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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Ceramic Society.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Este trabalho mostra os resultados de um estudo sobre o comportamento de sinterização de massas argilosas contendo resíduo borra de petróleo. Foram preparadas misturas contendo 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% em peso de resíduo, sinterizados em nove diferentes temperaturas entre 750 ºC e 1150 ºC. A evolução na formação de fases cristalinas nos corpos cerâmicos durante a sinterização foi acompanhada por DRX. A sinterização foi também monitorada pelos parâmetros: retração linear, absorção de água, massa específica aparente e resistência à compressão. Os resultados mostraram que a sinterização dos corpos cerâmicos pode ser governada por diferentes mecanismos, dependendo da faixa de temperatura de sinterização empregada. Transformações de fases significantes ocorreram durante a sinterização. Além do mais, o resíduo que é rico em materiais não plásticos (quartzo e barita), é o responsável pela diminuição da retração linear e da resistência mecânica dos corpos sinterizados.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: O presente trabalho procura avaliar a cinética de cura de um concreto refratário de alta alumina com ultrabaixo teor de cimento (2%) por meio da medida in-situ do módulo de cisalhamento, G, utilizando a técnica de ressonância mecânica de barras. As maiores vantagens do presente estudo com relação a outros semelhantes são a utilização de uma técnica não destrutiva que permite grande redução na quantidade de corpos de prova e a maior confiabilidade do resultado devido à maior sensibilidade do equipamento. Adicionalmente, o estudo sugere que o tempo para a desmoldagem seja baseado na rigidez elástica do concreto. Os resultados mostram que a taxa de variação do módulo de cisalhamento com o tempo apresenta picos associados aos processos desenvolvidos durante a cura dos concretos com e sem a adição de pó de alumínio como aditivo de secagem.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Metal-ceramic joining has slowly but steadily become an important manufacturing step. The evolution of joining processes has allowed ceramics to be used in combination with metals in a number of hybrid devices from traditional light bulbs and seals to improved cutting tools and modern monitoring and measuring electronic devices. New joining methods and newer approaches to conventional methods have been developed aiming at joints characterized by improved reliability, and interfaces capable of withstanding high-temperature resistance with minimum residual stresses. A summary of recent improvements on alternative approaches to ceramic-metal joining as well as new developments on brazing are presented herein. The present review also focuses on recent advances towards brazing metallized ceramics and the selection of filler alloys, since in a scenario that includes joining by laser and direct bonding with liquid transient phases, brazing continues to be by far the most widely used approach to joining as a result of its low-cost and possibility to join intricate geometries for large-scale production. Finally, methods to evaluate the mechanical strength and residual thermal stresses are presented in addition to alternative approaches to minimize residual stresses and, consequently, improve joint reliability.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: A fratura de refratários é considerada sob o ponto de vista tradicional de resistência mecânica além da perspectiva da mecânica da fratura. Resistência mecânica e tenacidade à fratura são relacionadas por meio do tamanho dos agregados em refratários, o que ilustra a importância dos aspectos microestruturais dos agregados refratários na resistência. O método de análise da integral-J e a técnica experimental da separação de cunha (wedge-spliting) são revisados devido ao fato destes serem convenientes para explicar o caráter não-linear da curva força-deslocamento para refratários. Este último aspecto é associado ao conceito de curva-R crescente, que é discutido sob o ponto de vista fenomenológico. Curvas-R crescentes estão diretamente relacionadas ao agregado refratário através dos mecanismos de tenacidade que são ativos na zona de processo de trinca, tanto na frente como atrás da trinca em propagação. Os processos de tenacificação de refratários são responsáveis pelas regiões não-lineares das curvas ou diagramas de tensão-deformação e força-deslocamento e das curvas-R crescentes. O dano por choque térmico, originalmente apresentado sob o ponto de vista convencional de resistência mecânica é abrangido no conceito de curva-R crescente. Concluiu-se que a natureza dos agregados de refratários, bem como seu tamanho e distribuição, tem importância decisiva no fenômeno de fratura em refratários. Isso é devido ao papel crucial que agregados assumem na região de propagação da trinca. A distribuição do agregado deve ser o foco do arranjo microestrutural para melhores características de fratura, quando todos os outros fatores são de igual importância ao refratário como um todo.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: A secagem de concretos refratários tem encontrado sérias dificuldades para se tornar um processo eficaz, apesar do grande interesse tecnológico que representa. Analisando-se as publicações científicas sobre o assunto e as patentes requeridas para formulações menos susceptíveis a explosões, nota-se que muito do que se sabe e experimenta nesse campo é fruto de experiência prática e empirismo. Entre as soluções propostas, a adição de fibras poliméricas ao concreto tem gerado bons resultados. Pouco se sabe de como essas fibras atuam ou como poderiam ter seu desempenho otimizado. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de fibras de polipropileno como mecanismo de aumento de permeabilidade em concretos refratários. As fibras utilizadas são produtos comerciais empregados na industria de concretos para construção civil. Foram utilizadas fibras com tamanhos variando entre 0,1 mm e 24 mm. Resultados de caracterização térmica convencional das fibras (DSC e ATG) foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por permeametria em baixa temperatura (PBT, em 25 ºC) e em altas temperaturas (PAT, até 800 ºC) para formulações de concreto contendo até 0,090% em peso (0,36% em volume) de fibras de polipropileno.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Expansão por umidade (EPU) é o aumento das dimensões do corpo cerâmico devido à adsorção de água, podendo ter grande influência na vida útil dos materiais cerâmicos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relacionar a EPU e a absorção de água de pisos cerâmicos comerciais, com a sua composição química e a quantidade estimada de fase vítrea, calculada utilizando-se o diagrama de equilíbrio de fases do sistema SiO2.Al2O3.K2 O e a regra da alavanca. Foram estudadas amostras de vinte e três tipos de pisos cerâmicos comerciais. Foi realizada a análise química das amostras (via úmida) e determinada a sua EPU e absorção de água (ensaios realizados de acordo com a norma Brasileira NBR 13818). Foi também determinada a área superficial específica de algumas amostras por adsorção de nitrogênio (BET). Os resultados obtidos mostram genericamente uma proporcionalidade inversa entre a EPU e a absorção de água, para a maioria das amostras, e a análise utilizando o diagrama de fases sugere uma relação decrescente entre a absorção de água e a quantidade estimada de fase vítrea, e uma relação crescente entre a EPU e a quantidade estimada de fase vítrea.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: A secagem é uma etapa crítica do processamento de concretos refratários, pois a saída de água contida em sua estrutura pode provocar danos mecânicos ou até mesmo explosões durante o aquecimento inicial. Com a finalidade de minimizar esses problemas, fibras poliméricas têm sido adicionadas à formulação (0,01-0,1% em peso), porém a forma como atuam não foi totalmente esclarecida. O entendimento do efeito das fibras no aumento de permeabilidade dos refratários pode possibilitar o projeto de concretos menos susceptíveis a explosões e que possam ser secos de forma otimizada. Este trabalho investigou a influência da adição de fibras de polipropileno (PP) com diferentes tamanhos (0,1-24 mm, a 0,09% em peso) na permeabilidade de concretos refratários projetados com distribuições granulométricas distintas (modelo de Andreasen q=0,21 e 0,26). As amostras foram avaliadas através de medidas de permeabilidade em baixa (PBT, a 25 ºC) e porosimetria de imersão.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: A trabalhabilidade de concretos refratários é determinada principalmente pela cinética de hidratação do ligante hidráulico. Têm-se observado que o processo de gelificação/hidratação desse material em meio aquoso é sensivelmente influenciado pela presença de aditivos dispersantes. Em virtude disso, este trabalho investigou a correlação entre a trabalhabilidade de concretos refratários de ultra-baixo teor de cimento no sistema Al2O3-SiC-SiO2-C e as características apresentadas por suspensões aquosas de cimento na presença de diferentes aditivos. A influência desses aditivos no processo de hidratação do cimento foi estudada através de ensaios de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X, sedimentação, condutividade elétrica e ensaios reológicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a "pega" inicial do concreto ocorre devido à aglomeração das partículas induzida pela formação de um produto coloidal amorfo ("gel") entre elas. Observou-se que o citrato de sódio favorece a formação de uma quantidade significativa de "gel" entre as partículas, reduzindo a trabalhabilidade do concreto.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Cerâmicas porosas são materiais de grande interesse tecnológico, devido à associação de propriedades únicas como alta refratariedade e inércia química com alta permeabilidade, alta área superficial e baixa condutividade térmica. No entanto, o aumento da porosidade resulta, invariavelmente, na deterioração das propriedades mecânicas. Este trabalho faz uma investigação sobre as propriedades mecânicas de espumas cerâmicas obtidas pela aeração de suspensões associada à polimerização "in situ" de monômeros orgânicos previamente adicionados (processo gelcasting). A macroestrutura resultante deste processo é constituída por poros que tendem a uma geometria esférica, a qual minimiza a concentração de tensões mecânicas. Além disso, as paredes dos poros podem ser completamente densificadas, proporcionando uma microestrutura homogênea. A resistência mecânica de espumas cerâmicas com várias densidades foi avaliada por flexão em quatro pontos e por compressão. Os resultados mecânicos foram analisados através da estatística de Weilbull. O módulo elástico das amostras foi caracterizado pelo método de ressonância mecânica de barras. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam uma melhor compreensão dos fatores que determinam as propriedades mecânicas desta nova classe de material, fornecendo subsídios para futuros desenvolvimentos.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da temperatura de queima na microestrutura de duas argilas típicas da região de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ utilizadas para fabricação de produtos cerâmica vermelha como blocos de vedação e telhas. Para isso, foram preparados corpos-de-prova por prensagem uniaxial a 20 MPa para queima nas temperaturas de 950, 1100 e 1250 ºC. A composição de fases das argilas antes e após queima foram identificadas por técnica de difração de raios X. Já a textura e microestrutura das argilas após queima foram avaliadas via microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados indicaram que as argilas estudadas apresentaram importantes mudanças microestruturais em virtude da diferente composição mineralógica e efeito das temperaturas de queima.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Fibras poliméricas têm sido utilizadas com sucesso para o aumento da resistência ao dano de concretos refratários durante a secagem. Tal aplicação se baseia no aumento de permeabilidade ocasionado pela fusão ou degradação dessas fibras durante o primeiro aquecimento do concreto. Além desse benefício, as fibras poliméricas podem também atuar como reforço, aumentando tanto a resistência mecânica quanto a energia total de fratura, se suas propriedades se mantiverem íntegras até a temperatura de máxima pressurização. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a resistência mecânica e a energia total de fratura de concretos úmidos e secos, reforçados com diferentes tipos de fibras poliméricas. Verificou-se um grande aumento das propriedades mecânicas com a adição de fibras, sendo que a influência do tipo de fibra adicionado mostrou-se mais acentuada nos ensaios realizados com o concreto seco. Os resultados ajudam a explicar o comportamento dos concretos com fibras durante a etapa de secagem.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Filmes finos de SrBi2Ta2O9 foram depositados em substratos de Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si e, pela primeira vez, sinterizados em forno microondas doméstico. Os padrões de difração de raios X mostraram que os filmes são policristalinos. O processamento por microondas permite utilizar baixa temperatura na síntese e obter filmes com boas propriedades elétricas. Ensaios de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de Força Atômica (MFA) revelam boa aderência entre filme e substrato, com microestrutura de superfície apresentando grãos finos e esféricos e rugosidade de 4,7 nm. A constante dielétrica e o fator de dissipação, para freqüência de 100 KHz, à temperatura ambiente, foram de 77 e 0,04, respectivamente. A polarização remanescente (2Pr) e o campo coercitivo (Ec) foram 1,04 miC/cm² e 33 kV/cm. O comportamento da densidade de corrente de fuga revela três mecanismos de condução: linear, ôhmico e outro mecanismo que pode ser atribuído à corrente de Schottky. Dos padrões de DRX, análises das imagens por MEV e topografia de superfície por MFA observa-se que 10 min de tratamento térmico a 550 ºC, em forno microondas, é tempo suficiente para se obter a cristalização do filme.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar comparativamente as características e propriedades tecnológicas de uma típica massa cerâmica para telhas do município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ com outras três massas cerâmicas de reconhecida qualidade técnica, provenientes dos Estados de Santa Catarina e Piauí, e de Portugal. As massas cerâmicas foram submetidas a ensaios de difração de raios X, composição química, ATD/TG, distribuição de tamanho de partícula e plasticidade. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial a 20 MPa para queima em temperaturas variando de 825 a 1025 ºC. As propriedades tecnológicas de queima avaliadas foram: retração linear, absorção de água e tensão de ruptura à flexão (3 pontos). Os resultados indicaram que a massa cerâmica proveniente de Campos apresenta significativas diferenças nas características avaliadas em comparação com as demais massas cerâmicas. Consequentemente, a massa cerâmica de Campos apresentou um comportamento de queima diferente, com maiores valores de absorção de água, de resistência mecânica e de retração linear.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: A proposta deste trabalho foi o estudo e a obtenção de uma cerâmica densa à base de SnO2 dopada com CoO, Ta2O5 e diferentes concentrações de Pr2O3. Os sistemas apresentaram elevados valores de densidade relativa, e propriedades não ôhmicas. A adição de Pr2O3 proporcionou um aumento no número de barreiras efetivas dos sistemas melhorando o valor do coeficiente de não-linearidade e aumentando o do campo de ruptura. Pelas medidas de espectroscopia de impedância, calculou-se a altura e a largura da barreira de potencial para os sistemas, mostrando que os resultados estão de acordo com a resposta em corrente contínua.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Four types of repairing materials are studied as function of either a conventional concrete or a reference-concrete (RefC), these are: polymer-modified cement mortar (PMor), steel fiber concrete (SFco), epoxy mortar (EMor) and silica fume mortar (SFmo), to be applied in hydraulic structures surfaces subjected to a high velocity water flow. Besides the mechanical requests and wearing resistance of hydraulic concrete dam structures, especially the spillway surfaces, the high solar radiation, the environmental temperature and wet and dry cycles, contribute significantly to the reduction of their lifespan. RefC and the SFco were developed based on a usual concrete mixture used in slabs of spillways. The average RefC mixture used was 1: 1.61: 2.99: 0.376, with Pozzolan-modified Portland cement consumption of 425 kg/m³. EMor and PMor mixtures followed the information given by the manufacturers and lab experience. Tests on concrete samples were carried out in laboratory simulating normally found environmental situations in order to control the mechanical resistance and the aging imposed conditions, such as solar radiation and humidity. Also, physicochemical characterizing tests were made for all used materials. From the analyzed results, two of them presented a higher performance: the EMor and SFmo. SFco presented good adherence to the RefC and good mechanical performance. However, it also presented apparent metal corrosion in humidity tests, being indicated for use, with caution, as an intermediate layer in underwater repairs. In a general classification, considering all tests, including their field applications, the better performance material systems were EMor- SFmo〉 SFco〉 PMor.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Hexaferrita de Bário, dopada com lantânio e sódio, foi obtida pelo processo de mistura de óxidos. A composição utilizada foi Ba0,8La0,1Na0,1Fe12O 19. Este trabalho teve como objetivo reduzir o valor da freqüência de ressonância da hexaferrita de bário tipo M de modo que a mesma possa absorver microondas na faixa de freqüência de 8 a 16 GHz. Para se investigar a fase obtida, o material foi submetido a difração de raios X. A morfologia das partículas foi verificada pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Suas propriedades magnéticas e de absorção de microondas foram estudadas utilizando-se o magnetômetro de amostra vibrante e guia de ondas, respectivamente.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Cerâmicas densas de óxido de estanho são muito promissoras para aplicações tecnológicas como varistores e cadinhos de fusão de vidros corrosivos. Vários aditivos em pequenas concentrações podem ser usados como promotores de densificação desta cerâmica. No presente trabalho foram estudadas as cinéticas de sinterização do óxido de estanho, considerando o efeito de atmosfera de sinterização e da concentração de MnO2. Sistemas de SnO2-MnO2 foram preparados pelo método dos precursores poliméricos e os pós obtidos foram caracterizados por medidas de área de superfície específica (BET) e por difração de raios X. Pós de SnO2 com concentrações variadas de MnO2 foram compactados de forma cilíndrica e sinterizados em dilatômetro com taxa de aquecimento constante e atmosferas controladas. Amostras sinterizadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A influência da atmosfera (argônio, ar ou CO2) como também das concentrações de MnO2 na cinética de sinterização foram determinadas. Os dados cinéticos da retração linear foram analisados pelos modelos cinéticos para a fase inicial de sinterização (Woolfrey e Bannister) como também para a sinterização global (Su e Johnson) permitindo determinar a energia de ativação aparente. De acordo com a determinação da curva mestre de sinterização, a energia de ativação aparente de todo o processo de sinterização foi determinada bem como sua dependência com a atmosfera e concentrações de manganês. Baseado nestes valores e no expoente n, pode-se determinar, pela equação clássica de crescimento de grão, que o mecanismo de sinterização mais provável é de difusão por contorno de grão com redistribuição superficial controlando a cinética de sinterização.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: A conformação de materiais cerâmicos por eletroforese é conhecida por ser de baixo custo e necessitar de pouca infra-estrutura para fabricação de recobrimentos e laminados cerâmicos. O método é simples, mas o principal problema é a toxicidade associada aos solventes orgânicos usualmente utilizados como meio de dispersão. Este trabalho visa obter corpos cerâmicos de alumina através do processo de eletroforese, utilizando barbotinas aquosas. Para determinar a estabilidade das barbotinas, contendo diferentes tipos de defloculantes, medidas qualitativas de viscosidade através do método de Pitot e pH foram realizadas. Estes parâmetros foram acompanhados em suspensões contendo entre 0,5 e 4,0% em massa de defloculantes como poli-acrilato de amônio (DREW), ácido para-amino benzóico (PABA) e quitosana. O maior valor de densidade a verde (37,5% da teórica) e taxa de deposição (33,2 mg/min) foi obtido para corpos cerâmicos depositados a 6,0 V/mm dispersados com DREW.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Silicon nitride is a covalent ceramic material of high corrosion resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures. Due to these properties, its use in metallurgical processes, such as the casting of alloys, is increasing. Therefore, the characterization of the interface between Si3N4 and the casted metal is of great importance to investigate possible interactions, which might deteriorate the ceramic mould or contaminate the metal. In this work, the use of Si3N4 as crucible material for Al-casting has been studied, by investigating the corrosion attack of liquid Al at a temperature of 1150 ºC during 30 days in air. The interface was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It has been found that due to superficial oxidation two oxide layers form - SiO2 on Si3N4 and Al2O3 on Al - which effectively hinder further reactions under the conditions studied, confering high corrosion resistance to the Si3N4 crucible.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Os pós à base de óxido de estanho são conhecidos por apresentarem baixa densificação mesmo a temperaturas de sinterização acima de 1500 °C. A introdução de diferentes íons metálicos como Mn2+, Fe3+ e Cu2+ induzem a redução do volume de poros e crescimento de grãos durante a sinterização. Pós à base de SnO2 foram preparados pela rota química derivada da patente de Pechini, contendo diferentes concentrações de Mg2+ ou Fe3+. Todas as amostras apresentaram uma alta taxa de densificação nos momentos iniciais, quando sinterizadas por "fast firing". As amostras contendo 5% em mol de ferro sinterizadas durante 30 s a 1200 °C apresentaram densidades superiores às amostras sinterizadas por aquecimento em taxas normais (10 °C/min) por 4 h a 1200 °C. O fenômeno de eliminação rápida de poros pode ser explicado, levando em conta o papel da superfície no fenômeno de sinterização. A saturação da superfície pelo aditivo foi confirmada por medidas de mobilidade eletroforética dinâmica com base na literatura e em dados experimentais.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Fibras poliméricas têm sido adicionadas a concretos refratários para aumentar sua permeabilidade e diminuir riscos de explosão durante a secagem. Entretanto, a incorporação das fibras pode dificultar a homogeneização do concreto e reduzir sua trabalhabilidade. Trabalhos anteriores dos autores indicam que a magnitude do aumento de permeabilidade gerado pelas fibras está relacionada, em parte, ao seu comprimento médio final, determinado pelas condições de processamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer relações entre aumento de permeabilidade e condições de processamento para concretos contendo fibras com diferentes comprimentos iniciais. Os aspectos reológicos das misturas foram avaliados em um reômetro para concretos desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Engenharia de Microestrutura de Materiais (GEMM). Duas formas de processamento foram investigadas: adição das fibras ao material seco e adição após mistura e homogeneização do concreto. Os valores de permeabilidade foram calculados utilizando-se a equação de Forchheimer. Os resultados mostraram que os métodos de adição das fibras geraram diferentes níveis de cisalhamento e de redução dos comprimentos iniciais. Observou-se, também, que fibras mais longas (12 e 24 mm) consumiram mais energia durante a mistura e apresentaram menores níveis de permeabilidade após tratamento térmico que aquelas mais curtas (3 e 6 mm).
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Pós de titanato zirconato de chumbo (PZT) puros e dopados com bário foram obtidos pelo método de precursores poliméricos, conformados uniaxialmente, na forma de cilindros, utilizando 15 MPa, e prensados isostaticamente à 210MPa. Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento de sinterização os compactos foram divididos em dois lotes. Sendo um sinterizado em um forno acoplado a um dilatômetro até a temperatura de 1300 °C e o outro sinterizado em forno tipo mufla, em sistema fechado, na temperatura de 1100 °C por 4 horas. Verificou-se que a adição do íon bário influencia na cinética de sinterização, na densificação final, na microestrutura e nas propriedades elétricas da cerâmica. A adição de bário aumenta a concentração da fase tetragonal no PZT, em função da substituição do chumbo por bário na rede perovskita. As amostras dopadas com concentrações maiores que 5,0 mol % em bário apresentaram segregação de PbO no contorno de grão, inibindo seu crescimento.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: Um resíduo siderúrgico composto predominantemente por magnetita (Fe3O4) finamente dividida foi empregado como material adsorvedor não convencional na adsorção e fixação de compostos corantes orgânicos tóxicos. Estudos preliminares indicaram que a magnetita quando utilizada em meio ácido (pH
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: A origem da transformação de fase da alumina tem sido alvo de intensos estudos devido a interesses tecnológicos associados às fases cristalinas envolvidas. Entretanto, há dúvidas quanto sua origem, principalmente quando se trata da influência de aditivos na temperatura da transição. Este trabalho tem como objetivo um maior esclarecimento dos mecanismos pelos quais ocorre a transição, partindo do estudo do efeito do íon Mn como aditivo. O íon Mn provoca diminuição notável da temperatura de transição gð®að, sendo esta observada a 1012 ºC para 10% mol de Mn, enquanto que a 1100 ºC para alumina pura preparada pelo método Pechini. A presença de um tamanho crítico comum tanto para a transformação em Al2O3 como Al2O3-10%Mn, juntamente com resultados de DRX apontando a solubilização do Mn na rede da alumina antes da transição, reforçam a natureza da transformação numa associação de fatores energéticos e cinéticos. Um tamanho crítico é fundamental para transformação, tendo sua origem na razão de energia de superfície e de rede, mas seu alcance é controlado por fatores cinéticos, que são modificados pela inclusão de aditivos.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: The hot wire technique is considered to be an effective and accurate means of determining the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials. However, specifically for materials of high thermal diffusivity, the appropriate time interval to be considered in calculations is a decisive factor for getting accurate and consistent results. In this work, a numerical simulation model is proposed with the aim of determining the minimum and maximum measuring time for the hot wire parallel technique. The temperature profile generated by this model is in excellent agreement with that one experimentally obtained by this technique, where thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat are simultaneously determined from the same experimental temperature transient. Eighteen different specimens of refractory materials and polymers, with thermal diffusivities ranging from 1x10-7 to 70x10-7 m²/s, in shape of rectangular parallelepipeds, and with different dimensions were employed in the experimental programme. An empirical equation relating minimum and maximum measuring times and the thermal diffusivity of the sample is also obtained.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Realizou-se um estudo teórico-experimental sobre as estruturas cristalina e amorfa de niobato de lítio, para verificar a influência dos defeitos sobre as propriedades ópticas desse semicondutor. Filmes finos cristalinos de LiNbO3 (c-LN) e amorfo (a-LN) foram preparados pelo método dos precursores poliméricos, sendo caracterizados por difração de raios X e microscopia de força atômica. As propriedades ópticas foram estudadas por UV-Visível e espectroscopia Raman. Em particular, o filme amorfo apresentou luminescência, cuja posição do pico varia de acordo com o comprimento de onda de excitação. A diferença de energia entre os níveis HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) e LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) revela que o gap de banda da fase cristalina é maior que aquele exibido pela fase amorfa, em acordo com os dados experimentais de UV-visível. Observou-se o surgimento de novos níveis eletrônicos na região do gap de banda na estrutura amorfa, este fato pode explicar as propriedades ópticas particulares observadas sobre o filme amorfo.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: A região do Rio Capim (Nordeste do Estado do Pará), destaca-se nacionalmente por suas grandes reservas de caulim para cobertura de papel. O minério extraído está localizado, em média, a 20 m de profundidade, recoberto por sedimentos argilo-arenosos da Formação Barreiras, e de um nível de caulim duro, também conhecido como flint ou semi-flint, considerado como estéril em função do teor de ferro elevado que inviabiliza sua aplicação para cobertura. Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização mineralógica e geoquímica do caulim duro além de acompanhar as transformações mineralógicas sofridas em função da temperatura de queima, com vistas a sua possível utilização como matéria-prima cerâmica. Foram utilizados dois tipos de caulim duro como material de partida, em função dos teores de ferro: o Caulim Duro Branco (CDB) e o Caulim Duro Ferruginoso (CDF), este último com teor de Fe2O3 de 10,36%. Os resultados indicam composição mineralógica dominada por caulinita, além de anatásio como acessório. No CDF ocorrem ainda goethita e hematita. Os estudo das transformações térmicas indicam que o início de formação de mullita se dá em temperaturas diferentes para as amostras estudadas.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2003-12-01
    Description: O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar um resíduo de serragem de granito, proveniente da indústria de pedras ornamentais do estado do Espírito Santo, como aditivo na fabricação de produtos cerâmicos para construção civil. Este resíduo é um material não biodegradável que quando descartado gera poluição e degrada o meio ambiente. Assim, uma amostra deste material foi selecionada de modo que suas características com respeito a composição química, difração de raios X, análise de tamanho de partícula, massa específica real e plasticidade pudessem ser estudadas. Foram preparadas misturas contendo até 10% em peso de resíduo, e sinterizadas em sete diferentes temperaturas entre 850 ºC e 1150 ºC. A evolução na formação de fases cristalinas nos corpos cerâmicos durante a sinterização foi acompanhada por DRX. As propriedades físico-mecânicas foram determinadas em função da temperatura de sinterização e % de resíduo adicionado. Os resultados revelaram que o resíduo é um material polimineral não plástico constituído basicamente por sílica, feldspatos, mica e calcita. Uma série de transformações de fases ocorreram durante a sinterização. Além do mais, os corpos sinterizados contendo resíduo de serragem de granito têm uso provável em cerâmica vermelha, contribuindo para a minimização de resíduos e desenvolvimento auto-sustentado.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Neste trabalho, nanopartículas de SnO2 foram obtidas pelo método do precursor polimérico e caracterizadas por difração de raios X, isotermas de adsorção-dessorção, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Apenas a fase cassiterita (tetragonal) foi observada. O material obtido apresenta com alta área superficial e porosidade. Estas características são pré-requisitos para um bom sensor de gás. A sensibilidade ao NOx para o SnO2 foi estudado na faixa de temperatura compreendida entre 200 e 500 ºC. Observou-se uma baixa sensibilidade entre 200 e 350 ºC, porém, a partir de 400 ºC ocorreu um aumento de três vezes na sensibilidade do sensor. A máxima sensibilidade ocorreu em 400 ºC, com um tempo de resposta de 730 s.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: A adição de fibras poliméricas em concretos refratários é reconhecida como um eficiente modo de minimizar os riscos de explosão durante a secagem e aquecimento inicial. Sua atuação está baseada em gerar aumentos de permeabilidade, facilitando a saída do vapor de água pressurizado da estrutura do concreto. Fatores que podem afetar seu desempenho, como teor, tipo e comprimento das fibras empregadas, foram descritos por estudos anteriores dos autores. Até o momento, o modo como esse aumento de permeabilidade altera o processo de secagem não foi explorado de forma sistêmica. Neste trabalho, um mecanismo de atuação foi proposto, correlacionando a magnitude do aumento de permeabilidade gerado, a faixa de temperatura em que ocorre, os resultados de caracterização térmica das fibras de polipropileno empregadas (0,36% volume) e a cinética de desidratação do concreto.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Pure SnO2 sintering was studied by constant heating rate and isothermal sintering. The constant heating rate study showed no macroscopic shrinkage during the sintering process up to 1500 ºC. Pore size distribution measurements, using gas desorption, and grain size and crystallite size measurements of isothermally sintered samples showed no formation of non-densifying microstructures during the sintering process. These results are a strong indication that densification was prevented by thermodynamic factors, mainly the high ratio of gammaGB/gSV. An explanation, based on the nature of covalent bonding and the balance between attractive and repulsive forces, was proposed to explain the high gammaGB/gammaSV ratio in SnO2.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: O aumento na produção de concretos refratários de alto desempenho tem demandado proporcional acréscimo no entendimento do comportamento reológico de suspensões concentradas de sólidos. Os concretos podem ser considerados como sistemas contendo agregados cujo diâmetro médio de partícula é superior a 100 mm e partículas finas que constituem a matriz. A reologia desse sistema é determinada, predominantemente, pela viscosidade da matriz, porém influenciada por parâmetros associados aos agregados. Este trabalho simula um sistema fluido-partícula, empregando um compósito vidro-partícula de alumina, caracterizando-o quanto à sua viscosidade em temperaturas em torno de 600 °C. Um viscosímetro de flexão foi empregado para medir as altas viscosidades do compósito. São mostrados resultados de viscosidade para diferentes teores de partículas de alumina. O sistema vidro-partícula apresentou um máximo na viscosidade para teores em torno de 50%-vol de partículas. Até aproximadamente 40%-vol de partículas, o compósito se comporta como um sistema newtoniano entre 560 ºC e 670 °C. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam a possibilidade de simulação da reologia na preparação de concretos refratários e da fluência do concreto operando em alta temperatura.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Concretos refratários no sistema Al2O3-SiC-SiO2-C vêm sendo amplamente utilizados em indústrias siderúrgicas como revestimento de canais de corrida de altos-fornos, em virtude principalmente da sua elevada refratariedade aliada a altas resistências ao choque térmico e ao ataque por escória e metal fundido. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a influência de diferentes tipos de aditivos na trabalhabilidade e dispersão de concretos refratários de ultra-baixo teor de cimento nesse sistema. Apesar da sua alta capacidade de complexar íons de cálcio, moléculas de citrato não foram capazes de controlar adequadamente o tempo de pega do concreto estudado, contradizendo a idéia geral de que os íons de citrato devem ser utilizados para controlar a sua trabalhabilidade. Por outro lado, o aditivo polimetacrilato de sódio mostrou-se eficiente na otimização simultânea da dispersão e da trabalhabilidade do concreto devido provavelmente ao retardamento da dissolução dos íons advindos do cimento.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: The original crystalline structure of clay minerals can be altered in a controlled way, through acid or thermal treatments, resulting then in suitable products to be used as catalysts. This paper aims to characterize the red smectite clays of Boa-Vista, Paraíba (Brazil) in their natural form, and after chemical, thermal and acid treatments by X-ray fluorescence, differential thermal analysis, dynamic X-ray diffraction, classic X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and model reaction. The results show that acid treatment partially altered the structure of the montimorillonite. An important increase in the surface area of the solid obtained was observed. The obtained reaction for the treated material showed that the clay was more acid than the natural one, yielding a better catalytic activity.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Os depósitos de argilas plásticas para cerâmica branca ("ball clays") de alta qualidade não são comuns, estando localizados basicamente nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido. As "ball clays" são utilizadas em uma série de indústrias que vão desde a indústria cerâmica à de cosméticos. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar argilas do tipo "ball clay" extraídas do litoral paraibano, realizando sua caracterização para fins cerâmicos. Sua caracterização foi realizada por meio da determinação da massa específica real, CTC, área superficial (BET), distribuição granulométrica, composição química, ATD/ATG, DRX e MET. Após caracterização, foram conduzidos ensaios tecnológicos para fins cerâmicos com as amostras. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que as amostras são argilas basicamente cauliníticas com queima branca em temperaturas de 1250 ºC e 1450 ºC. Além disso, apresentaram propriedades físico-mecânicas dentro das faixas indicadas na literatura para "ball clays" utilizadas em tecnologia cerâmica.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da síntese por reação de combustão e sinterização de pós nanométricos de ferritas Ni-Zn. O efeito da concentração de Zn2+ no sistema Ni1-xZn xFe2O4 foi investigado. Os pós resultantes da combustão foram caracterizados por DRX, BET, MEV, picnometria de hélio e sedimentação (Horiba). Em seguida foram prensados uniaxialmente e sinterizados com taxa constante de aquecimento (TCA) de 5,0 ºC/min de 600 ºC até a temperatura de 1200 ºC, em um dilatômetro horizontal. Os compactos foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostram que foi possível obter pós de ferritas Ni-Zn com tamanho de partícula entre 18 - 27 nm usando a síntese por reação de combustão. Durante sinterização dos pós nanométricos observou-se três estágios distintos, os quais foram identificados através da Teoria de Bannister. A adição do Zn2+ não modificou o mecanismo de sinterização nos três estágios. Para os estágios inicial e final o mecanismo predominante foi por fluxo viscoso, atribuído ao rearranjo estrutural das nanopartículas e para o estágio intermediário foi difusão volumétrica.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Pós nanométricos de ferritas Ni-Zn-Sm foram sintetizados por reação de combustão usando a uréia como combustível. O efeito da substituição dos íons de Fe3+ por Sm3+ na microestrutura e parâmetros magnéticos do sistema Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2-xSm xO4 com x = 0,0; 0,05; 0,075 e 0,1 mol % de Sm3+ foi investigado. Os pós foram compactados uniaxialmente e sinterizados a 1200 °C/2 h com taxa de aquecimento de 5 °C/min. As amostras foram caracterizadas por medidas de densidade aparente, densidade relativa, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e medidas magnéticas B-H. Os resultados evidenciam que a substituição dos íons Fe3+ por Sm3+ aumentou a densidade relativa de 95,4% para 100,0% da densidade teórica, reduziu o tamanho de grão de 2,87 para 0,62 mm e resultou em propriedades magnéticas adequadas para magnetos intermediários, atuando com bons absorvedores de radiação eletromagnética na faixa de microondas.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of grinding and cutting conditions on surfaces of advanced ceramics ground with diamond grinding wheels containing a binding resin bond. The quality surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2003-09-01
    Description: Os micropós de diamante de granulometria 40/28 mm foram sinterizados nas condições de alta pressão, de 6,0 a 8,0 GPa, e temperaturas de 1600 ºC a 1800 ºC. Com o objetivo da obtenção de policristais compactos de resistência mecânica determinada. Os experimentos foram realizados nos dispositivos de alta pressão do tipo bigorna com concavidade toroidal, em tempos variáveis de até 80 s. Foram obtidos compactos com diâmetro de 4,5 mm e altura de 5,0 mm. Foram determinadas as dependências entre a densidade dos policristais e tempo de duração do processo de sinterização sob três temperaturas. Estudou-se a cinética de grafitização dos grãos dos compactos sob a ação das altas pressões e temperaturas. Foi concluído que além de mecanismos de consolidação já estabelecidos, atua também o mecanismo de cisalhamento parcial.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2003-04-01
    Description: Cerâmicas ferroelétricas transparentes têm sido largamente empregadas em dispositivos ópticos e eletro-ópticos. Neste trabalho apresentamos recentes progressos alcançados pelo GCFerr/DF-UFSCar na obtenção de cerâmicas ferroelétricas transparentes, obtidas por prensagem uniaxial a quente. São apresentados resultados de caracterizações microestrutural, estrutural, óptica, dielétrica, piroelétrica, eletro-óptica, eletrostrictiva e ferroelétrica, em cerâmicas de titanato zirconato de chumbo modificado com lantânio (PLZT) e niobato de magnésio e chumbo - titanato de chumbo modificado com lantânio (PLMN-PT). Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma microestrutura homogênea, altos valores de densidade e ausência de fases segregadas para as cerâmicas de ambas composições. Conseqüentemente, altos valores de transmitância foram observados para as regiões visível e infravermelho próximo. As medidas elétricas também apresentaram excelentes resultados, quando comparados à literatura, demonstrando a alta qualidade das amostras obtidas.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: O presente trabalho mostra os resultados de um estudo sobre as características físico-químicas e morfológicas de uma amostra de material compósito diatomáceo obtida de uma lagoa de água doce (Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ). Este material foi selecionado de modo que suas características com respeito a morfologia, composição química, difração de raios X, análise térmica, análise de tamanho de partícula e superfície específica pudessem ser estudadas. Os resultados revelaram uma morfologia tubular para o material diatomáceo. Este material é constituído basicamente por sílica e caulinita, bem como apresenta um tamanho de frústula acima de 15 mim. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o material diatomáceo tem potencial para aproveitamento para beneficiamento.
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Coral skeletal radiocarbon records reflect seawater ∆14C and are useful for reconstructing the history of water mass movement and ventilation in the tropical oceans. Here, we reconstructed the inter-annual variability in central equatorial Pacific surface water ∆14C from 1922–1956 using near-monthly 14C measurements in a Porites sp. coral skeleton (FI5A) from the windward side of Fanning Island (3°54′32′′N, 159°18'88′′W). The most pronounced feature in this record is a large, positive shift in the ∆14C between 1947 and 1956 that coincides with the switch of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) from a positive to a negative phase in the mid-1940s. Although the absolute ∆14C values from 1950–1955 in FI5A differ from the ∆14C values of another coral core collected from the opposite side of the island, both records show a large, positive shift in their ∆14C records at that time. The relative increase in the ∆14C of each record is consistent with the premise that a common mechanism is controlling the ∆14C records within each coral record. Overall, the Fanning ∆14C data support the notion that a significant amount of subtropical seawater is arriving at the Equator, but does not allow us to determine the mechanism for its transport.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The Russian Far East is characterized by widespread peat bogs with a sufficiently thick peat accumulation. A series of radiocarbon dates from the studied peat bogs (in Lower Amur) were obtained. Analysis of these dates shows that the total peat formation in this territory began in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene (11830 ± 820, TIG-157; 9975 ± 120, SOAN-4025). The rates of peat accumulation and the humidity index were counted. In addition, the botanical composition and degree of peat decomposition were defined. These data allow to study in more detail climate fluctuation and the 14C chronology of Holocene events in the region studied.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Radiocarbon dating is universally used as an essential dating tool in the archaeological and earth (Quaternary) sciences. The technique has enjoyed considerable success with ongoing developments in both the sophistication of experimental practice and an ever-widening range of applications. Most recently (since the 1980s), a new generation of laboratories has been created, based on the exploitation of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the differentiation and measurement of carbon isotope abundances in natural materials. Worldwide, there are over 100 14C laboratories now operational in universities, research organizations, museums, and as commercial enterprises. There is an inevitable diversity of experimental approaches and applied priorities within these facilities. Some are well established, while others are relatively recent members of the international 14C community. Consequently, as a group, the laboratories reflect to varying extents the progress achieved over several decades of experience and methodological options. Furthermore, since progress in archaeology and related earth sciences cannot respect geographical and/or present political boundaries, there has been, and continues to be, an inevitable consequence that sample materials from specific cultural contexts are submitted to different laboratories and at different times. In this situation, the issue of comparability between results and amongst laboratories becomes paramount. Users of the results from 14C dating are also concerned with the comparability and quality of laboratory results and the quality assurance programs that laboratories undertake are thus important in ensuring user confidence. The harmonization of measurements and the traceability of results to internationally recognized standards are also major goals of the program of work described in this special issue.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Kauri wood, a sub-fossil wood from New Zealand (which had previously been used in an IAEA exercise, IAEA-C4, in 1990), was considered to be an important sample to include in FIRI because it provided a link to previous exercises, was available in sufficient quantity, and was a “close to background” organic sample. IAEA-C4 had previously been criticized since it was believed that in its milling, some contamination had been introduced, so that a replacement sample would prove useful. The Kauri wood has a very low 14C activity and, as such, is very sensitive to even small amounts of contaminant carbon. Such low-activity samples give a true test for the laboratory procedures since pretreatment and laboratory background definition become critical.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The design of FIRI is such that for each laboratory, we have some basic, though limited, information on the laboratory procedures, including the method of pretreatment applied to the samples, the modern standard, and the background material used. These can be considered as factors in the experiment and through statistical analysis, we can investigate whether they offer a statistically significant explanation of the observed variation. The different levels of the factors are described in Table 4.1. In addition, the laboratory type is also considered as a further factor (with 3 levels of LSC, GPC, and AMS).
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The design of FIRI included 3 pairs of duplicate samples: A and B (Kauri wood) near background, D and F (Belfast wood) around 50 pMC, and G and J (barley mash) at 111 pMC. Why include duplicates? Duplicates by their nature allow us to explore the within-lab variability and to assess whether the quoted errors are representative. We can also explore the differences as a function of the sample activity. In this section, we explore the differences between the duplicates. We also consider some different graphical presentations. First, we summarize the differences, then graphically explore the boxplot (to consider the distribution of differences), then a scatterplot of the duplicate pair (to show correlation and reproducibility), and finally, a measure of agreement plot (Bland and Altman 1999). The horizontal axis in this final plot is the mean of the duplicate pair and the vertical axis is the difference in the duplicate pair. Agreement between the pairs would result in the points being randomly scattered around the horizontal zero line.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: As part of the FIRI program, it was recognized that providing samples in sufficient quantity for laboratory procedures is close to ideal and does not represent “typical” conditions. Therefore, laboratories were asked to consider 2 optional studies: investigating the effects of sample size on results and achieving high precision. The sample size study was focused on Sample E, humic acid, which had been chosen because of the rigorous pretreatment it had undergone in the solution stage, and which would ensure sample homogeneity. The precision study was focused on Sample D, the Belfast dendro-dated wood sample, given its importance in the master calibration.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The issue of comparability of measurements (and thus bias, accuracy, and precision of measurement) from diverse laboratories is one which has been the focus of some attention both within the radiocarbon community and the wider user communities. As a result, the 14C community has undertaken a widescale, far-reaching, and evolving program of intercomparisons, to the benefit of laboratories and users alike. The benefit to the users is, however, indirect, since the 14C intercomparisons have not been used to generate “league tables” of performance, but rather to allow individual laboratories to check procedures and modify them as required.The historical progression of 14C laboratory intercomparisons from the Third (TIRI, completed in 1995, Gulliksen and Scott 1995) and Fourth (FIRI, completed in 2000, Scott 2003; Boaretto et al. 2000; Bryant et al. 2002) suggests that a Fifth (VIRI) should also be expected. We describe the plans for VIRI.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: It is common practice to estimate the age of undated material extracted from a sediment core from radiocarbon or other radiometric dates of samples taken above and below the extracted material. This paper presents a simple expression for the variance of this estimated age. This variance accounts for both 14C dating error and error due to bioturbation.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Carmi (2002) is a response to our study published in Radiocarbon 43(1) by Rasmussen et al. (2001). We noted widespread possible exposure to castor oil of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) in the Rockefeller Museum in the 1950s and reported experiments showing that the AAA pretreatment used in the first 2 series of radiocarbon datings of the DSS (Bonani et al. [1992] and Jull et al. [1995]), “cannot be guaranteed to have removed all of the modern carbon in any samples if they had been contaminated with castor oil and hence could have produced some 14C dates that were younger than the texts' true ages.” Carmi, a coauthor of the Bonani et al. (1992) study, criticizes our analysis on 4 grounds:
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Pachacamac, covering an area of about 600 hectares (ha) near the Pacific shore, is one of the largest and most important archaeological sites in Peru. Most of the monumental adobe-made buildings of the later pre-Inca period (or Late Intermediate Period, about 10th–15th century AD) are so-called pyramids with ramps (the role of the ramps has been interpreted in different ways). Precise dating of the pyramids appears as a crucial step in defining the functions of Pachacamac in pre-Inca times. In this paper, we present the results obtained from 3 field campaigns at Pyramid III, one of the biggest buildings of the site. A total of 24 radiocarbon datasets from 4 different laboratories will help us to place the various steps of development of Pyramid III on a timescale, defined on the basis of the excavations. More absolute dates are available from another pyramid with ramps, which allow us to make comparisons and propose a new model of interpretation for the Pachacamac site during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP).
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: A significant and substantial effort has been made by the 14C community in quality assurance (QA) procedures, of which participation in FIRI is only one part but one that provides an independent and blind check on laboratory performance. The overwhelming willingness to participate is a testament to the importance which laboratories place on quality.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: TIRI was officially launched at the 14th International Radiocarbon Conference in Arizona in 1991. Prior to the conference, 150 laboratories received a letter describing the general intention to organize an intercomparison and over 90 laboratories from around the world responded positively to the invitation to participate. Simply stated, the aims of this intercomparison were: 1.To function as the third arm of the quality assurance (QA) procedure.2.To provide an objective measure of the maintenance and improvement in analytical quality.3.To assist in the development of a “self-help” scheme for participating laboratories.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The sets of core samples were distributed to over 120 laboratories that had returned an original questionnaire seeking expressions of interest in participation. A reporting format for the results was also agreed and distributed to the laboratories at the same time. This is shown in Table 2.1. Laboratories were originally given 1 yr (i.e., to August 2000) to complete the analyses and return the results, but this was later extended to December 2000. In this section, we briefly describe the laboratory characteristics and the overall response rate of the participating laboratories.
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  • 69
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    Unknown
    Cambridge University Press
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: After the first and main phase of FIRI, which focused on routinely measured materials, an optional series of samples were also made available to participating laboratories. This second list included archaeological samples, mammoth tusks, and modern cellulose. Not all samples were available in sufficient quantity for radiometric measurement (in particular, the mammoth tusks). The samples are briefly described in Table 9.1 below.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: In this section, we present the exploratory analysis of the results submitted by the extended deadline of December 2000. We first deal with Samples C.J, before considering the near-background samples A and B (Kauri wood). The aims of the exploratory analysis are to discover the range of results reported for each sample and the initial evaluation of the effects of any factors that might be a source of variation in the results. For each sample, in turn, we consider the main summary statistics.the number of results reported (N), their mean or average, median, the standard deviation (StDev), the standard error of the mean (Sem), the quartiles (25th [Q1] and 75th [Q3] percentiles), and the minimum (Min) and maximum (Max)—before graphically studying the overall distribution of results in the form of a boxplot, with a view to identifying any extreme or outlying observations. The summary statistics and distribution of results for each laboratory type are also shown. Further details on the statistical methods used are contained in Appendix 3.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The radiocarbon of the local reservoir effect (RE) was observed in many sectors along the Argentinean Patagonic coast. Results show variations in the 14C offsets and differences between marine and continental species growing within the same locality, ranging from about 80–1100 yr BP. It is postulated that such variations are mainly due to local factors, including the coast morphology and the contribution of continental waters. The relevance of these kinds of studies for the interpretation of age in archaeological samples is highlighted in this paper.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: The date of a Chinese ink rubbing was determined using radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to be in the range from AD 1480 to AD 1670 (95.4% confidence limit). Together with a scanning electron miscroscope (SEM) analysis of the ink and a comparative study of the Chinese characters, it was determined that the ink rubbing must have been performed before Emperor Kang Hsi (AD 1662–1722), who ruled at the beginning of the Chin Dynasty. On the other hand, the stone stele, from which the ink rubbing was produced, was carved in AD 531, which is consistent with an analysis of some erased characters. Such analysis seems to be useful to help clarify possible forgeries of these art objects.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: We present the results of an experimental study on the solidification of aqueous solutions of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate cooled from below. Upon cooling, two distinct mushy layers form, primary and cotectic, separated by an approximately planar horizontal interface. A density reversal between the two mushes causes the residual liquid in the upper, primary mush to be more buoyant than the melt overlying it, while the cotectic mush is compositionally stable. The unstable concentration gradient between the melt and primary mush causes convection that keeps the melt well-mixed and reduces the concentration gradient to zero after a finite time. At this point, the cotectic mush overtakes the primary mush and a transition from a convective regime to a diffusive regime occurs. Our measurements show that this transition is rapid and alters the growth rate of the single (cotectic) mush layer that remains. Concentration measurements taken from within the melt during convection and from within the mush during the diffusive regime show good agreement with the concentration evolution predicted by use of the equilibrium ternary phase diagram. We describe a global conservation model for solidification of a ternary alloy in this regime. Predictions from our model forced with empirical data for the heat and solute fluxes are in good agreement with the measured data for the interface positions of the two mushy layers. We also discuss how solid fractions vary with different melt concentrations in a non-convecting alloy and examine the influence of vertical solute transport in the convecting case. The identification of a density reversal in the solidification of a ternary alloy begins to address the complexities in solidification processes of multi-component alloys.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: The axisymmetric capillary pinch-off of a viscous fluid thread of viscosity λμ and surface tension γ immersed in a surrounding fluid of viscosity μ is studied. Similarity variables are introduced (with lengthscales decreasing like τ, the time to pinch-off, in a rapidly translating frame) and the self-similar shape is determined directly by a combination of modified Newton iteration and a standard boundary-integral method. A large range of viscosity ratios is studied (0.002 ≤ λ ≤ 500) and asymmetric profiles are observed for all λ, with conical shapes far from the pinching point, in agreement with previous time-dependent studies. The stability of the steady solutions is investigated and oscillatory instability is found for λ ≥ 32. For λ ≪ 1 an asymptotic scaling of λ1/2 is suggested for the slopes of the far-field conical shapes. These compare well with the quantitative predictions of a one-dimensional theory based on Taylor's (1964) analysis of a slender bubble.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: The steady shape of a drop of dilute polymer solution falling through a quiescent viscous Newtonian fluid is considered. Experimentally, we find that an immiscible drop of 0.16% xanthan gum in 80:20 glycerol/water falling through 9.8 P polydimethylsiloxane oil may exhibit a stable dimple at its trailing edge. At higher volumes the dimple extends far into the interior of the drop, and pinches off via a Rayleigh-type instability, injecting oil droplets into the polymer drop. At even larger volumes, a toroidal shape develops. We show that the dimpled shape can be reproduced mathematically with axisymmetric solutions for Stokes flow past a non-Newtonian drop, using the constitutive equation for a Simple Fluid of Order Three.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: Faraday waves are standing waves which arise through a parametric instability on the surface of a vertically oscillated fluid layer. They can emerge with various symmetries, simply square to N-fold rotationally symmetric, which for N 〉 3 are quasi-crystalline. In an experiment with a very large aspect ratio we determine the boundaries of the stability regions of waves with different rotational symmetries in the driving frequency-amplitude parameter plane. We find a remarkable agreement with a recent theory by Chen & Viñals (1999) who predict the stability boundaries at the onset amplitude. We argue why such agreement can only be observed in a very large experiment. The main nonlinear damping mechanism of the waves is a three-wave resonance. We devise a simple model that captures this mechanism and that can explain quantitatively the change of the symmetry of the waves with fluid depth. Detailed information about the surface is obtained by scanning the wave field and measuring the phase of subharmonic and harmonic components. Also the results of these measurements compare very favourably to the theoretical predictions.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: By truncating the range of van der Waals forces in Our molecular dynamics model we reduce the lengthscale and timescale gap between the outer (wedge) and inner (precursor) regions in droplet spreading simulations. This results in a molecular model which combines atomic-scale resolution with the ability to capture large-scale behaviour as manifested by the Tanner spreading law. Our results show that Tanner's law can be recovered, even if van der Waals effects and the resulting precursor film are limited to distances of the order of three atomic diameters from the substrate. In other words, removal of the singularity is not necessary up to a few atomic diameters from the contact line. The very good quantitative agreement with theory and experiments suggests that the original precursor theory of de Gennes can be generalized to precursors of molecular thickness in which flow is not characterized by the continuum (Stokes) model. Gravity current simulations are also in excellent agreement with the theory of Huppert and recent experimental results showing lubrication scalings at small capillary numbers.
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: Low-momentum releases of buoyant material from area sources are investigated in the context of the model of Morton, Taylor and Turner (1956) (MTT). The general solution of the model equations is shown to include the case of a converging-diverging flow which we have used to model plumes from the area sources. These solutions have as asymptotes certain power solutions in terms of height, i.e. the MTT solution at large heights and a non-entraining solution near the source. The new solutions exhibit distinct and interesting flow features such as a neck (point of minimum cross-section) and a velocity peak somewhat above. The new results have been compared with the few known experimental data sources and reasonable agreement is demonstrated. In the process we have also examined the importance of the Boussinesq approximation and find results recently published not to be valid except in one special case.
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: It has been observed in experiments that significant levels of sound may be produced when a curved flame propagates downwards along a tube in a gravity field. In this paper, we present a mathematical description of this acoustic amplification process, which represents a simple form of combustion instability. First, based on the large-activation-energy and small-Mach-number assumptions, a general asymptotic formulation is derived, in which the nature of flame-sound coupling is brought out explicitly. This framework is then employed to study the weakly nonlinear coupling between a Darrieus-Landau (D-L) instability mode of the flame and an acoustic mode of the tube, which is the main mechanism for sound generation in the experiments. In order to provide a somewhat unified description, the linear coupling via the direct pressure effect has also been included in our analysis. A set of coupled equations which govern the evolution of the acoustic and D-L modes was derived. The solutions show that the nonlinear coupling leads to very rapid amplification of sound. After reaching an appreciable level, the sound inhibits the flame, causing the latter to flatten. The sound then saturates at an almost constant level, or continues to grow at a smaller rate owing to the pressure effect. The above theoretical predictions are in good qualitative agreement with experiments. The present study also considered the influence of weak vortical disturbances in the oncoming flow. It is shown that certain components in these perturbations may form resonant triads with the acoustic and D-L modes, thereby providing an additional coupling mechanism.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: In this study we consider the separated flow of an inviscid fluid around a moving flat plate. The motion of the plate, which is initially started from rest, is prescribed and unconstrained and we set ourselves the task of fully characterizing the resulting motion in the surrounding fluid. To do this we use a boundary integral representation for the complex-conjugate velocity field φ(z, t) and require that the force and torque on the plate be determined as part of the solution. The flow solution is assumed to consist of a bound vortex sheet coincident with the plate and two free vortex sheets that emanate from each of the plate's two sharp edges. The time evolution of these vortex sheets is then considered in general. For physical reasons, the flow solution is required to satisfy the unsteady Kutta condition, which states that φ(z, t) must be bounded everywhere, and the rigorous imposition of this condition then yields two types of additional constraint. The first governs the rate at which circulation is shed from the plate's edges and the second ensures that the free vortex sheets are shed tangentially. In fact, all the familiar flow characteristics associated with the imposition of the steady Kutta condition are rigorously shown to have exact parallels in the unsteady case. In addition, explicit expressions for the normal force and torque on the plate are derived. An asymptotic solution to the full system of evolution equations is developed for small times t 〉 O and a simplified version of this solution is used as an initial condition for a desingularized numerical treatment of the full problem. A fast numerical algorithm is proposed and implemented and the results of several example calculations are presented. The featured examples are limited to high effective angles of attack due to the occurrence of a specific type of event that prevents further time-integration of the evolution equations using the current numerical method. The event corresponds physically to a situation in which a Lagrangian point placed at one of the plate's edges moves onto instead of away from the edge.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2003-11-10
    Description: We investigate experimentally and numerically the filling of a collapsible tube, motivated by venous hemodynamics in the lower limbs. The experiments are performed by filling an initially collapsed flexible tube, applying pressure through a hydraulic circuit. The tube law and the tube tension have been previously measured. The tube shape, the flow rate and the pressure at the two ends of the tube are measured continuously. The filling occurs in three stages: a rapid equilibration of the pressure near the tube entry with atmospheric pressure, a quasi-steady filling of the tube with a linearly rising pressure, and a final stage of tube inflation. Our numerical model is the classical one-dimensional collapsible tube equations. Excellent quantitative agreement is found between computations and experimental data. We show experimentally observed shapes near the tube end that indicate possible three-dimensional effects; however these effects do not impair significantly the ability of the one-dimensional model to describe the experiment. Travelling waves of large amplitude are observed in the simulations and the experiments.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: Following the study of the spectral properties of linearized swept Hiemenz flow (see Part 1, Obrist & Schmid 2003) we investigate the potential of swept Hiemenz flow to support transiently growing perturbations owing to the non-normal nature of the underlying linear stability operator. Transient amplification of perturbation energy is found for polynomial orders higher than zero, and a catalytic role of the continuous modes in increasing transient growth is demonstrated. The adjoint stability equations are derived and used in a numerical receptivity experiment to illustrate the scattering of vortical free-stream disturbances into the least stable boundary layer mode.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: The structure of thermal convection in horizontal plane Couette flow is investigated. Numerical experiments show that transformation of the structure takes place in the linear stage of perturbation growth. In the non-rotating or slowly rotating case, the transformation from cellular to parallel roll convection occurs. In the rapidly rotating case, on the other hand, the transformation from cellular to parallel roll convection occurs via transverse roll convection. As a result, transverse roll convection of finite amplitude can be formed in the rapidly rotating frame of reference. The formation mechanism of the transverse roll is investigated by linear analysis. In both the non-rotating and rotating cases, the horizontal velocity shear temporarily accelerates the growth rate of the transverse mode for a relatively short period. In the non-rotating or slowly rotating case, however, the net effect of this horizontal velocity shear is small. In the rapidly rotating case, on the other hand, the shearing of the perturbation by the background flow results in greatly enhancing potential energy conversion of the transverse mode. As a result, the net effect becomes large enough to make the transverse mode dominate over the parallel mode. Although the transverse roll convection of finite amplitude appears for a relatively short period of time just after its onset, the present result might explain some aspects of observed transverse rolls, such as in the Jovian atmosphere.
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: This paper considers wave-driven rip currents from a circulation-vorticity point of view. A highly simplified description of rip currents using continuous generation of point vortices at fixed locations is found to have a wide range of applicability around the rip neck. Rip scaling becomes straightforward, and is seen to collapse to a single form. Numerical experiments with this simplified system have the ability to predict well startup transients including previously unexplained peaks, and frequency-dependent effects of wave groups on rip currents. Quantitative mean currents in the rip neck are represented moderately well by this theory.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2003-12-25
    Description: Laboratory experiments by earlier authors have shown that the near-surface velocity of an otherwise uniform current is reduced by following waves, but is increased by opposing waves. By a boundary-layer analysis with depth-dependent eddy viscosities, we show analytically that this is the consequence of second-order effects of wave-current interaction. Physical effects of waves on the current profile due to the moving free surface, wave attenuation and convective inertia are discussed. Comparisons with available experiments for smooth and rough seabeds are discussed. New predictions of the longitudinal variations along the current are made.
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: Both lighter- and hydrophobic heavier-than-liquid particles will float on liquid-air surfaces. Capillary forces cause the particles to cluster in typical situations identified here. This kind of clustering causes particles to segregate into islands and bands of high concentrations in thin liquid films rimming the inside of a slowly rotating cylinder partially filled with liquid. A second regime of particle segregation, driven by secondary motions induced by off-centre gas bubbles in a more rapidly rotating cylinder at higher filling levels, is identified. A third regime of segregation of bidisperse suspensions is found in which two layers of heavier-than-liquid particles that stratify when there is no rotation, segregate into alternate bands of particles when there is rotation.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: Random motions of irrotational gravity water surface waves on deep water are formulated using the so-called Wiener-Hermite functional series expansion, based on the 'ideal random process', i.e. the white noise. Such a procedure is known to differ fundamentally from moment expansions such as Gram-Charlier or Edgeworth series. The applications concern 'free waves' which are homogeneous in the horizontal plane and stationary in time. Starting from the basic hydrodynamic equation and boundary conditions, the general procedure for obtaining the equations for the deterministic kernels is described. First, the expansion is carried out with no approximation of the hydrodynamic equations but the expansion is limited to the first order. This defines the Gaussian part of the wave field. As expected, the nonlinearity of the hydrodynamic equations has effects on the dispersion relation through explicit frequency and acceleration terms whose physical interpretations are discussed. No attempt is made to solve the highly complicated coupled nonlinear integral kernels equations. Instead, Dirac kernel functions are chosen à priori as an approach to a narrowband random wave field. In this case, the nonlinearity is found to be characterized by a 'statistical wave steepness' having an upper limit value of order 0.42. As a second example, a non-Gaussian field is determined on the basis of the hydrodynamic equations truncated at second order in the wave amplitude. In the case of Dirac first-order kernels, the second-order nonlinear effect results in the generation of the second harmonic of the fundamental wave component. The ratio between the energy levels of these two components is found to compare well with standard results from laboratory experiments.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: Understanding the rates of cooling and solidification in laminar flows down sloping channels is central to predicting the advance of lava flows. The mechanisms involved include thermal convection and a competition between shear strain rate and the rate of formation of solid at the chilled surface of the flow. We report experiments in which polyethylene glycol wax flows in a laminar fashion down an inclined, open channel of rectangular cross-section under cold water. Two distinctly different flow regimes are recognized: 'tube' flow in which solidification of the flow surface creates a stationary roof while melt continues to flow through a relatively well-insulated 'tube' beneath, and a 'mobile crust' regime in which a solid surface crust develops only in the centre of the channel. In the latter regime the crust is carried down the channel, separated from the walls by crust-free shear regions in which cooling produces only dispersed fragments of solid owing to the effects of shearing. This flow structure is quasi-invariant over a large distance downstream. We show that thermal convection takes place in organized rolls that have axes aligned with the shear flow, and conclude that transition between the two flow regimes occurs at a critical value of the combined parameter ν = Ψ(Ra/R0)1/3, where Ψ = U0ts/Ho is the ratio of a surface solidification timescale ts to a shearing timescale H0/U0, H0 and U0 are the flow depth and centreline surface velocity in the absence of solidification, Ra is a Rayleigh number and R0 is a constant.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: A series of scale-model experiments investigated the scouring mechanisms associated with a tsunami impinging on a coastal cylindrical structure. Since scaling effects are significant in sediment transport, a large-scale sediment tank was used. Video images from inside the cylinder elucidated the vortex structures and the time development of scour around the cylinder. The scour development and mechanisms differed according to the sediment substrate - sand or gravel. For gravel, the most rapid scour coincided with the greatest flow velocities. On the other hand, for the sand substrate, the most rapid scour occurred at the end of drawdown - after flow velocities had subsided and shear stresses were presumed to have decreased. This behaviour can be explained in terms of pore pressure gradients. As the water level and velocity subside, the pressure on the sediment bed decreases, creating a vertical pressure gradient within the sand and decreasing the effective stress within the sand. Gravel is too porous to sustain this pressure gradient. During drawdown, the surface pressure decreases approximately linearly from a sustained peak at ΔP to zero over time ΔT. The critical fraction Λ of the buoyant weight of sediment supported by the pore pressure gradient can be estimated as Λ = 2/√π ΔP/γb√cvΔT, in which γb is the buoyant specific weight of the saturated sediment and cv is the coefficient of consolidation. Much deeper scour was observed where Λ exceeded one-half.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: At high Reynolds number, the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a lifting surface is a rich blend of fluid dynamic phenomena. Here, boundary layers formed at the leading edge develop over both the suction and pressure sides of the lifting surface, transition to turbulence, separate near the foil's trailing edge, combine in the near wake, and eventually form a turbulent far-field wake. The individual elements of this process have been the subject of much prior work. However, controlled experimental investigations of these flow phenomena and their interaction on a lifting surface at Reynolds numbers typical of heavy-lift aircraft wings or full-size ship propellers (chord-based Reynolds numbers, Rec ∼ 107-108) are largely unavilable. This paper presents results from an experimental effort to identify and measure the dominant features of the flow over a two-dimensional hydrofoil at nominal Rec values from near one million to more than 50 million. The experiments were conducted in the US Navy's William B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel with a solid-bronze hydrofoil (2.1 m chord, 3.0 m span, 17 cm maximum thickness) at flow speeds from 0.25 to 19.3 m s-1. The foil section, a modified NACA 16 with a pressure side that is nearly flat and a suction side that terminates in a blunt trailing-edge bevel, approximates the cross-section of a generic naval propeller blade. Time-averaged flow-field measurements drawn from laser-Doppler velocimetry, particle-imaging velocimetry, and static pressure taps were made for two trailing-edge bevel angles (44° and 56°). These velocity and pressure measurements were concentrated in the trailing-edge and near-wake regions, but also include flow conditions upstream and far downstream of the foil, as well as static pressure distributions on the foil surface and test section walls. Observed Reynolds-number variations in the time-averaged flow over the foil are traced to changes in suction-side boundary-layer transition and separation. Observed Reynolds-number variations in the time-averaged near wake suggest significant changes occur in the dynamic flow in the range of Rec investigated.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2003-12-10
    Description: Active feedback control was applied to suppress oscillations in thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge. The experiment is on a unit-aspect-ratio liquid bridge where the most unstable azimuthal mode has wavenumber 2 when control is absent. Active control was realized by locally modifying the surface temperature using the local temperature measured at different locations fed back through a simple control law. The performance of the control process was quantified by analysing local temperature signals, and the flow structure was simultaneously identified by flow visualization. With optimal placement of sensors and heaters, proportional control can raise the critical Marangoni number by more than 40%. The amplitude of the oscillation can be suppressed to less than 30% of the initial value for a wide range of Marangoni number, up to 90% of the critical value. The proportional control was tested for a period-doubling state and it stabilized the oscillation to a periodic state. Weakly nonlinear control was applied by adding a cubic term to the control law to improve the performance of the control and alter the bifurcation characteristics.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: We analyse the density evolution of fluid within a confined ventilated space resulting from the action of a dense turbulent plume originating at the top of the space with finite source volume flux, Q0, and initial source buoyancy flux, B0. The space is ventilated through upper and lower openings of areas Au and Al respectively, which are separated by a vertical distance H. We show that if Q30 〈 2B0Hc2lA2l (where cl is an empirically determined discharge coefficient) then a two-layer steady stratification becomes established in the room, with outflow through the lower opening and inflow through the upper opening. The interface location depends not only on the geometry of the openings, but also the source conditions. We show that as Q0 increases for fixed B0, the height of the interface, which equals the depth of the lower layer of relatively dense fluid, increases. Eventually, when the source volume flux has a value greater than Qm = (cl Al)2/3 (2B0H)1/3, the natural exchange flow becomes blocked and a steady outflow through both of the openings develops. As a result, the density of the fluid throughout the room gradually evolves towards the density of the incoming dense fluid. We compare our theoretical predictions with a series of laboratory experiments, and discuss the implications of our model for the design of ventilation systems.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Finite-amplitude capillary waves, which can accompany the axisymmetric flow of a thin viscous film over a rotating disk, are considered. A system of approximate evolution equations for the film thickness and volumetric flow rates in the radial and azimuthal directions is derived, which contains two similarity parameters. In order to inspire confidence in this model, its steady solutions and their linear stability characteristics are compared to those of the full Navier-Stokes equations. Localized equations, which account for the presence of inertial, capillary, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, are obtained via truncation of the approximate system. Periodic solutions of these equations are then determined and found to be similar to those observed experimentally. Our results suggest that the steady quasi-periodic waves with largest amplitude compare well with experimentally observed wave profiles.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of the motion of 27 three-dimensional deformable buoyant bubbles in periodic domains are presented. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a parallelized finite-difference/front-tracking method that allows a deformable interface between the bubbles and the suspending fluid and the inclusion of surface tension. The Eötvös number is taken as equal to 5, so that the bubbles are ellipsoidal, and the Galileo number is 900, so that the rise Reynolds number of a single bubble in an unbounded flow is about 26. Three values of the void fraction have been investigated: 2%, 6% and 12%. At 6%, a change in the behaviour of the bubbles is observed. The bubbles are initially dispersed homogeneously throughout the flow field and their average rise Reynolds number is 23. After the bubbles have risen by about 90 bubble diameters, they form a vertical stream and accelerate. The microstructure of the bubble suspension is analysed and an explanation is proposed for the formation of these streams. The results for the ellipsoidal bubbles are compared to the results for nearly spherical bubbles, for which the Eötvös number is 1 and the Galileo number is 900. The dispersion of the bubbles and the velocity fluctuations in the liquid phase are analysed.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Sound transmission through ducts of constant cross-section with a uniform inviscid mean flow and a constant acoustic lining (impedance wall) is classically described by a modal expansion, where the modes are eigenfunctions of the corresponding Laplace eigenvalue problem along a duct cross-section. A natural extension for ducts with cross-section and wall impedance that are varying slowly (compared to a typical acoustic wavelength and a typical duct radius) in the axial direction is a multiple-scales solution. This has been done for the simpler problem of circular ducts with homentropic irrotational flow. In the present paper, this solution is generalized to the problem of ducts of arbitrary cross-section. It is shown that the multiple-scales problem allows an exact solution, given the cross-sectional Laplace eigensolutions. The formulation includes both hollow and annular geometries. In addition, the turning point analysis is given for a single hard-wall cut-on, cut-off transition. This appears to yield the same reflection and transmission coefficients as in the circular duct problem.
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2003-11-10
    Description: Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to study interfacial waves in a periodic domain by imposing a source term in the horizontal momentum equation. Removing the source term before breaking generates a stable interfacial wave. Continued forcing results in a two-dimensional shear instability for waves with thinner interfaces, and a convective instability for waves with thick interfaces. The subsequent three-dimensional dynamics and mixing is dominated by secondary cross-stream convective rolls which account for roughly half of the total dissipation of wave energy. Dissipation and mixing are maximized when the interface thickness is roughly the same size as the amplitude of the wave, while the mixing efficiency is a weak function of the interface thickness. The maximum instantaneous mixing efficiency is found to be 0.36 ± 0.02.
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