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  • Other Sources  (18)
  • Pergamon Press  (6)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (6)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Schweizerbart
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2000-2004  (18)
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  • 1
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    Schweizerbart
    In:  In: Biodiversitätsforschung - Die Entschlüsselung der Artenvielfalt in Raum und Zeit. , ed. by Gradstein, S. R. and Willmann, R. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 75-87. ISBN 978-3-510-61354-0
    Publication Date: 2017-02-02
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-04-28
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-04-28
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  • 4
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Oikos (100). pp. 592-600.
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
    Description: Conceptual models predict counteractive effects of herbivores and nutrient enrichment on plant diversity and reversed effects of grazers under different nutrient regimes. I tested these hypotheses in 11 field experiments with periphyton communities in three different aquatic habitats (a highly eutrophic lake, an meso-eutrophic lake, and an meso-eutrophic part of the Baltic Sea coast) and in different seasons. Grazer access and nutrient supply were manipulated in a factorial design. Species richness and evenness were chosen as response variables. Both manipulated factors had significant and contrasting effects on diversity, with variable effect strength between sites and seasons. From the two aspects of diversity, evenness well reflected the changes in community composition. Fertilization tended to increase the dominance of few species and thus to decrease evenness, whereas grazers counteracted these effects by removing dominant life forms. The response of species richness was not as expected, since grazers decreased richness throughout, whereas nutrients had weaker effects but tended to increase richness. Species richness rather reflected changes in periphyton architecture. Grazers reduced algal richness presumably by co-consumption of rare species in the tightly connected periphyton assemblages, whereas enrichment may increase richness by providing more structure via increased dominance of filamentous species. Although grazer and nutrient effects on richness and evenness were opposing, there was no change in the effect of one factor by manipulation of the other.
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  • 5
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 (22-26). pp. 3041-3064.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: In January and February 1998, when an unprecedented fourth repetition of the zonal hydrographic transect at 24.5°N in the Atlantic was undertaken, carbon measurements were obtained for the second time in less than a decade. The field of total carbon along this section is compared to that provided by 1992 cruise which followed a similar path (albeit in a different season). Consistent with the increase in atmospheric carbon levels, an increase in anthropogenic carbon concentrations of Full-size image (〈1 K) was found in the surface layers. Using an inverse analysis to determine estimates of absolute velocity, the flux of inorganic carbon across 24.5° is estimated to be −0.74±0.91 and Full-size image (〈1 K) southward in 1998 and 1992, respectively. Estimates of total inorganic carbon flux depend strongly upon the estimated mass transport, particularly of the Deep Western Boundary Current. The 1998 estimate reduces the large regional divergence in the meridional carbon transport suggested by previous studies and brings into question the idea that the tropical Atlantic constantly outgasses carbon, while the subpolar Atlantic sequesters it. Uncertainty in the carbon transports themselves, dominated by the uncertainty in the total mass transport estimates, are a hindrance to determining the “true” picture. The flux of anthropogenic carbon (C★ANTH) across the two transects is estimated as northward at 0.20±0.08 and Full-size image (〈1 K) for the 1998 and 1992 sections, respectively. The net transport of C★ANTH across 24.5°N is strongly affected by the difference in concentrations between the northward flowing shallow Florida Current and the mass balancing, interior return flow. The net northward transport of C★ANTH is opposite the net flow of total carbon and suggests, as has been found by others, that the pre-industrial southward transport of carbon within the Atlantic was stronger than it is today. Combining these flux results with estimates of atmospheric and riverine inorganic carbon input, it is determined that today's oceanic carbon system differs from the pre-industrial system in that today there is an uptake of anthropogenic carbon to the south that is advected northward and stored within the North Atlantic basin.
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  • 6
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 (1). pp. 281-298.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Exchanges of water south of Africa between the South Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean are an important component of the global thermohaline circulation. Evidence exists that the variability in these exchanges, on both meso- and longer time scales, may significantly influence weather and climate patterns in the southern African region and the significance of these regional ocean–atmosphere interactions is discussed. Observations of the inter-ocean exchange are limited and it is necessary to augment these with estimates derived from models. As a first step in this direction, this study uses an eddy-permitting model to investigate the heat and volume transport in the oceanic region south of Africa and its variability on meso, seasonal and inter-annual time scales. On the annual mean, about Full-size image (〈1 K) (standard deviation Full-size image (〈1 K)) of heat flows west into the South Atlantic across 20°E (longitude of Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa), with just over Full-size image (〈1 K) (standard deviation Full-size image (〈1 K)) flowing north into the South Atlantic across 35°S. The seasonal variations in this transport are about 10% at 35°S in the South Atlantic and around 20% through 20°E; the model value of Full-size image (〈1 K) for summer (standard deviation ranging from Full-size image (〈1 K) in January to Full-size image (〈1 K) in March) appears consistent with respective estimates of 0.51 and Full-size image (〈1 K) derived from two WOCE summer cruises southwest of Cape Town to 45°S in 1990 and 1993. Volume transports of the Agulhas Current section through 35°S in the SW Indian Ocean range from 58 to Full-size image (〈1 K) in summer/autumn to 64–Full-size image (〈1 K) in winter/spring. The model results suggest that the inter-ocean exchange south of Africa is highly variable on seasonal through to interannual scales. If this variability is also the case in the real ocean (and the limited observations suggest that this is so), then there are likely to be significant implications for climate.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-08-07
    Description: In the eastern Karawanken Mountains, the siliciclastic sedimentary succession of the Hochwipfel Formation was deposited within a narrow marginal basin of the western Paleotethys. Variations of detrital sandstone modes define four petrofacies types, and allow the succession to be stratigraphically divided into Lower and Upper Hochwipfel Formation. Petrographical and geochemical provenance analysis indicate that the basal quartz-rich sandstones derived mainly from the Intraalpine Terrane in the north and the passive Gondwana margin in the south. In the sediments of the Upper Hochwipfel Formation, an increase of (meta)sedimentary as well as of magmatic lithoclasts is discernible indicating a convergent tectonic situation and increased sediment supply derived from a magmatic arc. Zusammenfassung: Die klastische Sedimentabfolge der karhonen HochwipfelFormation der Ostkarawanken wurde in einem schmalen Randbecken der westlichen Paläotethys abgelagert. Auf Grund der Modalzusammensetzung der Sandsteine lassen sich vier Petrofaziestypen unterscheiden, und die sedimentäre Abfolge in eine Untere und eine Obere Hochwipfel-Formation gliedern. Petrographische und geochemische Provenienz-Indikatoren deuten darauf hin, dass die basalen quarzreichen Sandsteine der unteren Hochwipfel-Formation überwiegend von dem nördlich gelegenen Intraalpinen Terran bzw. dem südlich gelegenen passiven Kontinentalrand Gondwanas stammen. In den Sedimenten der oberen Hochwipfel-Formation ist eine Zunahme von (meta)sedimentären Lithoklasten sowie magmatischen Gesteinsbruchstücken zu beobachten. Dies zeigt den Übergang zu einer konvergenten tektonischen Situation und den verstärkten Sedimenteintrag aus einem magmatischen Bogen an.
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  • 8
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 62 . pp. 253-276.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-08
    Description: A set of histological characteristics to judge ovarian development was established and used to elaborate morphological criteria of 10 maturity stages of Baltic cod Gadus morhua sampled throughout the annual cycle to represent different macroscopic maturity stages. The applied characteristics confirmed most stages of the macroscopic scale, but the separation of late immature and resting mature females remained imprecise. Atretic vitellogenic oocytes or encapsulated residual eggs identified the resting condition morphologically, but not all ovaries with visible signs of previous spawning showed such features. One ovarian stage that was previously classified as ‘ripening’ was changed to ‘spawning’, owing to the prevalence of hydrated eggs and empty follicles. Ovaries with malfunctions were defined by a separate stage. Macroscopic criteria were revised by comparing the gross anatomy of ovaries with their histology. Female length and gonado-somatic index supported stage definitions, but substantial variation in Fulton's condition factor and the hepato-somatic index rendered these of little use for this purpose. The time of sampling influenced staging accuracy. A female spawner probability function based on the proportion of ripening and ripe specimens in early spring seems to be the most appropriate method to estimate spawner biomass and reproductive potential.
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  • 9
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 63 . pp. 280-299.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: During peak spawning of sprat Sprattus sprattus in the Baltic Sea in May–June egg specific gravity averaged ±s.d. 1·00858 ± 0·00116 g cm−3 but was significantly higher in the beginning and significantly lower towards the end of the spawning season. A close relationship was found between egg diameter and egg specific gravity (r2 = 0·71). This relationship, however, changed during the spawning season indicating that some other factor was involved causing the decrease in specific gravity during the spawning period. The vertical egg distribution changed during the spawning season: eggs were distributed mainly in the deep layers early in the season, occurred in and above the permanent halocline during peak spawning, and above the halocline towards the end of the spawning season. Consequently, poor oxygen conditions in the deep layers and low temperatures in layers between the halocline and the developing thermocline may affect egg development. Thus, opportunities for egg development vary over the spawning season and among spawning areas, and depending on frequency of saline water inflows into the Baltic Sea and severity of winters, between years
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The active channel–levee system of the middle Bengal Fan was studied by a combined analysis of Parasound echosounder and Hydrosweep swathsounder data. The channel is characterized by highly variable sinuosities. Compared to other mud-rich submarine fans, an exceptionally low channel slope is found. The system can be subdivided into inner and outer zones of significantly different depositional architecture. The inner zone consists of the active channel and sharply separated vertical blocks, which are characterized by parallel, distinct reflectors and planforms of bends. These blocks are interpreted as abandoned channel segments (cut-off loops). The outer zones represent undisturbed levees, which are constructed of parallel and wedge-shaped sedimentary units. The wedge-shaped units, varying significantly in thickness and lateral extent, are found at the outer convex arcs of active and abandoned channel loops caused by overspilling of channelized turbidity currents at sharp bends. The parallel units are the deposits of turbidity currents, which spread their sediments over wide areas as their size significantly exceeds the cross-section of the channel. The complex vertical and horizontal distribution of partially small sedimentary units suggests a more complicated deposition in time and space as hitherto reported from other submarine fans. Within the inner zone, more than 20 cut-off loops were identified over a channel length of 90 km. In contrast to most other large mud-rich submarine fans, channel avulsion within the active channel–levee system is a frequent process. In particular, a temporal succession of at least 4 cut-off loops was reconstructed in the southern study area, indicating channel avulsion on average every 750 years. Channel avulsion seems to be a repetitious process caused by erosion through turbidite currents in a highly sinuous channel. Compared to other submarine fans, no morphological parameter shows a remarkable difference except the channel slope, which is significantly smaller than, for example, on Amazon, Congo and Mississippi fans. The interaction between this low channel slope and the flow parameter of the turbidity currents is most likely the reason for the instability of the active channel planform, leading to an exceptionally large number of meander loop breaches and cut-off loops.
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  • 11
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 (-). pp. 57-86.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Combining in-situ Lagrangian intermediate depth velocity measurements from the KAPEX (Cape of Good Hope Experiments) float program with sea-surface height data, this study reviews the inter-ocean exchange mechanisms around southern Africa. In the southeastern Cape Basin, a highly energetic field of coexisting anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies is documented. Agulhas Rings of typically 200 km diameter are observed to merge, split, deform, and to reconnect to the Agulhas Retroflection. Concomitant, slightly smaller cyclones are observed to drift across the northwestward migration path of the Agulhas Rings. These cyclones, with typical diameters of 120 km, are formed within the Cape Basin along the African shelf, inshore of the Agulhas Current, and in the subantarctic region south of Africa. The data suggest the annual formation of 3–6 long-lived Agulhas Rings that eventually cross 5°E longitude, while approximately twice the number of rings occur in the southeastern Cape Basin. Within this region, cyclones outnumber anticyclones by a factor of 3:2. Both cyclones and anticyclones extend through the upper thermocline into the intermediate depth layer. Mean drifts of anticyclones are 3.8±1.2 cm s−1 to the northwest, while cyclones follow a west–southwestward route at 3.6±0.8 cm s−1. Transport estimates suggest that the intermediate depth layer in the southeastern Cape Basin is primarily supplied from the east (approximately 9 Sv), with minor direct inflow from the Atlantic to the west and south. Cyclone/anticyclone interaction is surmised to result in vigorous stirring and mixing processes in the southeastern Cape Basin, which necessitates a review of the traditional concept of Indo-Atlantic inter-ocean exchange. We propose to limit the concept of “isolated Agulhas Rings embedded in a sluggish Benguela Drift” to the northwestern Cape Basin and beyond, while linking this regime to the Agulhas Retroflection proper through a zone of turbulent stirring and mixing in the southeastern Cape Basin, named for the first time the “Cape Cauldron” hereinafter.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: The Archean Murchison greenstone belt, Northern Province, South Africa, represents a rifted volcanic arc sequence hosting the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) district in Southern Africa. The VMS deposits of the "Cu-Zn line" developed during the initial phases of highly evolved felsic volcanism between 2971 and 2965 Ma and are closely associated with quartz-porphyritic rhyolite domes. Elevated heat supply along slow-spreading rift segments ensured regional hydrothermal convection along the entire rift axis. Recurrent volcanism resulted in frequent disruption of hydrothermal discharge and relative short-lived episodes of hydrothermal activity. Stable thermal conditions favoured the local development of mature hydrothermal vent fields from focused fluid discharge and sulfide precipitation in thin layers of volcaniclastic rocks. Ore mineralogy and geochemical composition attest to hydrothermal activity at moderate temperatures of 〈= 250 °C for the entire rift axis, with short-lived pulses of higher temperature(~ 300 °C) fluid upflow. Major and trace metal composition of the deposits attests to the highly differentiated felsic source rocks. Fluid and host rock compositions constrained favourable conditions for the enrichment of indium in the massive sulfide deposits defining the "Cu-Zn line" as a type example for the enrichment of indium in the volcanogenic environment.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-01-22
    Description: A compilation of δ44/40Ca (δ44/40Ca) data sets of different calcium reference materials is presented, based on measurements in three different laboratories (Institute of Geological Sciences, Bern; Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, Strasbourg; GEOMAR, Kiel) to support the establishment of a calcium isotope reference standard. Samples include a series of international and internal Ca reference materials, including NIST SRM 915a, seawater, two calcium carbonates and a CaF2 reference sample. The deviations in δ44/40Ca for selected pairs of reference samples have been defined and are consistent within statistical uncertainties in all three laboratories. Emphasis has been placed on characterising both NIST SRM 915a as an internationally available high purity Ca reference sample and seawater as representative of an important and widely available geological reservoir. The difference between δ44/40Ca of NIST SRM 915a and seawater is defined as -1.88 O.O4%o (δ44/42CaNISTSRM915a/Sw= -0.94 0.07%o). The conversion of values referenced to NIST SRM 915a to seawater can be described by the simplified equation δ44/40CaSa/Sw=δ44/40CaSa/NIST SRM 915a - 1.88 (δ44/42CaSa/Sw=δ44/42CaSa/NIST SRM 915a - 0.94). We propose the use of NIST SRM 915a as general Ca isotope reference standard, with seawater being defined as the major reservoir with respect to oceanographic studies.
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  • 14
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 (-). pp. 35-56.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The combined analysis of hydrographic, kinematic, and dynamic data collected during the 1997–1999 KAPEX (CAPe of Good Hope EXperiments) reveals a quasi-stationary meandering pattern of the Agulhas Retroflection Current east and upstream of the Southwest-Indian Ridge. The current meanders between 38°S and 40°S in a spatially and temporally continuous fashion and has a core width of approximately Full-size image (〈1 K) with an associated transport of Full-size image (〈1 K) in the upper Full-size image (〈1 K). Peak surface velocities decrease from Full-size image (〈1 K) near the Agulhas Retroflection to Full-size image (〈1 K) around 32°E. Meander troughs (northward extremes) are found predominantly near 26.8°E, 32.6°E and 38.9°E, while crests (southward extremes) are located with high probability near 29.7°E, 35.5°E and 42.9°E, resulting in a typical wavelength of Full-size image (〈1 K). Cold eddies are shed along the northern boundary of the current from meander troughs into the recirculation regime between the Agulhas Current proper and the Agulhas Return Current. Strongest cyclonic eddies are preferably shed in austral autumn. The cyclonic eddies so formed propagate westward at an average phase-speed of Full-size image (〈1 K), with, however, a variability of at least the same magnitude. Subsequently, the cyclones are absorbed by the next meander trough located upstream and to the west of the shedding trough.
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  • 15
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    Springer Science + Business Media | MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Publ.
    In:  Geochemistry International, 41 (3). pp. 213-223.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
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  • 16
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 . pp. 141-166.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Rings shed at the Agulhas retroflection are an integral part of interoceanic exchange south of Africa. There is clear evidence of westward ring translation from the northern Cape Basin across the South Atlantic Ocean. Early ring development and translation from the southern to the northern Cape Basin, however, are obscured by an intensely variable kinematic field close to the spawning site. In this study unique in situ observations, obtained in March to September 1997, are analyzed to improve the understanding of the early development of a juvenile Agulhas Ring. In March the ring was surveyed near 37°S, 16°E, approximately 4 months after its generation. Its strength and size were in the upper range typical for Agulhas Rings, and its trapping depth extended down to at least 1600 dbar according to geostrophic velocities and RAFOS trajectories in the ring. Between March and September the ring propagated in a general northwestward direction; however, RAFOS trajectories and MODAS sea-surface steric height fields revealed a large variability of the translation speed (Full-size image (〈1 K) to more than Full-size image (〈1 K)) and direction. In September 1997, the mature ring was examined near 31°S, 9°E. By this time, its available heat and salt anomaly were reduced by about 30% and its available potential energy was reduced by about 70%. This indicates that a significant loss of the ring characteristics occurred on the way from the southern to the northern Cape Basin. One-third of this loss is due to changes at intermediate depth (between 800 and Full-size image (〈1 K)).
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2018-07-05
    Description: The simplified representation of clouds as horizontally homogeneous layers leads to qualitatively well known systematic errors in calculations of the domain averaged solar radiative fluxes. The present work tries to correlate the domain averaged radiative fluxes from three-dimensional (3d) cloud fields with the domain averaged properties of the cloudy atmosphere. The results will help to estimate the applicability of radiative transfer parameterizations in non-cloud-resolving circulation models. Three-dimensional cloud fields have been calculated from the mesoscale atmospheric circulation model GESIMA, and serve as input to a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. The cloud fields have a pronounced 3d structure in extinction, scattering and absorption properties of the cloud hydrometeors (mixed-phase clouds). It is shown that domain averaged albedo is strongly correlated with cloud cover. The correlation coefficient is improved by adding cloud thickness or the combination of liquid water path and cloud top temperature. Absorption is described best by cloud top temperature together with liquid water path for small and ice water path for large solar zenith angles (SZA). Cloud thickness further improves the correlation with absorption. Total transmission as well as its parts diffuse and direct transmission correlate best with cloud cover and liquid water path, further with cloud top temperature or cloud thickness in case of the diffuse transmission. Nonlinear regressions based on the optimal three cloud parameters yield smallest correlation coefficients of 0.88 for albedo, 0.84 for absorption and 0.92 for total transmission. Only the correlation coefficient for diffuse transmission falls below 0.8 for very large SZAs. Because of this high correlation we conclude that it appears possible to parameterize domain averaged radiative fluxes for 3d cloud fields without information of the internal cloud structure. Die vereinfachte Annahme horizontal homogener Wolkenschichten führt zu qualitativ gut bekannten systematischen Fehlern in der Berechnung der gebietsgemittelten solaren Strahlungsflüsse. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt den Zusammenhang zwischen gebietsgemittelten Strahlungsflüssen dreidimensionaler (3d) Wolkenfelder und den ebenso gemittelten Wolkeneigenschaften her. Die Ergebnisse dienen zur EinschÄtzung der Anwendbarkeit von Parametrisierungen der Strahlungsbilanz in nicht-wolkenauflösenden Zirkulationsmodellen. Mit Hilfe des mesoskaligen atmosphÄrischen Zirkulationsmodells GESIMA wurden die Eingangsfelder für ein Monte Carlo Strahlungstransportmodell berechnet. Die Wolkenfelder haben eine ausgeprÄgte 3d Strukur sowohl in der Extinktion als auch in den Streu- und Absorptionseigenschaften der Wolkenhydrometeore (Mischphasenwolken). Es stellt sich heraus, dass die gebietsgemittelte Albedo am stÄrksten mit dem Bedeckungsgrad, verbessert noch durch Hinzunahme der vertikalen Wolkenausdehnung beziehungsweise der Kombination aus Flüssigwasserpfad und Wolkenoberkantentemperatur, korreliert ist. Die Absorption lÄsst sich am besten durch die Wolkenoberkantentemperatur zusammen mit dem Flüssigwassergehalt bei kleinen und dem Eiswasserpfad bei großen Sonnenzenitwinkeln wiedergeben, weiter verbessert durch die vertikale Wolkenausdehnung. Sowohl die Gesamttransmission als auch ihre beiden Anteile, die diffuse und die direkte Transmission, korrelieren optimal mit dem Bedeckungsgrad und dem Flüssigwasserpfad und weiterhin mit der Wolkenoberkantentemperatur beziehungsweise der vertikalen Wolkenerstreckung bei der diffusen Transmission. Nichtlineare Regressionen mit drei jeweils optimalen Wolkenparametern ergeben kleinste Korrelationskoeffizienten von 0,88 für die Albedo, 0,84 für die Absorption und 0,92 für die Gesamttransmission. Einzig der Korrelationskoeffizient für die diffuse Transmission sinkt für sehr flache SonnenstÄnde unter 0,8. Aufgrund dieser hohen Korrelation schließen wir, dass es möglich erscheint, gebietsgemittelte Strahlungsflüsse dreidimensionaler Wolkenfelder ohne Informationen zur internen Wolkenstruktur zu parametrisieren.
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  • 18
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    Schweizerbart
    In:  International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology: Verhandlungen | Verhandlungen IVL ; 28, 3
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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