ALBERT

Description: The NW Iberian continental margin is characterised by a complex morphology and by a sedimentary system which was highly dynamic over glacial to interglacial times. The sedimentary history of the continental slope was strongly influenced by the interaction of bottom currents with topographic highs of structural origin leading to the accumulation of several sediment drifts. A combined analysis of gravity cores from different water depth with hydroacoustic data reveals the vertical behaviour of the upper Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) core after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A coarser grained interval during Deglacial and early Holocene times (17.2 to 9.9 cal ka BP) points to an increase in bottom current strength. This increase in velocity was probably related to oceanic density fronts, which migrated through the 300 m thick transition zone between the underlying Labrador Sea Water and the overlying MOW. Radiocarbon dates timed the current strengthening to 17.2 cal ka BP, and a following weakening of the bottom current to 13.3 cal ka BP at 1965 m water depth and to 9.9 cal ka BP at 1885 m water depth. The depth-dependent current weakening suggests an upward shifting of the transition zone by 80 m that was related either to an overall shallowing of MOW or a vertical contraction of this water mass. The upward movement happened over a time interval of approximately 3.4 thousand years. In addition sediment core analysis reveals significant lateral heterogeneities within cm to dm thick sediment layers in the contourite drift. These heterogeneities suggest a need of a detailed core coverage across current-influenced deposits for palaeoceanographic studies to minimize misinterpretations.

Description: Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotope compositions (d18O) of planktic foraminifera tests are commonly used as proxies to reconstruct past ocean conditions including variations in the vertical water column structure. Accurate proxy calibrations require thorough regional studies, since parameters such as calcification depth and temperature of planktic foraminifera depend on local environmental conditions. Here we present radiocarbon-dated, modern surface sediment samples and water column data (temperature, salinity, and seawater d18O) from the Western Pacific Warm Pool. Seawater d18O (d18OSW) and salinity are used to calculate individual regressions for western Pacific surface and thermocline waters (d18OSW = 0.37 × S-12.4 and d18OSW = 0.33 × S-11.0). We combine shell d18O and Mg/Ca with water column data to estimate calcification depths of several planktic foraminifera and establish regional Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations. Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides elongatus, and Globigerinoides sacculifer reflect mixed layer conditions. Pulleniatina obliquiloculata and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globorotalia tumida preserve upper and lower thermocline conditions, respectively. Our multispecies Mg/Ca-temperature calibration (Mg/Ca = 0.26exp0.097*T) matches published regressions. Assuming the same temperature sensitivity in all species, we propose species-specific calibrations that can be used to reconstruct upper water column temperatures. The Mg/Ca temperature dependencies of G. ruber, G. elongatus, and G. tumida are similar to published equations. However, our data imply that calcification temperatures of G. sacculifer, P. obliquiloculata, and N. dutertrei are exceptionally warm in the western tropical Pacific and thus underestimated by previously published calibrations. Regional Mg/Ca-temperature relations are best described by Mg/Ca = 0.24exp0.097*T for G. sacculifer and by Mg/Ca = 0.21exp0.097*T for P. obliquiloculata and N. dutertrei.

Description: The temporal succession of changes in Amazonian hydroclimate during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) (ca. 18-14.7 cal ka BP) is currently poorly resolved. Here we present HS1 records based on isotope, inorganic and organic geochemistry from a marine sediment core influenced by the Amazon River discharge. Our records offer a detailed reconstruction of the changes in Amazonian hydroclimate during HS1, integrated over the basin. We reconstructed surface water hydrography using stable oxygen isotopes (d18O) and Mg/Ca-derived paleotemperatures from the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, as well as salinity changes based on stable hydrogen isotope (dD) of palmitic acid. We also analyzed branched and isoprenoid tetraether concentrations, and compared them to existing bulk sediment ln(Fe/Ca) data and vegetation reconstruction based on stable carbon isotopes from n-alkanes, in order to understand the relationship between continental precipitation, vegetation and sediment production. Our results indicate a two-phased HS1 (HS1a and HS1b). During HS1a (18-16.9 cal ka BP), a first sudden increase of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the western equatorial Atlantic correlated with the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the associated southern hemisphere warming phase of the bipolar seesaw. This phase was also characterized by an increased delivery of terrestrial material. During HS1b (16.9-14.8 cal ka BP), a decrease in terrestrial input was, however, associated with a marked decline of seawater d18O and palmitic acid dD. Both isotopic proxies independently indicate a drop in sea surface salinity (SSS). A number of records under the influence of the North Brazil Current, in contrast, indicate increases in SST and SSS resulting from a weakened AMOC during HS1. Our records thus suggest that the expected increase in SSS due to the AMOC slowdown was overridden by a two-phased positive precipitation anomaly in Amazonian hydroclimate.

Description: Exceptionally high sedimentation rates in Arctic fjords provide the possibility to reconstruct environmental conditions in high temporal resolution during the (pre-)Holocene. The unique geographical location of Svalbard at the intersection of Arctic and Atlantic waters offers the opportunity to estimate local (mainly glacier-related) vs. regional (hydrographic) variabilities. Sedimentological, micropalaeontological and geochemical data from the very remote, glacier-surrounded Wahlenbergfjord in eastern Svalbard provides information on glacier dynamics, palaeoceanographic and sea ice conditions during the Holocene. The present study illustrates a high meltwater discharge during the summer insolation maximum (~11.3-7.7 ka) when the intrusion of upwelled relatively warm Atlantic-derived waters led to an almost open fjord situation with reduced sea ice in summer. Around 7.7 ka, a rapid hydrographic shift occurred: The dominance of inflowing Atlantic-derived waters was replaced by a stronger influence of Arctic Water reflecting regional palaeoceanographic conditions evident in the benthic foraminiferal fauna also at Svalbard's margins. Neoglacial conditions characterised the late Holocene (~3.1-0.2 ka), when glaciers likely advanced as cold atmospheric temperatures were decoupled from the advection of relatively warm intermediate waters probably caused by an extending sea ice coverage. Accordingly, our data show that even a remote, glacier-proximal study site reflects rapid as well as longer-term regional changes.

Description: Methylated amines and sulfides are ubiquitous organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the marine environment and could serve as important energy substrates to methanogens inhabiting anoxic sediments. However, their abundance and isotopic values remain largely unconstrained in marine sediments. In this study, we investigated the distribution of trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in Aarhus Bay, Denmark and provided the first report for their stable carbon isotopic composition. Simultaneous measurement of those two compounds in small volumes of pore waters and sediments was accomplished with gas chromatography in combination with either a purge and trap system for quantification or a headspace method for carbon isotopic analysis. TMA in the solid phase (exchangeable pool, 0.3-6.6 µmol/kg wet sediment; base-extractable pool, 2-18 µmol/kg) was much more abundant than the dissolved pool (〈 20 nM), indicating strong adsorption of TMA to sediments. Likewise, total base-hydrolyzable DMS(P)t (including DMS and base-released DMS from DMSP) in sediment was at least three orders of magnitude higher (11-65 µmol/kg) than the dissolved pool of DMS(P)d in the pore water (including DMS and dissolved DMSP; 1-12 nM). TMA and DMS(P) contents in the solid phase peaked in the surface sediment, consistent with their phytodetrital origin. TMA was more 13C-depleted than DMS(P) (TMA: -36.4 per mil to -39.2 per mil; DMS: -18.6 per mil to -23.4 per mil), presumably due to different biological or biosynthetic origins of the respective methyl groups. Both compounds showed a downcore decrease in their solid-phase concentration, a feature that was attributed to microbial degradation, but progressive enrichment in 13C (up to 4 per mil) with depth was observed only for DMS(P). The considerable pool size of TMA and DMS(P) outlined in this study and geochemical evidence of their degradability suggested these two compounds could be potentially important substrates for methane production in sulfate-reducing environments.

Description: The half sections for archive were used for core imaging and description on ship board (GeoB 17701-1, GeoB 17703-1, GeoB 17705-1, GeoB 17708-1, GeoB 17711-1, GeoB 17715-1) and onshore (all others). The images were made using a handheld Canon EOS 450D reflex camera under fluorescent light conditions. A true color chart was used for color control. The core description provides information about core section length and position, core section number, core image, color, graphic lithology, sedimentary structures, coring disturbance, grain size and description text. Sediment color was determined qualitatively for core intervals using Munsell soil color charts. Grain size of the sand fraction was determined using a sand ruler, ranging from 63-90 µm for very fine sand, 90-250 µm for fine sand, 250-710 µm for medium sand, and 710-2000 µm for coarse sand.

Description: The strontium (Sr), neodymium (Nd) and lead (Pb) isotope signatures of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in rivers reflect the radiogenic isotope signatures of the rivers' drainage basin. These signatures are not significantly affected by weathering, transport or depositional cycles, but document the sedimentary contributions of the respective sources. We report new Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios and element concentrations of modern SPM from the Brazilian Amazon River basin and document the past evolution of the basin by analyzing radiogenic isotopes of a marine sediment core from the slope off French Guiana archiving the last 40 kyr of Amazon River SPM, and the Holocene section of sediment cores raised between the Amazon River mouth and the slope off French Guiana. The composition of modern SPM confirms two main source areas, the Andes and the cratonic Shield. In the marine sediment core notable changes occurred during the second phase of Heinrich Stadial 1 (i.e. increased proportion of Shield rivers SPM) and during the last deglaciation (i.e. increased proportion of Madeira River SPM) together with elsewhere constant source contributions. Furthermore, we report a prominent offset in Sr and Nd isotopic composition between the average core value (εNd: −11.7 ± 0.9 (2SD), 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7229 ± 0.0016 (2SD)) and the average modern Amazon River SPM signal (εNd: −10.5 ± 0.5 (2SD), 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7213 ± 0.0036 (2SD)). We suggest that a permanent change in the Amazon River basin sediment supply during the late Holocene to a more Andean dominated SPM was responsible for the offset.

Description: Long-term changes in vegetation and climate of southern Brazil, as well as ocean dynamics of the adjacent South Atlantic, were studied by analyses of pollen, spores and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) in marine sediment core GeoB2107-3 collected offshore southern Brazil covering the last 73.5 cal kyr BP. The pollen record indicates that grasslands were much more frequent in the landscapes of southern Brazil during the last glacial period if compared to the late Holocene, reflecting relatively colder and/or less humid climatic conditions. Patches of forest occurred in the lowlands and probably also on the exposed continental shelf that was mainly covered by salt marshes. Interestingly, drought-susceptible Araucaria trees were frequent in the highlands (with a similar abundance as during the late Holocene) until 65 cal kyr BP, but were rare during the following glacial period. Atlantic rainforest was present in the northern lowlands of southern Brazil during the recorded last glacial period, but was strongly reduced from 38.5 until 13.0 cal kyr BP. The reduction was probably controlled by colder and/or less humid climatic conditions. Atlantic rainforest expanded to the south since the Lateglacial period, while Araucaria forests advanced in the highlands only during the late Holocene. Dinocysts data indicate that the Brazil Current (BC) with its warm, salty and nutrient-poor waters influenced the study area throughout the investigated period. However, variations in the proportion of dinocyst taxa indicating an eutrophic environment reflect the input of nutrients transported mainly by the Brazilian Coastal Current (BCC) and partly discharged by the Rio Itajaí (the major river closest to the core site). This was strongly related to changes in sea level. A stronger influence of the BCC with nutrient rich waters occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and in particular during the late MIS 3 and MIS 2 under low sea level. Evidence of Nothofagus pollen grains from the southern Andes during late MIS 3 and MIS 2 suggests an efficient transport by the southern westerlies and Argentinean rivers, then by the Malvinas Current and finally by the BCC to the study site. Major changes in the pollen/spore and dinocyst assemblages occur with similar pacing, indicating strongly interlinked continental and marine environmental changes. Proxy comparisons suggest that the changes were driven by similar overarching factors, of which the most important was orbital obliquity.

Description: Cycloclasticus bacteria are ubiquitous in oil-rich regions of the ocean and are known for their ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we describe Cycloclasticus that have established a symbiosis with Bathymodiolus heckerae mussels and poecilosclerid sponges from asphalt-rich, deep-sea oil seeps at Campeche Knolls in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that, in contrast to all previously known Cycloclasticus, the symbiotic Cycloclasticus appears to lack the genes needed for PAH degradation. Instead, these symbionts use propane and other short-chain alkanes such as ethane and butane as carbon and energy sources, thus expanding the limited range of substrates known to power chemosynthetic symbioses. Analyses of short-chain alkanes in the environment of the Campeche Knolls symbioses revealed that these are present at high concentrations (in the μM to mM range). Comparative genomic analyses revealed high similarities between the genes used by the symbiotic Cycloclasticus to degrade short-chain alkanes and those of free-living Cycloclasticus that bloomed during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Our results indicate that the metabolic versatility of bacteria within the Cycloclasticus clade is higher than previously assumed, and highlight the expanded role of these keystone species in the degradation of marine hydrocarbons.

Description: Seafloor methane release can significantly affect the global carbon cycle and climate. Appreciable quantities of methane are stored in continental margin sediments as shallow gas and hydrate deposits, and changes in pressure, temperature and/or bottom-currents can liberate significant amounts of this greenhouse gas. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of marine methane deposits and their relationships to environmental change are critical for assessing past and future carbon cycle and climate change. Here we present foraminiferal stable carbon isotope and sediment mineralogy records suggesting for the first time that seafloor methane release occurred along the southern Brazilian margin during the last glacial period (40–20 cal ka BP). Our results show that shallow gas deposits on the southern Brazilian margin responded to glacial−interglacial paleoceanographic changes releasing methane due to the synergy of sea level lowstand, warmer bottom waters and vigorous bottom currents during the last glacial period. High sea level during the Holocene resulted in an upslope shift of the Brazil Current, cooling the bottom waters and reducing bottom current strength, reducing methane emissions from the southern Brazilian margin.

Description: The climate of the Sahara and Arabian deserts during the Little Ice Age is not well known, due to a lack of annually resolved natural and documentary archives. We present an annual reconstruction of temperature and aridity derived from Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes in a coral of the desert-surrounded northern Red Sea. Our data indicate that the eastern Sahara and Arabian Desert did not experience pronounced cooling during the late Little Ice Age (~1750-1850), but suggest an even more arid mean climate than in the following ~150 years. The mild temperatures are broadly in line with predominantly negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the Little Ice Age. The more arid climate is best explained by meridional advection of dry continental air from Eurasia. We find evidence for an abrupt termination of the more arid climate after 1850, coincident with a reorganization of the atmospheric circulation over Europe.

Description: The geochemistry of seep gases is useful for an understanding of the local petroleum system. Here it was tested whether individual light hydrocarbons in seep gases are representatively entrapped in authigenic carbonates that formed near active seep sites. If applicable, it would be possible to extract geochemical information not only on the origin but also on the thermal maturity of the hydrocarbon source rocks from the gases entrapped in carbonates in the past. Respective data could be used for a better understanding of paleoenvironments and might directly serve as calibration point for, amongst others, petroleum system modeling. For this approach, (sub)-recent seep carbonates from the Black Sea (Paleodnjepr region and Batumi seep area), two sites of the Campeche Knoll region in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Venere mud volcano (Mediterranean Sea) were selected. These seep carbonates derive from sites for which geochemical data on the currently seeping gases exist. During treatment with phosphoric acid, methane and higher hydrocarbons were released from all carbonates, but in low concentrations. Compositional studies demonstrate that the ratio of methane to the sum of higher hydrocarbons (C1/(C2+C3)) is (partly strongly) positively biased in the entrapped gas fraction. δ13C values of C1 were determined for all samples and, for the samples from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, also of C2 and C3. The present dataset from six seep sites indicates that information on the seeped methane can be—although with a scatter of several permil—recorded in seep carbonate matrices, but other valuable information like the composition and δ13C of ethane and propane appears to be modified or lost during, for example, enclosure or at an early stage of diagenesis.

Description: The Maritime Continent, home to widespread tropical rainforest and millions of people, is the primary region of deep atmospheric convection on the Earth. However, debate exists whether the isotopologues of water reflect rainfall amount during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), resulting in different interpretations of the LGM climate of the Maritime Continent. Here we present paired leaf wax δ13C and δD records together with pollen data from a sediment core retrieved off East Java dating back to 22,000 years before present. We use three n-alkane homologues (n-C29, n-C31 and n-C33) in order to reconstruct past changes in vegetation types and seasonal rainfall. Our results suggest that in East Java, evergreen rainforest remained the dominant vegetation type in montane regions since the seasonality there remained relatively unaltered over the entire period. In contrast, the East Javanese lowlands were characterised by C4 grass expansion and an extended dry season but a wetter rainy season, thus stronger seasonality, during the LGM.

Description: Multiple batch experiments (100 °C, 200 °C; 40 MPa) were conducted, using Dickson-type reactors, to investigate Li and B partitioning and isotope fractionation between rock and water during serpentinization. We reacted fresh olivine (5 g; Fo90; [B] = 〈0.02 µg/g; d11BOlivine -14 per mil; [Li] = 1.7 µg/g; d7LiOlivine = +5.3 per mil) with seawater-like fluids (75 ml, 3.2 wt.% NaCl) adjusted with respect to their Li (0.2, 0.5 µg/ml; and d7LiFluid +55 per mil) and B (~10 µg/ml and d11BFluid -0.3 per mil) characteristics. At 200 °C a reaction turnover of about 70% and a serpentinization mineral assemblage matching equilibrium thermodynamic computational results (EQ3/6) developed after 224 days runtime. Characterization of concomitant fluid samples indicated a distinct B incorporation into solid phases ([B]final_200 °C = 55.61 µg/g; DS/FB200 °C = 13.42) and a preferential uptake of the lighter 10B isotope (Delta11BS-F = -3.46 per mil). Despite a low reaction turnover at 100 °C (〈12%), considerable amounts of B were again incorporated into solid phases ([B]final_100 °C = 25.33 µg/g; DS/FB100 °C = 24.2) with even a larger isotope fractionation factor (Delta11BS-F = -9.97? per mil. While magnitude of isotope fraction appears anti-correlated with temperature, we argue for an overall attenuation of the isotopic effect through changes in B speciation in saline solutions (NaB(OH)4(aq) and B(OH)3Cl-) as well as variable B fixation and fractionation for different serpentinization product minerals (brucite, chrysotile). Breakdown of the Li-rich olivine and limited Li incorporation into product mineral phases resulted in an overall lower Li content of the final solid phase assemblage at 200 °C ([Li]final_200 °C = 0.77 µg/g; DS/FLi200 °C = 1.58). First order changes in Li isotopic compositions were defined by mixing of two isotopically distinct sources i.e. the fresh olivine and the fluid rather than by equilibrium isotope fraction. At 200 °C primary olivine is dissolved, releasing its Li budget into the fluid which shifts towards a lower d7LiF of +38.62 per mil. Newly formed serpentine minerals (d7LiS = +30.58 per mil) incorporate fluid derived Li with a minor preference of the 6Li isotope. At 100 °C Li enrichment of secondary phases exceeded Li release by olivine breakdown ([Li]final_100 °C = 2.10 µg/g; DS/FLi100 °C = 11.3) and it was accompanied by preferential incorporation of heavier 7Li isotope that might be due to incorporation of a 7Li enriched fluid fraction into chrysotile nanotubes.

Description: During expedition MARIA S. MERIAN MSM57/2 to the Svalbard margin offshore Prins Karls Forland, the seafloor drill rig MARUM‐MeBo70 was used to assess the landward termination of the gas hydrate system in water depths between 340 and 446 m. The study region shows abundant seafloor gas vents, clustered at a water depth of ∼400 m. The sedimentary environment within the upper 100 m below seafloor (mbsf) is dominated by ice‐berg scours and glacial unconformities. Sediments cored included glacial diamictons and sheet‐sands interbedded with mud. Seismic data show a bottom simulating reflector terminating ∼30 km seaward in ∼760 m water depth before it reaches the theoretical limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) at the drilling transect. We present results of the first in situ temperature measurements conducted with MeBo70 down to 28 mbsf. The data yield temperature gradients between ∼38°C km−1 at the deepest site (446 m) and ∼41°C km−1 at a shallower drill site (390 m). These data constrain combined with in situ pore‐fluid data, sediment porosities, and thermal conductivities the dynamic evolution of the GHSZ during the past 70 years for which bottom water temperature records exist. Gas hydrate is not stable in the sediments at sites shallower than 390 m water depth at the time of acquisition (August 2016). Only at the drill site in 446 m water depth, favorable gas hydrate stability conditions are met (maximum vertical extent of ∼60 mbsf); however, coring did not encounter any gas hydrates.

Description: Methane seepage from the upper continental slopes of Western Svalbard has previously been attributed to gas hydrate dissociation induced by anthropogenic warming of ambient bottom waters. Here we show that sediment cores drilled off Prins Karls Foreland contain freshwater from dissociating hydrates. However, our modeling indicates that the observed pore water freshening began around 8 ka BP when the rate of isostatic uplift outpaced eustatic sea-level rise. The resultant local shallowing and lowering of hydrostatic pressure forced gas hydrate dissociation and dissolved chloride depletions consistent with our geochemical analysis. Hence, we propose that hydrate dissociation was triggered by postglacial isostatic rebound rather than anthropogenic warming. Furthermore, we show that methane fluxes from dissociating hydrates were considerably smaller than present methane seepage rates implying that gas hydrates were not a major source of methane to the oceans, but rather acted as a dynamic seal, regulating methane release from deep geological reservoirs.

Description: The role of small scale single turbulent events in the vertical mixing of near bed suspended sediments was explored in a shallow shelf sea environment. High frequency velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC; calibrated from the backscatter intensity) were collected using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Using quadrant analysis, the despiked velocity time series was divided into turbulent events and small background fluctuations. Reynolds stress and Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) calculated from all velocity samples, were compared to the same turbulent statistics calculated only from velocity samples classified as turbulent events (Re_events and TKE_events). The comparison showed that Re_events and TKE_events was increased 3 and 1.6 times, respectively, when small background fluctuations were removed and that the correlation with SSC for TKE could be improved through removal of the latter. The correlation between instantaneous vertical turbulent flux (w') and SSC fluctuations (SSC') exhibits a tidal pattern with the maximum correlation at peak ebb and flood currents, when strong turbulent events appear. Individual turbulent events were characterized by type, strength, duration and length. Cumulative vertical turbulent sediment fluxes and average SSC associated with individual turbulent events were calculated. Over the tidal cycle, ejections and sweeps were the most dominant events, transporting 50% and 36% of the cumulative vertical turbulent event sediment flux, respectively. Although the contribution of outward interactions to the vertical turbulent event sediment flux was low (11%), single outward interaction events were capable of inducing similar SSC' as sweep events. The results suggest that on time scales of tens of minutes to hours, TKE may be appropriate to quantify turbulence in sediment transport studies, but that event characteristics, particular the upward turbulent flux need to be accounted for when considering sediment transport on process time scales.

Description: Stationary ship-based data were collected during a period of 19 h, beginning 2014-19-11 16:20:00 CET (UTC +1), in the tidal river part of the Ems estuary, Germany. The ship was moored next to the navigation channel at Jemgum (N53.271114° E07.397424°). Current velocity data was obtained by an ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler, RDI 600 kHz, ping rate 0.5 Hz, cell size 0.2 m, 8 pings per ensemble, mode 1), deployed on a floating platform next to the ship. Parts of each current velocity profile were located in a near-bed layer of very high suspended sediment concentration (SSC). These parts were, at times, biased by spikes. Respective parts were marked invalid. The time series of current velocity profiles was first averaged in time, averaging data in corresponding ADCP depth cells, collected during periods of 10 s. The resulting time series of profiles were then smoothed by an 8 min moving average filter. Averages were performed on individual current velocity components (east, north, up) in earth coordinates. Magnitude was subsequently determined from the smoothed components and flagged according to the tidal phase, flood negative. Vertical profiles of salinity and SSC were collected every 30 min by CTD (48M, Sea & Sun) and OBS (optical backscatter sensor, ViSolid 700, WTW, matrix type 2), both deployed on a crane. Optical backscatter was calibrated with respect to SSC by SSC measurements obtained from filtered water samples. Salinity and SSC profiles contain down-cast data only. An average time was assigned to each profile. Current velocity, SSC and salinity data data is referenced vertically to height above the river bed, and interpolated vertically in steps of 0.1 m.

Description: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most abundant microbes in the oceans and are one of the major sources of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in the water column and underlying sediments. However, little is known about the mechanistic steps during biosynthesis of GDGTs that form the basis of the TEX86 paleothermometer. Recent results showed that, apart from temperature, physiological factors such as growth stage and variations of the ammonium oxidation rate may affect the TEX86 temperature proxy. We performed a short term incubation experiment with radiolabeled 14C-bicarbonate to accurately trace the effect of high and low ammonium (NH4+) supply, on the production of individual membrane lipids by the AOA model organism Nitrosopumilus maritimus. The 14C incorporation during growth was monitored at five time intervals by liquid chromatography coupled to flow-through scintillation counting of the hydrolyzed membrane lipid extract, allowing a straight forward and sensitive on-line detection of 14C incorporation into archaeal lipids on time-scales lower than a single cell cycle. The experiments showed that low NH4+ supply results in higher cyclization of GDGTs with a preferential synthesis of crenarchaeol, whereas excess NH4+ led to predominant production of GDGT-0. Consequently, the cultures with a high NH4+ supply resulted in up to 10 °C lower estimated incubation temperatures than the cultures with low quantities of available NH4+ using the TEX86L calibration. Interestingly, a high relative production of archaeol was observed at the beginning of all experiments (up to 27%), independent of the NH4+ supply; likewise the degree of cyclization was initially lowest indicating delayed production of cycloalkylated derivatives. This pattern is consistent with N. maritimus synthesizing GDGTs by head-to-head condensation of two archaeol molecules and subsequent cyclization of the resulting acyclic tetraether. This study provides robust information on the biosynthesis of GDGTs in N. maritimus and advances our understanding of the influence of NH4+ supply on the TEX86 proxy.

Description: Depth transects of benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes from the Atlantic Ocean show that glacial‐interglacial changes are larger at deep (〉 ~2000 m) than at intermediate water levels. Our model results suggest that the smaller changes in the upper 1000 m of the water column are a result of the glacial sea‐level lowering of about 120 m, leading to warmer temperatures of around 1 °C and hence a smaller glacial‐interglacial stable oxygen isotope difference. In contrast, a shoaling of the water‐mass boundary to ~2000 m water depth between the northern source and southern source water is accompanied by the expansion of a cold (close to the freezing point) southern source water in the abyssal ocean, increasing the oxygen isotope values of benthic foraminifera from the LGM in the deep Atlantic. These two effects explain the different amplitudes of glacial‐interglacial stable oxygen isotope differences in the upper and deeper water column of the Atlantic Ocean.

Description: Precipitation isotope reconstructions derived from speleothems and plant waxes are important archives for understanding hydroclimate dynamics. Their climatic significance in East Asia, however, remains controversial. Here we present terrestrial plant-wax stable hydrogen isotope (δDwax) records over periods covering the last four interglacials and glacial terminations from sediment cores recovered from the northern South China Sea (SCS) as an archive of regionally-integrated precipitation isotope changes in Southeast China. Combined with previous precipitation isotope reconstructions from China, we find that the SCS δDwax and Southwest-Central China stalagmite O records show relatively enriched and depleted isotopic values, respectively, during interglacial peaks; but relatively similar isotopic variations during most sub-interglacials and glacial periods over the past 430 thousand years. During interglacial peaks, strong summer insolation should have intensified the convection intensity, the isotopic fractionation along moisture trajectories and the seasonality, which are all in favor of causing isotopically-depleted rainfall over the East Asian monsoon regime. These effects in combination with a relatively high proportion of Indian Ocean- versus Pacific-sourced moisture influx should have resulted in strongly depleted precipitation isotopes (stalagmite O) over most parts of China. However, Southeast China should have been affected by a relatively low ratio of Indian Ocean- versus Pacific-sourced moisture influx, which dominated over effects yielding depleted precipitation isotopes and led to enriched precipitation isotopes (δDwax). It is thus concluded that glacial boundary conditions and insolation forcing are the two most important factors for causing regional differences in precipitation isotope compositions over subtropical East Asia on orbital timescales.

Description: Research expedition M140 took place from August 11th, 2017 (Mindelo, Cabo Verde) to September 5th, 2017 (Las Palmas, Spain). CTD data for 16 stations with a total of 37 individual casts along the cruise track were recorded using a Sea & Sun Technology CTD90M (SN 979) down to depths of 700m. The CTD was equipped with the following sensors: Temperature sensor Pt100 model 1509 (Thermal Developments International), Conductivity sensor 7-pole platinum coated electrode cell in quartz glass (Sea & Sun Technology), Seapoint Chlorophyll Fluorometer (Seapoint) and dissolved oxygen sensor (DO522M18, Clark type, OxyGuard). Additionally data for two stations were also recorded with Seabird Electronics (SBE) 9 plus CTD (SN 979) mounted in a SBE water sampler rosette. The data files contain the data for temperature, salinity, density, chlorophyll a concentration and dissolved oxygen concentration; as raw data and processed and flagged according to the recommendations for real-time data processing of EuroGOOS and GTSPP, as well as the outlier detection method CoTeDe (https://github.com/castelao/CoTeDe). Biogeographic regions are determined according to Spalding et al. (2012). TEOS-10 unit conversions have been performed with the GSW Oceanographic Toolbox (McDougall and Barker, 2011).

Description: Here we present 230Th/U, 231Pa/U as well as 226Ra/230Th isotope ratios from five fossil reef corals of Last Interglacial origin from the Gulf of Aqaba, Northern Red Sea. The results show clear evidence for open-system behaviour with strongly elevated δ234U values and U concentrations indicating post-depositional U addition. The combined application of all isotope systems enables us to better constrain the nature and timing of the open-system processes than only based on the 230Th/U data. Quantitative modelling of the diagenetic processes allowed us to reproduce the trends in the isotope ratios. Two of the five corals were probably affected by two separate phases of U addition with different δ234U values. The trends observed for two other corals can be explained by U addition followed by U loss. The fifth coral shows signs of both U gain and loss at the same time in the more recent past. The timing of the diagenetic processes is remarkably similar for the five corals and can be constrained to approx. 1 and 6 thousand years (ka) and 100 and 102 ka after coral growth, respectively. Based on the modelling results, we suggest that conventional 231Pa/230Th ages provide the best estimate for the true age of four of the five corals, which range from 109.1 to 114.1 ka. This implies a late Last Interglacial time of deposition. For the fifth coral, the most reliable age estimate is the conventional 230Th/U age of one of the subsamples (117.3 ka), based on a concordia diagram for all subsamples. The timing of the modelled open-system processes suggests that the early event of U addition was associated with interaction of the corals with 234U-enriched seawater or saline groundwater. The later open-system event can be described as U redistribution within the coral reef, since some corals apparently lost U while others gained U. The timing of the second event is broadly consistent with the Bølling-Allerød interstadial, which was probably characterised by enhanced wetness in this typically hyper-arid region.

Description: Morocco is an area subject to recurrent severe droughts, desertification and an increasing land degradation. It is within a Mediterranean hotspot of biodiversity as it harbors many threatened endemic species such as the argan tree (Argania spinosa). In this context, past climate records are needed to analyze the impact of climate variability on the occurrence and future persistence of these endemic species. In order to evaluate the impact of past climate changes on the endemic Argan tree in southern Morocco, we reconstructed its modern range using an extensive pollen dataset. The modern pollen distribution off southwestern Morocco was then utilized to interpret the high-resolution pollen record with complementary micro-charcoal and XRF element records from a marine sediment core GeoB8601-3 off Cape Ghir in southwestern Morocco covering the last three millennia. This multi-proxy study has shown clear evidence of wetter conditions resulting in higher fluvial input which could be correlated with a negative mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), in contrast to the published pollen and XRF element records from another nearby core that showed limited effect of climate changes. On the other hand, clear opposite trend between the pollen occurrences of Argania spinosa and the fire frequency was observed throughout our fossil record. The increase of Argania spinosa pollen occurrences, along with herbaceous taxa, and lower fire frequency might suggest an increase in human impact on the landscape leading to a sparse vegetation cover and subsequently increased erosion. The reconstructed pollen-based vegetation, micro-charcoal-based fire activities and geochemical changes in our marine record suggest interplay of climate and anthropogenic effects on the landscape.