ALBERT

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Greenland Ice Sheet late-season melt: Investigating multi-scale drivers of K-transect events〈/b〉〈br〉 Thomas J. Ballinger, Thomas L. Mote, Kyle Mattingly, Angela C. Bliss, Edward Hanna, Dirk van As, Melissa Prieto, Saeideh Gharehchahi, Xavier Fettweis, Brice Noël, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, Mads H. Ribergaard, and John Cappelen〈br〉 The Cryosphere Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-285,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for TC〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Studies have questioned links between Arctic marginal sea open water duration and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface balance changes, namely melt events. Through analyses involving observations and climate models, we show that late summer through autumn “unseasonal” melt events are primarily driven by the northward movement of warm, moist air masses across the western ice sheet edge, while near-surface, off-ice winds block heat transfer off nearby Baffin Bay.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Snow cover variability across glaciers in Nordenskiöldland (Svalbard) from point measurements in 2014–2016〈/b〉〈br〉 Marco Möller and Rebecca Möller〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-158,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Snow water equivalents (SWE) are useful for calibration and validation of different snow cover-related modeling efforts (e.g. glacier mass balance or snow drift). They form a measure of snow accumulation better than snow depth as they are independent of density differences and thus comparable. A dataset is presented which provides point data of snow depth and density measurements as well as of calculated SWE from 109 locations on glaciers in the central region of the Arctic archipelago Svalbard.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Fifty years of recorded hillslope runoff on seasonally-frozen ground: The Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada dataset〈/b〉〈br〉 Anna E. Coles, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, and Brian G. McConkey〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-126,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 〈p〉Long records of hillslope runoff and nutrients are rare – on seasonally frozen ground they are almost non-existent. The Swift Current hillslopes at the Swift Current Research and Development Centre on the Canadian Prairies provide such a long-term hydrological record. Runoff, runoff nutrient concentration, snowpack, soil moisture, and soil nutrient concentration were monitored on the three 5 ha hillslopes over a 50-year period (1962–2011). Runoff from the hillslopes was generated episodically during snowmelt and occasional rainfall events. Edge-of-field runoff was measured with a 0.61 m H-flume. Daily runoff nutrient concentration data are available for nitrate (March 1971–April 2011), ammonium (February 1996–April 2011), and orthophosphate (March–April 1971; June 1991–April 2011). Snowpack data (snowpack depth, density and water equivalent) were determined via manual snow surveys carried out several times each winter, between January and March, between 1965 and 2011 Gravimetric soil moisture content was measured in October and April each year between 1971 and 2011 at five depth intervals (0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) at nine points on each hillslope. We summarize these hillslope data in two publically-available repositories: 1) 1962–2011 data on runoff, runoff nutrients, snowpack, soil moisture, soil nutrients, and crop and tillage practices at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.23684/hhn5-rz52" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.23684/hhn5-rz52〈/a〉; and 2) digital elevation data at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.20383/101.011" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.20383/101.011〈/a〉. Complete climate data recorded at a Environment and Climate Change Canada meteorological station located 390 m from the three hillslopes are publically-available at 〈a href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/" target="_blank"〉http://climate.weather.gc.ca/〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉GemPy 1.0: open-source stochastic geological modeling and inversion〈/b〉〈br〉 Miguel de la Varga, Alexander Schaaf, and Florian Wellmann〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 〈i〉GemPy〈/i〉 is an open-source Python-based 3-D structural geological modeling software, which allows the implicit (i.e. automatic) creation of complex geological models from interface and orientation data. 〈i〉GemPy〈/i〉 is implemented in the programming language Python, making use of a highly efficient underlying library, Theano, for efficient code generation that performs automatic differentiation. This enables the link to probabilistic machine-learning and Bayesian inference frameworks.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Comparison of the GRUAN data products for Meisei RS-11G and Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosondes at Tateno (36.06° N, 140.13° E), Japan〈/b〉〈br〉 Eriko Kobayashi, Shunsuke Hoshino, Masami Iwabuchi, Takuji Sugidachi, Kensaku Shimizu, and Masatomo Fujiwara〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-416,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The authors carried out dual flights of RS-11G and RS92-SGP radiosondes and investigated the differences in the performance of the radiosondes to help characterize GRUAN data products. A novel aspect of GRUAN data products is that vertically resolved uncertainty estimates and metadata are provided for each sounding and comparison of GRUAN data products is important in securing the temporal homogeneity of climate data records.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉WHU-SGCC: A novel approach for blending daily satellite (CHIRP) and precipitation observations over Jinsha River Basin〈/b〉〈br〉 Gaoyun Shen, Nengcheng Chen, Wei Wang, and Zeqiang Chen〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-150,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The development of effective methods for high-accuracy precipitation estimates over complex terrain and on a daily scale is important for mountainous hydrological applications. This study offers a novel approach called WHU-SGCC by blending rain gauged and satellite data, to estimate daily precipitation at 0.05° resolution over Jinsha River Basin, the complicated mountainous terrain with sparse rain gauge data, considering the spatial correlation and the historical precipitation characteristics.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉GemPy 1.0: open-source stochastic geological modeling and inversion〈/b〉〈br〉 Miguel de la Varga, Alexander Schaaf, and Florian Wellmann〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 〈i〉GemPy〈/i〉 is an open-source Python-based 3-D structural geological modeling software, which allows the implicit (i.e. automatic) creation of complex geological models from interface and orientation data. 〈i〉GemPy〈/i〉 is implemented in the programming language Python, making use of a highly efficient underlying library, Theano, for efficient code generation that performs automatic differentiation. This enables the link to probabilistic machine-learning and Bayesian inference frameworks.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Merits of novel high-resolution estimates and existing long-term estimates of humidity and incident radiation in a complex domain〈/b〉〈br〉 Helene Birkelund Erlandsen, Lena Merete Tallaksen, and Jørn Kristiansen〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-121,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Robust estimates of runoff, snow, and evaporation rely on high quality estimates of incoming solar and thermal radiation at the surface, and near surface humidity. Taking advantage of the physical soundness of a numerical weather reanalyisis and the preciseness and spatial resolution of a national gridded temperature data set, new estimates of these variables are presented for Norway. Further, existing data sets and observations are compared, emphasising daily correlation, trends, and gradients.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Fifty years of recorded hillslope runoff on seasonally-frozen ground: The Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada dataset〈/b〉〈br〉 Anna E. Coles, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, and Brian G. McConkey〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-126,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 〈p〉Long records of hillslope runoff and nutrients are rare – on seasonally frozen ground they are almost non-existent. The Swift Current hillslopes at the Swift Current Research and Development Centre on the Canadian Prairies provide such a long-term hydrological record. Runoff, runoff nutrient concentration, snowpack, soil moisture, and soil nutrient concentration were monitored on the three 5 ha hillslopes over a 50-year period (1962–2011). Runoff from the hillslopes was generated episodically during snowmelt and occasional rainfall events. Edge-of-field runoff was measured with a 0.61 m H-flume. Daily runoff nutrient concentration data are available for nitrate (March 1971–April 2011), ammonium (February 1996–April 2011), and orthophosphate (March–April 1971; June 1991–April 2011). Snowpack data (snowpack depth, density and water equivalent) were determined via manual snow surveys carried out several times each winter, between January and March, between 1965 and 2011 Gravimetric soil moisture content was measured in October and April each year between 1971 and 2011 at five depth intervals (0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) at nine points on each hillslope. We summarize these hillslope data in two publically-available repositories: 1) 1962–2011 data on runoff, runoff nutrients, snowpack, soil moisture, soil nutrients, and crop and tillage practices at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.23684/hhn5-rz52" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.23684/hhn5-rz52〈/a〉; and 2) digital elevation data at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.20383/101.011" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.20383/101.011〈/a〉. Complete climate data recorded at a Environment and Climate Change Canada meteorological station located 390 m from the three hillslopes are publically-available at 〈a href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/" target="_blank"〉http://climate.weather.gc.ca/〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Calibration and analysis of the uncertainty in downscaling global land use and land cover projections from GCAM〈/b〉〈br〉 Min Chen, Chris R. Vernon, Maoyi Huang, Katherine V. Calvin, and Ian P. Kraucunas〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-248,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Demeter is a community spatial downscaling model that disaggregates land use and land cover changes projected by integrated human-Earth system models. However, Demeter has not been intensively calibrated, and we still lack a good knowledge about its sensitivity to key parameters and the parameter uncertainties. This paper aims to solve this problem.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉WHU-SGCC: A novel approach for blending daily satellite (CHIRP) and precipitation observations over Jinsha River Basin〈/b〉〈br〉 Gaoyun Shen, Nengcheng Chen, Wei Wang, and Zeqiang Chen〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-150,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The development of effective methods for high-accuracy precipitation estimates over complex terrain and on a daily scale is important for mountainous hydrological applications. This study offers a novel approach called WHU-SGCC by blending rain gauged and satellite data, to estimate daily precipitation at 0.05° resolution over Jinsha River Basin, the complicated mountainous terrain with sparse rain gauge data, considering the spatial correlation and the historical precipitation characteristics.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉On the fine vertical structure of the low troposphere over the coastal margins of East Antarctica〈/b〉〈br〉 Étienne Vignon, Olivier Traullé, and Alexis Berne〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1197,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The sea-level rise associated to climate change will depend on how much the Antarctic ice sheet gain – viz precipitation – or loose mass. The precipitation simulation by climate models used for projections depends on the representation of the atmospheric circulation over and around Antarctica. Using daily measurements from balloon soundings at nine stations, this study characterizes the structure of the atmosphere over the Antarctic coast and assess its representation in a climate model.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Insights into the O : C dependent mechanisms controlling the evaporation of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles〈/b〉〈br〉 Angela Buchholz, Andrew T. Lambe, Arttu Ylisirniö, Zijun Li, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Celia Faiola, Eetu Kari, Liqing Hao, Olli Luoma, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Douglas R. Worsnop, Sergey A. Nizkorodov, Taina Yli-Juuti, Siegfried Schobesberger, and Annele Virtanen〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1305,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We studied the evaporation of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles in clean air to derive their volatility from the observed size changes. We found that the particles became more resilient to evaporation with increased oxidative age, possibly increasing their lifetime in the atmosphere. Also, increased relative humidity increased the particle evaporation. Mass spectrometry measurements of the particles at different stages of evaporation revealed some water-induced composition changes.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Insights into the O : C dependent mechanisms controlling the evaporation of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles〈/b〉〈br〉 Angela Buchholz, Andrew T. Lambe, Arttu Ylisirniö, Zijun Li, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Celia Faiola, Eetu Kari, Liqing Hao, Olli Luoma, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Douglas R. Worsnop, Sergey A. Nizkorodov, Taina Yli-Juuti, Siegfried Schobesberger, and Annele Virtanen〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1305,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We studied the evaporation of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles in clean air to derive their volatility from the observed size changes. We found that the particles became more resilient to evaporation with increased oxidative age, possibly increasing their lifetime in the atmosphere. Also, increased relative humidity increased the particle evaporation. Mass spectrometry measurements of the particles at different stages of evaporation revealed some water-induced composition changes.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Quantitative precipitation estimation with weather radar using a data- and information-based approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Malte Neuper and Uwe Ehret〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-606,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In our study we apply a data-driven approach to estimate precipitation quantitatively with the use of weather radar data. The method is based on Information theory concepts. It uses predictive relations expressed by empirical discrete probability distributions directly derived from data rather than the standard deterministic functions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Develop a coupled agent-based modeling approach for uncertain water management decisions〈/b〉〈br〉 Jin-Young Hyun, Shih-Yu Huang, Y. C. Ethan Yang, Vincent Tidwell, and Jordan Macknick〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-555,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This study applies a 〈q〉two-way〈/q〉 coupled agent-based model (ABM) with a River-Reservoir management model (RiverWare) to address the interaction between human and natural systems using Bayesian Inference (BI) mapping joined with Cost-Loss (CL). The calibration results show that this methodology can capture the historical pattern of both human activities and natural dynamics and outperforms those without using BI and CL.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Stochastic modeling of flow and conservative transport in three-dimensional discrete fracture networks〈/b〉〈br〉 I-Hsien Lee, Chuen-Fa Ni, Fang-Pang Lin, Chi-Ping Lin, and Chien-Chung Ke〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 19-34, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-19-2019, 2019〈br〉 Few studies focused on the direct solution of the ADE for 3-D DFNs. The study is the first to solve the ADE and focus on assessing the velocity uncertainty in 3-D DFNs. The velocity uncertainty shows a limited range of influence close to the mean diameter of a fracture. The information is useful for engineering designs at sites with fractured rocks. We quantified that the tracer test in wells might lead to the overestimation of mean concentration and induce high uncertainty in fractured media.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Time-variability of the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment〈/b〉〈br〉 Michael P. Stockinger, Heye R. Bogena, Andreas Lücke, Christine Stumpp, and Harry Vereecken〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-604,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Precipitation moves through the soil to become streamwater. The fraction of precipitation that became streamwater after 3 months (Fyw) can be calculated with the stable isotopes of water. Previously this was done for all the isotope data available, e.g., for several years. We used one year of data to calculate Fyw and moved this calculation time window over the time series. Results highlight that Fyw varies in time. Comparison studies of different regions should take this into account.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The significant contribution of HONO to secondary pollutants during a severe winter pollution event in southern China〈/b〉〈br〉 Xiao Fu, Tao Wang, Li Zhang, Qinyi Li, Zhe Wang, Men Xia, Hui Yun, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Dingli Yue, Yan Zhou, Junyun Zheng, and Rui Han〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 This study has identified the major contributors to the observed high HONO levels during a severe winter pollution episode and highlighted the importance of HONO chemistry in the combined photochemical and haze pollution in a subtropical region. It also highlighted the critical need to include and update HONO sources in regional air quality models in order to predict ozone and other secondary pollutants better during heavy pollution events in southern China and similar regions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉A reconstruction of warm water inflow to Upernavik Isstrøm since AD 1925 and its relation to glacier retreat〈/b〉〈br〉 Flor Vermassen, Nanna Andreasen, David J. Wangner, Nicolas Thibault, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Rebecca Jackson, Sabine M. Schmidt, Kurt H. Kjær, and Camilla S. Andresen〈br〉 Clim. Past Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-174,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for CP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This study shows that warming of ocean waters is related to the retreat of Upernavik Isstrøm, a glacier in Northwest Greenland. We show that in the 1930s and after 2000 the waters in the fjord warmed and the glacier retreated. We found this by investigating microfossils from sediments in Upernavik Fjord; different species occur in response to warmer waters.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The CMEMS GlobColour 〈i〉Chlorophyll-a〈/i〉 Product Based on Satellite Observation〈/b〉〈br〉 Philippe Garnesson, Antoine Mangin, Odile Fanton d'Andon, Julien Demaria, and Marine Bretagnon〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-155,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉This work concerns the chlorophyll products based on Satellite Observation and disseminated in the frame of the Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS).〈/p〉 〈p〉 This work highlights the main advantages provided by the Copernicus Globcolour processor which is used to serve the CMEMS with a long time series from 1997 to present with level 3 & 4 products at Global level (4 km of spatial resolution) and for the Atlantic level 4 product (1 km).〈/p〉 〈p〉 It discusses the different ways to merge data coming from different sensors and it is shown that the GlobColour processor approach provide a better flexibility. At present, it is the only one CMEMS processor able to ingest the OLCI-S3A in the merged product (OLCI-S3A data are ingested in the operational CMEMS products since the April 2018 release).〈/p〉 〈p〉 Behind the merging, the flagging strategy to go from level 2 provided by spatial agencies to the level 3 CMEMS products is also discussed. A better spatial coverage is demonstrated, including the coastal area which is of particular interest for many users involved in the EU Water Framework and Marine Strategy Framework Directive.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Induced seismicity in geologic carbon storage〈/b〉〈br〉 Víctor Vilarrasa, Jesus Carrera, Sebastià Olivella, Jonny Rutqvist, and Lyesse Laloui〈br〉 Solid Earth Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-129,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SE〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 To meet the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit temperature increase below 2 ºC, Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) will be necessary at the gigatone scale. But to successfully deploy GCS, seismicity induced by CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 injection should be controlled and maintained below a threshold that does not generate nuisances to the population. We conclude that felt induced seismicity can be minimized provided that a proper site characterization, monitoring and pressure management are performed.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Improved aerosol correction for OMI tropospheric NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 retrieval over East Asia: constraint from CALIOP aerosol vertical profile〈/b〉〈br〉 Mengyao Liu, Jintai Lin, K. Folkert Boersma, Gaia Pinardi, Yang Wang, Julien Chimot, Thomas Wagner, Pinhua Xie, Henk Eskes, Michel Van Roozendael, François Hendrick, Pucai Wang, Ting Wang, Yingying Yan, Lulu Chen, and Ruijing Ni〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 China has become the world’s largest emitter of NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉, which mainly comes from vehicle exhaust, power plants, etc. However, there are no official ground-based measurements before 2013, so satellites have been widely used to monitor and analyze NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉 pollution here. Aerosol is the key factor influencing the accuracy of the satellite NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉 product. Our study provides a more accurate way to account for aerosol's influence compared to current widely used products.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Comparison of the GRUAN data products for Meisei RS-11G and Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosondes at Tateno (36.06° N, 140.13° E), Japan〈/b〉〈br〉 Eriko Kobayashi, Shunsuke Hoshino, Masami Iwabuchi, Takuji Sugidachi, Kensaku Shimizu, and Masatomo Fujiwara〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-416,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The authors carried out dual flights of RS-11G and RS92-SGP radiosondes and investigated the differences in the performance of the radiosondes to help characterize GRUAN data products. A novel aspect of GRUAN data products is that vertically resolved uncertainty estimates and metadata are provided for each sounding and comparison of GRUAN data products is important in securing the temporal homogeneity of climate data records.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Snow cover variability across glaciers in Nordenskiöldland (Svalbard) from point measurements in 2014–2016〈/b〉〈br〉 Marco Möller and Rebecca Möller〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-158,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Snow water equivalents (SWE) are useful for calibration and validation of different snow cover-related modeling efforts (e.g. glacier mass balance or snow drift). They form a measure of snow accumulation better than snow depth as they are independent of density differences and thus comparable. A dataset is presented which provides point data of snow depth and density measurements as well as of calculated SWE from 109 locations on glaciers in the central region of the Arctic archipelago Svalbard.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Analyses of temperature and precipitation in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir region for the 1980–2016 period: implications for remote influence and extreme events〈/b〉〈br〉 Sumira Nazir Zaz, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo, Ramkumar Thokuluwa Krishnamoorthy, and Yesubabu Viswanadhapalli〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15-2019, 2019〈br〉 This paper is of first of its kind for the Jammu and Kashmir (western Himalayas) region, India. It shows the clear relation between the upper tropospheric Rossby wave activity (potential vorticity at the 350 K potential temperature and 200 mb level surface pressure) and the surface weather parameters (e.g., precipitation) over a period of 3 decades during 1980–2016. This indicates that the climatic weather pattern over the Kashmir region is influenced mostly by global climate change processes.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Distributed Temperature Profiling System Provides Spatially Dense Measurements and Insights about Permafrost Distribution in an Arctic Watershed〈/b〉〈br〉 Emmanuel Léger, Baptiste Dafflon, Yves Robert, Craig Ulrich, John E. Peterson, Sébastien Biraud, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Susan S. Hubbard〈br〉 The Cryosphere Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-264,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for TC〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉Soil temperature has been recognized as a property that strongly influences a myriad of hydro-biogeochemical processes, as well as containing important information on the properties modulating the soil thermal flux. In spite of its importance, our ability to acquire soil temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and coverage is limited, because of the high cost of equipment, the difficulties of deployment, and the complexities of data management. Here we propose a new strategy that we call Distributed Temperature Profiling (DTP), which consists of cheap, low-impact, low-power, vertically resolved temperature probes that independently and autonomously record soil temperature. We developed a prototype DTP system for characterizing and monitoring near-surface thermal properties, using an unprecedented number of laterally and vertically distributed temperature measurements. The DTP system was tested in an Arctic ecosystem near Nome, AK, to identify near-surface permafrost distribution and various thermal regimes in a discontinuous permafrost environment during the summer time. Results show that the DTP system enabled successful acquisition of vertically resolved profiles of summer soil temperature over the top 0.8 m at numerous locations. DTP also enabled high resolution identification and lateral delineation of near-surface permafrost locations from surrounding zones with no permafrost or deep permafrost table locations overlain by a perennially thawed layer. The DTP strategy overcomes some of the limitations associated with – and complements the strengths of – borehole-based soil temperature sensing as well as Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) approaches. Combining DTP data with co-located topographic and vegetation maps obtained using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data allowed us to identify correspondences between surface and subsurface property distribution, and in particular between topography, vegetation, shallow soil properties, and near-surface permafrost. Finally, the results highlight the considerable value of the newly developed DTP strategy for investigating the significant variability and complexity of subsurface thermal and hydrological regimes in discontinuous permafrost regions.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Large increases in N〈sub〉cn〈/sub〉 and N〈sub〉ccn〈/sub〉 together with a nucleation-modeparticle pool over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the spring of 2014〈/b〉〈br〉 Juntao Wang, Yanjie Shen, Kai Li, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1089,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In this paper, we studied the spatiotemporal variability of N〈sub〉cn〈/sub〉 and particle number size distributions, as well as N〈sub〉ccn〈/sub〉 and CCN activities over the NWPO in the spring of 2014. Several new findings have been revealed and discussed, e.g., large increases of N〈sub〉cn〈/sub〉 and N〈sub〉ccn〈/sub〉, against historical data and small contributions of dust and BB aerosols to N〈sub〉cn〈/sub〉 and N〈sub〉ccn〈/sub〉 on the monthly time scale, etc. This work may help understand the influence of the current outflow from the Asian continent on the climate.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Calibration and analysis of the uncertainty in downscaling global land use and land cover projections from GCAM〈/b〉〈br〉 Min Chen, Chris R. Vernon, Maoyi Huang, Katherine V. Calvin, and Ian P. Kraucunas〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-248,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Demeter is a community spatial downscaling model that disaggregates land use and land cover changes projected by integrated human-Earth system models. However, Demeter has not been intensively calibrated, and we still lack a good knowledge about its sensitivity to key parameters and the parameter uncertainties. This paper aims to solve this problem.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Determining the Optimal Grid Resolution for Topographic Analysis on an Airborne Lidar Dataset〈/b〉〈br〉 Taylor Smith, Aljoscha Rheinwalt, and Bodo Bookhagen〈br〉 Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-96,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESurf〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Representing the surface of the earth on an equally spaced grid leads to errors and uncertainties in derived slope and aspect. Using synthetic data, we develop a quality metric that can be used to compare the uncertainties in different datasets. We then apply this method to a real-world lidar dataset, and find that one-meter data has larger error bounds than lower resolution data. The highest data resolution is not always the best choice – it is important to consider the quality of the data.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Reviews and syntheses: Dams, water quality and tropical reservoir stratification〈/b〉〈br〉 R. Scott Winton, Elisa Calamita, and Bernhard Wehrli〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-510,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A global boom in dam construction throughout the world’s tropics motivated us to review and synthesize information on the water quality impacts of dams with a focus on low latitude contexts and scope for mitigation. Sediment trapping and reservoir stratification are key process driving chemical and ecological impacts to tropical rivers. We analyze the 54 most-voluminous low latitude reservoirs and find that stratification seems to be a ubiquitous phenomenon.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉On what scales can GOSAT flux inversions constrain anomalies in terrestrial ecosystems?〈/b〉〈br〉 Brendan Byrne, Dylan B. A. Jones, Kimberly Strong, Saroja M. Polavarapu, Anna B. Harper, David F. Baker, and Shamil Maksyutov〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-909,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 are driven by fluxes of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at Earth's surface. Therefore, measurements of variations in atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from satellites, such as the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), inform the spatiotemporal variations in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fluxes at Earth's surface. In this study, we examine how well interannual variations in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 surface fluxes can be estimated from GOSAT measurements. We show estimated CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 anomalies are correlated with temperature anomalies.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Reviews and syntheses: Dams, water quality and tropical reservoir stratification〈/b〉〈br〉 R. Scott Winton, Elisa Calamita, and Bernhard Wehrli〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-510,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A global boom in dam construction throughout the world’s tropics motivated us to review and synthesize information on the water quality impacts of dams with a focus on low latitude contexts and scope for mitigation. Sediment trapping and reservoir stratification are key process driving chemical and ecological impacts to tropical rivers. We analyze the 54 most-voluminous low latitude reservoirs and find that stratification seems to be a ubiquitous phenomenon.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉On what scales can GOSAT flux inversions constrain anomalies in terrestrial ecosystems?〈/b〉〈br〉 Brendan Byrne, Dylan B. A. Jones, Kimberly Strong, Saroja M. Polavarapu, Anna B. Harper, David F. Baker, and Shamil Maksyutov〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-909,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 are driven by fluxes of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at Earth's surface. Therefore, measurements of variations in atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from satellites, such as the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), inform the spatiotemporal variations in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fluxes at Earth's surface. In this study, we examine how well interannual variations in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 surface fluxes can be estimated from GOSAT measurements. We show estimated CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 anomalies are correlated with temperature anomalies.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Comparison of Different Sequential Assimilation Algorithms for Satellite-derived Leaf Area Index Using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (lanai)〈/b〉〈br〉 Xiao-Lu Ling, Cong-Bin Fu, Zong-Liang Yang, and Wei-Dong Guo〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-232,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Both observation and simulation can provide the temporal and spatial variation of vegetation characteristic, while they are not satisfactory for understanding the mechanism of the exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere. Data assimilation (DA) can combine the observation and models via mathematical statistical analysis.The results show that the Ensemble Adjust Kalman Filter (EAKF) is the optical algorithm. In addition, models perform better when the DA accept more proportion of observation.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Floodwater Impact on Galveston Bay Phytoplankton Taxonomy, Pigment Composition and Photo-Physiological State following Hurricane Harvey from Field and Ocean Color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) Observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Bingqing Liu, Eurico J. D'Sa, and Ishan D. Joshi〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-504,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 An approach using bio-optical field and ocean color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) data combined with inversion models allowed for the first time, an assessment of phytoplankton response (changes in taxonomy, pigment composition and physiological state) to a large hurricane-related floodwater perturbation in a turbid estuary. The study revealed the transition in phytoplankton community species as well as the spatiotemporal distributions of phytoplankton diagnostic pigments in the floodwater impacted bay.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest〈/b〉〈br〉 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-501,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age-related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modelling and 〈q〉climate-smart〈/q〉 boreal forest management.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest〈/b〉〈br〉 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-501,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age-related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modelling and 〈q〉climate-smart〈/q〉 boreal forest management.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Classification of aerosol population type and cloud condensation nuclei properties in a coastal California littoral environment using an unsupervised cluster model〈/b〉〈br〉 Samuel A. Atwood, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Paul J. DeMott, Markus D. Petters, Gavin C. Cornwell, Andrew C. Martin, and Kathryn A. Moore〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1297,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This paper presents measurements of aerosol particles at a coastal location. The particles were classified into distinct aerosol types using both microphysical measurements and meteorological information, allowing rapid changes between the aerosol types to be reliably identified. These particles can alter cloud and precipitation processes, and inclusion of the differences between types can improve atmospheric models and remote sensing retrievals in littoral zones.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Interpretation of particle number size distributions measured across an urban area during the FASTER campaign〈/b〉〈br〉 Roy M. Harrison, David C. S. Beddows, Mohammed S. Alam, Ajit Singh, James Brean, Ruixin Xu, Simone Kotthaus, and Sue Grimmond〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 39-55, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-39-2019, 2019〈br〉 Particle number size distributions were measured simultaneously at five sites in London during a campaign. Observations are interpreted in terms of both evaporative shrinkage of traffic-generated particles and condensational growth, probably of traffic-generated particles under cool nocturnal conditions, as well as the influence of particles emitted from Heathrow Airport at a distance of about 22 km. The work highlights the highly dynamic behaviour of nanoparticles within the urban atmosphere.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Floodwater Impact on Galveston Bay Phytoplankton Taxonomy, Pigment Composition and Photo-Physiological State following Hurricane Harvey from Field and Ocean Color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) Observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Bingqing Liu, Eurico J. D'Sa, and Ishan D. Joshi〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-504,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 An approach using bio-optical field and ocean color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) data combined with inversion models allowed for the first time, an assessment of phytoplankton response (changes in taxonomy, pigment composition and physiological state) to a large hurricane-related floodwater perturbation in a turbid estuary. The study revealed the transition in phytoplankton community species as well as the spatiotemporal distributions of phytoplankton diagnostic pigments in the floodwater impacted bay.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉High-resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉 emissions in the Yangtze River Delta inferred from OMI〈/b〉〈br〉 Hao Kong, Jintai Lin, Ruixiong Zhang, Mengyao Liu, Hongjian Weng, Ruijing Ni, Lulu Chen, Jingxu Wang, and Qiang Zhang〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1275,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We develop a computationally efficient space-based top-down method to inverting NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉 emissions in major urban areas at high resolution. The inversion method uses long-term OMI NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 data to enhance the horizontal resolution, and it accounts for the nonlinear effects of horizontal transport, chemical loss, and deposition on NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉. The inversion results reveal fine-scale spatial information of emissions which is hardly captured by bottom up inventories.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The CMEMS GlobColour 〈i〉Chlorophyll-a〈/i〉 Product Based on Satellite Observation〈/b〉〈br〉 Philippe Garnesson, Antoine Mangin, Odile Fanton d'Andon, Julien Demaria, and Marine Bretagnon〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-155,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉This work concerns the chlorophyll products based on Satellite Observation and disseminated in the frame of the Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS).〈/p〉 〈p〉 This work highlights the main advantages provided by the Copernicus Globcolour processor which is used to serve the CMEMS with a long time series from 1997 to present with level 3 & 4 products at Global level (4 km of spatial resolution) and for the Atlantic level 4 product (1 km).〈/p〉 〈p〉 It discusses the different ways to merge data coming from different sensors and it is shown that the GlobColour processor approach provide a better flexibility. At present, it is the only one CMEMS processor able to ingest the OLCI-S3A in the merged product (OLCI-S3A data are ingested in the operational CMEMS products since the April 2018 release).〈/p〉 〈p〉 Behind the merging, the flagging strategy to go from level 2 provided by spatial agencies to the level 3 CMEMS products is also discussed. A better spatial coverage is demonstrated, including the coastal area which is of particular interest for many users involved in the EU Water Framework and Marine Strategy Framework Directive.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉A simple model for local-scale sensible and latent heat advection contributions to snowmelt〈/b〉〈br〉 Phillip Harder, John W. Pomeroy, and Warren D. Helgason〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 As snow cover becomes patchy during snowmelt, energy is advected from warm snow-free surfaces to cold snow-covered surfaces. This paper proposes a simple sensible and latent heat advection model for snowmelt situations that can be coupled to one-dimensional energy balance snowmelt models. The model demonstrates that sensible and latent heat advection fluxes can compensate for one another, especially in early melt periods.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Quantitative precipitation estimation with weather radar using a data- and information-based approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Malte Neuper and Uwe Ehret〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-606,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In our study we apply a data-driven approach to estimate precipitation quantitatively with the use of weather radar data. The method is based on Information theory concepts. It uses predictive relations expressed by empirical discrete probability distributions directly derived from data rather than the standard deterministic functions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Time-variability of the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment〈/b〉〈br〉 Michael P. Stockinger, Heye R. Bogena, Andreas Lücke, Christine Stumpp, and Harry Vereecken〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-604,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Precipitation moves through the soil to become streamwater. The fraction of precipitation that became streamwater after 3 months (Fyw) can be calculated with the stable isotopes of water. Previously this was done for all the isotope data available, e.g., for several years. We used one year of data to calculate Fyw and moved this calculation time window over the time series. Results highlight that Fyw varies in time. Comparison studies of different regions should take this into account.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Stochastic modeling of flow and conservative transport in three-dimensional discrete fracture networks〈/b〉〈br〉 I-Hsien Lee, Chuen-Fa Ni, Fang-Pang Lin, Chi-Ping Lin, and Chien-Chung Ke〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 19-34, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-19-2019, 2019〈br〉 Few studies focused on the direct solution of the ADE for 3-D DFNs. The study is the first to solve the ADE and focus on assessing the velocity uncertainty in 3-D DFNs. The velocity uncertainty shows a limited range of influence close to the mean diameter of a fracture. The information is useful for engineering designs at sites with fractured rocks. We quantified that the tracer test in wells might lead to the overestimation of mean concentration and induce high uncertainty in fractured media.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Simulating the spread of disinfection by-products and anthropogenic bromoform emissions from ballast water discharge in Southeast Asia〈/b〉〈br〉 Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-151,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Especially halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr〈sub〉3〈/sub〉) are produced in the ballast water and once emitted into the environment can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted to the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Potentials and pitfalls of permafrost active layer monitoring using the HVSR method: a case study in Svalbard〈/b〉〈br〉 Andreas Köhler and Christian Weidle〈br〉 Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 The uppermost part of permanently frozen ground can thaw during summer and refreeze during winter. We use a method based on naturally generated seismic waves to continuously monitor these changes close to the research settlement of Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard between April and August 2016. Our results reveal some potential pitfalls when interpreting temporal variations in the data. However, we show that a careful data analysis makes this method a very useful tool for long-term permafrost monitoring.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Three decades of simulated global terrestrial carbon fluxes from a data assimilation system confronted to different periods of observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Karel Castro-Morales, Gregor Schürmann, Christoph Köstler, Christian Rödenbeck, Martin Heimann, and Sönke Zaehle〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-517,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 To obtain nearly thirty years of global terrestrial carbon fluxes, we simultaneously incorporated in a land surface model three different time periods of two observational data sets: absorbed photosynthetic active radiation and atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. One decade of data is enough to improve the modeled long-term trends and seasonal amplitudes of the assimilated variables, particularly in boreal regions. This model has the potential to provide short-term predictions of land carbon fluxes.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The importance of crystalline phases in ice nucleation by volcanic ash〈/b〉〈br〉 Elena C. Maters, Donald B. Dingwell, Corrado Cimarelli, Dirk Müller, Thomas F. Whale, and Benjamin J. Murray〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1326,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This experimental study investigates the influence of volcanic ash chemical composition, crystallinity, and mineralogy on its ability to promote freezing of supercooled water. The results indicate that crystals in ash play a key role in this process, and suggest that alkali and plagioclase feldspars in ash may be highly ice-active. These findings contribute to improving understanding of the potential of ash emissions from different explosive eruptions to impact ice formation in the atmosphere.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Local and regional contributions to fine particulate matter in the 18 cities of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China〈/b〉〈br〉 Xue Qiao, Hao Guo, Ya Tang, Pengfei Wang, Wenye Deng, Xing Zhao, Jianlin Hu, Qi Ying, and Hongliang Zhang〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1214,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A source-oriented version of the CMAQ model was used to quantify contributions from nine regions to PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉 and its components in the 18 cities within the Sichuan Basin. Non-local emissions contribute to 39~66 % and 25~52 % to the citywide average PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉 concentrations of 45~126 and 14~31 μg m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 in the winter and summer, respectively. This study demonstrates the importance of joint emission control efforts among cities within the SCB and neighbor regions to the east.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Long-profile evolution of transport-limited gravel-bed rivers〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrew D. Wickert and Taylor F. Schildgen〈br〉 Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 17-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, 2019〈br〉 Rivers can raise or lower their beds by depositing or eroding sediments. We combine equations for flow, channel/valley geometry, and gravel transport to learn how climate and tectonics shape down-valley profiles of river-bed elevation. Rivers steepen when they receive more sediment (relative to water) and become straighter with tectonic uplift. Weathering and breakdown of gravel is needed to produce gradually widening river channels with concave-up profiles that are often observed in the field.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The significant contribution of HONO to secondary pollutants during a severe winter pollution event in southern China〈/b〉〈br〉 Xiao Fu, Tao Wang, Li Zhang, Qinyi Li, Zhe Wang, Men Xia, Hui Yun, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Dingli Yue, Yan Zhou, Junyun Zheng, and Rui Han〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1-2019, 2019〈br〉 This study has identified the major contributors to the observed high HONO levels during a severe winter pollution episode and highlighted the importance of HONO chemistry in the combined photochemical and haze pollution in a subtropical region. It also highlighted the critical need to include and update HONO sources in regional air quality models in order to predict ozone and other secondary pollutants better during heavy pollution events in southern China and similar regions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉On the fine vertical structure of the low troposphere over the coastal margins of East Antarctica〈/b〉〈br〉 Étienne Vignon, Olivier Traullé, and Alexis Berne〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1197,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The sea-level rise associated to climate change will depend on how much the Antarctic ice sheet gain – viz precipitation – or loose mass. The precipitation simulation by climate models used for projections depends on the representation of the atmospheric circulation over and around Antarctica. Using daily measurements from balloon soundings at nine stations, this study characterizes the structure of the atmosphere over the Antarctic coast and assess its representation in a climate model.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Spatially distributed sensitivity of simulated global groundwater heads and flows to hydraulic conductivity, groundwater recharge and surface water body parameterization〈/b〉〈br〉 Robert Reinecke, Laura Foglia, Steffen Mehl, Jonathan D. Herman, Alexander Wachholz, Tim Trautmann, and Petra Döll〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-10,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Recently, the first global groundwater models were developed to better understand surface water-groundwater interactions, and human water use impacts. However, the reliability of model outputs is limited by a lack of data as well as model assumptions required due to the necessarily coarse spatial resolution. In this study we present first global maps of model sensitivity to their parameterization and build a foundation to improve data sets and model design as well as model understanding.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The influence of reservoir traits on carbon dioxide emissions in the Belo Monte hydropower complex, Xingu River, Amazon – Brazil〈/b〉〈br〉 Kleiton R. Araújo, Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Dailson J. Bertassoli Júnior, André O. Sawakuchi, Karina D. Silva, Thiago V. Bernardi, Nicholas D. Ward, and Tatiana S. Pereira〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-53,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Little information is available about run-of-the-river carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) emission and how reservoir type influence CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 production. With this regard we evaluated the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fluxes of Belo Monte hydropower complex and observed variability in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emission related to the type of environment, among reservoirs and the land use of flooded areas after impoundment. Our results emphasize that reservoir type could contribute on CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Low-cost eddy covariance: a case study of evapotranspiration overagroforestry in Germany〈/b〉〈br〉 Christian Markwitz and Lukas Siebicke〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-392,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Turbulent fluxes are usually measured by the eddy covariance method as a combination of a costly gas analyser and a sonic anemometer. In the present manuscript we present an eddy covariance set-up of low cost to measure evapotranspiration over agricultural fields. The method showed to be comparable to a conventional eddy covariance set-up and is a viable alternative when spatial replicates are required.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The Lituya Bay landslide-generated mega-tsunami – numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis〈/b〉〈br〉 José Manuel González-Vida, Jorge Macías, Manuel Jesús Castro, Carlos Sánchez-Linares, Marc de la Asunción, Sergio Ortega-Acosta, and Diego Arcas〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 369-388, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-369-2019, 2019〈br〉 In 1958, at Lituya Bay in Alaska, the largest tsunami wave ever recorded took place. Since then, its numerical simulation has been a challenge and no numerical model has been able to reproduce, in the real geometry of the bay, the more than 200 m wave and the extreme run-up (climbing of the water up on land) of 524 m. The aim of our research, in the framework of a collaboration between the University of Malága (Spain) and NOAA (US), was to fulfil this gap at the same time as verifying our model.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Monitoring the crisis of a rock glacier with repeated UAV surveys〈/b〉〈br〉 Sebastián Vivero and Christophe Lambiel〈br〉 Geogr. Helv., 74, 59-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-74-59-2019, 2019〈br〉 〈p〉In this study, rapid topographic changes and high creeping rates caused by the destabilisation of an active rock glacier in a steep mountain flank were investigated in detail with five unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys between June 2016 and September 2017. State-of-the-art photogrammetric techniques were employed to derived high-density point clouds and high-resolution orthophoto mosaics from the studied landform. The accuracy of the co-registration of subsequent point clouds was carefully examined and adjusted based on comparing stable areas outside the rock glacier, which minimised 3-D alignment errors to a mean of 0.12 m. Elevation and volumetric changes in the destabilised rock glacier were quantified over the study period. Surface kinematics were estimated with a combination of image correlation algorithms and visual inspection of the orthophoto mosaics. Between June 2016 and September 2017, the destabilised part of the rock glacier advanced up to 60–75 m and mobilised a volume of around 27 000 m〈span〉〈sup〉3〈/sup〉〈/span〉 of material which was dumped over the lower talus slope. This study has demonstrated a robust and customisable monitoring approach that allows a detailed study of rock glacier geometric changes during a crisis phase.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉ESD Reviews: Thermodynamic optimality in Earth sciences. The missing constraints in modeling Earth system dynamics?〈/b〉〈br〉 Martijn Westhoff, Axel Kleidon, Stan Schymanski, Benjamin Dewals, Femke Nijsse, Maik Renner, Henk Dijkstra, Hisashi Ozawa, Hubert Savenije, Han Dolman, Antoon Meesters, and Erwin Zehe〈br〉 Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., doi:10.5194/esd-2019-6,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Even models relying on physical laws have parameters that need to be measured or estimated. Thermodynamic optimality principles potentially offer a way to reduce the number of estimated parameters by stating that a system evolves to an optimum state. These principles have been applied successfully within the Earth system, but it is often unclear what to optimize and how. In this review paper we identify commonalities between different successful applications as well as some doubtful applications.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Seismic Hazard of L'Aquila downtown (central Italy): new insights for 3D geological model based on high-resolution seismic reflection profile and borehole stratigraphy〈/b〉〈br〉 Marco Tallini, Marco Spadi, Domenico Cosentino, Marco Nocentini, Luca Macerola, Giuseppe Cavuoto, and Vincenzo Di Fiore〈br〉 Solid Earth Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-25,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SE〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The interpretation of a 1 km-long high-resolution seismic reflection profile integrated with borehole stratigraphy was useful to reconstruct the geological subsoil model of L'Aquila downtown which was struck by the 6/4/2009 Mw 6.1 earthquake, and thus to provide indication on the seismic site effects and the faults activity. This information was essential to design urban masterplan able to mitigate the Seismic Hazard of cultural heritage cities of central Italy, such as the case study site.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Seismic Hazard of L'Aquila downtown (central Italy): new insights for 3D geological model based on high-resolution seismic reflection profile and borehole stratigraphy〈/b〉〈br〉 Marco Tallini, Marco Spadi, Domenico Cosentino, Marco Nocentini, Luca Macerola, Giuseppe Cavuoto, and Vincenzo Di Fiore〈br〉 Solid Earth Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-25,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SE〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The interpretation of a 1 km-long high-resolution seismic reflection profile integrated with borehole stratigraphy was useful to reconstruct the geological subsoil model of L'Aquila downtown which was struck by the 6/4/2009 Mw 6.1 earthquake, and thus to provide indication on the seismic site effects and the faults activity. This information was essential to design urban masterplan able to mitigate the Seismic Hazard of cultural heritage cities of central Italy, such as the case study site.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Two decades observing smoke above clouds in the south-eastern Atlantic Ocean: Deep Blue algorithm updates and validation with ORACLES field campaign data〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrew M. Sayer, N. Christina Hsu, Jaehwa Lee, Woogyung V. Kim, Sharon Burton, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Meloë Kacenelenbogen, Samuel LeBlanc, Kristina Pistone, Jens Redemann, Michal Segal-Rozenhaimer, Yohei Shinozuka, and Si-Chee Tsay〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-58,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Aerosols are small particles in the atmosphere such as dust or smoke. They are routinely monitored by satellites due to their importance for climate and air quality. However aerosols above clouds are more difficult to monitor. This study describes an improvement to a technique to monitor light-absorbing aerosols above clouds from four Earth-orbiting satellite instruments. The improved method is evaluated using data from the ORACLES field campaign, which measured these aerosols from aircraft.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Precision of continuous GPS velocities from statistical analysis of synthetic time series〈/b〉〈br〉 Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant〈br〉 Solid Earth, 10, 329-342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, 2019〈br〉 We use statistical analyses of synthetic position time series to estimate the potential precision of GPS velocities. Regression tree analyses show that the main factors controlling the velocity precision are the duration of the series, the presence of offsets, and the noise. Our analysis allows us to propose guidelines which can be applied to actual GPS data that constrain the velocity accuracies.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Precision of continuous GPS velocities from statistical analysis of synthetic time series〈/b〉〈br〉 Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant〈br〉 Solid Earth, 10, 329-342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, 2019〈br〉 We use statistical analyses of synthetic position time series to estimate the potential precision of GPS velocities. Regression tree analyses show that the main factors controlling the velocity precision are the duration of the series, the presence of offsets, and the noise. Our analysis allows us to propose guidelines which can be applied to actual GPS data that constrain the velocity accuracies.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Assessment of Sub-Shelf Melting Parameterisations Using theOcean-Ice Sheet Coupled Model NEMO(v3.6)-Elmer/Ice(v8.3)〈/b〉〈br〉 Lionel Favier, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Adrian Jenkins, Nacho Merino, Gaël Durand, Olivier Gagliardini, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, and Pierre Mathiot〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-26,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The melting due to oceanic forcing at the base of ice shelves is the main driver of current Antarctic marine terminating glaciers. We assess various melting parameterisations ranging from simple scalings with far-field thermal driving to emulators of box and plume models, using a new Ocean-Ice Sheet coupled model. Two types of quadratic dependencies to thermal forcing show the best trade-off between the simplicity of the approach and the results accuracy in comparison to the coupled model.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Development and evaluation of pollen source methodologies for the Victorian Grass Pollen Emissions Module VGPEM1.0〈/b〉〈br〉 Kathryn M. Emmerson, Jeremy D. Silver, Edward Newbigin, Edwin R. Lampugnani, Cenk Suphioglu, Alan Wain, and Elizabeth Ebert〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-43,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We present the first representation of grass pollen in a 3D dispersion model anywhere in Australia, tested using observations from eight counting sites in Victoria. The capability was developed in response to the severe thunderstorm asthma event which took place in Melbourne in November 2016. Ten pollen emission methodologies were developed and evaluated. The best results were obtained using statistical methods that combine elements of the satellite derived Enhanced Vegetation Index.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Design and dynamic analysis of metal rubber isolators between satellite and carrier rocket system〈/b〉〈br〉 Xibin Cao, Cheng Wei, Jiqiu Liang, and Lixu Wang〈br〉 Mech. Sci., 10, 71-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-71-2019, 2019〈br〉 For launching satellite, with the needs of mobility and rapid-responsibility, the vehicle is used for launching. The system inevitably undergoes random vibrations caused by uneven ground excitation, while the camera and other high-precision payloads of the satellite cannot withstand the harsh mechanical environment without isolators. Due to the superior damping properties of MR, this paper designs the simple MR components and provides a feasible design method to absorb vibrations.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Correcting atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 mole fractions obtained with Picarro analyzers for sensitivity of cavity pressure to water vapor〈/b〉〈br〉 Friedemann Reum, Christoph Gerbig, Jost V. Lavric, Chris W. Rella, and Mathias Göckede〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1013-1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1013-2019, 2019〈br〉 Atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 mole fractions are often measured using greenhouse gas analyzers manufactured by Picarro, Inc. We report biases in these measurements that are related to pressure changes in the optical cavity of the analyzers and occur mainly at low water vapor mole fractions. We provide a method to correct the biases, which contributes to keeping the overall accuracy of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 measurements with Picarro analyzers within the WMO interlaboratory compatibility goals.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉GCAM v5.1: representing the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems〈/b〉〈br〉 Katherine Calvin, Pralit Patel, Leon Clarke, Ghassem Asrar, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Ryna Yiyun Cui, Alan Di Vittorio, Kalyn Dorheim, Jae Edmonds, Corinne Hartin, Mohamad Hejazi, Russell Horowitz, Gokul Iyer, Page Kyle, Sonny Kim, Robert Link, Haewon McJeon, Steven J. Smith, Abigail Snyder, Stephanie Waldhoff, and Marshall Wise〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 677-698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-677-2019, 2019〈br〉 This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM examines the future evolution of these systems through the end of the 21st century. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region’s demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉GCAM v5.1: representing the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems〈/b〉〈br〉 Katherine Calvin, Pralit Patel, Leon Clarke, Ghassem Asrar, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Ryna Yiyun Cui, Alan Di Vittorio, Kalyn Dorheim, Jae Edmonds, Corinne Hartin, Mohamad Hejazi, Russell Horowitz, Gokul Iyer, Page Kyle, Sonny Kim, Robert Link, Haewon McJeon, Steven J. Smith, Abigail Snyder, Stephanie Waldhoff, and Marshall Wise〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 677-698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-677-2019, 2019〈br〉 This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM examines the future evolution of these systems through the end of the 21st century. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region’s demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Inconsistencies between observed, reconstructed, and simulated precipitation indices for England since the year 1650 CE〈/b〉〈br〉 Oliver Bothe, Sebastian Wagner, and Eduardo Zorita〈br〉 Clim. Past, 15, 307-334, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-307-2019, 2019〈br〉 Our understanding of future climate changes increases if different sources of information agree on past climate variations. Changing climates particularly impact local scales for which future changes in precipitation are highly uncertain. Here, we use information from observations, model simulations, and climate reconstructions for regional precipitation over the British Isles. We find these do not agree well on precipitation variations over the past few centuries.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Factors controlling pCO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 variability in the eastern Gulf of Cádiz (SW Iberian Península)〈/b〉〈br〉 Dolores Jiménez-López, Ana Sierra, Teodora Ortega, Soledad Garrido, Nerea Hernández-Puyuelo, Ricardo Sánchez-Leal, and Jesús Forja〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-6,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The present study describes the surface distribution of the partial pressure of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 in the continental shelf of the eastern Gulf of Cádiz. For this, eight oceanographic cruises were carried out between March 2014 and February 2016. This distribution presents a linear dependence with the temperature and it decreases with distance from the coast. The Gulf of Cádiz acts as a sink of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 with a mean value for the study period of −0.18 ± 20 1.32 mmol m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 d〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Role of Microbial Communities in the Weathering and Stalactite Formation in Karst Topography〈/b〉〈br〉 Tung-Yi Huang, Bing-Mu Hsu, Cheng-Wei Fan, Hsin-Chi Tsai, Chien-Yi Tung, and Jung-Sheng Chen〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-12,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This study surveyed the bacterial genetic material from environment around a limestone gulch, namely scrapes on speleothem surface, dripping water through speleothem, earth under a plan limestone wall, and scrapes from the plan wall. By the estimation of bioinformatics prediction, the relative abundance of bacteria inducing calcium precipitation in scrapes of speleothems and the water were about 100 times higher than the plan wall, while weathering related bacteria were plenty on the plan wall.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Hyposalinity tolerance inthecoccolithophorid 〈i〉Emiliania huxleyi〈/i〉 under the influence of ocean acidification involves enhanced photosynthetic performance〈/b〉〈br〉 Jiekai Xu, John Beardall, and Kunshan Gao〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-4,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A lot of papers studying Ocean acidification (OA) have been published while no related reports can be found on the combined effects of OA with decreased salinity on coccolithophores yet.Thus, we investigated the physiological responses of an Emiliania huxleyi strain grown at 2CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations and 3 levels of salinity and found cells could tolerate reduced salinity under OA as its increased light capturing capability, which suggests a potential niche extension of coccolithophores in the future.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Causes for increased flood frequency in central Europe in the 19th century〈/b〉〈br〉 Stefan Brönnimann, Luca Frigerio, Mikhaël Schwander, Marco Rohrer, Peter Stucki, and Jörg Franke〈br〉 Clim. Past Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-17,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for CP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 During the 19th century flood frequency was high in Central Europe, but it was low in the mid-20th century. This paper tracks these decadal changes in flood frequency for the case of Switzerland from peak discharge data back to precipitation data and daily weather reconstructions. We find an increased frequency of flood-prone weather types during large parts of the 19th century and decreased frequency in the mid-20th century. Sea-surface temperature anomalies can only explain a small part of it.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Statistical modelling of co-seismic knickpoint formation and river response to fault slip〈/b〉〈br〉 Philippe Steer, Thomas Croissant, Edwin Baynes, and Dimitri Lague〈br〉 Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-5,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESurf〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We use a statistical earthquake generator to investigate the influence of fault activity on river profile development and on the formation of co-seismic knickpoints. We find that the height distribution of knickpoints resulting from a purely seismic fault is homogeneous. Shallow aseismic slip favors knickpoints generated by large magnitude earthquakes nucleating at depth. Accounting for fault burial by alluvial cover can modulate the topographic expression of earthquakes and fault activity.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Past and future dynamics of the Brunt Ice Shelf from seabed bathymetry and ice shelf geometry〈/b〉〈br〉 Dominic A. Hodgson, Tom A. Jordan, Jan De Rydt, Peter T. Fretwell, Samuel A. Seddon, David Becker, Kelly A. Hogan, Andrew M. Smith, and David G. Vaughan〈br〉 The Cryosphere, 13, 545-556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-545-2019, 2019〈br〉 The Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica is home to Halley VIa, the latest in a series of six British research stations that have occupied the ice shelf since 1956. A recent rapid growth of rifts in the Brunt Ice Shelf signals the onset of its largest calving event since records began. Here we consider whether this calving event will lead to a new steady state for the ice shelf or an unpinning from the bed, which could predispose it to accelerated flow or collapse.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Evaluating solar radiation forecast uncertainty〈/b〉〈br〉 Minttu Tuononen, Ewan J. O'Connor, and Victoria A. Sinclair〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1985-2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1985-2019, 2019〈br〉 Many applications require accurate forecasts of the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface, such as solar energy and UV radiation forecasts. This also means that cloud must be correctly forecast. We investigated the skill of these forecasts over Helsinki, Finland, using cloud and solar radiation observations. We found that there were errors in the model radiation forecast even when the clouds were correctly forecast, which we attribute to incorrect representation of the cloud properties.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Mapping trends in woody cover throughout Namibian savanna with MODIS seasonal phenological metrics and field inventory data〈/b〉〈br〉 Vladimir R. Wingate, Nikolaus J. Kuhn, Stuart R. Phinn, and Cornelis van der Waal〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-28,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉Woody vegetation is an integral component of savannas. Here, two main change processes alter woody vegetation, namely shrub encroachment and deforestation. Both impact a range of ecosystem services and functions across scales. Accurate estimates of change, including spatial extent, rate and drivers are lacking. This is primarily due to savanna vegetation comprising woody and herbaceous vegetation, each of which exhibit divergent phenological characteristics, and vary importantly in their response to climatic and environmental factors. This study uses phenological metrics derived from the MODIS MOD13Q1 NDVI time-series to model woody cover as a function of field measurements, and to map trends across Namibia. These metrics enhance the contrasting phenological characteristics of woody and herbaceous vegetation, and standardizes their annual response to climatic and environmental factors by integrating short term variation. Trends in woody cover are excellent indicators of shrub encroachment and deforestation. Trend significance was computed using the Mann-Kendall test, while change statistics, including the rate and spatial extent of change were derived using the Theil-Sen slope. Change was evaluated in relation to drivers including land-use, population, biomes and precipitation. An overall decrease in woody cover was identified, with the most pronounced decreases found in urban and densely populated areas. Decreases in woody cover were not homogenously distributed; losses predominated in tropical desert and dry forests, but gains were found across shrub lands.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉On the timescales and length scales of the Arctic sea ice thickness anomalies: a study based on 14 reanalyses〈/b〉〈br〉 Leandro Ponsoni, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, Matthieu Chevallier, and David Docquier〈br〉 The Cryosphere, 13, 521-543, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-521-2019, 2019〈br〉 The Arctic is a main component of the Earth's climate system. It is fundamental to understand the behavior of Arctic sea ice coverage over time and in space due to many factors, e.g., shipping lanes, the travel and tourism industry, hunting and fishing activities, mineral resource extraction, and the potential impact on the weather in midlatitude regions. In this work we use observations and results from models to understand how variations in the sea ice thickness change over time and in space.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Regulation of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions from acid organic soil drained for agriculture: Effects of land use and season〈/b〉〈br〉 Arezoo Taghizadeh-Toosi, Lars Elsgaard, Tim J. Clough, Rodrigo Labouriau, Vibeke Ernstsen, and Søren O. Petersen〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-14,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉Drained organic soils are extensively used for cereal and high-value cash crop production or as grazing land, but emissions of nitrous oxide (N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O) are enhanced by the drainage and cultivation. A study was conducted to investigate the regulation of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions in a raised bog area drained for agriculture. The area has been classified as potentially acid sulfate soil, and we hypothesised that pyrite oxidation was a potential driver of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions. Two sites with rotational grass, and two sites with a potato crop, were equipped for monitoring of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions, as well as sub-soil N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O concentrations at 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 cm depth, during spring and autumn 2015. Precipitation, air and soil temperature, soil moisture, water table (WT) depth, and soil mineral N were recorded during weekly field campaigns. In late April and early September, intact cores were collected to 1 m depth at adjacent grassland and potato sites for analysis of soil properties, which included acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and chromium-reducible sulfur (CRS) to quantify, respectively, iron monosulfide (FeS) and pyrite (FeS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉), as well as total reactive iron (TRFe) and nitrite (NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉). Soil organic matter composition and total reduction capacity was also determined. The soil pH varied between 4.7 and 5.4. Equivalent soil gas phase concentrations of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O ranged from around 10 µL L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at grassland sites to several hundred µL L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at potato sites, in accordance with lower soil mineral N concentrations at grassland sites. Total N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions during 152–174 days were 3–6 kg N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O-N ha〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for rotational grass, and 19–21 kg N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O-N ha〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for potato sites. Statistical analyses by graphical models showed that soil N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O concentration in the capillary fringe was the strongest predictor for N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions in spring, and for grassland sites also in the autumn. For potato sites in the autumn, nitrate (NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉) availability in the top soil, together with temperature, were the main controls on N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions. Pyrite oxidation coupled with NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 reduction could not be dismissed as a source of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O, but the total reduction capacity of the peat soil was much higher than explained by the FeS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentration. The concentrations of TRFe were also much higher than pyrite concentrations, and potentially chemodenitrification could have been a source of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O during WT drawdown in spring. The N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions associated with rapid soil wetting and WT rise in autumn were consistent with biological denitrification. Soil N availability and seasonal WT changes were important controls of N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O emissions.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Palaeoenvironmental response of mid-latitudinal wetlands to PETM climate change (Schöningen lignite deposits, Germany)〈/b〉〈br〉 Katharina Methner, Olaf Lenz, Walter Riegel, Volker Wilde, and Andreas Mulch〈br〉 Clim. Past Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-20,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for CP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We describe the presence of a carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in Paleogene lignites (Schöningen, DE) that we attribute to reflect the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Palynological data point to minor PETM-related paleovegetation changes. Paleo-North Sea wetland deposits (Schöningen; Cobham; Vasterival) therefore, share major characteristics of increased fire activity (pre-PETM), minor plant species changes, a reduced CIE, and drowning of near-coastal mires during the PETM.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Application of Factor and Cluster Analyses to Determine Source–Receptor Relationships of Industrial Volatile Organic Odor Species in a Dual-Optical Sensing System〈/b〉〈br〉 Jen-Chih Yang, Pao-Erh Chang, Chi-Chang Ho, and Chang-Fu Wu〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-344,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A new approach for the determination of source–receptor relationships of volatile organic odor species in an industrial odor nuisance site is proposed. A dual-optical sensing system and a meteorological station were used collaboratively to generate both receptor and source data. Factor and cluster analyses were employed to improve the quality and completeness of the source profiles. The major odor emission source was identified and future emission reductions can be accomplished accordingly.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Deformation mechanisms in mafic amphibolites and granulites: record from the Semail metamorphic sole during subduction infancy〈/b〉〈br〉 Mathieu Soret, Philippe Agard, Benoît Ildefonse, Benoît Dubacq, Cécile Prigent, and Claudio Rosenberg〈br〉 Solid Earth Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-28,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SE〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This study sheds light on the mineral-scale mechanisms controlling the progressive deformation of sheared amphibolites from the Oman metamorphic sole during subduction initiation, and unravels how strain is localized and accommodated in (hydrated) mafic rocks at high temperature conditions. Our results indicate how metamorphic reactions and pore-fluid pressures driven by changes in pressure–temperature conditions and/or water activity control the rheology of mafic rocks.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Is water vapor a key player of the wintertime haze in North China Plain?〈/b〉〈br〉 Jiarui Wu, Naifang Bei, Bo Hu, Suixin Liu, Meng Zhou, Qiyuan Wang, Xia Li, Lang Liu, Tian Feng, Zirui Liu, Yichen Wang, Junji Cao, Xuexi Tie, Jun Wang, Luisa T. Molina, and Guohui Li〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1289,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The near-surface PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉 contribution of the ALW total effect is 17.5 % in NCP, indicating that ALW plays an important role in the PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉 formation during the wintertime haze pollution. Moreover, the ALW-HET overwhelmingly dominates the PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉 enhancement due to the ALW. The ALW does not consistently enhance near-surface [PM〈sub〉2.5〈/sub〉] with increasing RH. When the RH exceeds 80 %, the contribution of the ALW commences to decrease caused by the high occurrence frequencies of precipitation.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉The Geodynamic World Builder: a solution for complex initial conditions in numerical modelling〈/b〉〈br〉 Menno Fraters, Cedric Thieulot, Arie van den Berg, and Wim Spakman〈br〉 Solid Earth Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-24,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SE〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Three-dimensional numerical modelling of geodynamic processes may benefit strongly from using realistic 3D starting models that approximate e.g. natural subduction settings in the geological past or at present. To this end we developed the Geodynamic World Builder (GWB) which enables relatively straight-forward parameterization of complex 3D geometric structures associated with geodynamic processes. The GWB is an open source community code designed to easily interface with geodynamic codes.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Application of Factor and Cluster Analyses to Determine Source–Receptor Relationships of Industrial Volatile Organic Odor Species in a Dual-Optical Sensing System〈/b〉〈br〉 Jen-Chih Yang, Pao-Erh Chang, Chi-Chang Ho, and Chang-Fu Wu〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-344,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A new approach for the determination of source–receptor relationships of volatile organic odor species in an industrial odor nuisance site is proposed. A dual-optical sensing system and a meteorological station were used collaboratively to generate both receptor and source data. Factor and cluster analyses were employed to improve the quality and completeness of the source profiles. The major odor emission source was identified and future emission reductions can be accomplished accordingly.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami〈/b〉〈br〉 Martin Wronna, Maria Ana Baptista, and Jorge Miguel Miranda〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 337-352, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-337-2019, 2019〈br〉 We investigate the source of the 1761 earthquake and tsunami. The reanalysis of the tsunami travel times agrees with an earlier suggested source area. We check the geodynamic setting of the area and place a fault as an extension to an identified fault and use numerical modelling to distinguish between two candidate sources. One of our theories is compatible with the geodynamic setting and reproduces well the observed tsunami parameters.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉A dataset of 30-meter annual vegetation phenology indicators (1985–2015) in urban areas of the conterminous United States〈/b〉〈br〉 Xuecao Li, Yuyu Zhou, Lin Meng, Ghassem R. Asrar, Chaoqun Lu, and Qiusheng Wu〈br〉 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-9,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESSD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We generated a long-term (1985-2015) and fine-resolution (30m) product of vegetation phenology indicators in urban domains in the conterminous United States, using Landsat satellite observations. The derived phenology indicators agree well with in-situ observations and show more spatial details in complex urban areas compared to the existing moderate resolution phenology product. The published data are of great use for urban phenology studies (e.g., pollen-induced respiratory allergies).

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA): a global gridded synthesis runoff product〈/b〉〈br〉 Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Hylke E. Beck〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 851-870, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-851-2019, 2019〈br〉 〈p〉No synthesized global gridded runoff product, derived from multiple sources, is available, despite such a product being useful for meeting the needs of many global water initiatives. We apply an optimal weighting approach to merge runoff estimates from hydrological models constrained with observational streamflow records. The weighting method is based on the ability of the models to match observed streamflow data while accounting for error covariance between the participating products. To address the lack of observed streamflow for many regions, a dissimilarity method was applied to transfer the weights of the participating products to the ungauged basins from the closest gauged basins using dissimilarity between basins in physiographic and climatic characteristics as a proxy for distance. We perform out-of-sample tests to examine the success of the dissimilarity approach, and we confirm that the weighted product performs better than its 11 constituent products in a range of metrics. Our resulting synthesized global gridded runoff product is available at monthly timescales, and includes time-variant uncertainty, for the period 1980–2012 on a 0.5〈span〉〈sup〉∘〈/sup〉〈/span〉 grid. The synthesized global gridded runoff product broadly agrees with published runoff estimates at many river basins, and represents the seasonal runoff cycle for most of the globe well. The new product, called Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA), is a valuable synthesis of existing runoff products and will be freely available for download on 〈span〉https://geonetwork.nci.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/f9617_9854_8096_5291〈/span〉 (last access: 31 January 2019).〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Temporal variability in foraminiferal morphology and geochemistry at the West Antarctic Peninsula: a sediment trap study〈/b〉〈br〉 Anna Mikis, Katharine R. Hendry, Jennifer Pike, Daniela N. Schmidt, Kirsty M. Edgar, Victoria Peck, Frank J. C. Peeters, Melanie J. Leng, Michael P. Meredith, Chloe L. Todd, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Hugh Ducklow〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-19,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Antarctic marine calcifying organisms are threatened by regional climate change and ocean acidification. Future projections of regional carbonate production are challenging due to the lack of historical data combined with complex climate variability. We present a six-year record of flux, morphology, and geochemistry of an Antarctic planktonic foraminifera, which shows that their growth is most sensitive to sea-ice dynamics, and is linked with the El Niño Southern Oscillation.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Towards an advanced observation system for the marine Arctic in the framework of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX)〈/b〉〈br〉 Timo Vihma, Petteri Uotila, Stein Sandven, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Alexander Makshtas, Alexander Pelyasov, Roberta Pirazzini, Finn Danielsen, Sergey Chalov, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Vladimir Ivanov, Ivan Frolov, Anna Albin, Bin Cheng, Sergey Dobrolyubov, Viktor Arkhipkin, Stanislav Myslenkov, Tuukka Petäjä, and Markku Kulmala〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1941-1970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1941-2019, 2019〈br〉 The Arctic marine climate system, ecosystems, and socio-economic systems are changing rapidly. This calls for the establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX), for which we present a plan. The program will promote international collaboration; sustainable marine meteorological, sea ice, and oceanographic observations; advanced data management; and multidisciplinary research on the marine Arctic and its interaction with the Eurasian continent.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Variations in the summer oceanic 〈i〉p〈/i〉CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and carbon sink in Prydz Bay using the self-organizing map analysis approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Suqing Xu, Keyhong Park, Yanmin Wang, Liqi Chen, Di Qi, and Bingrui Li〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 16, 797-810, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-797-2019, 2019〈br〉 In this study we applied the self-organizing map (SOM) method to estimate the oceanic 〈i〉p〈/i〉CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 in Prydz Bay derived from its main controlling factors. The RMSE of the SOM-derived 〈i〉p〈/i〉CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was 22.14 µatm compared to SOCAT datasets. Our results showed that the monthly averaged uptake of atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 for February 2015 was 23.57±6.36 TgC. Strong potential anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 uptake in the 〈q〉shelf region〈/q〉 will enhance ocean acidification (OA) in the deep water of Prydz Bay and subsequently affect deep OA.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Multi-decadal Hydrologic Change and Variability in the Amazon River Basin: Understanding Terrestrial Water Storage Variations and Drought Characteristics〈/b〉〈br〉 Suyog Chaudhari, Yadu Pokhrel, Emilio Moran, and Gonzalo Miguez-Macho〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-57,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉We investigate the interannual and interdecadal hydrological changes in the Amazon river basin and its sub-basins during 1980–2015 period, using GRACE satellite data and a physically-based, 2-km grid continental scale hydrological model (Leaf-Hydro-Flood) that incorporates a prognostic groundwater scheme and the effects of land use land cover change (LULC). The analyses focus on the dominant mechanisms that modulate terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations and droughts. Our results indicate that (1) the model simulates the basin-averaged TWS variations remarkably well, however, disagreements are observed in spatial patterns of temporal trends for post-2008 period, (2) the 2010s is the driest period since 1980, characterized by a major shift in decadal mean compared to 2000s due to the increased frequency of droughts, (3) long-term trends in TWS suggests that the Amazon as a whole is getting wetter (1.13 mm/y), but its southern and south-eastern sub-basins are facing significant negative TWS trends, caused primarily by intensified LULC changes, (4) increasing divergence between dry season total water deficit (TWD) and TWS release (TWS-R) suggest a strengthening dry season, especially in the southern and south-eastern sub-basins, and (5) the sub-surface storage regulates the propagation of meteorological droughts into hydrological droughts by strongly modulating TWS release with respect to its storage preceding the drought condition. Our simulations provide crucial insight on the importance of sub-surface storage in alleviating surface water deficit across Amazon and open pathways for improving prediction and mitigation of extreme droughts under changing climate and increasing hydrologic alterations due to human activities (e.g., LULC change).〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈b〉China's historical record when searching for tropical cyclones corresponding to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts over the past 2 kyr〈/b〉〈br〉 Huei-Fen Chen, Yen-Chu Liu, Chih-Wen Chiang, Xingqi Liu, Yu-Min Chou, and Hui-Juan Pan〈br〉 Clim. Past, 15, 279-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-279-2019, 2019〈br〉 China’s historical typhoon data show that (1) the tracks of typhoons correspond to the north–southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which show a nearly 30-year and a 60-year cycle during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and (2) paleotyphoons made landfall in mainland China 1 month earlier during the Medieval Warm Period than during the LIA.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Estimating confidence intervals for gravel bed surface grain size distributions〈/b〉〈br〉 Brett C. Eaton, R. Dan Moore, and Lucy G. MacKenzie〈br〉 Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-4,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ESurf〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Researchers studying gravel bedded rivers almost always require a sample of the bed surface grain size range. These samples are typically expressed as cumulative frequency distributions. We present a technique for generating confidence intervals for the various size percentiles. This gives other researchers the ability to estimate the uncertainty of their samples, and to refine their sampling methods to achieve the desired level of precision.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Toward high-spatial resolution hydrological modeling for China: Calibrating the VIC model〈/b〉〈br〉 Bowen Zhu, Xianhong Xie, Chuiyu Lu, Shanshan Meng, Yi Yao, and Yibing Wang〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-72,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The hydrological modeling of China have been limited to spatial resolutions of 10 km or greater, rendering it impossible to assess local conditions. In our study, we developed a hydrological modeling based on VIC model at a much finer spatial scale (~ 6 km). The simulated runoff, SM and ET were extensively evaluated using observations and remote sensing data. This high-resolution modeling is capable of capturing flood and drought events with respect to their timing, duration, and spatial extent.

Beschreibung: 〈b〉Landslides Data Assimilation Using TRIGRS Based on Particle Filtering〈/b〉〈br〉 Changhu Xue, Guigen Nie, Jie Dong, Shuguang Wu, Jing Wang, Xiuzhen Li, and Xiaogang Zhang〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-16,2019〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for NHESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 This paper provides an approach to apply data assimilation method to stability analysis and parameter update and feedback in a landslide. The experiment is implemented by particle filter algorithm. The result FS sequence of TRIGRS output decreases continuously with time and the assimilation can effectively correct the FS of the model output. The RMSD of FS indicates the assimilation results can correct the estimation of TRIGRS output close to actual observations.