showed the majority of post-planting root growth originating from the bottom-third of the nursery-container plug, deeper than 10 cm from the soil surface. This is seen as a factor potentially contributing to desiccation injury as the soil in the geographic region often remains frozen at these depths long into spring.
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    Reopening the convergence debate: A new look at cross-country growth empirics (1996)
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 363-389 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; generalized method of moments ; O41 ; O47
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract There are two sources of inconsistency in existing cross-country empirical work on growth: correlated individual effects and endogenous explanatory variables. We estimate a variety of cross-country growth regressions using a generalized method of moments estimator that eliminates both problems. In one application, we find that per capita incomes converge to their steady-state levels at a rate of approximately 10 percent per year. This result stands in sharp contrast to the current consensus, which places the convergence rate at 2 percent. We discuss the theoretical implications of this finding. In another application, we perform a test of the Solow model. Again, contrary to prior reults, we reject both the standard and the augmented version of the model.
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    Private information, money, and growth: Indeterminacy, fluctuations, and the Mundell-Tobin effect (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 309-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: private information ; growth ; indeterminacy ; E31 ; E32 ; E44 ; G14 ; O16
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.
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    Research and development in the growth process (1996)
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 49-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; innovations ; O30 ; O40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.
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    Social conflict and growth (1996)
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 125-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: dynamic games ; growth ; social conflict ; D74 ; O40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Despite the predictions of the neoclassical theory of economic growth, we observe that poor countries have invested at lower rates and have not grown faster than rich countries. To explain these empirical regularities we provide a game-theoretic model of conflict between social groups over the distribution of income. Among all possible equilibria, we concentrate on those that are on the constrained Pareto frontier. We study how the level of wealth and the degree of inequality affects growth. We show how lower wealth can lead to lower growth and even to stagnation when the incentives to domestic accumulation are weakened by redistributive considerations.
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    The political economy of mixed public and private schooling: A dynamic analysis (1996)
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    International tax and public finance 3 (1996), S. 297-310 
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    ISSN: 1573-6970
    Keywords: Education ; political economy ; income inequality ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the political economy of education, acquired through a combination of compulsory public schooling and supplementary private education, in the context of an OLG model in which growth is driven by the accumulation of human capital. The level of public schooling, fully funded by a proportional income tax, is determined by majority vote, while supplementary private education is purchased individually. We show existence of a political-economic equilibrium, and examine its characteristics, describing the evolution of the publicprivate mix over time: for moderate parameter values the share of public schooling increases as incomes rise, and inequality falls.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418946
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    A positive theory of social security (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 277-304 
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    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: social security ; pensions ; human capital ; growth ; transfers ; H53 ; H55 ; I38 ; O4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I make two points. First, I argue that social security programs around the world link public pensions to retirement: people do not lose their pensions if they make a million dollars a year in the stock market, but they do confront marginal tax rates of up to 100 percent if they choose to work. Second, after arguing that most existing theories cannot explain this fact, I construct a positive theory that is consistent with it. The main idea is that pensions are a means to induce retirement—that is, to buy the elderly out of the labor force because aggregate output is higher if the elderly do not work. This is modeled through positive externalities in the average stock of human capital: because skills depreciate with age, the elderly have lower-than-average skill and, as a result, have a negative effect on the productivity of the young. When the difference between the skill level of the young and that of the old is large enough, aggregate output in an economy where the elderly do not work is higher. Retirement is desirable in this case, and social security transfers are the means by which such retirement is induced. The theory developed in this paper is also shown to be consistent with a number of other regularities documented in Section 1.
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    Mepiquat chloride (PIX)-induced changes in photosynthesis and growth of cotton (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cotton ; growth ; mepiquat chloride ; photosynthesis ; PIX ; RuBP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mepiquat chloride (N, N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride), well known as PIX, is a potential systemic plant growth regulator. The effects of PIX on plant height, stem elongation, leaf area, net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content, sucrose and starch levels, and RuBP carboxylase activity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. DES 119) plants were measured. PIX was sprayed (0, 7.65, 15.3, 30.6 or 61.2 g active ingredient ha−1) on the plants at first square (25 days after emergence) and measurements were made at frequent intervals. Plant height was clearly reduced by PIX. The total length of vegetative branches and fruiting branches was 40% and 50% less than the control. Total leaf area in PIX treated plants was 16% less than the control. Net photosynthetic rates were 25% less in PIX-treated leaves. PIX treated leaves had more chlorophyll content. The activity of RuBP carboxylase was decreased in PIX treated plants. Starch accumulation was noticed in PIX treated leaves while sucrose content was not changed. The data reported here suggest that reduced growth responses induced by PIX results in partial loss of photosynthetic capacity in cotton at least up to 20 days after application of the growth regulator.
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    Paclobutrazol affects growth of almond fruits and germination of almond seeds (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 267-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: almond ; fruit ; germination ; growth ; paclobutrazol ; seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Paclobutrazol (PBZ) applied to almond fruits 25 days after full bloom delayed the growth of fruits and seeds. The period of the delay and the amount of retardation depended on the paclobutrazol concentration applied. Seeds from the treated fruits germinated well, except those treated twice with 4000 mg L−1 which showed only a low percentage of germination. Seeds treated just before sowing failed to germinate.
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    Effect of P supply upon seasonal growth and internal cycling of P in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.)Carr.) seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; internal cycling ; partitioning ; phosphorus ; 32P ; Sitka spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The availability of phosphorus in many UK forest soils limits growth of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Efficient cycling of P within such systems is therefore necessary for sustained tree growth. Internal cycling of P is an important component of the overall P cycle in forests and the current work aims to quantify the impact of P nutrition on internal cycling and seasonal growth of Sitka spruce. Two-year old seedlings of Sitka spruce were grown in sand culture in the glasshouse for one year. Two treatments were imposed in which trees received either a complete nutrient solution from which P was excluded (-P) or one in which P was applied as labelled 32P (+P). Internal cycling of P was measured directly in plants which had received no P and by difference in those which received 32P. The contrasting P treatments produced an eight-fold difference in P content and a three-fold difference in tree growth between May and October. Root:shoot ratios increased during the growing season from 0.29 to 0.38 and from 0.29 to 0.52 in +P and-P treatments, respectively. In both treatments P was translocated from old shoots to support new shoot growth. P supply did not affect the amount of P remobilised but there was evidence that the rate of remobilisation may have been affected. The partition of remobilised P was affected by current P supply and differed from the partition of current P uptake. Results are compared to those from studies of growth and internal cycling of nitrogen in Sitka spruce.
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    Effects of water and nutrient applications in a Scots pine stand to tree growth and nutrient cycling (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; balanced nutrition ; excess NH4 ; growth ; nutrient cycling ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a Scots pine forest stand, demineralized water and a complete set of nutrients with water were applied to the soil by means of frequent irrigation for four years in order to eliminate water and nutrient shortage of the trees. Apart from this optimization, dissolved (NH4)2SO4 was irrigated at a rate of 120 kg N ha-1 y-1 to create a situation of N excess. Effect of treatments on tree growth and chemical composition of soil water and vegetation were monitored. From the first treatment year onwards basal area growth increased by ca. 35% as a result of the increased water supply. Nutrient applications increased K and P concentrations in pine needles immediately, but growth was enhanced only in the fourth treatment year and coincided with an improved K supply. Most of the applied P and K was retained in the soil, and only 6% was recovered in the vegetation. Tree nutrient status did not respond on Ca and Mg applications, whereas Ca and Mg seepage losses were increased with ca. 5 kg ha-1 y-1. The applied NH4 was mostly retained in the 0–20 cm surface soil and caused a drastic increase of Al in soil solution. Tree growth was stimulated initially by extra NH4, but was hampered after three years obviously because of a decreased P nutrition. The applied base cations were absorped to the soil and the accompanying anions were leached, thus temporarily increasing the acidification of the soil solution.
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    Mycorrhizal dependency of banana (Musa acuminata, AAA group) cultivar (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: banana ; Glomus sp. ; growth ; nutrition ; relative mycorrhizal dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven banana cultivars (Musa acuminata, AAA group) were inoculated with two species of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus macrocarpum) in a greenhouse experiment. Inoculated plants had generally greater shoot dry weight and shoot phosphorus concentrations compared to the noninoculated plants. A great variation in dependency on mycorrhizal colonization was observed among the banana cultivars. Cv. Williams showed the highest relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) and cv. Poyo the lowest. For all the cultivars studied, inoculation with G. macrocarpum resulted in the highest RMD values. Both root dry weight and root hair length or density of the noninoculated plants were inverserly correlated with the RMD values of cultivars.
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    Possible interference of fertilization in the natural recovery of a declining sugar maple stand in southern Quebec (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 471-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilization ; growth ; maple decline ; nutrient status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A five year study was conducted in a 100–120 year old even-aged sugar maple stand in southern Quebec (46°07′N 73° 56′W; 305 m altitude) to explore the effect of different fertilization formulations aimed at 1) correcting the most common nutrient deficiencies observed in declining maple stands (K and Mg), 2) decreasing soil acidity, and 3) simulating enrichment with atmospheric N. Seven fertilizer mixtures were applied in the spring of 1987: 400 kg ha-1 of K2SO4, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, complete fertilizer (“Maplegro”) and 800 kg ha-1 of an equal mixture of K2SO4+CaCO3 or K2SO4+CaMg(CO3)2. The site was divided into twenty-four 25×25 m plots and treatments including control were replicated three times. Leaves and soils (organic and mineral) were sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. Trees were cored at 1.2 m to measure their response in diameter growth. The application of K2SO4+CaMg(CO3)2 was the only treatment that significantly increased (+13%) the average growth rate over the five year period after fertilization. The application of (NH4)2SO4, “Maplegro”, CaMg(CO3)2 and K2SO4 reduced growth relative to the control for the five year period by 29, 24, 20 and 12 %, respectively. Positive and negative effects on growth can be explained mainly in terms of changes in leaf K. Both the application of Maplegro and (NH4)2SO4 increased soil P availability. Overall, the rate of growth showed a cubic pattern of change over the 5 year period with peaks in 1988 and 1991. Trees in control plots went from a limiting foliar status of Ca and Mg, and surplus N in 1987 to a surplus of Ca and Mg, and lower N concentration in 1991. Our results suggest that nutrient deficiencies observed at our site were associated with a disturbance of the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients rather than soil nutrient depletion.
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    Plant nutrition and growth: Basic principles (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 15-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; reference values ; relative addition/uptake/growth rate ; steady-state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strictly controlled experiments with plants, acclimatized under steady-state conditions and grown for a sufficiently long time period to get reliable and representative measurements, are necessary to obtain plant responses in precise terms (reference values). It is then possible to reproduce and compare experimental results with a high accuracy and to establish fundamental plant properties in an unambiguous and unifying terminology. Two kinds of growth determining factors can be distinguished: 1) Mass transport, i.e. variables that express flux rates of carbon and mineral nutrients in relation to plant size and requirements (relative addition and uptake rates). These factors influence the relative growth rate, one at a time (Liebig's law of the minimum). 2) Factors that influence the mass transports, i.e. non-elemental resources, e.g. light and water availability, and modulators, e.g. genome, nutrient status and temperature. These factors interact in orthogonal relationships with each other and can be specified in normalized terms when the optimum value is known.
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    Response of “criollo” maize to single and mixed species inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; “criollo” ; growth ; inoculation ; maize ; mycorrhizal ; native ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We tested the effect of two single species inocula and a mixed inoculum of the native population of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth response of “criollo” maize (Zea mays L.). To determine the inocula that produced the highest response on maize growth, we conducted a greenhouse experiment at 3 levels of P fertilization (0, 40 and 80 kg ha−1). Inoculation with Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Gerd. and Trappe (LMSS) produced the greatest shoot growth rates at the two lowest P fertilization levels. Inoculation with Acaulospora bireticulata Rothwell and Trappe (ABRT) and the native population (NP) resulted in similar shoot growth rates at all P levels. These rates were higher than the non-mycorrhizal control rate at the lowest P level but lower than the control at the highest P level. Also, ABRT and NP had significantly lower shoot growth rates than the inoculation treatment with G. mosseae at all P levels. The non-mycorrhizal control had the lowest growth rate at the lowest P level but its growth rate increased linearly with increased P fertilization. Inoculation with G. mosseae and A. bireticulata produced similar colonization rates which were lower than the native population colonization rate. There was no correlation between colonization and shoot growth rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017680
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  • 96
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    Scarification, fertilization and herbicide treatment effects on planted conifers and soil fertility (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrient availability ; Pinus strobus ; Picea glauca ; site preparation ; soil organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influences of soil surface modification (blade scarification and plastic mulching), fertilization and herbicide application on soil nutrient and organic carbon content and tree growth and foliar nutrient status were examined after seven years in a study located within the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest region of Canada. Plots had been planted with white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seedlings. Light (PAR), soil moisture and temperature were monitored and recorded throughout the growing season. Forest floor and soil mineral (0–20 cm layer) samples were collected from all experimental plots, except those which had plastic mulching. Foliar samples were collected in autumn and analysed for N, P and K and storage compounds. Seedling mortality was 20% higher in unscarified plots. Combined silvicultural treatments increased productivity as much as 14 times, but scarification reduced soil carbon and nutrient capital 2–3 fold. Herbicide application reduced soil carbon by at least 20 %. Foliar nutrient, protein, starch and lipid contents in autumn were little affected by treatment. The future management of such stands in Canada probably will include more shelterwood harvesting and crop rotations, silvicultural systems that are more closely aligned with natural forest succession.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029364
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  • 97
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    Effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen on nutrient uptake in ponderosa pine seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 535-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; global change ; growth ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; Pinus ponderosa ; soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the results of a controlled-environment study on the effects of CO2 (370, 525, and 700 μmol mol-1) and N [0, 200, and 400 μg N g soil-1 as (NH4)SO4] on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings. Based upon a review of the literature, we hypothesized that N limitations would not prevent a growth response to elevated CO2. The hypothesis was not supported under conditions of extreme N deficiency (no fertilizer added to a very poor soil), but was supported when N limitations were less severe but still suboptimal (lower rate of fertilization). The growth increases in N-fertilized seedlings occurred mainly between 36 and 58 weeks without any additional N uptake. Thus, it appeared that elevated CO2 allowed more efficient use of internal N reserves in the previously-fertilized seedlings, whereas internal N reserves in the unfertilized seedlings were insufficient to allow this response. Uptake rates of other nutrients were generally proportional to growth. Nitrogen treatment caused reductions in soil exchangeable K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ (presumably because of nitrification and NO3 - leaching) but increases in extractable P (presumably due to stimulation of phosphatase activity). The results of this and other seedling studies show that elevated CO2 causes a reduction in tissue N concentration, even under N-rich conditions. The unique response of N is consistent with the hypothesis that the efficiency of Rubisco increases with elevated CO2. These results collectively have significant implications for the response of mature, N-deficient forests to evevated CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029366
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  • 98
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    Indentification of Acetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans using biochemical and genetic criteria (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetobacter ; Herbaspirillum ; growth ; identification ; PCR ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-fixing Acetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans colonize sugar cane, and are thought to be capable of supplying high levels of fixed nitrogen to this plant. Eight A. diazotrophicus, two H. seropedicae and four H. rubrisubalbicans isolates were identified and compared by complementary biochemical and genetic methods. Utilization of carbon sources and antibiotic resistance patterns allowed differentiation of A. diazotrophicus from Herbaspirillum species. In order to distinguish strains within A. diazotrophicus species, the polymerase chain reaction was employed, using a Rhizobium meliloti dctA primer under low stringency hybridization conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011329
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  • 99
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    Wheat genotypes differ in Zn efficiency when grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 307-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chelate ; deficiency ; genotypic differences ; growth ; screening ; Triticum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten Triticum aestivum and two Triticum turgidum conv. durum genotypes were grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution at Zn supplies ranging from deficient to sufficient (free Zn activities from 2 to 200 pM, pZn from 11.7 to 9.7). The critical level of Zn ion activity in solution for healthy growth of wheat plants was around 40 pM. Genotypes differed in the growth response: those classified as Zn-efficient suffered less reduction of shoot growth and did not change the rate of root growth at a Zn supply quite deficient for Zn-inefficient genotypes. Root growth of Zn-inefficient genotypes increased at deficient Zn supply. The shoot/root ratio was the most sensitive parameter of Zn efficiency; Zn-efficient genotypes showed less reduction in the ratio when grown at deficient compared to sufficient Zn supply. Classification of wheat genotypes into Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient groups after screening in chelate-buffered nutrient solution corresponded well with classification obtained in field experiments on Zn-deficient soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011795
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  • 100
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    Performance of ponderosa pine seedlings under four herbicide regimes in northeast Oregon (1995)
    Springer
    New forests 10 (1995), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: broadcast application ; cost effectiveness ; growth ; hexazinone ; spot application ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The herbicide, hexazinone, was applied four ways over ponderosa pine, 2–0 seedlings planted in northeast Oregon. The four treatments were two broadcast applications, a single broadcast application, a large spot application, and a small spot application. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for five growing seasons. Results indicate that survival more than doubled with either large or small spot applications compared to no application, and either one or two broadcast applications can increase survival an additional 30% over spot applications. Differences in stem volume were substantial, with two broadcast applications yielding more than twice the volume of a single broadcast treatment and more than five times the volume of seedlings treated with spot applications. Trees in small spots were still three times bigger than surviving seedlings in the control. These results are consistent with the concept of competition threshold. Management implications were considered in terms of cost of established seedlings. Although broadcast applications cost more per acre than spot applications, gains in seedling survival, growth and quality offset the additional cost and translate into lower established seedling costs. The cost effectiveness of broadcast applications also may be seen in the elimination of replanting or in-planting requirements and increases in long-term growth potential of the established trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033402
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