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  • 1
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    RETRACTED ARTICLE: Detection and replication of epistasis influencing transcription in humans (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Anomalous critical fields in quantum critical superconductors (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-07
    Beschreibung: Article Superconductivity in the iron pnictides is believed to be related to quantum critical fluctuations. Putzke et al. observe unexpected anomalies in the critical fields of BaFe 2 (As 1−x P x ) 2 that emerge close to its magnetic critical point, which they argue is a generic feature of quantum critical superconductivity. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6679 Authors: C. Putzke, P. Walmsley, J. D. Fletcher, L. Malone, D. Vignolles, C. Proust, S. Badoux, P. See, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. Kasahara, Y. Mizukami, T. Shibauchi, Y. Matsuda, A. Carrington
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 3
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    microTSS: accurate microRNA transcription start site identification reveals a significant number of divergent pri-miRNAs (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Article microRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression for which the identification of promoter and primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) has been difficult. Here the authors describe microTSS, an algorithm that supports the precise identification of intergenic pri-miRNA transcription start sites. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6700 Authors: Georgios Georgakilas, Ioannis S. Vlachos, Maria D. Paraskevopoulou, Peter Yang, Yuhong Zhang, Aris N. Economides, Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Article Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental condition characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity. In this study, the authors use RNA sequencing analyses to characterize differences in the transcriptome between autistic and typically developing brains. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6748 Authors: Simone Gupta, Shannon E. Ellis, Foram N. Ashar, Anna Moes, Joel S. Bader, Jianan Zhan, Andrew B. West, Dan E. Arking
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    All-organic optoelectronic sensor for pulse oximetry (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Article Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive means for measuring blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate, with typical sensors based on rigid electronics. Here, the authors develop a pulse oximeter based solely on organic materials, allowing flexible devices and hence increasing the potential sensing locations on the body. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6745 Authors: Claire M. Lochner, Yasser Khan, Adrien Pierre, Ana C. Arias
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Stamping out online abuse is a job for all of us (2014)
    Reed Business Information
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Governments, tech giants and individuals must act together if we are to clamp down on threats and abuse in the digital world
    Print ISSN: 0028-6664
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Reed Business Information
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  • 7
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    Laser-induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Article The straightforward and scalable synthesis and patterning of graphene-based nanomaterials remains a technological challenge. Here, the authors use a CO 2 infrared laser, under ambient conditions, to directly produce and pattern porous graphene films with three-dimensional networks from commercial polymer films. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6714 Authors: Jian Lin, Zhiwei Peng, Yuanyue Liu, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Ruquan Ye, Errol L. G. Samuel, Miguel Jose Yacaman, Boris I. Yakobson, James M. Tour
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 8
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    Fungal fighters: Cruel weapons of the forest floor (2014)
    Reed Business Information
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: From body invasion Alien -style to hallucinogenic poisons and limpet mines, fungi have astonishingly creative ways of dispatching their foes
    Print ISSN: 0028-6664
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Reed Business Information
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  • 9
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    Electrically tunable nonlinear plasmonics in graphene nanoislands (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Article Plasmons in metallic nanostructures provide light enhancement that amplifies their nonlinear optical response. This study shows that graphene nanoislands also give rise to an amplified nonlinear polarizability that can be tuned electrically to surpass those of other nonlinear media by orders of magnitude. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6725 Authors: Joel D. Cox, F. Javier García de Abajo
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Structural insights into 5′ flap DNA unwinding and incision by the human FAN1 dimer (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Article FAN1 is a structure-specific nuclease that plays a major role in eliminating highly cytotoxic interstrand DNA crosslinks. Here, Zhao et al . present several crystal structures of FAN1 in complex with DNA substrates and biochemical analyses that establish how FAN1 functions to resolve interstrand DNA crosslinks. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6726 Authors: Qi Zhao, Xiaoyu Xue, Simonne Longerich, Patrick Sung, Yong Xiong
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 11
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    Spartan deficiency causes genomic instability and progeroid phenotypes (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Article Spartan/DVC1 is a translesion synthesis regulator with important roles in cellular DNA damage tolerance. Here, the authors report that Spartan is essential for DNA lesion bypass and that Spartan insufficiency in mice causes chromosomal instability, cellular senescence and early onset of age-related phenotypes. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6744 Authors: Reeja S. Maskey, Myoung Shin Kim, Darren J. Baker, Bennett Childs, Liviu A. Malureanu, Karthik B. Jeganathan, Yuka Machida, Jan M. van Deursen, Yuichi J. Machida
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 12
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    Geochemistry of silicate-rich rocks can curtail spreading of carbon dioxide in subsurface aquifers (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Article Carbon sequestration will be vital in mitigating future climate change, and understanding how CO 2 behaves in aquifers is important for developing technologies. Here, the authors suggest that silicate-rich rocks inhibit the transport of CO 2 , which may have consequences for future engineered storage facilities. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6743 Authors: S. S. S. Cardoso, J. T. H. Andres
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 13
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    How to think about… Infinity (2014)
    Reed Business Information
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Infinity is larger than large. It's only when you try to work out how much larger that you realise some infinities are larger than others
    Print ISSN: 0028-6664
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Reed Business Information
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  • 14
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    Sound Pressure Level Gain in an Acoustic Metamaterial Cavity (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: The inherent attenuation of a homogeneous viscous medium limits radiation propagation, thereby restricting the use of many high-frequency acoustic devices to only short-range applications. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate an acoustic metamaterial localization cavity which is used for sound pressure level (SPL) gain using double coiled up space like structures thereby increasing the range of detection. This unique behavior occurs within a subwavelength cavity that is 1/10th of the wavelength of the incident acoustic wave, which provides up to a 13 dB SPL gain. We show that the amplification results from the Fabry-Perot resonance of the cavity, which has a simultaneously high effective refractive index and effective impedance. We also experimentally verify the SPL amplification in an underwater environment at higher frequencies using a sample with an identical unit cell size. The versatile scalability of the design shows promising applications in many areas, especially in acoustic imaging and underwater communication. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07421
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 15
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    Azithromycin suppresses CD4+ T-cell activation by direct modulation of mTOR activity (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-12
    Beschreibung: Advanced macrolides, such as azithromycin (AZM) or clarithromycin (CLM), are antibiotics with immunomodulatory properties. Here we have sought to evaluate their in vitro influence on the activation of CD4+ T-cells. Isolated CD4+ T-cells were stimulated with agonistic anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of 0.6 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 10 mg/L or 40 mg/L AZM or CLM. Cell proliferation, cytokine level in supernatants and cell viability was assessed. Intracellular signaling pathways were evaluated using reporter cell lines, FACS analysis, immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays. AZM inhibited cell proliferation rate and cytokine secretion of CD4+ T-cells in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, high concentrations of CLM (40 mg/L) also suppressed these T-cell functions. Analysis of molecular signaling pathways revealed that exposure to AZM reduced the phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein, a downstream target of mTOR. This effect was also observed at 40 mg/L CLM. In vitro kinase studies using recombinant mTOR showed that AZM inhibited mTOR activity. In contrast to rapamycin, this inhibition was independent of FKBP12. We show for the first time that AZM and to a lesser extent CLM act as immunosuppressive agents on CD4+ T-cells by inhibiting mTOR activity. Our results might have implications for the clinical use of macrolides. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07438
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 16
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    A Low-Noise Solid-State Nanopore Platform Based on a Highly Insulating Substrate (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: A solid-state nanopore platform with a low noise level and sufficient sensitivity to discriminate single-strand DNA (ssDNA) homopolymers of poly-A40 and poly-T40 using ionic current blockade sensing is proposed and demonstrated. The key features of this platform are (a) highly insulating dielectric substrates that are used to mitigate the effect of parasitic capacitance elements, which decrease the ionic current RMS noise level to sub-10 pA and (b) ultra-thin silicon nitride membranes with a physical thickness of 5 nm (an effective thickness of 2.4 nm estimated from the ionic current) are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial depth resolution. The utilization of an ultra-thin membrane and a nanopore diameter as small as 1.5 nm allow the successful discrimination of 40 nucleotide ssDNA poly-A40 and poly-T40. Overall, we demonstrate that this platform overcomes several critical limitations of solid-state nanopores and opens the door to a wide range of applications in single-molecule-based detection and analysis. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07448
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 17
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    Do good actions inspire good actions in others? (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Actions such as sharing food and cooperating to reach a common goal have played a fundamental role in the evolution of human societies. Despite the importance of such good actions, little is known about if and how they can spread from person to person to person. For instance, does being recipient of an altruistic act increase your probability of being cooperative with a third party? We have conducted an experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk to test this mechanism using economic games. We have measured willingness to be cooperative through a standard Prisoner's dilemma and willingness to act altruistically using a binary Dictator game. In the baseline treatments, the endowments needed to play were given by the experimenters, as usual; in the control treatments, they came from a good action made by someone else. Across four different comparisons and a total of 572 subjects, we have never found a significant increase of cooperation or altruism when the endowment came from a good action. We conclude that good actions do not necessarily inspire good actions in others. While this is consistent with the theoretical prediction, it challenges the majority of other experimental studies. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07470
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 18
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    Two functional loci in the promoter of EPAS1 gene involved in high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: EPAS1 involves in the hypoxic response and is suggested to be responsible for the genetic adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetans. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs56721780:G〉C and an insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism −742 indel in the promoter region showed divergence between Tibetans and non-Tibetan lowlanders. rs56721780:G〉C regulated the transcription of EPAS1 by IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1), which was identified as a new transcriptional repressor for EPAS1 gene. It demonstrated that the C allele of rs56721780:G〉C decreased the binding of IKZF1, leading to the attenuated transcriptional repression of EPAS1 gene. The insertion at −742 indel provided a new binding site for Sp1 and was related to the activation of EPAS1 promoter. Further functional analysis revealed that lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene, which was reported to be responsible for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking of amnion previously, was a direct target of EPAS1. The CC genotype at rs56721780:G〉C and the insertion genotype at −742 indel were found associated with higher EPAS1 and LOX expression levels in amnion, as well as higher birth weight of Tibetan newborns, suggesting that EPAS1 gene might play important roles in the development of amnion, fetus growth and high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07465
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 19
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    Effects of reciprocity on random walks in weighted networks (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: It has been recently reported that the reciprocity of real-life weighted networks is very pronounced, however its impact on dynamical processes is poorly understood. In this paper, we study random walks in a scale-free directed weighted network with a trap at the central hub node, where the weight of each directed edge is dominated by a parameter controlling the extent of network reciprocity. We derive two expressions for the mean first passage time (MFPT) to the trap, by using two different techniques, the results of which agree well with each other. We also analytically determine all the eigenvalues as well as their multiplicities for the fundamental matrix of the dynamical process, and show that the largest eigenvalue has an identical dominant scaling as that of the MFPT.We find that the weight parameter has a substantial effect on the MFPT, which behaves as a power-law function of the system size with the power exponent dependent on the parameter, signaling the crucial role of reciprocity in random walks occurring in weighted networks. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07460
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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  • 20
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    Survival analysis of infected mice reveals pathogenic variations in the genome of avian H1N1 viruses (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Most influenza pandemics have been caused by H1N1 viruses of purely or partially avian origin. Here, using Cox proportional hazard model, we attempt to identify the genetic variations in the whole genome of wild-type North American avian H1N1 influenza A viruses that are associated with their virulence in mice by residue variations, host origins of virus (Anseriformes-ducks or Charadriiformes-shorebirds), and host-residue interactions. In addition, through structural modeling, we predicted that several polymorphic sites associated with pathogenicity were located in structurally important sites, especially in the polymerase complex and NS genes. Our study introduces a new approach to identify pathogenic variations in wild-type viruses circulating in the natural reservoirs and ultimately to understand their infectious risks to humans as part of risk assessment efforts towards the emergence of future pandemic strains. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07455
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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  • 21
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    Inhibition of CO poisoning on Pt catalyst coupled with the reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium in a dual-functional fuel cell (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: We propose a method to enhance the fuel cell efficiency with the simultaneous removal of toxic heavy metal ions. Carbon monoxide (CO), an intermediate of methanol oxidation that is primarily responsible for Pt catalyst deactivation, can be used as an in-situ reducing agent for hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) with reactivating the CO-poisoned Pt catalyst. Using electro-oxidation measurements, the oxidation of adsorbed CO molecules coupled with the concurrent conversion of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) was confirmed. This concept was also successfully applied to a methanol fuel cell to enhance its performance efficiency and to remove toxic Cr (VI) at the same time. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07450
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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  • 22
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    Taurine in drinking water recovers learning and memory in the adult APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lethal progressive neurological disorder affecting the memory. Recently, US Food and Drug Administration mitigated the standard for drug approval, allowing symptomatic drugs that only improve cognitive deficits to be allowed to accelerate on to clinical trials. Our study focuses on taurine, an endogenous amino acid found in high concentrations in humans. It has demonstrated neuroprotective properties against many forms of dementia. In this study, we assessed cognitively enhancing property of taurine in transgenic mouse model of AD. We orally administered taurine via drinking water to adult APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model for 6 weeks. Taurine treatment rescued cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice up to the age-matching wild-type mice in Y-maze and passive avoidance tests without modifying the behaviours of cognitively normal mice. In the cortex of APP/PS1 mice, taurine slightly decreased insoluble fraction of Aβ. While the exact mechanism of taurine in AD has not yet been ascertained, our results suggest that taurine can aid cognitive impairment and may inhibit Aβ-related damages. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07467
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Liquid but Durable: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Explain the Unique Properties of Archaeal-Like Membranes (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Archaeal plasma membranes appear to be extremely durable and almost impermeable to water and ions, in contrast to the membranes of Bacteria and Eucaryota. Additionally, they remain liquid within a temperature range of 0–100°C. These are the properties that have most likely determined the evolutionary fate of Archaea, and it may be possible for bionanotechnology to adopt these from nature. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to assess at the atomistic level the structure and dynamics of a series of model archaeal membranes with lipids that have tetraether chemical nature and “branched” hydrophobic tails. We conclude that the branched structure defines dense packing and low water permeability of archaeal-like membranes, while at the same time ensuring a liquid-crystalline state, which is vital for living cells. This makes tetraether lipid systems promising in bionanotechnology and material science, namely for design of new and unique membrane nanosystems. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07462
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    CORRIGENDUM: Parametric spectro-temporal analyzer (PASTA) for real-time optical spectrum observation (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep05692
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Genome dynamics and evolution of Salmonella Typhi strains from the typhoid-endemic zones (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Typhoid fever poses significant burden on healthcare systems in Southeast Asia and other endemic countries. Several epidemiological and genomic studies have attributed pseudogenisation to be the major driving force for the evolution of Salmonella Typhi although its real potential remains elusive. In the present study, we analyzed genomes of S. Typhi from different parts of Southeast Asia and Oceania, comprising of isolates from outbreak, sporadic and carrier cases. The genomes showed high genetic relatedness with limited opportunity for gene acquisition as evident from pan-genome structure. Given that pseudogenisation is an active process in S. Typhi, we further investigated core and pan-genome profiles of functional and pseudogenes separately. We observed a decline in core functional gene content and a significant increase in accessory pseudogene content. Upon functional classification, genes encoding metabolic functions formed a major constituent of pseudogenes as well as core functional gene clusters with SNPs. Further, an in-depth analysis of accessory pseudogene content revealed the existence of heterogeneous complements of functional and pseudogenes among the strains. In addition, these polymorphic genes were also enriched in metabolism related functions. Thus, the study highlights the existence of heterogeneous strains in a population with varying metabolic potential and that S. Typhi possibly resorts to metabolic fine tuning for its adaptation. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07457
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Highly Sensitive Ultraviolet Photodetectors Fabricated from ZnO Quantum Dots/Carbon Nanodots Hybrid Films (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Ultraviolet photodetectors have been fabricated from ZnO quantum dots/carbon nanodots hybrid films, and the introduction of carbon nanodots improves the performance of the photodetectors greatly. The photodetectors can be used to detect very weak ultraviolet signals (as low as 12 nW/cm2). The detectivity and noise equivalent power of the photodetector can reach 3.1 × 1017 cmHz1/2/W and 7.8 × 10−20 W, respectively, both of which are the best values ever reported for ZnO-based photodetectors. The mechanism for the high sensitivity of the photodetectors has been attributed to the enhanced carrier-separation at the ZnO/C interface. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07469
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    n-3 PUFA supplementation benefits microglial responses to myelin pathology (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Microglia represent rational but challenging targets for improving white matter integrity because of their dualistic protective and toxic roles. The present study examines the effect of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on microglial responses to myelin pathology in primary cultures and in the cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a devastating demyelination disease. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the two main forms of n-3 PUFAs in the brain, inhibited the release of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α from primary microglia upon IFN-γ and myelin stimulation. DHA and EPA also enhanced myelin phagocytosis in vitro. Therefore, n-3 PUFAs can inhibit inflammation while at the same time enhancing beneficial immune responses such as microglial phagocytosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced cuprizone-induced demyelination and improved motor and cognitive function. The positive effects of n-3 PUFAs were accompanied by a shift in microglial polarization toward the beneficial M2 phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that n-3 PUFAs may be clinically useful as immunomodulatory agents for demyelinating diseases through a novel mechanism involving microglial phenotype switching. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07458
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Free-standing Fe2O3 nanomembranes enabling ultra-long cycling life and high rate capability for Li-ion batteries (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: With Fe2O3 as a proof-of-concept, free-standing nanomembrane structure is demonstrated to be highly advantageous to improve the performance of Li-ion batteries. The Fe2O3 nanomembrane electrodes exhibit ultra-long cycling life at high current rates with satisfactory capacity (808 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 C and 530 mAh g−1 after 3000 cycles at 6 C) as well as repeatable high rate capability up to 50 C. The excellent performance benefits particularly from the unique structural advantages of the nanomembranes. The mechanical feature can buffer the strain of lithiation/delithiation to postpone the pulverization. The two-dimensional transport pathways in between the nanomembranes can promote the pseudo-capacitive type storage. The parallel-laid nanomembranes, which are coated by polymeric gel-like film and SEI layer with the electrolyte in between layers, electrochemically behave like numerous “mini-capacitors” to provide the pseudo-capacitance thus maintain the capacity at high rate. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07452
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    How water molecules affect the catalytic activity of hydrolases - A XANES study of the local structures of peptide deformylase (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-13
    Beschreibung: Peptide deformylase (PDF) is a prokaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the deformylation of nascent peptides generated during protein synthesis and water molecules play a key role in these hydrolases. Using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and ab initio calculations we accurately probe the local atomic environment of the metal ion binding in the active site of PDF at different pH values and with different metal ions. This new approach is an effective way to monitor existing correlations among functions and structural changes. We show for the first time that the enzymatic activity depends on pH values and metal ions via the bond length of the nearest coordinating water (Wat1) to the metal ion. Combining experimental and theoretical data we may claim that PDF exhibits an enhanced enzymatic activity only when the distance of the Wat1 molecule with the metal ion falls in the limited range from 2.15 to 2.55 Å. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07453
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    How to think about… Probability (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-15
    Beschreibung: Probability is one of those things we all get wrong… deeply wrong. The important thing is not to use your intuition
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    MORC1 represses transposable elements in the mouse male germline (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-14
    Beschreibung: Article The Microrchidia (Morc) family of GHKL ATPases are important repressors of transposons and other DNA-methylated and silent genes in A. thaliana . Here, the authors show that MORC1 is responsible for repression and methylation of specific classes of transposons in the mouse male germline. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6795 Authors: William A. Pastor, Hume Stroud, Kevin Nee, Wanlu Liu, Dubravka Pezic, Sergei Manakov, Serena A. Lee, Guillaume Moissiard, Natasha Zamudio, Déborah Bourc’his, Alexei A. Aravin, Amander T. Clark, Steven E. Jacobsen
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Clusterin facilitates stress-induced lipidation of LC3 and autophagosome biogenesis to enhance cancer cell survival (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-14
    Beschreibung: Article The induction of autophagy under stress conditions such as chemotherapy is a contributing factor towards resistance to anticancer therapy. Here, Zhang et al . identify the molecular chaperone clusterin as an adaptor that facilitates lipidation of LC3 and autophagosome biogenesis. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6775 Authors: Fan Zhang, Masafumi Kumano, Eliana Beraldi, Ladan Fazli, Caigan Du, Susan Moore, Poul Sorensen, Amina Zoubeidi, Martin E. Gleave
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    How to think about… Fields (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-16
    Beschreibung: Gravity, electromagnetism, the Higgs field – even empty space isn't empty space because of these invisible webs that permeate reality
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Phosphorylation of LRRK2 by casein kinase 1α regulates trans-Golgi clustering via differential interaction with ARHGEF7 (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Article The kinase LRRK2 is implicated in Parkinson’s disease progression and is known to be phosphorylated. Chia et al. show that this phosphorylation is mediated by the kinase CK1a, and is required for the recruitment of LRRK2 to Golgi-derived vesicles, suggesting a role for this protein in Golgi maintenance. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6827 Authors: Ruth Chia, Sara Haddock, Alexandra Beilina, Iakov N. Rudenko, Adamantios Mamais, Alice Kaganovich, Yan Li, Ravindran Kumaran, Michael A. Nalls, Mark R. Cookson
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Control of membrane gaps by synaptotagmin-Ca2+ measured with a novel membrane distance ruler (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Article Synaptotagmin-1 (syt-1) triggers fast synchronous neurotransmission mediated by fusion of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membranes. Here Lin et al. use inter-membrane FRET combined with DNA rulers as calibration standards to quantify Ca 2+ -induced changes in membrane distances mediated by syt-1. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6859 Authors: Chao-Chen Lin, Jan Seikowski, Angel Pérez-Lara, Reinhard Jahn, Claudia Höbartner, Peter Jomo Walla
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Direct evidence for BBSome-associated intraflagellar transport reveals distinct properties of native mammalian cilia (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Article Loss of olfactory function is one of the many symptoms of the ciliopathy Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Williams et al . show that Bardet–Biedl proteins are components of intraflagellar transport particles within cilia, and directly visualize their trafficking in native mammalian olfactory neurons. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6813 Authors: Corey L. Williams, Jeremy C. McIntyre, Stephen R. Norris, Paul M. Jenkins, Lian Zhang, Qinglin Pei, Kristen Verhey, Jeffrey R. Martens
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A chromatin activity-based chemoproteomic approach reveals a transcriptional repressome for gene-specific silencing (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Article Immune cell pro-inflammatory gene expression is suppressed following prolonged stimulation. Using a chemoproteomic approach, the authors show that methyltransferase G9a forms a protein complex that promotes the transcriptional repressor activity of c-Myc to repress inflammation-induced gene expression. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6733 Authors: Cui Liu, Yanbao Yu, Feng Liu, Xin Wei, John A. Wrobel, Harsha P. Gunawardena, Li Zhou, Jian Jin, Xian Chen
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Mangrove forest planted as tsunami shield (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: The 2004 tsunami killed 227,000 people in Indonesia. Fred Pearce visits Aceh to see the living coastal defences meant to soak up the energy of future waves
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    Smart shoes with lasers make strides in mobility (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Adding laser tips to ordinary shoes can improve the stride and pace of people with Parkinson's disease
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    Asteroid soil could fertilise farms in space (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: We can now grow plants in microgravity – and crops grown in asteroid soil could sustain vast human populations off-planet
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    2015 preview: Ready to start body hacking? (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Fingerprint magnets that allow you to feel electric fields, RFID chips that let you remotely control keys, tuning hearing to Wi-Fi fields: body hacking is here
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    Low MITF/AXL ratio predicts early resistance to multiple targeted drugs in melanoma (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Article Increased expression of MITF transcription factor is thought to promote melanoma progression and kinase inhibitor resistance. Here Muller et al . show that MITF loss is also common in melanomas and confers kinase inhibitor resistance due to upregulation of AXL and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6712 Authors: Judith Müller, Oscar Krijgsman, Jennifer Tsoi, Lidia Robert, Willy Hugo, Chunying Song, Xiangju Kong, Patricia A. Possik, Paulien D. M. Cornelissen-Steijger, Marnix H Geukes Foppen, Kristel Kemper, Colin R. Goding, Ultan McDermott, Christian Blank, John Haanen, Thomas G. Graeber, Antoni Ribas, Roger S. Lo, Daniel S. Peeper
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Machine assistants learn to run your schedule (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Got a busy calendar? Let AI assistants set your meetings for you and suggest friends for you to interact with
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    2015 preview: Prepare for immersion in virtual reality (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Rumour has it that a consumer version of the virtual reality headset Oculus Rift will emerge in 2015 – and we can't wait to get one
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    2015 preview: Paris summit breeds climate of optimism (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: World leaders are expected to agree a global plan to halt climate change in Paris, but we're already living through a renewable energy revolution
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    Climate change will leave Christmas trees in hot water (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Declining snowfall in winter will leave Norwegian spruce trees at the mercy of sub-zero temperatures and insect pests
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    2015 preview: Pluto gets ready for its first close-up (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Our current best snapshot of Pluto is just a handful of pixels captured by the Hubble Space Telescope – that should change when New Horizons flies by
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    Massively Sub-wavelength Guiding of Electromagnetic Waves (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Recently a new form of ultra-thin flexible waveguide consisting of a conducting comb-like structure with a thickness of the order of 1/600th of the operating wavelength was presented. However, whilst the thickness of the guide was massively sub-wavelength, the remaining dimensions (the height and period of the comb) were much longer. In this paper we propose, and experimentally verify, that a modified guiding geometry consisting of a chain of ultra-thin conducting spirals allows guiding of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are many times (40+) longer than any characteristic dimension of the guide, enabling super-sub-wavelength guiding and localisation of electromagnetic energy. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07495
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Levodopa/benserazide microsphere (LBM) prevents L-dopa induced dyskinesia by inactivation of the DR1/PKA/P-tau pathway in 6-OHDA-lesioned Parkinson's rats (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) is the gold standard for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), but long-term therapy is associated with the emergence of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, L-dopa and benserazide were loaded by poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (LBM), which can release levodopa and benserazide in a sustained manner in order to continuous stimulate dopaminergic receptors. We investigated the role of striatal DR1/PKA/P-tau signal transduction in the molecular event underlying LID in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. We found that animals rendered dyskinetic by L-dopa treatment, administration of LBM prevented the severity of AIM score, as well as improvement in motor function. Moreover, we also showed L-dopa elicits profound alterations in the activity of three LID molecular markers, namely DR1/PKA/P-tau (ser396). These modifications are totally prevented by LBM treatment, a similar way to achieve continuous dopaminergic delivery (CDD). In conclusion, our experiments provided evidence that intermittent administration of L-dopa, but not continuous delivery, and DR1/PKA/p-tau (ser396) activation played a critical role in the molecular and behavioural induction of LID in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In addition, LBM treatment prevented the development of LID by inhibiting the expression of DR1/PKA/p-tau, as well as PPEB mRNA in dyskintic rats. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07506
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    Evidence for acoustic communication among bottom foraging humpback whales (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), a mysticete with a cosmopolitan distribution, demonstrate marked behavioural plasticity. Recent studies show evidence of social learning in the transmission of specific population level traits ranging from complex singing to stereotyped prey capturing behaviour. Humpback whales have been observed to employ group foraging techniques, however details on how individuals coordinate behaviour in these groups is challenging to obtain. This study investigates the role of a novel broadband patterned pulsed sound produced by humpback whales engaged in bottom-feeding behaviours, referred to here as a ‘paired burst’ sound. Data collected from 56 archival acoustic tag deployments were investigated to determine the functional significance of these signals. Paired burst sound production was associated exclusively with bottom feeding under low-light conditions, predominantly with evidence of associated conspecifics nearby suggesting that the sound likely serves either as a communicative signal to conspecifics, a signal to affect prey behaviour, or possibly both. This study provides additional evidence for individual variation and phenotypic plasticity of foraging behaviours in humpback whales and provides important evidence for the use of acoustic signals among foraging individuals in this species. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07508
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    Novel stable hard transparent conductors in TiO2-TiC system: Design materials from scratch (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Two new ternary compounds in the TiO2-TiC system, Ti5C2O6 and Ti3C2O2, are reported for the first time based on ab initio evolutionary algorithm. Ti5C2O6 has a tube-structure in which sp1 hybridized carbon chains run through the lattice along the b-axis; while in the Ti3C2O2 lattice, double TiO6 polyhedral are separated by the non-coplanar sp2 hybridized hexagon graphite layers along the c-axis, forming a sandwich-like structure. At ambient conditions, the two compounds are found to be mechanically and dynamically stable and intrinsic transparent conductors with high hardness (about twice harder than the conventional transparent conducting oxides). These mechanical, electronic, and optical properties make Ti5C2O6 and Ti3C2O2 ternary compounds be promising robust, hard, transparent, and conductive materials. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07503
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    An Integrated Microfluidic Chip System for Single-Cell Secretion Profiling of Rare Circulating Tumor Cells (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Genetic and transcriptional profiling, as well as surface marker identification of single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been demonstrated. However, quantitatively profiling of functional proteins at single CTC resolution has not yet been achieved, owing to the limited purity of the isolated CTC populations and a lack of single-cell proteomic approaches to handle and analyze rare CTCs. Here, we develop an integrated microfluidic system specifically designed for streamlining isolation, purification and single-cell secretomic profiling of CTCs from whole blood. Key to this platform is the use of photocleavable ssDNA-encoded antibody conjugates to enable a highly purified CTC population with 〈75 ‘contaminated’ blood cells. An enhanced poly-L-lysine barcode pattern is created on the single-cell barcode chip for efficient capture rare CTC cells in microchambers for subsequent secreted protein profiling. This system was extensively evaluated and optimized with EpCAM-positive HCT116 cells seeded into whole blood. Patient blood samples were employed to assess the utility of the system for isolation, purification and single-cell secretion profiling of CTCs. The CTCs present in patient blood samples exhibit highly heterogeneous secretion profile of IL-8 and VEGF. The numbers of secreting CTCs are found not in accordance with CTC enumeration based on immunostaining in the parallel experiments. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07499
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    From cells to muropeptide structures in 24 h: Peptidoglycan mapping by UPLC-MS (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Peptidoglycan (PGN) is ubiquitous in nearly all bacterial species. The PGN sacculus protects the cells against their own internal turgor making PGN one of the most important targets for antibacterial treatment. Within the last sixty years PGN composition has been intensively studied by various methods. The breakthrough was the application of HPLC technology on the analysis of muropeptides. However, preparation of pure PGN relied on a very time consuming method of about one week. We established a purification protocol for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which can be completely performed in plastic reaction tubes yielding pure muropeptides within 24 hours. The muropeptides can be analyzed by UPLC-MS, allowing their immediate determination. This new rapid method provides the feasibility to screen PGN composition even in high throughput, making it a highly useful tool for basic research as well as for the pharmaceutical industry. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07494
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Superenhancers: Novel opportunities for nanowire optoelectronics (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Nanowires play a crucial role in the development of new generation optoelectronic devices ranging from photovoltaics to photodetectors, as these designs capitalize on the low material usage, utilize leaky-mode optical resonances and possess high conversion efficiencies associated with nanowire geometry. However, their current schemes lack sufficient absorption capacity demanded for their practical applicability, and more efficient materials cannot find widespread usage in these designs due to their rarity and cost. Here we suggest a novel and versatile nanoconcentrator scheme utilizing unique optical features of non-resonant Mie (NRM) scattering regime associated with low-index structures. The scattering regime is highly compatible with resonant Mie absorption effect taking place in nanowire absorbers. This technique in its optimized forms can provide up to 1500% total absorption enhancement, 400-fold material save and is suitable for large-area applications with significant area preservation compared to thin-film of same materials. Proposed superenhancer concept with its exceptional features such as broadband absorption enhancement, polarization immunity and material-independent manner paves the way for development of efficient nanowire photosensors or solar thermophotovoltaic devices and presents novel design opportunities for self-powered nanosystems. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07505
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-2322
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Protonophore properties of hyperforin are essential for its pharmacological activity (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Hyperforin is a pharmacologically active component of the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), recommended as a treatment for a range of ailments including mild to moderate depression. Part of its action has been attributed to TRPC6 channel activation. We found that hyperforin induces TRPC6-independent H+ currents in HEK-293 cells, cortical microglia, chromaffin cells and lipid bilayers. The latter demonstrates that hyperforin itself acts as a protonophore. The protonophore activity of hyperforin causes cytosolic acidification, which strongly depends on the holding potential, and which fuels the plasma membrane sodium-proton exchanger. Thereby the free intracellular sodium concentration increases and the neurotransmitter uptake by Na+ cotransport is inhibited. Additionally, hyperforin depletes and reduces loading of large dense core vesicles in chromaffin cells, which requires a pH gradient in order to accumulate monoamines. In summary the pharmacological actions of the “herbal Prozac” hyperforin are essentially determined by its protonophore properties shown here. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07500
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    Carrier-dependent magnetic anisotropy of cobalt doped titanium dioxide (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Using first-principles calculations, we predict that the magnetic anisotropy energy of Co-doped TiO2 sensitively depends on carrier accumulation. This magnetoelectric phenomenon provides a potential route to a direct manipulation of the magnetization direction in diluted magnetic semiconductor by external electric-fields. We calculate the band structures and reveal the origin of the carrier-dependent magnetic anisotropy energy in k-space. It is shown that the carrier accumulation shifts the Fermi energy, and consequently, regulates the competing contributions to the magnetic anisotropy energy. The calculations provide an insight to understanding this magnetoelectric phenomenon, and a straightforward way to search prospective materials for electrically controllable spin direction of carriers. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07496
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    1D Magnetic Materials of Fe3O4 and Fe with High Performance of Microwave Absorption Fabricated by Electrospinning Method (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Fe3O4 and Fe nanowires are successfully fabricated by electrospinning method and reduction process. Wiry microstructures were achieved with the phase transformation from α-Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and Fe by partial and full reduction, while still preserving the wire morphology. The diameters of the Fe3O4 and Fe nanowires are approximately 50–60 nm and 30–40 nm, respectively. The investigation of microwave absorption reveals that the Fe3O4 nanowires exhibit excellent microwave absorbing properties. For paraffin-based composite containing 50% weight concentration of Fe3O4 nanowires, the minimum reflection loss reaches −17.2 dB at 6.2 GHz with the matching thickness of 5.5 mm. Furthermore, the calculation shows that the modulus of the ratio between the complex permittivity and permeability |ε/μ| is far away from unity at the minimum reflection loss point, which is quite different from the traditional opinions. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07493
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    Demonstration of a refractometric sensor based on an optical micro-fiber three-beam interferometer (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: With diameter close to the wavelength of the guided light and high index contrast between the fiber and the surrounding, an optical micro-fiber shows a variety of interesting waveguiding properties, including widely tailorable optical confinement, strong evanescent fields and waveguide dispersion. Among various micro-fiber applications, optical sensing has been attracting increasing research interest due to its possibilities of realizing miniaturized fiber optic sensors with small footprint, high sensitivity, and low optical power consumption. Typical micro-fiber based sensing structures, including Michelson interferometer, Mach-Zenhder interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer, micro-fiber ring resonator, have been proposed. The sensitivity of these structures heavily related to the fraction of evanescent field outside micro-fiber. In this paper, we report the first theoretical and experimental study of a new type of refractometric sensor based on micro-fiber three-beam interferometer. Theoretical and experimental analysis reveals that the sensitivity is not only determined by the fraction of evanescent field outside the micro-fiber but also related to the values of interferometric arms. The sensitivity can be enhanced significantly when the effective lengths of the interferometric arms tends to be equal. We argue that this has great potential for increasing the sensitivity of refractive index detection. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07504
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    Molecular-like hierarchical self-assembly of monolayers of mixtures of particles (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: We present a technique that uses an externally applied electric field to self-assemble monolayers of mixtures of particles into molecular-like hierarchical arrangements on fluid-liquid interfaces. The arrangements consist of composite particles (analogous to molecules) which are arranged in a pattern. The structure of a composite particle depends on factors such as the relative sizes of the particles and their polarizabilities, and the electric field intensity. If the particles sizes differ by a factor of two or more, the composite particle has a larger particle at its core and several smaller particles form a ring around it. The number of particles in the ring and the spacing between the composite particles depend on their polarizabilities and the electric field intensity. Approximately same sized particles form chains (analogous to polymeric molecules) in which positively and negatively polarized particles alternate. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07427
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    Propagation style controls lava–snow interactions (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article How volcanoes and the cryosphere interact is of interest for understanding hazard mitigation at ice-clad volcanoes and for paleoclimate studies. Here, the authors provide quantitative details from an eruption in Kamchatka, demonstrating that two kinds of lava, ′a′a and pahoehoe, produced different snowpack responses. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6666 Authors: B. R. Edwards, A. Belousov, M. Belousova
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Manifestation of unconventional biexciton states in quantum dots (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article Artificial atoms usually constitute an orbital structure for trapped charge carriers. Here, Hönig et al . demonstrate that polarization fields and large charge carrier masses can dilute the common orbital conception and find a hybrid-biexciton molecule that enables anomalous spin configurations. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6721 Authors: Gerald Hönig, Gordon Callsen, Andrei Schliwa, Stefan Kalinowski, Christian Kindel, Satoshi Kako, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Dieter Bimberg, Axel Hoffmann
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Bacteria can mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article Certain soil fungi form specialized cellular structures or 'traps' to feed on nematodes, which in turn eat bacteria. Here, the authors show that urea released from bacteria induces trap formation in the fungi and this promotes nematode elimination. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6776 Authors: Xin Wang, Guo-Hong Li, Cheng-Gang Zou, Xing-Lai Ji, Tong Liu, Pei-Ji Zhao, Lian-Ming Liang, Jian-Ping Xu, Zhi-Qiang An, Xi Zheng, Yue-Ke Qin, Meng-Qing Tian, You-Yao Xu, Yi-Cheng Ma, Ze-Fen Yu, Xiao-Wei Huang, Shu-Qun Liu, Xue-Mei Niu, Jin-Kui Yang, Ying Huang, Ke-Qin Zhang
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    BMP signalling regulates the pre-implantation development of extra-embryonic cell lineages in the mouse embryo (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article BMP signalling is important in early post-implantation embryonic development. Here the authors perform mRNA sequencing of inside and outside cells of pre-implantation mouse embryos and show that BMP signalling is critical for the development of the two extra-embryonic lineages at this early stage. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6667 Authors: Sarah J. L. Graham, Krzysztof B. Wicher, Agnieszka Jedrusik, Guoji Guo, Wishva Herath, Paul Robson, Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    High quality-factor optical nanocavities in bulk single-crystal diamond (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article Single-crystal diamond is a promising material for applications in classical and quantum optics, but the lack of scalable fabrication remains an issue. Here, Burek et al . adapt angle-etching nanofabrication techniques to realize ring resonators and photonic crystal cavities in single crystal diamond with quality factors in excess of 10 5 . Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6718 Authors: Michael J. Burek, Yiwen Chu, Madelaine S. Z. Liddy, Parth Patel, Jake Rochman, Srujan Meesala, Wooyoung Hong, Qimin Quan, Mikhail D. Lukin, Marko Lončar
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A dynamic supramolecular polymer with stimuli-responsive handedness for in situ probing of enzymatic ATP hydrolysis (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article Interesting changes in physical and optical properties can result from the binding of small molecules to supramolecular polymers. Here, the authors present an ATP assay, using a supramolecular helix to switch between left- and right-handed conformations on binding different adenosine phosphates. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6793 Authors: Mohit Kumar, Patrick Brocorens, Claire Tonnelé, David Beljonne, Mathieu Surin, Subi J. George
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Transposable element islands facilitate adaptation to novel environments in an invasive species (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article Genetic variation is key to species evolution. Here the authors sequence two phenotypically distinct populations of the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior , and find accumulations of transposable elements correlating with genetic variation that may have a role in differentiation, adaptation and speciation. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6495 Authors: Lukas Schrader, Jay W. Kim, Daniel Ence, Aleksey Zimin, Antonia Klein, Katharina Wyschetzki, Tobias Weichselgartner, Carsten Kemena, Johannes Stökl, Eva Schultner, Yannick Wurm, Christopher D. Smith, Mark Yandell, Jürgen Heinze, Jürgen Gadau, Jan Oettler
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A recoverable state of axon injury persists for hours after spinal cord contusion in vivo (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article A potential therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) is to maintain continuity of damaged axons after contusion, but the viability of such strategies depends on the degree to which initially injured axons can recover. Here the authors use morphological and molecular in vivo imaging after contusion SCI in mice, to show that injured axons persist in a metastable state for hours. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6683 Authors: Philip R. Williams, Bogdan-Nicolae Marincu, Catherine D. Sorbara, Christoph F. Mahler, Adrian-Minh Schumacher, Oliver Griesbeck, Martin Kerschensteiner, Thomas Misgeld
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    An ecdysone-responsive nuclear receptor regulates circadian rhythms in Drosophila (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Article The mammalian circadian clock is influenced by nuclear receptors such as Rev-Erb. Here Kumar et al . show that ecdysone-induced protein 75 (E75), a fly homologue of Rev-Erb, regulates circadian rhythms in Drosophila , and demonstrate that E75 protects the clock against environmental stressors. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6697 Authors: Shailesh Kumar, Dechun Chen, Christopher Jang, Alexandra Nall, Xiangzhong Zheng, Amita Sehgal
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    Colloidal glasses: Sheared into two flows (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Nature Materials 14, 13 (2015). doi:10.1038/nmat4189 Author: Pep Pàmies
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Material witness: The final cut (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Nature Materials 14, 16 (2015). doi:10.1038/nmat4185 Author: Philip Ball
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Nature Materials 14, 43 (2015). doi:10.1038/nmat4088 Authors: Thomas C. Fitzgibbons, Malcolm Guthrie, En-shi Xu, Vincent H. Crespi, Stephen K. Davidowski, George D. Cody, Nasim Alem & John V. Badding Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene and diamondoids have extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Compression-induced polymerization of aromatic molecules could provide a viable synthetic route to ordered carbon nanomaterials, but despite almost a century of study this approach has produced only amorphous products. Here we report recovery to ambient pressure of macroscopic quantities of a crystalline one- dimensional sp3carbon nanomaterial formed by high-pressure solid-state reaction of benzene. X-ray and neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveal close- packed bundles of subnanometre-diameter sp3-bonded carbon threads capped with hydrogen, crystalline in two dimensions and short-range ordered in the third. These nanothreads promise extraordinary properties such as strength and stiffness higher than that of sp2carbon nanotubes or conven tional high-strength polymers. They may be the first member of a new class of ordered sp3 nanomaterials synthesized by kinetic control of high-pressure solid-state reactions.
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Re-entrant solidification in polymer–colloid mixtures as a consequence of competing entropic and enthalpic attractions (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Nature Materials 14, 61 (2015). doi:10.1038/nmat4109 Authors: Lang Feng, Bezia Laderman, Stefano Sacanna & Paul Chaikin In polymer–colloid mixtures, non-adsorbing polymers dispersed with much larger colloids provide a universal yet specific entropic attraction between the colloids. Such so-called depletion interaction arises from an osmotic-pressure imbalance caused by the polymers and is considered to be independent of temperature. Here we show that, for the most commonly used polymer–colloid depletion systems, the polymer undergoes a crossover from non-adsorbing to adsorbing and that, consequently, the effective colloidal interactions depend on temperature. We also find that a combination of the enthalpic (polymer bridging) and entropic (polymer exclusion) interactions, both attractive, leads to a re-entrant regime where the colloids are dispersed and form solids both on heating and on cooling. We provide a simple model to explain the observed transitions and to fill the theoretical gap at the polymer-adsorption crossover. Our findings open possibilities for colloidal self-assembly, the formation of colloidal crystals and glasses, and the behaviour of temperature-controlled viscoelastic materials.
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    Giant barocaloric effect enhanced by the frustration of the antiferromagnetic phase in Mn3GaN (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-18
    Beschreibung: Nature Materials 14, 73 (2015). doi:10.1038/nmat4117 Authors: Daichi Matsunami, Asaya Fujita, Koshi Takenaka & Mika Kano
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    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Incident light adjustable solar cell by periodic nanolens architecture (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Could nanostructures act as lenses to focus incident light for efficient utilization of photovoltaics? Is it possible, in order to avoid serious recombination loss, to realize periodic nanostructures in solar cells without direct etching in a light absorbing semiconductor? Here we propose and demonstrate a promising architecture to shape nanolenses on a planar semiconductor. Optically transparent and electrically conductive nanolenses simultaneously provide the optical benefit of modulating the incident light and the electrical advantage of supporting carrier transportation. A transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanolens was designed to focus the incident light-spectrum in focal lengths overlapping to a strong electric field region for high carrier collection efficiency. The ITO nanolens effectively broadens near-zero reflection and provides high tolerance to the incident light angles. We present a record high light-conversion efficiency of 16.0% for a periodic nanostructured Si solar cell. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06879
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    Efficient bi-allelic gene knockout and site-specific knock-in mediated by TALENs in pigs (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Pigs are ideal organ donors for xenotransplantation and an excellent model for studying human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are used widely for gene targeting in various model animals. Here, we developed a strategy using TALENs to target the GGTA1, Parkin and DJ-1 genes in the porcine genome using Large White porcine fibroblast cells without any foreign gene integration. In total, 5% (2/40), 2.5% (2/80), and 22% (11/50) of the obtained colonies of fibroblast cells were mutated for GGTA1, Parkin, and DJ-1, respectively. Among these mutant colonies, over 1/3 were bi-allelic knockouts (KO), and no off-target cleavage was detected. We also successfully used single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides to introduce a short sequence into the DJ-1 locus. Mixed DJ-1 mutant colonies were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and three female piglets were obtained (two were bi-allelically mutated, and one was mono-allelically mutated). Western blot analysis showed that the expression of the DJ-1 protein was disrupted in KO piglets. These results imply that a combination of TALENs technology with SCNT can efficiently generate bi-allelic KO pigs without the integration of exogenous DNA. These DJ-1 KO pigs will provide valuable information for studying Parkinson's disease. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06926
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    Quantum magnetic phase transition in square-octagon lattice (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Quantum magnetic phase transition in square-octagon lattice was investigated by cellular dynamical mean field theory combining with continuous time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm. Based on the systematic calculation on the density of states, the double occupancy and the Fermi surface evolution of square-octagon lattice, we presented the phase diagrams of this splendid many particle system. The competition between the temperature and the on-site repulsive interaction in the isotropic square-octagon lattice has shown that both antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic order can be found not only in the metal phase, but also in the insulating phase. Antiferromagnetic metal phase disappeared in the phase diagram that consists of the anisotropic parameter λ and the on-site repulsive interaction U while the other phases still can be detected at T = 0.17. The results found in this work may contribute to understand well the properties of some consuming systems that have square-octagon structure, quasi square-octagon structure, such as ZnO. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06918
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    Thermally assisted electric field control of magnetism in flexible multiferroic heterostructures (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Thermal and electrical control of magnetic anisotropy were investigated in flexible Fe81Ga19 (FeGa)/Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) multiferroic heterostructures. Due to the large anisotropic thermal deformation of PVDF (α1 = −13 × 10−6 K−1 and α2 = −145 × 10−6 K−1), the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) of FeGa can be reoriented 90° by changing the temperature across 295 K where the films are magnetically isotropic. Thus, the magnetization of FeGa can be reversed by the thermal cycling between 280 and 320 K under a constant magnetic field lower than coercivity. Moreover, under the assistance of thermal deformation with slightly heating the samples to the critical temperature, the electric field of ± 267 kV cm−1 can well align the UMA along the two orthogonal directions. The new route of combining thermal and electrical control of magnetic properties realized in PVDF-based flexible multiferroic materials shows good prospects in application of flexible thermal spintronic devices and flexible microwave magnetic materials. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06925
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    The first report of a Pelecaniformes defensin cluster: Characterization of β-defensin genes in the crested ibis based on BAC libraries (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Defensins play a key role in the innate immunity of various organisms. Detailed genomic studies of the defensin cluster have only been reported in a limited number of birds. Herein, we present the first characterization of defensins in a Pelecaniformes species, the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), which is one of the most endangered birds in the world. We constructed bacterial artificial chromosome libraries, including a 4D-PCR library and a reverse-4D library, which provide at least 40 equivalents of this rare bird's genome. A cluster including 14 β-defensin loci within 129 kb was assigned to chromosome 3 by FISH, and one gene duplication of AvBD1 was found. The ibis defensin genes are characterized by multiform gene organization ranging from two to four exons through extensive exon fusion. Splicing signal variations and alternative splice variants were also found. Comparative analysis of four bird species identified one common and multiple species-specific duplications, which might be associated with high GC content. Evolutionary analysis revealed birth-and-death mode and purifying selection for avian defensin evolution, resulting in different defensin gene numbers among bird species and functional conservation within orthologous genes, respectively. Additionally, we propose various directions for further research on genetic conservation in the crested ibis. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06923
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Genetic markers for toxicity of adjuvant oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines in the phase III TOSCA trial in high-risk colon cancer patients (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: We investigated 17 polymorphisms in 11 genes (TS, MTHFR, ERCC1, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM1, ABCC1, ABCC2) for their association with the toxicity of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients enrolled in a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy. The TOSCA Italian adjuvant trial was conducted in high-risk stage II–III colorectal cancer patients treated with 6 or 3 months of either FOLFOX-4 or XELOX adjuvant chemotherapy. In the concomitant ancillary pharmacogenetic study, the primary endpoint was the association of polymorphisms with grade 3–4 CTCAE toxicity events (grade 2–4 for neurotoxicity). In 517 analyzed patients, grade ≥ 3 neutropenia and grade ≥ 2 neurotoxicity events occurred in 150 (29%) and in 132 patients (24.8%), respectively. Diarrhea grade ≥ 3 events occurred in 34 (6.5%) patients. None of the studied polymorphisms showed clinically relevant association with toxicity. Hopefully, genome-wide association studies will identify new and more promising genetic variants to be tested in future studies. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06828
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    Embryonic origin and compartmental organization of the external genitalia (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Genital malformations occur at a high frequency in humans, affecting ~1:250 live births. The molecular mechanisms of external genital development are beginning to be identified; however, the origin of cells that give rise to external genitalia is unknown. Here we use cell lineage analysis to show that the genital tubercle, the precursor of the penis and clitoris, arises from two populations of progenitor cells that originate at the lateral edges of the embryo, at the level of the posterior hindlimb buds and anterior tail. During body wall closure, the left and right external genital progenitor pools are brought together at the ventral midline, where they form the paired genital swellings that give rise to the genital tubercle. Unexpectedly, the left and right external genital progenitor pools form two lineage-restricted compartments in the phallus. Together with previous lineage studies of limb buds, our results indicate that, at the pelvic level, the early lateral mesoderm is regionalized from medial to lateral into dorsal limb, ventral limb, and external genital progenitor fields. These findings have implications for the evolutionary diversification of external genitalia and for the association between external genital defects and disruption of body wall closure, as seen in the epispadias-extrophy complex. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06896
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    Symmetrically periodic segregation in a vertically vibrated binary granular bed (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Periodic segregation behaviors in fine mixtures of copper and alumina particles, including both percolation and eruption stages, are experimentally investigated by varying the ambient air pressure and vibrational acceleration. For the cases with moderate air pressure, the heaping profile of the granular bed keeps symmetrical in the whole periodic segregation. The symmetrical shape of the upper surface of the granular bed in the eruption stage, which resembles a miniature volcanic eruption, could be described by the Mogi model that illuminates the genuine volcanic eruption in the geography. When the air pressure increases, an asymmetrical heaping profile is observed in the eruption stage of periodic segregation. With using the image processing technique, we estimate a relative height difference between the copper and the alumina particles as the order parameter to quantitatively characterize the evolution of periodic segregation. Both eruption and percolation time, extracted from the order parameter, are plotted as a function of the vibration strength. Finally, we briefly discuss the air effect on the granular segregation behaviors. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06914
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    Re-building Daniell Cell with a Li-ion exchange Film (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Daniell cell (i.e. Zn-Cu battery) is widely used in chemistry curricula to illustrate how batteries work, although it has been supplanted in the late 19th century by more modern battery designs because of Cu2+-crossover-induced self-discharge and un-rechargeable characteristic. Herein, it is re-built by using a ceramic Li-ion exchange film to separate Cu and Zn electrodes for preventing Cu2+-crossover between two electrodes. The re-built Zn-Cu battery can be cycled for 150 times without capacity attenuation and self-discharge, and displays a theoretical energy density of 68.3 Wh kg−1. It is more important that both electrodes of the battery are renewable, reusable, low toxicity and environmentally friendly. Owing to these advantages mentioned above, the re-built Daniell cell can be considered as a promising and green stationary power source for large-scale energy storage. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06916
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Anatomy and efficiency of urban multimodal mobility (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: The growth of transportation networks and their increasing interconnections, although positive, has the downside effect of an increasing complexity which make them difficult to use, to assess, and limits their efficiency. On average in the UK, 23% of travel time is lost in connections for trips with more than one mode, and the lack of synchronization decreases very slowly with population size. This lack of synchronization between modes induces differences between the theoretical quickest trip and the ‘time-respecting’ path, which takes into account waiting times at interconnection nodes. We analyse here the statistics of these paths on the multilayer, temporal network of the entire, multimodal british public transportation system. We propose a statistical decomposition – the ‘anatomy’ – of trips in urban areas, in terms of riding, waiting and walking times, and which shows how the temporal structure of trips varies with distance and allows us to compare different cities. Weaknesses in systems can be either insufficient transportation speed or service frequency, but the key parameter controlling their global efficiency is the total number of stop events per hour for all modes. This analysis suggests the need for better optimization strategies, adapted to short, long unimodal or multimodal trips. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06911
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    The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Nanodiamond (ND) has emerged as a promising carbon nanomaterial for therapeutic applications. In previous studies, ND has been reported to have outstanding biocompatibility and high uptake rate in various cell types. ND containing nitrogen-vacancy centers exhibit fluorescence property is called fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), and has been applied for bio-labeling agent. However, the influence and application of FND on the nervous system remain elusive. In order to study the compatibility of FND on the nervous system, neurons treated with FNDs in vitro and in vivo were examined. FND did not induce cytotoxicity in primary neurons from either central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS); neither did intracranial injection of FND affect animal behavior. The neuronal uptake of FNDs was confirmed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. However, FND caused a concentration-dependent decrease in neurite length in both CNS and PNS neurons. Time-lapse live cell imaging showed that the reduction of neurite length was due to the spatial hindrance of FND on advancing axonal growth cone. These findings demonstrate that FNDs exhibit low neuronal toxicity but interfere with neuronal morphogenesis, and should be taken into consideration when applications involve actively growing neurites (e.g. nerve regeneration). Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06919
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    Citric Acid-based Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds Enhance Calvarial Regeneration (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Citric acid-based polymer/hydroxyapatite composites (CABP-HAs) are a novel class of biomimetic composites that have recently attracted significant attention in tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of using two different CABP-HAs, poly (1,8-octanediol citrate)-click-HA (POC-Click-HA) and crosslinked urethane-doped polyester-HA (CUPE-HA) as an alternative to autologous tissue grafts in the repair of skeletal defects. CABP-HA disc-shaped scaffolds (65 wt.-% HA with 70% porosity) were used as bare implants without the addition of growth factors or cells to renovate 4 mm diameter rat calvarial defects (n = 72, n = 18 per group). Defects were either left empty (negative control group), or treated with CUPE-HA scaffolds, POC-Click-HA scaffolds, or autologous bone grafts (AB group). Radiological and histological data showed a significant enhancement of osteogenesis in defects treated with CUPE-HA scaffolds when compared to POC-Click-HA scaffolds. Both, POC-Click-HA and CUPE-HA scaffolds, resulted in enhanced bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, and angiogenesis when compared to the control groups at 1, 3, and 6 months post-trauma. These results show the potential of CABP-HA bare implants as biocompatible, osteogenic, and off-shelf-available options in the repair of orthopedic defects. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06912
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    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
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    Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray, and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06913
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    Controllable Schottky Barriers between MoS2 and Permalloy (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: MoS2 is a layered two-dimensional material with strong spin-orbit coupling and long spin lifetime, which is promising for electronic and spintronic applications. However, because of its large band gap and small electron affinity, a considerable Schottky barrier exists between MoS2 and contact metal, hindering the further study of spin transport and spin injection in MoS2. Although substantial progress has been made in improving device performance, the existence of metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier has not yet been fully understood. Here, we investigate permalloy (Py) contacts to both multilayer and monolayer MoS2. Ohmic contact is developed between multilayer MoS2 and Py electrodes with a negative Schottky barrier, which yields a high field-effect mobility exceeding 55 cm2V−1s−1 at low temperature. Further, by applying back gate voltage and inserting different thickness of Al2O3 layer between the metal and monolayer MoS2, we have achieved a good tunability of the Schottky barrier height (down to zero). These results are important in improving the performance of MoS2 transistor devices; and it may pave the way to realize spin transport and spin injection in MoS2. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06928
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    Level Anticrossing of Impurity States in Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: The size dependence of the quantized energies of elementary excitations is an essential feature of quantum nanostructures, underlying most of their applications in science and technology. Here we report on a fundamental property of impurity states in semiconductor nanocrystals that appears to have been overlooked—the anticrossing of energy levels exhibiting different size dependencies. We show that this property is inherent to the energy spectra of charge carriers whose spatial motion is simultaneously affected by the Coulomb potential of the impurity ion and the confining potential of the nanocrystal. The coupling of impurity states, which leads to the anticrossing, can be induced by interactions with elementary excitations residing inside the nanocrystal or an external electromagnetic field. We formulate physical conditions that allow a straightforward interpretation of level anticrossings in the nanocrystal energy spectrum and an accurate estimation of the states' coupling strength. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06917
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    Preen secretions encode information on MHC similarity in certain sex-dyads in a monogamous seabird (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: Animals are known to select mates to maximize the genetic diversity of their offspring in order to achieve immunity against a broader range of pathogens. Although several bird species preferentially mate with partners that are dissimilar at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), it remains unknown whether they can use olfactory cues to assess MHC similarity with potential partners. Here we combined gas chromatography data with genetic similarity indices based on MHC to test whether similarity in preen secretion chemicals correlated with MHC relatedness in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), a species that preferentially mates with genetically dissimilar partners. We found that similarity in preen secretion chemicals was positively correlated with MHC relatedness in male-male and male-female dyads. This study provides the first evidence that preen secretion chemicals can encode information on MHC relatedness and suggests that odor-based mechanisms of MHC-related mate choice may occur in birds. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06920
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    Frequency-Controls of Electromagnetic Multi-Beam Scanning by Metasurfaces (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: We propose a method to control electromagnetic (EM) radiations by holographic metasurfaces, including to producing multi-beam scanning in one dimension (1D) and two dimensions (2D) with the change of frequency. The metasurfaces are composed of subwavelength metallic patches on grounded dielectric substrate. We present a combined theory of holography and leaky wave to realize the multi-beam radiations by exciting the surface interference patterns, which are generated by interference between the excitation source and required radiation waves. As the frequency changes, we show that the main lobes of EM radiation beams could accomplish 1D or 2D scans regularly by using the proposed holographic metasurfaces shaped with different interference patterns. This is the first time to realize 2D scans of antennas by changing the frequency. Full-wave simulations and experimental results validate the proposed theory and confirm the corresponding physical phenomena. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06921
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    Continuity of states between the cholesteric → line hexatic transition and the condensation transition in DNA solutions (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-06
    Beschreibung: A new method of finely temperature-tuning osmotic pressure allows one to identify the cholesteric → line hexatic transition of oriented or unoriented long-fragment DNA bundles in monovalent salt solutions as first order, with a small but finite volume discontinuity. This transition is similar to the osmotic pressure-induced expanded → condensed DNA transition in polyvalent salt solutions at small enough polyvalent salt concentrations. Therefore there exists a continuity of states between the two. This finding, together with the corresponding empirical equation of state, effectively relates the phase diagram of DNA solutions for monovalent salts to that for polyvalent salts and sheds some light on the complicated interactions between DNA molecules at high densities. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06877
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    BitPAl: a bit-parallel, general integer-scoring sequence alignment algorithm (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: Motivation: Mapping of high-throughput sequencing data and other bulk sequence comparison applications have motivated a search for high-efficiency sequence alignment algorithms. The bit-parallel approach represents individual cells in an alignment scoring matrix as bits in computer words and emulates the calculation of scores by a series of logic operations composed of AND, OR, XOR, complement, shift and addition. Bit-parallelism has been successfully applied to the longest common subsequence (LCS) and edit-distance problems, producing fast algorithms in practice. Results: We have developed BitPAl, a bit-parallel algorithm for general, integer-scoring global alignment. Integer-scoring schemes assign integer weights for match, mismatch and insertion/deletion. The BitPAl method uses structural properties in the relationship between adjacent scores in the scoring matrix to construct classes of efficient algorithms, each designed for a particular set of weights. In timed tests, we show that BitPAl runs 7–25 times faster than a standard iterative algorithm. Availability and implementation: Source code is freely available for download at http://lobstah.bu.edu/BitPAl/BitPAl.html . BitPAl is implemented in C and runs on all major operating systems. Contact : jloving@bu.edu or yhernand@bu.edu or gbenson@bu.edu Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Medizin
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    gCUP: rapid GPU-based HIV-1 co-receptor usage prediction for next-generation sequencing (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: : Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has a large potential in HIV diagnostics, and genotypic prediction models have been developed and successfully tested in the recent years. However, albeit being highly accurate, these computational models lack computational efficiency to reach their full potential. In this study, we demonstrate the use of graphics processing units (GPUs) in combination with a computational prediction model for HIV tropism. Our new model named gCUP, parallelized and optimized for GPU, is highly accurate and can classify 〉175 000 sequences per second on an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460. The computational efficiency of our new model is the next step to enable NGS technologies to reach clinical significance in HIV diagnostics. Moreover, our approach is not limited to HIV tropism prediction, but can also be easily adapted to other settings, e.g. drug resistance prediction. Availability and implementation: The source code can be downloaded at http://www.heiderlab.de Contact: d.heider@wz-straubing.de
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    Fast construction of FM-index for long sequence reads (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: : We present a new method to incrementally construct the FM-index for both short and long sequence reads, up to the size of a genome. It is the first algorithm that can build the index while implicitly sorting the sequences in the reverse (complement) lexicographical order without a separate sorting step. The implementation is among the fastest for indexing short reads and the only one that practically works for reads of averaged kilobases in length. Availability and implementation: https://github.com/lh3/ropebwt2 Contact: hengli@broadinstitute.org
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    AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: : AliView is an alignment viewer and editor designed to meet the requirements of next-generation sequencing era phylogenetic datasets. AliView handles alignments of unlimited size in the formats most commonly used, i.e. FASTA, Phylip, Nexus, Clustal and MSF. The intuitive graphical interface makes it easy to inspect, sort, delete, merge and realign sequences as part of the manual filtering process of large datasets. AliView also works as an easy-to-use alignment editor for small as well as large datasets. Availability and implementation: AliView is released as open-source software under the GNU General Public License, version 3.0 (GPLv3), and is available at GitHub ( www.github.com/AliView ). The program is cross-platform and extensively tested on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows systems. Downloads and help are available at http://ormbunkar.se/aliview Contact: anders.larsson@ebc.uu.se Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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    Trowel: a fast and accurate error correction module for Illumina sequencing reads (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: Motivation: The ability to accurately read the order of nucleotides in DNA and RNA is fundamental for modern biology. Errors in next-generation sequencing can lead to many artifacts, from erroneous genome assemblies to mistaken inferences about RNA editing. Uneven coverage in datasets also contributes to false corrections. Result: We introduce Trowel, a massively parallelized and highly efficient error correction module for Illumina read data. Trowel both corrects erroneous base calls and boosts base qualities based on the k -mer spectrum. With high-quality k -mers and relevant base information, Trowel achieves high accuracy for different short read sequencing applications.The latency in the data path has been significantly reduced because of efficient data access and data structures. In performance evaluations, Trowel was highly competitive with other tools regardless of coverage, genome size read length and fragment size. Availability and implementation: Trowel is written in C++ and is provided under the General Public License v3.0 (GPLv3). It is available at http://trowel-ec.sourceforge.net . Contact: euncheon.lim@tue.mpg.de or weigel@tue.mpg.de Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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    MEGADOCK 4.0: an ultra-high-performance protein-protein docking software for heterogeneous supercomputers (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: : The application of protein–protein docking in large-scale interactome analysis is a major challenge in structural bioinformatics and requires huge computing resources. In this work, we present MEGADOCK 4.0, an FFT-based docking software that makes extensive use of recent heterogeneous supercomputers and shows powerful, scalable performance of 〉97% strong scaling. Availability and Implementation: MEGADOCK 4.0 is written in C++ with OpenMPI and NVIDIA CUDA 5.0 (or later) and is freely available to all academic and non-profit users at: http://www.bi.cs.titech.ac.jp/megadock . Contact: akiyama@cs.titech.ac.jp Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
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    Detection of active transcription factor binding sites with the combination of DNase hypersensitivity and histone modifications (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: Motivation: The identification of active transcriptional regulatory elements is crucial to understand regulatory networks driving cellular processes such as cell development and the onset of diseases. It has recently been shown that chromatin structure information, such as DNase I hypersensitivity (DHS) or histone modifications, significantly improves cell-specific predictions of transcription factor binding sites. However, no method has so far successfully combined both DHS and histone modification data to perform active binding site prediction. Results: We propose here a method based on hidden Markov models to integrate DHS and histone modifications occupancy for the detection of open chromatin regions and active binding sites. We have created a framework that includes treatment of genomic signals, model training and genome-wide application. In a comparative analysis, our method obtained a good trade-off between sensitivity versus specificity and superior area under the curve statistics than competing methods. Moreover, our technique does not require further training or sequence information to generate binding location predictions. Therefore, the method can be easily applied on new cell types and allow flexible downstream analysis such as de novo motif finding. Availability and implementation: Our framework is available as part of the Regulatory Genomics Toolbox. The software information and all benchmarking data are available at http://costalab.org/wp/dh-hmm . Contact: ivan.costa@rwth-aachen.de or eduardo.gusmao@rwth-aachen.de Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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    A method for de novo nucleic acid diagnostic target discovery (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: Motivation: A proper target or marker is essential in any diagnosis (e.g. an infection or cancer). An ideal diagnostic target should be both conserved in and unique to the pathogen. Currently, these targets can only be identified manually, which is time-consuming and usually error-prone. Because of the increasingly frequent occurrences of emerging epidemics and multidrug-resistant ‘superbugs’, a rapid diagnostic target identification process is needed. Results: A new method that can identify uniquely conserved regions (UCRs) as candidate diagnostic targets for a selected group of organisms solely from their genomic sequences has been developed and successfully tested. Using a sequence-indexing algorithm to identify UCRs and a k -mer integer-mapping model for computational efficiency, this method has successfully identified UCRs within the bacteria domain for 15 test groups, including pathogenic, probiotic, commensal and extremophilic bacterial species or strains. Based on the identified UCRs, new diagnostic primer sets were designed, and their specificity and efficiency were tested by polymerase chain reaction amplifications from both pure isolates and samples containing mixed cultures. Availability and implementation: The UCRs identified for the 15 bacterial species are now freely available at http://ucr.synblex.com . The source code of the programs used in this study is accessible at http://ucr.synblex.com/bacterialIdSourceCode.d.zip Contact: yazhousun@synblex.com Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2059
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Quantitative method for the assignment of hinge and shear mechanism in protein domain movements (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-07
    Beschreibung: Motivation: A popular method for classification of protein domain movements apportions them into two main types: those with a ‘hinge’ mechanism and those with a ‘shear’ mechanism. The intuitive assignment of domain movements to these classes has limited the number of domain movements that can be classified in this way. Furthermore, whether intended or not, the term ‘shear’ is often interpreted to mean a relative translation of the domains. Results: Numbers of occurrences of four different types of residue contact changes between domains were optimally combined by logistic regression using the training set of domain movements intuitively classified as hinge and shear to produce a predictor for hinge and shear. This predictor was applied to give a 10-fold increase in the number of examples over the number previously available with a high degree of precision. It is shown that overall a relative translation of domains is rare, and that there is no difference between hinge and shear mechanisms in this respect. However, the shear set contains significantly more examples of domains having a relative twisting movement than the hinge set. The angle of rotation is also shown to be a good discriminator between the two mechanisms. Availability and implementation: Results are free to browse at http://www.cmp.uea.ac.uk/dyndom/interface/ . Contact: sjh@cmp.uea.ac.uk . Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2059
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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