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  • American Chemical Society (ACS)  (12,973)
  • Copernicus  (12,694)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2015-2019  (30,957)
  • 2018  (30,957)
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  • 2015-2019  (30,957)
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  • 1
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    Deglacial Subarctic Pacific Oxygenation Changes: Causes and Links to Northern Hemisphere Climate (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3European Geosciences Union EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2018-04-08-2018-04-13Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-18
    Description: We use a comprehensive suite of partially laminated high-resolution sediment cores from the Bering Sea, covering a depth transect from 1100 m to 2700 m to study deglacial surface ocean warming patterns, associated changes in biological productivity, oxygen minimum zone dynamics and continent-ocean links through Yukon river runoff. We apply a combination of planktic and benthic isotopes, x-ray fluorescence (XRF)-derived ele- mental ratios and a multi-proxy assessment of changes in upper ocean temperatures. Severe oxygen depletions occurred during the Bølling/Allerød (B/A) and early Holocene, which is in accordance with other locations in the North Pacific, especially the Alaska margin. Detailed analysis of the timing of lamination occurrence between the different sediment cores revealed that the onset of severe anoxia at the beginning of the B/A and early Holocene is a near-synchronous event, while the disappearance of laminations is a diachronic process. The deglacial Oxygen Minimum Zone(OMZ) strengthening is mainly driven by increased export production, visible in XRF-derived elemental ratios, and corresponding high accumulation rates of biogenic components. The export production in turn is a response to rising sea surface temperatures, decreased sea ice cover and increased thermal stratification, while a major nutrient source was the eastern continental shelf, which was flooded during the deglacial global sea level rise. It is discussed controversially whether oxygenation variations in the deglacial subarctic Pacific were coupled to changes in mid-depth water chemistry, or rather a response to physical processes like deep-intermediate ocean or mixed layer warming, or stratification changes. However, knowledge of the driving forcing mechanism for OMZ strengthening is of particular importance, as these are tightly coupled to the regional marine carbon budget, e.g. via the strength and efficiency of the biological pump. Here, our laminated sediments provided the opportunity to study ocean dynamics in exceptional detail, possible on decadal to annual timescales. Due to the correlation patterns of our records to the NGRIP oxygen isotope record through layer counts we presume that (i) the presence of laminations is tightly coupled to submillennial, short-term warm phases, especially during the Bølling-Allerød (B/A), (ii) that the laminations represent annual layered sediments (varves). The latter point in conjunction with our geochemical proxies strongly supports an atmospheric teleconnection between SE Asia, the North Atlantic and the North Pacific, with observed changes in mid-depth ocean dynamics occurring on fast, nearly decadal timescales. Thus, the Bering Sea OMZ is a highly sensitive system reacting almost instantaneously to small temperature changes and therefore has the potential to influence the global carbon budget on short timescales, in particular during episodes of rapidly warming climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Radiative impact of an extreme Arctic biomass-burning event (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Atmos. Chem. Phys., Copernicus, 18, pp. 8829-8848
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: The aim of the presented study was to investigate the impact on the radiation budget of a biomass-burning plume, transported from Alaska to the High Arctic region of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, in early July 2015. Since the mean aerosol optical depth increased by the factor of 10 above the average summer background values, this large aerosol load event is considered particularly exceptional in the last 25 years. In situ data with hygroscopic growth equations, as well as remote sensing measurements as inputs to radiative transfer models, were used, in order to estimate biases associated with (i) hygroscopicity, (ii) variability of single-scattering albedo profiles, and (iii) plane-parallel closure of the modelled atmosphere. A chemical weather model with satellite-derived biomass-burning emissions was applied to interpret the transport and transformation pathways. The provided MODTRAN radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations for the smoke event (14:00 9 July–11:30 11 July) resulted in a mean aerosol direct radiative forcing at the levels of −78.9 and −47.0 W m ^-2 at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere, respectively, for the mean value of aerosol optical depth equal to 0.64 at 550 nm. This corresponded to the average clear-sky direct radiative forcing of −43.3 W/m ^2, estimated by radiometer and model simulations at the surface. Ultimately, uncertainty associated with the plane-parallel atmosphere approximation altered results by about 2 W m^−2. Furthermore, model-derived aerosol direct radiative forcing efficiency reached on average −126 W m^−2/τ550 and −71 W^m−2/τ550 at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere, respectively. The heating rate, estimated at up to 1.8 K day^−1 inside the biomass-burning plume, implied vertical mixing with turbulent kinetic energy of 0.3 m^2s^−2
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    A synthesis dataset of permafrost-affected soil thermal conditions for Alaska, USA (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data, Copernicus, 10(4), pp. 2311-2328, ISSN: 1866-3516
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-06
    Description: Recent observations of near-surface soil temperatures over the circumpolar Arctic show accelerated warming of permafrost-affected soils. The availability of a comprehensive near-surface permafrost and active layer dataset is critical to better understanding climate impacts and to constraining permafrost thermal conditions and its spatial distribution in land system models. We compiled a soil temperature dataset from 72 monitoring stations in Alaska using data collected by the US Geological Survey, the National Park Service, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks permafrost monitoring networks. The array of monitoring stations spans a large range of latitudes from 60.9 to 71.3 N and elevations from near sea level to~ 1300 m, comprising tundra and boreal forest regions. This dataset consists of monthly ground temperatures at depths up to 1 m, volumetric soil water content, snow depth, and air temperature during 1997–2016. These data have been quality controlled in collection and processing. Meanwhile, we implemented data harmonization evaluation for the processed dataset. The final product (PF-AK, v0. 1) is available at the Arctic Data Center (https://doi. org/10.18739/A2KG55).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, Copernicus, 15(6), pp. 1643-1661, ISSN: 1726-4189
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-05
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Estimates of late Cenozoic climate change relevant to Earth surface processes in tectonically active orogens (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth Surface Dynamics, Copernicus, 6(2), pp. 271-301, ISSN: 2196-632X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: The denudation history of active orogens is often interpreted in the context of modern climate gradients. Here we address the validity of this approach and ask what are the spatial and temporal variations in palaeoclimate for a latitudinally diverse range of active orogens? We do this using high-resolution (T159, ca. 80 × 80 km at the Equator) palaeoclimate simulations from the ECHAM5 global atmospheric general circulation model and a statistical cluster analysis of climate over different orogens (Andes, Himalayas, SE Alaska, Pacific NW USA). Time periods and boundary conditions considered include the Pliocene (PLIO, ∼3Ma), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21ka), mid-Holocene (MH, ∼6ka), and pre-industrial (PI, reference year 1850). The regional simulated climates of each orogen are described by means of cluster analyses based on the variability in precipitation, 2 m air temperature, the intra-annual amplitude of these values, and monsoonal wind speeds where appropriate. Results indicate the largest differences in the PI climate existed for the LGM and PLIO climates in the form of widespread cooling and reduced precipitation in the LGM and warming and enhanced precipitation during the PLIO. The LGM climate shows the largest deviation in annual precipitation from the PI climate and shows enhanced precipitation in the temperate Andes and coastal regions for both SE Alaska and the US Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, LGM precipitation is reduced in the western Himalayas and enhanced in the eastern Himalayas, resulting in a shift of the wettest regional climates eastward along the orogen. The cluster-analysis results also suggest more climatic variability across latitudes east of the Andes in the PLIO climate than in other time slice experiments conducted here. Taken together, these results highlight significant changes in late Cenozoic regional climatology over the last ∼3Myr. Comparison of simulated climate with proxy-based reconstructions for the MH and LGM reveal satisfactory to good performance of the model in reproducing precipitation changes, although in some cases discrepancies between neighbouring proxy observations highlight contradictions between proxy observations themselves. Finally, we document regions where the largest magnitudes of late Cenozoic changes in precipitation and temperature occur and offer the highest potential for future observational studies that quantify the impact of climate change on denudation and weathering rates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Moisture transport and Antarctic sea ice: austral spring 2016 event (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Dynamics, Copernicus, 9(3), pp. 939-954, ISSN: 2190-4979
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-09
    Description: In austral spring 2016 the Antarctic region experienced anomalous sea ice retreat in all sectors, with sea ice extent in October and November 2016 being the lowest in the Southern Hemisphere over the observational period (1979–present). The extreme sea ice retreat was accompanied by widespread warming along the coastal areas as well as in the interior of the Antarctic continent. This exceptional event occurred along with a strong negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the moistest and warmest spring on record, over large areas covering the Indian Ocean, the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. In October 2016, the positive anomalies of the totally integrated water vapor (IWV) and 2 m air temperature (T2m) over the Indian Ocean, western Pacific, Bellingshausen Sea and southern part of Ross Sea were unprecedented in the last 39 years. In October and November 2016, when the largest magnitude of negative daily sea ice concentration anomalies was observed, repeated episodes of poleward advection of warm and moist air took place. These results suggest the importance of moist and warm air intrusions into the Antarctic region as one of the main contributors to this exceptional sea ice retreat event.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Promising Oldest Ice sites in East Antarctica based on thermodynamical modelling (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-22, ISSN: 1994-0440
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-20
    Description: To resolve the mechanisms behind the major climate reorganisation which occurred between 0.9 and 1.2Ma, the recovery of a suitable 1.5 million-year-old ice core is fundamental. The quest for such an Oldest Ice core requires a number of key boundary conditions, of which the poorly known basal geothermal heat flux (GHF) is lacking. We use a transient thermodynamical 1D vertical model that solves for the rate of change of temperature in the vertical, with surface temperature and modelled GHF as boundary conditions. For each point on the ice sheet, the model is forced with variations in atmospheric conditions over the last 2Ma, and modelled ice-thickness variations. The process is repeated for a range of GHF values to determine the value of GHF that marks the limit between frozen and melting conditions over the whole ice sheet, taking into account 2Ma of climate history. These threshold values of GHF are statistically compared to existing GHF data sets. The new probabilistic GHF fields obtained for the ice sheet thus provide the missing boundary conditions in the search for Oldest Ice. High spatial resolution radar data are examined locally in the Dome Fuji and Dome C regions, as these represent the ice core community's primary drilling sites. GHF, bedrock variability, ice thickness and other essential criteria combined highlight a dozen major potential Oldest Ice sites in the vicinity of Dome Fuji and Dome C, where GHF allows for Oldest Ice.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Water stable isotope spatio-temporal variability in Antarctica in 1960–2013: observations and simulations from the ECHAM5-wiso atmospheric general circulation model (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, Copernicus, 14(6), pp. 923-946, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-10
    Description: Polar ice core water isotope records are commonly used to infer past changes in Antarctic temperature, motivating an improved understanding and quantification of the temporal relationship between δ18O and temperature. This can be achieved using simulations performed by atmospheric general circulation models equipped with water stable isotopes. Here, we evaluate the skills of the high-resolution water-isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso (the European Centre Hamburg Model) nudged to European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis using simulations covering the period 1960–2013 over the Antarctic continent. We compare model outputs with field data, first with a focus on regional climate variables and second on water stable isotopes, using our updated dataset of water stable isotope measurements from precipitation, snow, and firn–ice core samples. ECHAM5-wiso simulates a large increase in temperature from 1978 to 1979, possibly caused by a discontinuity in the European Reanalyses (ERA) linked to the assimilation of remote sensing data starting in 1979. Although some model–data mismatches are observed, the (precipitation minus evaporation) outputs are found to be realistic products for surface mass balance. A warm model bias over central East Antarctica and a cold model bias over coastal regions explain first-order δ18O model biases by too strong isotopic depletion on coastal areas and underestimated depletion inland. At the second order, despite these biases, ECHAM5-wiso correctly captures the observed spatial patterns of deuterium excess. The results of model–data comparisons for the inter-annual δ18O standard deviation difer when using precipitation or ice core data. Further studies should explore the importance of deposition and post-deposition processes affecting ice core signals and not resolved in the model. These results build trust in the use of ECHAM5-wiso outputs to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual δ18O–temperature relationships. We thus make the first Antarctica-wide synthesis of prior results. First, we show that local spatial or seasonal slopes are not a correct surrogate for inter-annual temporal slopes, leading to the conclusion that the same isotope–temperature slope cannot be applied for the climatic interpretation of Antarctic ice core for all timescales. Finally, we explore the phasing between the seasonal cycles of deuterium excess and δ18O as a source of information on changes in moisture sources affecting the δ18O–temperature relationship. The few available records and ECHAM5-wiso show different phase relationships in coastal, intermediate, and central regions. This work evaluates the use of the ECHAM5-wiso model as a tool for the investigation of water stable isotopes in Antarctic precipitation and calls for extended studies to improve our understanding of such proxies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Solar and volcanic forcing of North Atlantic climate inferred from a process-based reconstruction (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, Copernicus, 14(8), pp. 1179-1194, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-10
    Description: The effect of external forcings on atmospheric circulation is debated. Due to the short observational period, the analysis of the role of external forcings is hampered, making it difficult to assess the sensitivity of atmospheric circulation to external forcings, as well as persistence of the effects. In observations, the average response to tropical volcanic eruptions is a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the following winter. However, past major tropical eruptions exceeding the magnitude of eruptions during the instrumental era could have had more lasting effects. Decadal NAO variability has been suggested to follow the 11-year solar cycle, and linkages have been made between grand solar minima and negative NAO. However, the solar link to NAO found by modeling studies is not unequivocally supported by reconstructions, and is not consistently present in observations for the 20th century. Here we present a reconstruction of atmospheric winter circulation for the North Atlantic region covering the period 1241–1970 CE. Based on seasonally resolved Greenland ice core records and a 1200-year-long simulation with an isotope-enabled climate model, we reconstruct sea level pressure and temperature by matching the spatiotemporal variability in the modeled isotopic composition to that of the ice cores. This method allows us to capture the primary (NAO) and secondary mode (Eastern Atlantic Pattern) of atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic region, while, contrary to previous reconstructions, preserving the amplitude of observed year-to-year atmospheric variability. Our results show five winters of positive NAO on average following major tropical volcanic eruptions, which is more persistent than previously suggested. In response to decadal minima of solar activity we find a high-pressure anomaly over northern Europe, while a reinforced opposite response in pressure emerges with a 5-year time lag. On centennial timescales we observe a similar response of circulation as for the 5-year time-lagged response, with a high-pressure anomaly across North America and south of Greenland. This response to solar forcing is correlated to the second mode of atmospheric circulation, the Eastern Atlantic Pattern. The response could be due to an increase in blocking frequency, possibly linked to a weakening of the subpolar gyre. The long-term anomalies of temperature during solar minima shows cooling across Greenland, Iceland and western Europe, resembling the cooling pattern during the Little Ice Age (1450–1850 CE). While our results show significant correlation between solar forcing and the secondary circulation pattern on decadal (r = 0.29, p 〈 0.01) and centennial timescales (r = 0.6, p 〈 0.01), we find no consistent relationship between solar forcing and NAO. We conclude that solar and volcanic forcing impacts different modes of our reconstructed atmospheric circulation, which can aid in separating the regional effects of forcings and understanding the underlying mechanisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Global Carbon Budget 2018 (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-3, ISSN: 1866-3591
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    A modelling assessment from glacial North Pacific deep water to modern intermediate water formation process (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2018-04-08-2018-04-13Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-18
    Description: North Pacific Intermediate water (NPIW) is a dominant water mass controlling ∼400-1200m depth North Pacific Ocean, meanwhile there is a cessation of North Pacific deep water (NPDW) formation in in modern observations. In contrast, paleoceanographic evidences have recorded NPDW formations during last glacial periods. This sug- gests either a rapid or gradual shutting down process of NPDW formation during the last deglaciation. Here, we use an Earth System Model to diagnose the physical and corresponding biogeochemical evolutions in the North Pacific Ocean before and after the last deglaciation, as well as potential changes during rapid climate shifts of the last deglaciation. Linked to different background climate conditions and varying Atlantic Meridional Over- turning Circulation states, we characterize the modelled NPIW and NPDW changes and builds up linkages to marine records. Our results further develop our understanding about the deglacial switch from NPDW to modern NPIW-only formation process.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    A global monthly climatology of total alkalinity: a neural network approach (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-31, ISSN: 1866-3591
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-29
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Three-dimensional imaging from laser scanner, photogrammetric and acoustic non-destructive techniques in the characterization of stone building materials (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: Abstract. When combined, the three-dimensional imaging of different physical properties of architectural monumen- tal structures acquired through different methodologies can highlight with efficiency the characteristics of the stone building materials. In this work, we compound high res- olution Digital Color Images (DCI) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data for a dense 3-D reconstruction of an ancient pillar in a nineteenth century building in the town of Cagliari, Italy. The TLS technique was supported by a digital photogrammetry survey in order to obtain a natural color texturized 3-D model of the studied pillar. Geometri- cal anomaly maps showing interesting analogies were com- puted both from the 3-D model derived from the TLS ap- plication and from the high resolution 3-D model detected with the photogrammetry. Starting from the 3-D reconstruc- tion from previous techniques, an acoustic tomography in a sector of prior interest of the investigated architectural ele- ment was planned and carried out. The ultrasonic tomogra- phy proved to be an effective tool for detecting internal decay or defects, locating the position of the anomalies and estimat- ing their sizes, shapes, and characteristics in terms of elastic- mechanical properties. Finally, the combination of geophysi- cal and petrographical data sets represents a powerful method for understanding the quality of the building stone materials in the shallow and inner parts of the investigated architectural structures.
    Description: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS) (Sardinian Autonomous Region), Regional Law 7th August 2007, no. 7, Promotion of scientific research and technological innovation in Sardinia (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 57-62
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Architectural monumental structures ; Structural Diagnosis ; Digital Color Images ; 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner ; Acoustic tomography ; Petrographical data ; 3D Modeling ; Cultural Heritage ; Architectural Elements ND Diagnosis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    The Italian National Seismic Network and the earthquake and tsunami monitoring and surveillance systems (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia runs the Italian National Seismic Network (about 400 stations, seismometers, accelerometers and GPS antennas) and other networks at national scale for monitoring earthquakes and tsunami as a part of the National Civil Protection System coordinated by the Italian Department of Civil Protection. This work summarises the acquisition and the distribution of the data and the analysis that are carried out for seismic surveillance and tsunami alert.
    Description: INGV and DPC
    Description: Published
    Description: 31-38
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus, 11(12), pp. 5027-5049, ISSN: 1991-9603
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system models, in a wide variety of settings against local and global observations. The project aims to identify crucial processes and characteristics that need to be improved in snow models in the context of local- and global-scale modelling. A further objective of ESM-SnowMIP is to better quantify snow-related feedbacks in the Earth system. Although it is not part of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), ESM-SnowMIP is tightly linked to the CMIP6-endorsed Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison (LS3MIP).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    The Molecular Fingerprint of Fluorescent Natural Organic Matter Offers Insight into Biogeochemical Sources and Diagenetic State (2018)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society (ACS), 90(24), pp. 14188-14197, ISSN: 0003-2700
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Investigating the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) requires the synthesis of data from several complementary analytical techniques. The traditional approach to data synthesis is to search for correlations between measurements made on the same sample using different instruments. In contrast, data fusion simultaneously decomposes data from multiple instruments into the underlying shared and unshared components. Here, Advanced Coupled Matrix and Tensor Factorization (ACMTF) was used to identify the molecular fingerprint of DOM fluorescence fractions in Arctic fjords. ACMTF explained 99.84% of the variability with six fully shared components. Individual molecular formulas were linked to multiple fluorescence components and vice versa. Molecular fingerprints differed in diversity and oceanographic patterns, suggesting a link to the biogeochemical sources and diagenetic state of DOM. The fingerprints obtained through ACMTF were more specific compared to traditional correlation analysis and yielded greater compositional insight. Multivariate data fusion aligns extremely complex, heterogeneous DOM data sets and thus facilitates a more holistic understanding of DOM biogeochemistry.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Numerical observation of emergent spacetime supersymmetry at quantum criticality (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉No definitive evidence of spacetime supersymmetry (SUSY) that transmutes fermions into bosons and vice versa has been revealed in nature so far. Moreover, the question of whether spacetime SUSY in 2 + 1 and higher dimensions can emerge in generic lattice microscopic models remains open. Here, we introduce a lattice realization of a single Dirac fermion in 2 + 1 dimensions with attractive interactions that preserves both time-reversal and chiral symmetries. By performing sign problem–free determinant quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we show that an interacting single Dirac fermion in 2 + 1 dimensions features a superconducting quantum critical point (QCP). We demonstrate that the 〈f〉N=2〈/f〉 spacetime SUSY in 2 + 1 dimensions emerges at the superconducting QCP by showing that the fermions and bosons have identical anomalous dimensions 1/3, a hallmark of the emergent SUSY. We further show some experimental signatures that may be measured to test such emergent SUSY in candidate systems.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    Dynamic assembly of liquid crystalline graphene oxide gel fibers for ion transport (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Colloidal dispersions with liquid crystallinity hold great promise for fabricating their superstructures. As an example, when graphene oxide (GO) sheets are assembled in the liquid crystalline state, they can turn into ordered macroscopic forms of GO such as fibers via the wet spinning process. Here, we report that by reinforcing intersheet interactions, GO liquid crystals (LCs) turn into mechanically robust hydrogels that can be readily drawn into highly aligned fibrillar structures. GO hydrogel fibers with highly aligned sheets (orientation factor, 〈i〉f〈/i〉 = 0.71) exhibit more than twice the ionic conductivity compared to those with partially aligned structures (〈i〉f〈/i〉 = 0.01). The hierarchically interconnected two-dimensional nanochannels within these neatly aligned GOLC hydrogel fibers may facilitate controlled transport of charge carriers and could be potentially explored as cables for interconnecting biosystems and/or human-made devices.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    Compliant and stretchable thermoelectric coils for energy harvesting in miniature flexible devices (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉With accelerating trends in miniaturization of semiconductor devices, techniques for energy harvesting become increasingly important, especially in wearable technologies and sensors for the internet of things. Although thermoelectric systems have many attractive attributes in this context, maintaining large temperature differences across the device terminals and achieving low–thermal impedance interfaces to the surrounding environment become increasingly difficult to achieve as the characteristic dimensions decrease. Here, we propose and demonstrate an architectural solution to this problem, where thin-film active materials integrate into compliant, open three-dimensional (3D) forms. This approach not only enables efficient thermal impedance matching but also multiplies the heat flow through the harvester, thereby increasing the efficiencies for power conversion. Interconnected arrays of 3D thermoelectric coils built using microscale ribbons of monocrystalline silicon as the active material demonstrate these concepts. Quantitative measurements and simulations establish the basic operating principles and the key design features. The results suggest a scalable strategy for deploying hard thermoelectric thin-film materials in harvesters that can integrate effectively with soft materials systems, including those of the human body.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A novel ternary heterostructure with dramatic SERS activity for evaluation of PD-L1 expression at the single-cell level (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes based on a charge transfer (CT) process with high stability and reproducibility are powerful tools under open-air conditions. However, the key problem ahead of practical usage of CT-based SERS technology is how to effectively improve sensitivity. Here, a novel ternary heterostructure SERS substrate, Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉@GO@TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, with a significant enhancement factor of 8.08 x 10〈sup〉6〈/sup〉 was first synthesized. We found the remarkable enhanced effect of SERS signal to be attributed to the resonance effect of CuPc, CT between GO and TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and enrichment from a porous TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 shell. In addition, we developed a robust SERS probe with good recyclability under visible light illumination on Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉@GO@TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanocomposites toward ultrasensitive detection of cancer cells down to three cells. We have now successfully applied this probe for in situ quantification and imaging of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) on triple-negative breast cancer cell surface at the single-cell level and for monitoring the expression variation of PD-L1 during drug treatment.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Stochastic downscaling of precipitation in complex orography: a simple method to reproduce a realistic fine-scale climatology (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Stochastic downscaling of precipitation in complex orography: a simple method to reproduce a realistic fine-scale climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Silvia Terzago, Elisa Palazzi, and Jost von Hardenberg〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2825-2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2825-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study proposes a modification to a stochastic downscaling method for precipitation, RainFARM, to improve the representation of the statistics of the daily precipitation at fine scales (1 km) in mountain areas. This method has been demonstrated in the Alps and it has been found to reconstruct small-scale precipitation distribution. It can be employed in a number of applications, including the analysis of extreme events and their statistics and hydrometeorological hazards.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    How to clean up the Ganges? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Soil lacquer peel DIY: simply capturing beauty (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Soil lacquer peel DIY: simply capturing beauty〈/b〉〈br〉 Cathelijne R. Stoof, Jasper H. J. Candel, Laszlo van der Wal, and Gert Peek〈br〉 SOIL Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/soil-2018-27,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SOIL〈/b〉 (discussion: final response, 2 comments)〈br〉 Teaching and outreach of soils is often done with real life snapshots of soils and sediments in lacquer or glue peels. While it may seem hard, anyone can make such a peel. Illustrated with handmade drawings and instructional video, we explain how to capture soils in peels using readily available materials. A new twist to old methods makes this more safe, simple and successful, and thus a true DIY (do it yourself) activity, highlighting the value and beauty of the ground below our feet.
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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  • 24
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    Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures〈/b〉〈br〉 Rosa Delia García, Emilio Cuevas, Ramón Ramos, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Alberto Redondas, and José A. Moreno-Ruiz〈br〉 Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gi-2018-41,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Revised manuscript accepted for GI〈/b〉 (discussion: closed, 3 comments)〈br〉 IZA is a high-mountain station located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain; at 28.3° N, 16.5° W, 2373 m a.s.l.) and is a representative site of the subtropical North Atlantic free troposphere. It contributes with basic-BSRN radiation measurements, such as, global shortwave radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation and longwave downward radiation and extended-BSRN measurements, including ultraviolet ranges, shortwave upward radiation and longwave.
    Print ISSN: 2193-0856
    Electronic ISSN: 2193-0864
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 25
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    High-spatial resolution probability maps of drought duration and magnitude across Spain (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉High-spatial resolution probability maps of drought duration and magnitude across Spain〈/b〉〈br〉 Fernando Domínguez-Castro, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Miquel Tomás-Burguera, Marina Peña-Gallardo, Santiago Beguería, Ahmed El Kenawy, Yolanda Luna, and Ana Morata〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-289,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for NHESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We mapped – for the first time – the probability of occurrence of drought over Spain, with the overriding aim of improving current drought assessment, management and mitigation measures and strategies across the region. Spatially, our estimations suggest a higher probability of extreme drought events in southern and central areas of Spain, compared to northern and eastern regions. Nevertheless, there are strong differences between drought indices, as well as among drought timescales.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco〈/b〉〈br〉 Natalia Andrea Osinaga, Carina Rosa Álvarez, and Miguel Angel Taboada〈br〉 SOIL, 4, 251-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-251-2018, 2018〈br〉 The sub-humid Argentine Chaco, originally covered by forest, has been subjected to clearing since the end of the 1970s and replacement of the forest by no-till farming. The organic carbon stock content up to 1 m depth varied as follows: forest 〉 pasture 〉 continuous cropping, with no impact of the number of years under cropping. The incorporation of pastures of warm-season grasses was able to mitigate the decrease of C stocks caused by cropping and so could be considered sustainable management.
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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  • 27
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    Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures〈/b〉〈br〉 Rosa Delia García, Emilio Cuevas, Ramón Ramos, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Alberto Redondas, and José A. Moreno-Ruiz〈br〉 Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gi-2018-41,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Revised manuscript accepted for GI〈/b〉 (discussion: closed, 3 comments)〈br〉 IZA is a high-mountain station located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain; at 28.3° N, 16.5° W, 2373 m a.s.l.) and is a representative site of the subtropical North Atlantic free troposphere. It contributes with basic-BSRN radiation measurements, such as, global shortwave radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation and longwave downward radiation and extended-BSRN measurements, including ultraviolet ranges, shortwave upward radiation and longwave.
    Electronic ISSN: 2193-0872
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Bayesian earthquake dating and seismic hazard assessment using chlorine-36 measurements (BED v1) (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Bayesian earthquake dating and seismic hazard assessment using chlorine-36 measurements (BED v1)〈/b〉〈br〉 Joakim Beck, Sören Wolfers, and Gerald P. Roberts〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4383-4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4383-2018, 2018〈br〉 Seismic hazard assessment requires records of earthquake recurrence with many slip events. Current data from paleoseismology on individual faults are sparse and do not provide stable estimates of earthquake recurrence. We propose a statistical model-based method to study timings of earthquakes over the past few millennia. The results agree with historical earthquakes for faults in the Italian Apennines, and can aid future studies of fault interactions over multiple earthquake cycles.
    Print ISSN: 1991-9611
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-962X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals? (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals?〈/b〉〈br〉 James O. Knighton, Osamu Tsuda, Rebecca Elliott, and M. Todd Walter〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5657-5673, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5657-2018, 2018〈br〉 Decision-making for flood risk management is often the collective effort of professionals within government, NGOs, private practice, and advocacy groups. Our research investigates differences among flood experts within Tompkins County, New York (USA). We explore how they differ in their perceptions of flooding risk, desired project outcomes, and knowledge. We observe substantial differences among experts, and recommend formally acknowledging these perceptions when engaging in flood management.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    High variability of particulate organic carbon export along the North Atlantic GEOTRACES section GA01 as deduced from 234Th fluxes (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉High variability of particulate organic carbon export along the North Atlantic GEOTRACES section GA01 as deduced from 〈sup〉234〈/sup〉Th fluxes〈/b〉〈br〉 Nolwenn Lemaitre, Frédéric Planchon, Hélène Planquette, Frank Dehairs, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Arnout Roukaerts, Florian Deman, Yi Tang, Clarisse Mariez, and Géraldine Sarthou〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 15, 6417-6437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6417-2018, 2018〈br〉 We investigated the surface particulate organic carbon export fluxes in the North Atlantic with the objective of better understanding the biological carbon pump. Our results highlighted that exports depended on the intensity and stage of the bloom, the phytoplankton size and community structures. After comparing with primary production, we concluded that, during our study, the North Atlantic behaves like most of the highly productive areas in the world's ocean, with a low export efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Camilo Melo-Aguilar, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Elena García-Bustamante, Jorge Navarro-Montesinos, and Norman Steinert〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1583-1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1583-2018, 2018〈br〉 Air–ground temperature coupling is the central assumption of borehole temperature reconstructions. Here, this premise is assessed from a pseudo-reality perspective by considering last millennium ensembles of simulations from the Community Earth System Model. The results show that long-term variations in the energy fluxes at the surface during industrial times, due to the influence of external forcings, impact the long-term air–ground temperature coupling.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
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    A General Analytical Model for Head Response to Oscillatory Pumping in Unconfined Aquifers: Consider the Effects of Delayed Gravity Drainage and Initial Condition (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉A General Analytical Model for Head Response to Oscillatory Pumping in Unconfined Aquifers: Consider the Effects of Delayed Gravity Drainage and Initial Condition〈/b〉〈br〉 Ching-Sheng Huang, Ya-Hsin Tsai, Hund-Der Yeh, and Tao Yang〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-482,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 2 comments)〈br〉 This study develops a new model describing head fluctuation induced by oscillatory pumping test (OPT) in unconfined aquifer with the effects of delayed gravity drainage (DGD) and initial condition regarding the hydraulic head prior to OPT. The DGD reduces to instantaneous gravity drainage when a dimensionless parameter exceeds 500. A pseudo-steady state model excluding initial condition causes a time shift from the actual transient model in predicting simple harmonic motion of head fluctuation.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China? (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China?〈/b〉〈br〉 Bing-Qi Zhu, Xiao-Zong Ren, and Patrick Rioual〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-395,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Although rainfall is scarce in global deserts, the Otindag Desert is abundant of water resources (mainly groundwater). To understand the water origin in this desert, stable and radioactive isotopes and hydrochemistry of natural waters were investigated. The groundwaters in the desert were young but not of meteoric origin, i.e., out of control by the modern and palaeo- direct recharge. The tectonic control, but not the climate control, is essentially responsible for the water origin there.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM〈/b〉〈br〉 Rumi Ohgaito, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O'ishi, Toshihiko Takemura, Akinori Ito, Tomohiro Hajima, Shingo Watanabe, and Michio Kawamiya〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1565-1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1565-2018, 2018〈br〉 The behaviour of dust in terms of climate can be investigated using past climate. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21000 years before present) is known to be dustier. We investigated the impact of plausible dust distribution on the climate of the LGM using an Earth system model and found that the higher dust load results in less cooling over the polar regions. The main finding is that radiative perturbation by the high dust loading does not necessarily cool the surface surrounding Antarctica.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
    Topics: Geosciences
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    A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea〈/b〉〈br〉 Jiaxun Li, Guihua Wang, Huijie Xue, and Huizan Wang〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-116,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A novel predictive model is built for eddy propagation trajectory using the multiple linear regression method. This simple model has related various oceanic parameters to eddy propagation position changes in the South China Sea (SCS). The performance of the proposed model is examined in the SCS based on twenty years of satellite altimeter data, and demonstrates its significant forecast skills over a 4-week forecast window comparing to the traditional persistence method.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 36
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    Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Camilo Melo-Aguilar, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Elena García-Bustamante, Jorge Navarro-Montesinos, and Norman Steinert〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1583-1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1583-2018, 2018〈br〉 Air–ground temperature coupling is the central assumption of borehole temperature reconstructions. Here, this premise is assessed from a pseudo-reality perspective by considering last millennium ensembles of simulations from the Community Earth System Model. The results show that long-term variations in the energy fluxes at the surface during industrial times, due to the influence of external forcings, impact the long-term air–ground temperature coupling.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM〈/b〉〈br〉 Rumi Ohgaito, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O'ishi, Toshihiko Takemura, Akinori Ito, Tomohiro Hajima, Shingo Watanabe, and Michio Kawamiya〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1565-1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1565-2018, 2018〈br〉 The behaviour of dust in terms of climate can be investigated using past climate. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21000 years before present) is known to be dustier. We investigated the impact of plausible dust distribution on the climate of the LGM using an Earth system model and found that the higher dust load results in less cooling over the polar regions. The main finding is that radiative perturbation by the high dust loading does not necessarily cool the surface surrounding Antarctica.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 38
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    Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China? (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China?〈/b〉〈br〉 Bing-Qi Zhu, Xiao-Zong Ren, and Patrick Rioual〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-395,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Although rainfall is scarce in global deserts, the Otindag Desert is abundant of water resources (mainly groundwater). To understand the water origin in this desert, stable and radioactive isotopes and hydrochemistry of natural waters were investigated. The groundwaters in the desert were young but not of meteoric origin, i.e., out of control by the modern and palaeo- direct recharge. The tectonic control, but not the climate control, is essentially responsible for the water origin there.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Inter-comparison of Atmospheric Trace Gas Dispersion Models: Barnett Shale Case Study (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Inter-comparison of Atmospheric Trace Gas Dispersion Models: Barnett Shale Case Study〈/b〉〈br〉 Anna Karion, Thomas Lauvaux, Israel Lopez Coto, Colm Sweeney, Kimberly Mueller, Sharon Gourdji, Wayne Angevine, Zachary Barkley, Aijun Deng, Arlyn Andrews, Ariel Stein, and James Whetstone〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-736,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In this study, we use atmospheric methane concentration observations collected during an airborne campaign to compare different model-based emissions estimates from the Barnett Shale oil and natural gas production basin in Texas, U.S.A. We find that the tracer dispersion model has a significant impact on the results, because the models differ in their simulation of vertical dispersion. Additional work is needed to evaluate and improve vertical mixing in the tracer dispersion models.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Insights into the morphology of multicomponent organic/inorganic aerosols from molecular dynamics simulations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Insights into the morphology of multicomponent organic/inorganic aerosols from molecular dynamics simulations〈/b〉〈br〉 Katerina S. Karadima, Vlasis G. Mavrantzas, and Spyros N. Pandis〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1098,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We explore the morphologies of multicomponent nanoparticles through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations under atmospherically relevant conditions. Phase separation is predicted for almost all simulated nanoparticles either between organics and inorganics or between hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents. Three main particle types were identified: organic islands at the surface, inorganic core-organic shell morphologies, and complex structures with hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas〈/b〉〈br〉 Ye Tian, Chao Xue, Chun-Ying Liu, Gui-Peng Yang, Pei-Feng Li, Wei-Hua Feng, and Hermann W. Bange〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-446,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be widespread with different functions in marine ecosystem but know little about it. Concentrations of NO were in the range of from below the detection limit to 616 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the surface and to 482 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the bottom of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. The study region was a source of the atmospheric NO. NO sea-to-air fluxes were much lower than NO photoproduction rates, implying that the NO produced in the mixed layer was rapidly consumed before enter the atmosphere.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    CORDEX-WRF v1.3: Development of a module for theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to support the CORDEX community (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉CORDEX-WRF v1.3: Development of a module for theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to support the CORDEX community〈/b〉〈br〉 Lluís Fita, Jan Polcher, Theodore M. Giannaros, Torge Lorenz, Josipa Milovac, Giannis Sofiadis, Eleni Katragkou, and Sophie Bastin〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-241,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Regional climate experiments coordinated throughout CORDEX aim to study and provide high quality climate data over a given region. This data is used by climate change mitigation and adaptation policies studies and stake holders. CORDEX requires a list of variables, which most of them are not provided by atmospheric models. Aiming to help the community and to maximize use of CORDEX exercises, we create a new module for the WRF model to directly produce them adding 〈q〉generic〈/q〉 and 〈q〉additional〈/q〉 ones.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Do slow slip events trigger large and great megathrust earthquakes? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Slow slip events have been suggested to trigger subduction earthquakes. However, examples to date have been poorly recorded, occurring offshore, where data are sparse. Better understanding of slow slip events and their influence on subsequent earthquakes is critical for hazard forecasts. We analyze a well-recorded event beginning 6 months before the 2012 〈i〉M〈/i〉〈sub〉w〈/sub〉 (moment magnitude) 7.6 earthquake in Costa Rica. The event migrates to the eventual megathrust rupture. Peak slip rate reached a maximum of 5 mm/day, 43 days before the earthquake, remaining high until the earthquake. However, changes in Mohr-Coulomb failure stress at the hypocenter were small (0.1 bar). Our data contradict models of earthquake nucleation that involve power law acceleration of slip and foreshocks. Slow slip events may prove useful for short-term earthquake forecasts.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    A new mathematical model to explore microbial processes and their constraints in phytoplankton colonies and sinking marine aggregates (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-fixing colonies of cyanobacteria and aggregates of phytoplankton and detritus sinking hundreds of meters per day are instrumental for the ocean’s sequestration of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from the atmosphere. Understanding of small-scale microbial processes associated with phytoplankton colonies and aggregates is therefore crucial for understanding large-scale biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Phytoplankton colonies and sinking aggregates are characterized by steep concentration gradients of gases and nutrients in their interior. Here, we present a mechanistic mathematical model designed to perform modeling of small-scale fluxes and evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological constraints of processes that co-occur in phytoplankton colonies and sinking porous aggregates. The model accurately reproduced empirical measurements of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations and fluxes measured in sinking aggregates. Common theoretical assumptions of either constant concentration or constant flux over the entire surface did not apply to sinking aggregates. Consequently, previous theoretical models overestimate O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux in these aggregates by as high as 15-fold.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    High-throughput screening for selective appetite modulators: A multibehavioral and translational drug discovery strategy (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉How appetite is modulated by physiological, contextual, or pharmacological influence is still unclear. Specifically, the discovery of appetite modulators is compromised by the abundance of side effects that usually limit in vivo drug action. We set out to identify neuroactive drugs that trigger only their intended single behavioral change, which would provide great therapeutic advantages. To identify these ideal bioactive small molecules, we quantified the impact of more than 10,000 compounds on an extended series of different larval zebrafish behaviors using an in vivo imaging strategy. Known appetite-modulating drugs altered feeding and a pleiotropy of behaviors. Using this multibehavioral strategy as an active filter for behavioral side effects, we identified previously unidentified compounds that selectively increased or reduced food intake by more than 50%. The general applicability of this strategy is shown by validation in mice. Mechanistically, most candidate compounds were independent of the main neurotransmitter systems. In addition, we identified compounds with multibehavioral impact, and correlational comparison of these profiles with those of known drugs allowed for the prediction of their mechanism of action. Our results illustrate an unbiased and translational drug discovery strategy for ideal psychoactive compounds and identified selective appetite modulators in two vertebrate species.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Multiple modes of PRC2 inhibition elicit global chromatin alterations in H3K27M pediatric glioma (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉A methionine substitution at lysine-27 on histone H3 variants (H3K27M) characterizes ~80% of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) and inhibits polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in a dominant-negative fashion. Yet, the mechanisms for this inhibition and abnormal epigenomic landscape have not been resolved. Using quantitative proteomics, we discovered that robust PRC2 inhibition requires levels of H3K27M greatly exceeding those of PRC2, seen in DIPG. While PRC2 inhibition requires interaction with H3K27M, we found that this interaction on chromatin is transient, with PRC2 largely being released from H3K27M. Unexpectedly, inhibition persisted even after PRC2 dissociated from H3K27M-containing chromatin, suggesting a lasting impact on PRC2. Furthermore, allosterically activated PRC2 is particularly sensitive to H3K27M, leading to the failure to spread H3K27me from PRC2 recruitment sites and consequently abrogating PRC2’s ability to establish H3K27me2-3 repressive chromatin domains. In turn, levels of polycomb antagonists such as H3K36me2 are elevated, suggesting a more global, downstream effect on the epigenome. Together, these findings reveal the conditions required for H3K27M-mediated PRC2 inhibition and reconcile seemingly paradoxical effects of H3K27M on PRC2 recruitment and activity.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Universal intracellular biomolecule delivery with precise dosage control (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Intracellular delivery of mRNA, DNA, and other large macromolecules into cells plays an essential role in an array of biological research and clinical therapies. However, current methods yield a wide variation in the amount of material delivered, as well as limitations on the cell types and cargoes possible. Here, we demonstrate quantitatively controlled delivery into a range of primary cells and cell lines with a tight dosage distribution using a nanostraw-electroporation system (NES). In NES, cells are cultured onto track-etched membranes with protruding nanostraws that connect to the fluidic environment beneath the membrane. The tight cell-nanostraw interface focuses applied electric fields to the cell membrane, enabling low-voltage and nondamaging local poration of the cell membrane. Concurrently, the field electrophoretically injects biomolecular cargoes through the nanostraws and into the cell at the same location. We show that the amount of material delivered is precisely controlled by the applied voltage, delivery duration, and reagent concentration. NES is highly effective even for primary cell types or different cell densities, is largely cargo agnostic, and can simultaneously deliver specific ratios of different molecules. Using a simple cell culture well format, the NES delivers into 〉100,000 cells within 20 s with 〉95% cell viability, enabling facile, dosage-controlled intracellular delivery for a wide variety of biological applications.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Scholars endeavor to understand the relationship between human evolution and climate change. This is particularly germane for Neanderthals, who survived extreme Eurasian environmental variation and glaciations, mysteriously going extinct during a cool interglacial stage. Here, we integrate weekly records of climate, tooth growth, and metal exposure in two Neanderthals and one modern human from southeastern France. The Neanderthals inhabited cooler and more seasonal periods than the modern human, evincing childhood developmental stress during wintertime. In one instance, this stress may have included skeletal mobilization of elemental stores and weight loss; this individual was born in the spring and appears to have weaned 2.5 years later. Both Neanderthals were exposed to lead at least twice during the deep winter and/or early spring. This multidisciplinary approach elucidates direct relationships between ancient environments and hominin paleobiology.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Projected changes in persistent extreme summer weather events: The role of quasi-resonant amplification (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Persistent episodes of extreme weather in the Northern Hemisphere summer have been associated with high-amplitude quasi-stationary atmospheric Rossby waves, with zonal wave numbers 6 to 8 resulting from the phenomenon of quasi-resonant amplification (QRA). A fingerprint for the occurrence of QRA can be defined in terms of the zonally averaged surface temperature field. Examining state-of-the-art [Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)] climate model projections, we find that QRA events are likely to increase by ~50% this century under business-as-usual carbon emissions, but there is considerable variation among climate models. Some predict a near tripling of QRA events by the end of the century, while others predict a potential decrease. Models with amplified Arctic warming yield the most pronounced increase in QRA events. The projections are strongly dependent on assumptions regarding the nature of changes in radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic aerosols over the next century. One implication of our findings is that a reduction in midlatitude aerosol loading could actually lead to Arctic de-amplification this century, ameliorating potential increases in persistent extreme weather events.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from POLDER-3 measurements using a neural network ensemble approach (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from POLDER-3 measurements using a neural network ensemble approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Antonio Di Noia, Otto P. Hasekamp, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, and Zhibo Zhang〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-345,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉This paper describes a neural network algorithm for the estimation of liquid water cloud optical properties from the Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances-3 (POLDER-3) instrument, on board the Polarization & Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) satellite. The algorithm has been trained on synthetic multi-angle, multi-wavelength measurements of reflectance and polarization, and has been applied to the processing of one year of POLDER-3 data. Comparisons of the retrieved cloud properties with Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products show negative biases around −2 in retrieved cloud optical thicknesses (COTs) and between −1 and −2 μm in retrieved cloud effective radii. Comparisons with existing POLDER-3 datasets suggest that the proposed scheme may have enhanced capabilities for cloud effective radius retrieval at least over land. An additional feature of the presented algorithm is that it provides COT and effective radius retrievals at the native POLDER-3 Level 1B pixel level.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Carbon–nitrogen coupling under three schemes of model representation: a traceability analysis (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Carbon–nitrogen coupling under three schemes of model representation: a traceability analysis〈/b〉〈br〉 Zhenggang Du, Ensheng Weng, Lifen Jiang, Yiqi Luo, Jianyang Xia, and Xuhui Zhou〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4399-4416, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4399-2018, 2018〈br〉 In this study, based on a traceability analysis technique, we evaluated alternative representations of C–N interactions and their impacts on the C cycle using the TECO model framework. Our results showed that different representations of C–N coupling processes lead to divergent effects on plant production, C residence time, and thus the ecosystem C storage capacity. Identifying those effects can help us to improve the N limitation assumptions employed in terrestrial ecosystem models.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Akio Hansen, Felix Ament, Verena Grützun, and Andrea Lammert〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-259,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Clouds are responsible for large uncertainties in atmospheric models, whereby the evaluation is very challenging due to their complexity. The Cloudnet project uses multi-sensor observations to create a comprehensive Target Classification showing the cloud structure and phase, but there is no comparable model output available. The presented cloud classification algorithm generates a consistent product, which provides a comprehensive view on clouds and is used for further in-depth evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Akio Hansen, Felix Ament, Verena Grützun, and Andrea Lammert〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-259,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Clouds are responsible for large uncertainties in atmospheric models, whereby the evaluation is very challenging due to their complexity. The Cloudnet project uses multi-sensor observations to create a comprehensive Target Classification showing the cloud structure and phase, but there is no comparable model output available. The presented cloud classification algorithm generates a consistent product, which provides a comprehensive view on clouds and is used for further in-depth evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 1991-9611
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-962X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments〈/b〉〈br〉 Nizar Abou Zaki, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Pekka M. Rossi, Mohammad J. Tourian, and Bjørn Klove〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-471,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Groundwater is considered a main source of fresh water in semi-arid climatic zones, especially for agricultural usage. This study compares in-situ groundwater volume variation measurements with GRACE derived water mass data. The study concludes the possibility of using GRACE data to monitor groundwater depletion in catchments that lack measured data. GRACE data can here help in drawing general conclusions for integrated water resources management, and sustainable usage of this resources.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Igor V. Polyakov, Robert Rember, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Genrikh V. Alekseev, and Arild Sundfjord〈br〉 Ocean Sci., 14, 1349-1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1349-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study describes along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived from observations collected between 2013 and 2015 in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean using a cross-slope array of six moorings. Inferred transport estimates may have wide implications and should be considered when assessing high-latitude ocean dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Svein Østerhus, Rebecca Woodgate, Héðinn Valdimarsson, Bill Turrell, Laura de Steur, Detlef Quadfasel, Steffen M. Olsen, Martin Moritz, Craig M. Lee, Karin Margretha H. Larsen, Steingrímur Jónsson, Clare Johnson, Kerstin Jochumsen, Bogi Hansen, Beth Curry, Stuart Cunningham, and Barbara Berx〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-114,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Two decades of observations of the Arctic Mediterranean (AM) exchanges shows that the exchanges have been stable in terms of volume transport during a period when many other components of the global climate system have changed. The total AM-import is found to be 9.1 Sv and has a seasonal variation of amplitude close to 17 Sv and maximum import in October. Roughly one third of the imported water leaves the AM as surface outflow with the remain two thirds leaving.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
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    Stochastic hydrogeology's biggest hurdles analyzed and its big blind spot (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Stochastic hydrogeology's biggest hurdles analyzed and its big blind spot〈/b〉〈br〉 Yoram Rubin, Ching-Fu Chang, Jiancong Chen, Karina Cucchi, Bradley Harken, Falk Heße, and Heather Savoy〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5675-5695, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5675-2018, 2018〈br〉 This paper addresses questions related to the adoption of stochastic methods in hydrogeology, looking at factors such as environmental regulations, financial incentives, higher education, and the collective feedback loop involving these factors. We show that stochastic hydrogeology's blind spot is in focusing on risk while ignoring uncertainty, to the detriment of its potential clients. The imbalance between the treatments of risk and uncertainty is shown to be common to multiple disciplines.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Simulating secondary organic aerosol from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors: comparison to outdoor chamber experiments, effect of oligomerization on SOA formation and reactive uptake of aldehydes (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Simulating secondary organic aerosol from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors: comparison to outdoor chamber experiments, effect of oligomerization on SOA formation and reactive uptake of aldehydes〈/b〉〈br〉 Florian Couvidat, Marta G. Vivanco, and Bertrand Bessagnet〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15743-15766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15743-2018, 2018〈br〉 Several new parameterizations and mechanisms for SOA formation are developed based on available experimental results. To evaluate the parameterizations, a box model was developed to simulate SOA formation from monoterpenes and aromatics in the environmental chamber EUPHORE. This box model takes oligomerization, nonideality of the aerosol, multiphase partitioning, aging, vapor wall losses and particle-phase diffusion into account. All these phenomena are rarely taken into account together.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Igor V. Polyakov, Robert Rember, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Genrikh V. Alekseev, and Arild Sundfjord〈br〉 Ocean Sci., 14, 1349-1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1349-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study describes along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived from observations collected between 2013 and 2015 in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean using a cross-slope array of six moorings. Inferred transport estimates may have wide implications and should be considered when assessing high-latitude ocean dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations〈/b〉〈br〉 Tim van Emmerik, Susan Steele-Dunne, Pierre Gentine, Rafael S. Oliveira, Paulo Bittencourt, Fernanda Barros, and Nick van de Giesen〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 15, 6439-6449, https://doi.org10.5194/bg-15-6439-2018, 2018〈br〉 Trees are very important for the water and carbon cycles. Climate and weather models often assume constant vegetation parameters because good measurements are missing. We used affordable accelerometers to measure tree sway of 19 trees in the Amazon rainforest. We show that trees respond very differently to the same weather conditions, which means that vegetation parameters are dynamic. With our measurements trees can be accounted for more realistically, improving climate and weather models.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean? (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean?〈/b〉〈br〉 Franklin Isaac Ormaza-González and María Esther Espinoza-Celi〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-125,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Sea surface temperature is affected by sun energy which in turn varies in time due to astronomical factors and sun activity. The activity can be estimated by sun spots (SS). Some oceanographic events like inter-annual El/La Niño/Niña as well as decadal processes should be affected by SS. It was found correlation between SS and various oceanographic indexes in time series from 1954 to 2017. This fact should be considered when dealing and modelling forecasts of such indexes.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
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    Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments〈/b〉〈br〉 Nizar Abou Zaki, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Pekka M. Rossi, Mohammad J. Tourian, and Bjørn Klove〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-471,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Groundwater is considered a main source of fresh water in semi-arid climatic zones, especially for agricultural usage. This study compares in-situ groundwater volume variation measurements with GRACE derived water mass data. The study concludes the possibility of using GRACE data to monitor groundwater depletion in catchments that lack measured data. GRACE data can here help in drawing general conclusions for integrated water resources management, and sustainable usage of this resources.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean? (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean?〈/b〉〈br〉 Franklin Isaac Ormaza-González and María Esther Espinoza-Celi〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-125,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Sea surface temperature is affected by sun energy which in turn varies in time due to astronomical factors and sun activity. The activity can be estimated by sun spots (SS). Some oceanographic events like inter-annual El/La Niño/Niña as well as decadal processes should be affected by SS. It was found correlation between SS and various oceanographic indexes in time series from 1954 to 2017. This fact should be considered when dealing and modelling forecasts of such indexes.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Svein Østerhus, Rebecca Woodgate, Héðinn Valdimarsson, Bill Turrell, Laura de Steur, Detlef Quadfasel, Steffen M. Olsen, Martin Moritz, Craig M. Lee, Karin Margretha H. Larsen, Steingrímur Jónsson, Clare Johnson, Kerstin Jochumsen, Bogi Hansen, Beth Curry, Stuart Cunningham, and Barbara Berx〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-114,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Two decades of observations of the Arctic Mediterranean (AM) exchanges shows that the exchanges have been stable in terms of volume transport during a period when many other components of the global climate system have changed. The total AM-import is found to be 9.1 Sv and has a seasonal variation of amplitude close to 17 Sv and maximum import in October. Roughly one third of the imported water leaves the AM as surface outflow with the remain two thirds leaving.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide〈/b〉〈br〉 Friederike Lilienthal, Christoph Jacobi, and Christoph Geißler〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15725-15742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, 2018〈br〉 The terdiurnal solar tide is an atmospheric wave, owing to the daily variation of solar heating with a period of 8 h. Here, we present model simulations of this tide and investigate the relative importance of possible forcing mechanisms because they are still under debate. These are, besides direct solar heating, nonlinear interactions between other tides and gravity wave–tide interactions. As a result, solar heating is most important and nonlinear effects partly counteract this forcing.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Statistics on clouds and their relation to thermodynamic conditions at Ny-Ålesund using ground-based sensor synergy (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Statistics on clouds and their relation to thermodynamic conditions at Ny-Ålesund using ground-based sensor synergy〈/b〉〈br〉 Tatiana Nomokonova, Kerstin Ebell, Ulrich Löhnert, Marion Maturilli, Christoph Ritter, and Ewan O'Connor〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1144,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In this study, properties of clouds at the French–German Arctic Research station in Ny-Ålesund are related to in-cloud thermodynamic conditions. The used dataset was collected within the Arctic Amplification project with a set of active and passive remote instruments. The results are compared with a model output. A significant divergence in observations and modelling of single layer ice and mixed-phase clouds was found.
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    Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone〈/b〉〈br〉 Germar Bernhard and Boyan Petkov〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1048,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Solar radiation at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths was measured during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. Data were used to study the wavelength-dependent changes of solar radiation at Earth's surface and to validate parameterizations of solar limb darkening (LD), which describes the change of the Sun's brightness between its center and its edge. The study highlights the importance of the LD effect when calculating total ozone and aerosol optical depth during an eclipse.
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    Constraints on Enhanced Weathering and related carbon sequestration – a cropland mesocosm approach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Constraints on Enhanced Weathering and related carbon sequestration – a cropland mesocosm approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Thorben Amann, Jens Hartmann, Eric Struyf, Wagner de Oliveira Garcia, Elke K. Fischer, Ivan Janssens, Patrick Meire, and Jonas Schoelynck〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-398,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Weathering is a major control on atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at geologic time scales. Enhancement of this process can be used to actively remove CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from the atmosphere. Field results are still scarce and with this experiment we try to add some near natural insights into dissolution processes. Results show CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 sequestration potentials but also highlight the strong variability of outcomes that can be expected in natural environments. Such experiments are of utmost importance to identify key processes.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen inputs into marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Baltic Sea – part B: contribution by shipping and agricultural emissions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen inputs into marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Baltic Sea – part B: contribution by shipping and agricultural emissions〈/b〉〈br〉 Daniel Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Karl, and Thomas Neumann〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool of the North and Baltic Sea was assessed for the year 2012. Atmospheric deposition accounted for approximately 10 % to 15 % of the DIN but its residence time differed between both water bodies. The nitrogen contributions of atmospheric shipping and agricultural imissions also were assessed. Particularly the latter source had a large impact in coastal regions.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
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    Protecting entangled pairs (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Defining the human C2H2 zinc finger degrome targeted by thalidomide analogs through CRBN (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The small molecules thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide induce the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) by recruiting a Cys〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-His〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (C2H2) zinc finger domain to Cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor of the CRL4〈sup〉CRBN〈/sup〉 E3 ubiquitin ligase. We screened the human C2H2 zinc finger proteome for degradation in the presence of thalidomide analogs, identifying 11 zinc finger degrons. Structural and functional characterization of the C2H2 zinc finger degrons demonstrates how diverse zinc finger domains bind the permissive drug-CRBN interface. Computational zinc finger docking and biochemical analysis predict that more than 150 zinc fingers bind the drug-CRBN complex in vitro, and we show that selective zinc finger degradation can be achieved through compound modifications. Our results provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting transcription factors that were previously considered undruggable.〈/p〉
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    Stress in Neanderthal children (2018)
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    Moments to spare (2018)
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    Engaging community with humility (2018)
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    East Asian hydroclimate modulated by the position of the westerlies during Termination I (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Speleothem oxygen isotope records have revolutionized our understanding of the paleo East Asian monsoon, yet there is fundamental disagreement on what they represent in terms of the hydroclimate changes. We report a multiproxy speleothem record of monsoon evolution during the last deglaciation from the middle Yangtze region, which indicates a wetter central eastern China during North Atlantic cooling episodes, despite the oxygen isotopic record suggesting a weaker monsoon. We show that this apparent contradiction can be resolved if the changes are interpreted as a lengthening of the Meiyu rains and shortened post-Meiyu stage, in accordance with a recent hypothesis. Model simulations support this interpretation and further reveal the role of the westerlies in communicating the North Atlantic influence to the East Asian climate.〈/p〉
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    An ironclad role in metastasis (2018)
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    Poly(ADP-ribose) drives pathologic {alpha}-synuclein neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The pathologic accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) underlies Parkinson’s disease (PD). The molecular mechanisms by which pathologic α-syn causes neurodegeneration in PD are not known. Here, we found that pathologic α-syn activates poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate–ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and PAR generation accelerates the formation of pathologic α-syn, resulting in cell death via parthanatos. PARP inhibitors or genetic deletion of PARP-1 prevented pathologic α-syn toxicity. In a feed-forward loop, PAR converted pathologic α-syn to a more toxic strain. PAR levels were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid and brains of patients with PD, suggesting that PARP activation plays a role in PD pathogenesis. Thus, strategies aimed at inhibiting PARP-1 activation could hold promise as a disease-modifying therapy to prevent the loss of dopamine neurons in PD.〈/p〉
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    Steps to smaller rings (2018)
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    Mixing and matching materials (2018)
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    Snapshots of a phase transition (2018)
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    Universal protection against influenza infection by a multidomain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly variable pathogens have stimulated the design of vaccines and therapeutics. We report the use of diverse camelid single-domain antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin to generate multidomain antibodies with impressive breadth and potency. Multidomain antibody MD3606 protects mice against influenza A and B infection when administered intravenously or expressed locally from a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. Crystal and single-particle electron microscopy structures of these antibodies with hemagglutinins from influenza A and B viruses reveal binding to highly conserved epitopes. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that multidomain antibodies targeting multiple epitopes exhibit enhanced virus cross-reactivity and potency. In combination with adeno-associated virus–mediated gene delivery, they may provide an effective strategy to prevent infection with influenza virus and other highly variable pathogens.〈/p〉
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    Improving outbreak response (2018)
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    Identifying posture cells in the brain (2018)
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    Evolution of teeth in South America (2018)
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    Nucleosomal DNA transcription (2018)
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    The Clean Water Act actually cleans water (2018)
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    Beyond hierarchical one-on-one mentoring (2018)
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    Europe's {euro}1 billion quantum flagship announces grants (2018)
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    More alloying on silica (2018)
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    Collector's item or cultural heritage? (2018)
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    Osteobiology of Italian miners (2018)
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    East Asian monsoon mysteries (2018)
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    Experimental evolution of a fungal pathogen into a gut symbiont (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Description: 〈p〉Gut microbes live in symbiosis with their hosts, but how mutualistic animal-microbe interactions emerge is not understood. By adaptively evolving the opportunistic fungal pathogen 〈i〉Candida albicans〈/i〉 in the mouse gastrointestinal tract, we selected strains that not only had lost their main virulence program but also protected their new hosts against a variety of systemic infections. This protection was independent of adaptive immunity, arose as early as a single day postpriming, was dependent on increased innate cytokine responses, and was thus reminiscent of "trained immunity." Because both the microbe and its new host gain some advantages from their interaction, this experimental system might allow direct study of the evolutionary forces that govern the emergence of mutualism between a mammal and a fungus.〈/p〉
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    Durable influenza protection (2018)
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    Posture in the brain (2018)
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Llama antibodies inspire gene spray to prevent all flus (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sources of human viruses (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Thalidomide-targeted degradation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    A general synthesis approach for supported bimetallic nanoparticles via surface inorganometallic chemistry (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The synthesis of ultrasmall supported bimetallic nanoparticles (between 1 and 3 nanometers in diameter) with well-defined stoichiometry and intimacy between constituent metals remains a substantial challenge. We synthesized 10 different supported bimetallic nanoparticles via surface inorganometallic chemistry by decomposing and reducing surface-adsorbed heterometallic double complex salts, which are readily obtained upon sequential adsorption of target cations and anions on a silica substrate. For example, adsorption of tetraamminepalladium(II) [Pd(NH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉)〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉] followed by adsorption of tetrachloroplatinate [PtCl〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉2–〈/sup〉] was used to form palladium-platinum (Pd-Pt) nanoparticles. These supported bimetallic nanoparticles show enhanced catalytic performance in acetylene selective hydrogenation, which clearly demonstrates a synergistic effect between constituent metals.〈/p〉
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    Networks of phenotypic variation (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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