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  • 1
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    Profile of Charles L. Sawyers [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Charles Sawyers is a rock star in his own right. Last year, Sawyers, chair of the Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, posed with singer Debbie Harry of the rock band Blondie to promote cancer research in a campaign sponsored by the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Center. The unlikely assemblage of rock star and researcher shined the spotlight on pioneering efforts in translational cancer research. Few physicians deserve that spotlight more than Sawyers, who co-discovered the targeted cancer drug, Gleevec, forging a path to cancer treatment that...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Neal R. Amundson, a bold and brilliant leader of chemical engineering [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-04
    Description: Neal R. Amundson (born 1916), Cullen Professor Emeritus of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Houston, died February 16, 2011 in Houston at the age of 95.pnas;108/18/7285/UNFIG01F1unfig01Neal R. Amundson. Image courtesy of the University of Houston.There have been many descriptors of Amundson—transformational figure, father of modern chemical engineering, the preeminent chemical engineer in the history of the United States, and most prominent and influential engineering educator in the United States. For those of us with roots at the University of Minnesota, he will continue to be known as the Chief. Neal Amundson played a...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Stephen E. Plog [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Within the confines of remote Chaco Canyon, large Pueblo great houses stand sentry among smaller dwellings, the palatial behemoths unoccupied and the nature of their growth and decline 1,000 years ago in this region of the American Southwest still under debate. In his Inaugural Article, archaeologist Stephen Plog, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007, uses evidence from burials within one of these great houses to assert that these societies were not as egalitarian as their more modern Pueblo counterparts are, but that they supported a social hierarchy (1). The dead can, and do, tell tales, yet with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Saul Roseman: His many contributions to biochemistry over eight decades [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: Saul Roseman (born 1921) was the Ralph S. O'Connor Professor of Biology, Emeritus, at The Johns Hopkins University. He died of congestive heart failure on July 2, 2011 at the age of 90.pnas;108/45/18219/UNFIG01F1unfig01Saul Roseman.Roseman was born in Brooklyn and received his bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1941, one of a remarkable number of scientists of his generation to receive their science training at CCNY. He began graduate training in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin only to have it interrupted by service in the infantry in Europe in World War II, also...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Michael Grunstein [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: In 2001, half a decade after researchers announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic stem cell, scientists in the private sector decided to clone a pet cat. A couple of years later the enterprise went commercial, and eager pet owners lined up for the service. However, disappointment inevitably ensued: although the clones were genetically identical to the original pets, cloned cats often looked and acted nothing like their predecessors. Michael Grunstein, were he so inclined, might have said, “I told you so.” Grunstein, a distinguished professor of biological chemistry at the University of California,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Lennart Philipson: A fighter is gone [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: Lennart Philipson was a monumental person with an impressive stature, a charismatic personality, and an intellect of high caliber. He was a born leader, and his accomplishments as a scientist and director of research institutions are breathtaking. Lennart was born in Stockholm and went to medical school at Uppsala University. Although he had a license to practice, his clinical experience was minimal and instead, science caught his interest. In 1958, he defended his PhD thesis, which dealt with respiratory viruses. He then stayed in Uppsala and started to interact with the department of biochemistry, which at the time, was headed...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of V. Craig Jordan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: In the mid-1970s, breast cancer survival rates were dismal. Researchers hoped to find a drug capable of thwarting the disease, but the prospects were few and far between. In a laboratory on the campus of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, a group of experimental rats were dying from breast cancer. A researcher gave them a triphenyl ethylene—a purported antiestrogen—with the slim hope that it would slow progression of the disease. The cancer disappeared (1). Within a few years, a clinical trial of the drug was launched among women suffering from breast cancer. The women's tumors, just...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Eugene Patrick Kennedy, 1919-2011 [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Eugene Patrick Kennedy died peacefully at his Cambridge home, age 92 years, on September 22, 2011. He was a giant of 20th century biochemistry, and his pioneering studies of lipid biosynthesis and function were a foundation of modern cell biology. He was also a man of immense intellect and genuine modesty, a devoted teacher who inspired his many students and colleagues, and a loving father, grandfather, and friend.Gene was born September 4, 1919, the fourth of five children of Irish immigrant parents. His early formal education was in the Catholic schools of Chicago, but his real education was from the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Tak Wah Mak [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Days after Tak Mak and colleagues (1) revealed a way that cancer cells adapt to environmental stress, the immunologist and his team announced the discovery of a protein that may cause heart failure (2). The two breakthroughs were all in a week's work for Mak, director of The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Throughout the course of his career, Mak has contributed to over 700 papers, received more than 65,000 citations in leading scientific journals, and garnered numerous prestigious international awards. In 2002, he became a foreign associate of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Eric F. Lambin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: A world without forests would challenge life on earth. Forests maintain biodiversity, influence the climate, and regulate the water cycle, says Eric Lambin, a professor of earth sciences at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. However, as the world's population swells, forest loss accelerates. To feed the world's growing population, it will be necessary to clear an estimated 2.7–4.9 million hectares of cropland per year, even while expanding urban centers shrink the available land by 1.6–3.3 million hectares per year (1).pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric F. Lambin.pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG02F2unfig02Land use variations in the highlands of Vietnam. Courtesy of Patrick...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 11
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    Chris Raetz, scientist and enduring friend [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-19
    Description: When Chris Raetz died of cancer on August 16, 2011, the scientific world lost a polymath, and we lost a cherished friend. Chris was born in East Berlin in 1946. At age 5, his family emigrated to Ohio, where his parents worked for Olin Chemicals. Chris attended Hopkins School in New Haven, Connecticut, and then Yale University, where he majored in chemistry. Bill Wickner, a fellow chemistry major, recalls leaving campus early one weekend, relying on Chris to take notes in their Friday chemistry course. Chris's notes were elegant and clear, except for the derivation of the Grabowski equation. Chris...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 12
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    Edward (Ted) G. Jones, a neuroscientist and prolific neuroanatomist [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-26
    Description: Edward G. (Ted) Jones, MD, PhD, internationally acclaimed neuroscientist and authority on the anatomy of the brain and central nervous system, died suddenly on June 6, 2011, at the age of 72.pnas;108/43/17597/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ted G. Jones.Jones’s research on the function and structure of the central nervous system was distinguished by its scope and breadth both technically and intellectually. He made pioneering contributions to the understanding of the cellular properties, circuitry, and basic organization of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, their functional interrelationships, pathology, plasticity, and development. As a preeminent neuroanatomist, Jones wrote more than 20 books and 400 scientific publications. His...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Donald E. Canfield [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: An ecologist might say that the answer to nearly every question about the origin and evolution of life on Earth can be found in the ocean, where reactions fueled by ancient microbes have changed our planet's chemistry over the eons. Donald Canfield, Professor of Ecology and Director of the Nordic Center for Earth Evolution at the University of South Denmark, has spent his career studying oceans and lakes to understand the progressive oxygenation of the atmosphere through time, ultimately permitting the development of large motile animals.pnas;108/8/3105/UNFIG01F1unfig01Donald E. Canfield.Canfield, 53, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. His...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Peter H. Schiller [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: In a windowless laboratory on the sixth floor of the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), neuroscientist Peter Schiller lines up visual stimuli on a computer screen. The stimuli are pairs of cues flashed side-by-side, such as horizontal and vertical lines, upright and inverted triangles, and the words “car” and “his.” As Schiller flashes the stimuli on his monitor, a volunteer observes them through a stereoscope, which presents one cue in a pair to one eye and the other cue to the other eye. The volunteer identifies the stimuli in order: a cross, the Star...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of B. Rosemary Grant [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-27
    Description: Charles Darwin viewed evolution as a process so slow that it often evokes images of changes accumulated over near-geologic timescales. Rosemary Grant's research has revealed otherwise. Through painstaking documentation of the evolutionary process first described by Darwin, Grant has shown that evolution can be observed within a lifetime. Grant, an evolutionary biologist at Princeton University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has traced the evolution of Darwin's finches—14 species of songbirds of the genus Geospiza that inhabit the storied Galapagos islands of South America. For nearly four decades, Grant and her husband, Peter Grant, have followed the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Charles M. Rice [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-25
    Description: The notoriety of hepatitis C belies its breathtaking toll. That is partly because many of the more than 4 million people in the United States infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) do not look or feel sick. Until, that is, their livers succumb to cirrhosis or cancer, says Charles Rice. Rice, a professor of virology at The Rockefeller University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has championed the development of an animal model for hepatitis C, a goal that has by turns tantalized and tormented researchers for decades. The lack of a suitable model has hampered the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Alexander S. Raikhel [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-04
    Description: Mosquitoes rely on blood for nutrition, putting them in position to transmit some of the world's deadliest diseases, like malaria and Dengue fever. Alexander S. Raikhel, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, believes that preventing the mosquito from carrying the pathogen in the first place is the key to vector control. Raikhel has been studying the connection between blood meals and egg production in Aedes aegypti in hopes of co-opting egg production signals to activate the mosquito's immune system against incoming pathogens. In his Inaugural Article, Raikhel, a distinguished professor at the University of California, Riverside continues...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Stephen P. Goff [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-05
    Description: One gets the sense from virologist Stephen P. Goff that his achievements are the result of good timing and good company. With a woodworking father who restored antique clocks, an elder brother who studied phage genetics with James Watson at Harvard University, and Nobel Prize-winning mentors who saw the possibilities of manipulating DNA, perhaps Goff is right.pnas;108/1/9/UNFIG01F1unfig01Stephen P. Goff and his wife, Marian Carlson.Stephen Goff, Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at the Columbia University Medical Center since 1990, and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1993, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Anthony R. Cashmore [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-12
    Description: Ask Anthony Cashmore about the unifying theme of his research career, which has spanned more than four decades on three continents, and he responds, “There was none.” Cashmore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences who recently retired as a professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania, has spent much of his career studying how light controls gene expression in plants. However, his long journey through science is chronicled in quests as diverse as unraveling the structure of nucleic acids and understanding the biological basis of human behavior. Although Cashmore recently made waves for his provocative stance on...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Clifford M. Will [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-13
    Description: In the small industrial town of Hamilton, Ontario, a room of high school students listened attentively as their physics teacher described the classic Bohr model of the atom. It was 1963. After just a few minutes, the lecture was disrupted by muffled sniggering from a student near the front of the class.pnas;108/15/5935/UNFIG01F1unfig01Clifford M. Will.A voracious consumer of popular science, Clifford Will—now a professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis and 2007 inductee to the National Academy of Sciences—had read enough to know that the Bohr model was obsolete. “I couldn't keep myself from laughing,” Will recalls. However, rather...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of David M. Hillis [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: Philippe Padieu was called a modern-day Casanova. Women said they were drawn to him for his sweet personality and charm. However, Padieu harbored a secret. In 2009, he was found guilty of aggravated assault for purposefully infecting six women with HIV and sentenced to 45 years in prison. Credit for Padieu's guilty verdict goes partly to David Hillis, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas at Austin.pnas;108/28/11320/UNFIG01F1unfig01David M. Hillis.Hillis, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, has devoted his research career to phylogeny, the study of evolutionary relationships. His work tackles some of the greatest questions of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Gary Ruvkun [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-14
    Description: Awash in the faint glow of a fluorescent lamp, a pair of serpentine nematode worms lie on a Petri plate, their see-through bodies magnified 100-fold by one of several microscopes arrayed in a darkened bay in National Academy of Sciences member Gary Ruvkun’s laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. While one of the worms wiggles its way around the plate, the other shows no signs of life, its midsection ruptured and its innards strewn asunder. A filter slides into place, and the worms are bathed in a dull green haze. The wiggling worm has a beacon of nerve cells in its...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: On a bone-cold morning in February 2000, hours after their plane touched down at Chicago's O'Hare Airport, Venkatraman “Venki” Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, and three of his colleagues hurried to Argonne National Laboratory, the US Department of Energy's sprawling research center southwest of Chicago. The men had 48 hours to complete their task: obtain high-resolution data on a portion of bacterial cells’ protein synthesizing machinery—the ribosome—by shining X-rays on their crystals to help reveal their structure. The trip was a gamble that Ramakrishnan had planned for months, one that could lead...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Philip N. Johnson-Laird [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Our greatest technological accomplishments, from space travel to nuclear power and the creation of the Internet, stand as testaments to the scientific process and mankind's ability to reason. These advances, however, have been matched with equally spectacular technological catastrophes. “Scientists and technologists are rational in principle,” explains Philip Johnson-Laird, a professor of psychology at Princeton University and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. “But the more information they have to take into account, the more working memory they need and the longer time it takes them to make an inference.” When complex technology starts spiraling out of...
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    Ralph M. Steinman: A man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-28
    Description: Ralph Steinman died from complications of pancreatic cancer on September 30, 2011, an event even more sad because it occurred a few days before he could hear the announcement that he was to receive the highest public recognition for the accomplishments of his truly remarkable career in biomedical research, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. It is a devastating loss not only for his family, friends, and colleagues but for the much broader scientific community. Ralph was a basic scientist par excellence, but his impact was...
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    Profile of David D. Laitin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: A Muslim and a Christian woman apply for the same job in France. Their resumes are virtually identical, and their only obvious difference is their first names, Khadija and Marie. However, for every comparable job each woman applies for, Khadija, with her characteristically Muslim name, is, on average, 2.5 times less likely than Marie to receive a job interview.pnas;108/51/20301/UNFIG01F1unfig01David D. Laitin.That is the grim statistic David Laitin, a professor of political science at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, puts forth in his Inaugural Article (1). Religious discrimination is typically impossible to measure,...
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    Profile of Ilkka A. Hanski [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Watching birds and collecting butterflies in the field behind his boyhood home, young Ilkka Hanski marveled at the isolated habitats in which many insects live. Decades later, the Director of the Metapopulation Research Group at the University of Helsinki in Finland admits that many of his most successful research projects on the study of metapopulations, or isolated yet interconnected populations of the same species, were inspired by childhood adventures in his own back yard. Hanski, elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2010, has helped predict how plant and animal populations respond when their habitats are broken into...
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    Thomas Eisner: Interpreter extraordinaire of nature's chemistry [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: On March 25, 2011, Thomas Eisner died after a long and courageous battle with Parkinson's disease. His tremendous legacy included founding and nurturing the scientific discipline of chemical ecology. Tom, though, might be the only person in the field to dispute his rights to the title, “Father of Chemical Ecology”—indeed, in one interview (1), he wryly opined that such claims cried out for DNA paternity tests.pnas;108/49/19482/UNFIG01F1unfig01Tom Eisner.Born in Berlin, Germany, on June 25, 1929, Tom was the son of the gifted painter Margarete Eisner and the chemist Hans E. Eisner, a student of Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber. His parents’ accomplishments...
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