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  • Articles  (1,109)
  • Emerald  (575)
  • Cambridge University Press  (489)
  • SciELO Brazil  (45)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (1,109)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1935-1939
  • 2002  (1,109)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (822)
  • Computer Science  (224)
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  • Articles  (1,109)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (1,109)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A conjoint analysis of voice over IP attributes (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to transmit and process voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) networks has important implications for technology managers. Many companies today are rushing to bring different VoIP products to market with a wide variety of features. Managers will need to understand the tradeoffs associated with VoIP as compared to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This paper measures the preference structures between IP telephony and PSTN services using conjoint analysis. The purpose is to suggest those VoIP technology attributes that best meet users' needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210415781
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A peer-to-peer distributed selection algorithm for the Internet (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 16-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Heretofore, it has been extremely expensive to install and use distributed databases. With the advent of Java, JDBC and other Internet technologies, it has become easy and inexpensive to connect multiple databases and form distributed databases, even where the various host computers run on different platforms. These types of databases can be used in many peer-to-peer applications which are now receiving much attention from researchers. Although it is easy to form a distributed database via Internet/intranet, effective sharing of information continues to be problematic. We need to pay more attention to the enabling algorithms, as dedicated links between computers are usually not available in peer-to-peer systems. The lack of dedicated links can cause poor performance, especially if the databases are connected via Internet. Discusses the problems of distributed database operation with reference to an example. Presents two statistical selection algorithms which are designed to select the jth smallest key from a very large file distributed over many computers. The objective of these algorithms is to minimise the number of communication messages necessary to the selection operation. One algorithm is for the intranet with broadcast/multicast facilities while the other is for Internet without broadcast/multicast facilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210415790
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internet usage and competitive advantage: the impact of the Internet on an old economy industry in Spain (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 391-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Since the beginnings of the computing era it has been suggested that firm performance could be enhanced by the use of information technology which would help firms to score better on such indicators as productivity, profitability and market share. TCP/IP or the Internet are examples of the technology that is now available to help firms pursue their strategic aims. So far, however, their effects remain uncertain. In this paper we attempt to provide some evidence regarding the impact of the Internet on competitive advantage in a non "dot.com" industry in Spain. We also offer some ideas that may help to explain the role of the Internet as a competitive tool in modern firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447146
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    A content analysis of multinationals' Web communication strategies: cross-cultural research framework and pre-testing (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 380-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Despite the growing trend toward the interactive medium, there would appear to be a lack of comprehensive research methodology for evaluating the degree of standardisation in multinational corporations' (MNCs') online communication strategies across differing cultures. The objective of this exploratory study is to construct a research framework for cross-cultural comparison of corporate Web pages, applying traditional advertising content study techniques. A series of pre-tests were conducted to examine three explanatory variables, i.e. information content, cultural values and creative strategies on Japanese MNCs' product-based home pages in Japan, Spain and the USA. The results revealed that Japanese firms tended to localise their online communication strategies in their target markets. In closing, future research directions are discussed and content analysis research designs are summarised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447137
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting Internet/ e-commerce use (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Use of the Internet continues to grow at an explosive rate. While entertainment, education and communication serve as important applications of the Internet, e-commerce continues to emerge as an increasingly significant business phenomenon. However, little empirical research exists to ide.pngy factors that influence the extent to which individuals use the Internet and e-commerce. With the aid of survey research and a neural network, this study analyzes a wide range of variables in an attempt to ide.pngy accurate predictors of this usage. The results of the analysis ide.pngy gender, overall computer usage, job-related use, and home access as important characteristics that should influence use of the Internet and e-commerce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447155
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Product characteristics and Internet shopping intentions (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 411-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Estimates of online sales by product categories reveal that certain types of products fare better than others. A few conceptual papers have offered frameworks to assess the compatibility of a product to online marketing and sales. These frameworks that are based on product characteristics could help explain the differences in the asymmetrical success of online retailing. This paper reports the results of an empirical study that investigated differences between Internet shopping intentions for products categorized by cost and tangibility. Analyses of data, collected through a mail survey from over 750 respondents, show that intentions to shop using the Internet differ by tangibility of product. Reasons for this discrepancy are provided through an examination of salient and normative beliefs, along with implications for online merchants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447164
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge management for the analysis of complex experimentation (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Government agencies carry out many events each year designed to determine future requirements and capabilities. These events include field experiments, surveys, interviews, simulations and workshops. Similar themes are evident across many of these events. Unfortunately, mechanisms for passing information from one event to the next, or for developing bodies of knowledge in the topical areas they address, have yet to be fully developed. The task is difficult on two fronts. In response to this need a knowledge management capability was developed to help provide structure for dynamic and static data and thereby, aid in the analysis of complex experimentation. The system warehouses qualitative and quantitative data and supports mining operations through a number of traditional and artificial intelligence-based techniques. Described are the information architecture of the system, the knowledge processing methodologies, and the structure of the thematic data sets that form the knowledge ontologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447173
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(styrene sulphonic acid)-doped polyaniline as an inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Poly(styrenesulphonic acid)-doped polyaniline has been synthesised and the influence of this polymeric compound on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl has been investigated using weight loss measurements, galvanostatic polarisation studies, electropermeation studies and a.c. impedance measurements. The polymer acts predominantly as an anodic inhibitor. Hydrogen permeation studies and a.c. impedance measurements clearly indicate a very effective performance of the compound as a corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of the compound on the mild steel surface obeys Temkin's adsorption isotherm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210413566
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the temperature change rate on determination of the critical pitting temperature of stainless steels (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results have been presented of investigations on the effect of the temperature change rate on the critical temperature of pitting corrosion. Investigations of 316L stainless steel have been conducted by cyclic thermometry. An increase has been stated of the critical pitting temperature with increase of the temperature change rate. The dependence of the pitting critical temperature is linear in character for all investigated temperature change rates. Values of the critical temperature of pitting corrosion for stationary conditions (E-ES=0) were obtained by using the extrapolation procedure. The critical pitting temperature obtained by extrapolation practically does not depend on the temperature change rate in the investigated range and is equal to 336.9?K (63.9°C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210419344
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution by bisquaternary ammonium salt (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effectiveness of bisquaternary ammonium salt N,N'-Bis(dodecyldimethyl)-3-oxa-1,5- pentanediammonium dichloride used as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0?M HCl was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical techniques. Surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The performance of the bisquaternary ammonium salt was also compared with that of urotropine, a commercial corrosion inhibitor for acid media in industry practice. The results showed good inhibiting action of the inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with the inhibitor concentration but is temperature–independent. N,N'-Bis(dodecyldimethyl)-3-oxa-1,5-pentanediammonium dichloride acts mainly as a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition of this bisquaternary ammonium compound was assumed to occur via adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the metal surface without affecting the corrosion mechanisms. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface in HCl solution was found to obey Frumkin's isotherm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210419371
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of the action of zinc-powder in anticorrosive coatings (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present work was directed to the study of mechanisms of the action of zinc powder as an anticorrosive pigment in coating compositions based on binders that are composed of a two-component epoxy, a single-component polyurethane, and epoxy-ester resins. The results of the study have shown that neutralisation and barrier mechanisms contribute more than the electrochemical mechanism to the effectiveness of the anticorrosion protection. During the investigation, the results obtained in corrosion tests were evaluated by investigating the morphology of coatings by means of electron microscopy procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210426436
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of plasma cleaning and conservation treatment on the corrosion layer of corroded steel - XRD evaluation (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 256-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The application of hydrogen plasma on corroded steel and excavated iron artefacts has been studied. Transformations of the corrosion layer due to the plasma effect were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. The reduction of iron oxides to the stable iron oxide, magnetite, was observed for all the samples. In the case of excavated objects, the reduction to magnetite did not occur throughout the whole of the bulk of the oxides, as it does (for example) in the case of steel corroded in the laboratory. Nevertheless, excavated objects, in which a metallic core remained, were stabilised against subsequent corrosion. However, objects that are completely oxidised must be treated carefully, because treatment may result in the formation of a brittle outer layer, and there is a risk of disintegration of such items, if treated using the plasma conditioning and restoration procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210431755
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    High temperature oxidation behaviour of CeO and LaO modified aluminide coatings on carbon steel (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aluminide and CeO2 and La2O3 containing aluminide coatings on carbon steel have been prepared by a pack cementation process. The influence of CeO2 and La2O3 additions on the oxidation rates of aluminide coatings has been investigated. The performance of coatings was studied by measuring oxidation kinetics, metallography, SEM and X-ray diffraction analysis techniques. The oxidation-resistance of coated carbon steel is discussed on the basis of a decrease in oxidation rates as well as adherence of oxide scales. The oxidation rates of carbon steel and aluminide coatings were markedly reduced in the presence of CeO2 and La2O3 in the temperature range of 700-900°C. The oxidation rates were significantly affected by the morphology of oxide scales. In the case where the structure of oxides scales was not seriously disrupted due to decarburisation, the oxidation rates were significantly reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210439757
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Study of the effect of AC-interference on the cathodic protection of a gas pipeline (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 335-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this fieldwork was the study of the effect of 50Hz AC, induced by high-voltage power lines, on the cathodic protection system of a natural gas pipeline. The effectiveness of cathodic protection was checked through in situ long-term monitoring and analysis of pipeline electrical parameters. The results gave an insight into the problems of the cathodic protection system operation, caused by AC interference. An AC and DC potential interdependence was observed, that previously has hardly been reported, and was scrutinized in relation to cathodically protected pipelines. The effects of the AC-interference and low frequency DC potential fluctuations, as well as the potential deviations from the protection potential, are examined. These phenomena are associated with corrosion susceptibility and difficulties in obtaining reliable cathodic protection measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210440728
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  • 15
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    Modelling of the effect of operational parameters and concentration of some corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion of carbon steel (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 426-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several corrosion inhibitors, such as, HEDP, sodium molybdate and zinc ions, were added to an aqueous corrosive media containing different concentrations chloride ions, and the corrosion rates (CRs) of carbon steel were measured at various temperatures. It was shown that, in the presence of more than 1,200?ppm of chloride ions, and temperatures greater than or equal to 42.5°C, the combination of HEDP, molybdate and zinc could not control the corrosion in a cooling water system. Then four different models were designed to represent the CR of carbon steel in presence of various corrosive parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210452770
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  • 16
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    Multicriteria optimization approach for hydrostatic bearing design (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, computer-aided design optimization approach for hydrostatic bearings is presented. The optimization problem is formulated in multicriteria strategy. The power loss and the temperature rise of oil are considered as performance measures for optimal hydrostatic bearing design. Optimization results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed combined approach which has advantages over the single criteria optimization. Sample results are presented to verify the proposed approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210415338
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  • 17
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    Tribological properties of coated ASME 316L SS and comparison with a substrate (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Coating is a process applied to surface of materials to have thermal insulation, hot corrosion, erosion and oxidation resistance. Due to their combination of high hardness and chemical stability, thin titanium nitride and Tinalox PVD coatings have been successfully established in surface engineering. In the present study, wear and friction characteristics of TiN and Tinalox PVD coated ASME 316L stainless steel were investigated and compared with the substrate. To do this, friction and wear tests were done using Tribotester, S/N: 07-128 CSEM machine. Also, hardness variation was determined by means of CSEM Nano-Hardness Tester S/N: 4-113. It was seen that hardness was increased in TiN and Tinalox coated substrates, while friction coefficient and wear rate decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210415310
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  • 18
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    Synergistic inhibition of carbon steel corrosion by sodium tungstate and sodium silicate in neutral aqueous media (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 433-443 
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    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Tungstate inhibitors are seldom used alone in open recirculating cooling water systems due to their low oxidising ability and high cost. The objective of the present work was to develop efficient synergistic inhibitor combinations comprising sodium silicate and very low concentration of sodium tungstate, keeping in view of their application in industrial cooling water system. It was demonstrated in the present study that all the combinations of the inhibitors exhibited synergistic benefit and higher inhibition efficiencies than did either of the individual inhibitors. It was also established that a 4:1 ratio of sodium silicate to sodium tungstate (total 1,000?ppm) was the best overall combination. The FTIR spectra also suggest that tungstate and silicate ions were incorporated in the passivating metal oxide layer formed on the surface of carbon steel in the inhibitor solutions. The effects of excess and depleted concentrations of the individual inhibitor components on overall inhibition behaviour are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210452789
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  • 19
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    Tribological behaviors and molecular spectroscopic characterization of a lubricated piston ring/cylinder bore sliding contact under stepwise heating conditions (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The frictional behavior of a Mo alloy-coated piston ring sliding against cast iron cylinder bore was recorded as a function of temperature using a reciprocating tribotester and a fully formulated synthetic engine oil, with and without a friction modifier. It was observed that, as temperature increased in a stepwise mode, friction coefficients in the presence of MoDTC exhibited two local minimal values. Only one minimal friction coefficient value at 340–355?°C (µ = 0.065) was observed in the absence of MoDTC. Chemical characterization of worn tracks of the cylinder bore using reflected FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and ESCA, indicated that both the base stock and the tribological additives, ZDTP and MoDTC, experienced tribochemical reactions yielding MoO3, MoS2 and carbonaceous species as temperature ramped up stepwise. MoO3 and MoS2 reaction film formation are partially responsible for the local minimal friction coefficient found at the lower temperature and the ratio of the ordered carbon species accounts partially for the other local minimal friction coefficient found at the higher temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210424158
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  • 20
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    Environmentally adapted lubricants in the Nordic marketplace - recent developments (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Nordic marketplace, and in particular the Swedish market, is a sizeable part of the world market for environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs). The largest segment, by far, is EAL hydraulic fluids for mobile hydraulics, and chain saw oils for the environmentally adapted forestry operations (mainly) by the international Swedish and, until recently, Finnish forestry companies. In this paper, some of the important parameters influencing the size and development direction are analysed. These include market regulatory factors, eco-labels, OEM-issued standards/specifications, end-user demands and the market volume development for the period 1999-2001. The spread of EALs to other forestry markets, Norway and the Baltic States, is also covered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210427461
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  • 21
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    Cooling ability of cutting fluids and measurement of the chip-tool interface temperatures (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many machining researches are focused on cutting tools mainly due to the wear developed as a result of high temperatures generated that accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms, consequently reducing tool life. Cutting fluids are used in machining operations to minimize cutting temperature although there is no available indicator of their cooling ability. In this study, a method to determine the cooling ability of cutting fluids is proposed. A thermocouple technique was used to verify the chip-tool interface temperature of various cutting fluids during turning operation. The method consists of measuring the temperature drop from 300°C up to room temperature after heating a standardised AISI 8640 workpiece and fixing it to the chuck of a lathe and with a constant spindle speed of 150?rpm the cutting fluid was applied to a specific point. The temperature was measured and registered by an infrared thermosensor with the aid of an AC/DC data acquisition board and a PC. The convective heat exchange coefficient, h, was determined and used to classify the cooling ability of the cutting fluids. The machining tests showed that the application of the fluid with better cooling ability will not always guarantee lower chip-tool interface temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210424121
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  • 22
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    Fluid qualification tests - evaluation of the lubricating properties of biodegradable fluids (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To develop a new, biodegradable hydraulic fluid, numerous standard and in-house screening tests are necessary to verify the lubricating properties. It was further determined that evaluation within a hydrostatic transmission, simulating field operating conditions, as a final test is critical but needed, as new fluids will occasionally fail this test, although all prior tests were passed. This paper describes recent experiences at the authors' institute with ester based hydraulic fluids run in a heavily loaded hydrostatic transmission under laboratory conditions on the so-called "flywheel test rig". Change of fluid properties and wear behavior of the hydrostatic components are compared to derive statements about the fluids' behavior to be expected in the field application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210427470
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  • 23
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    The use of biocides with regard to the new Biocidal Products Directive - future aspects (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 136-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Focuses on the use of biocides to combat the growth of microorganisms in coolant systems and oils. Outlines measures which can limit or prevent mcrobial growth and provides a brief summary of the European Biocidal Products Directive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210427489
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  • 24
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    The development of limited volume lubrication in metal working operations in South Africa (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 130-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Limited volume lubrication as applied in metal working operations has grown significantly in the South African manufacturing industry over the past years. The need for a cleaner factory environment and the international competition faced by local producers, necessitated a re-evaluation of the efficiency of operations pertaining to tool life and quality of products. The technique started with sawing of aluminium and was extended through copper and stainless steel to mild steel manufacturing operations including band sawing, drilling and tapping, pressing and hot forging. The technique is limited by the material to be worked as well as the rate of metal working. Synthetic lubricants proved to be indispensable in meeting the challenges faced when applying the technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210428055
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    Bismuth - the new ecologically green metal for modern lubricating engineering (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Bismuth is relatively little known in general; however, it has been known since the fifteenth century in Germany and was called by Paracelsus "Bismutum". With very similar properties to lead, it could be called the "twin brother of lead", but bismuth is considered non-toxic and used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is really a unique metal, considered as a metal within the periodic table of elements, but has more similarity to semimetals than to metals. Bismuth replaces the formerly and widely used lead in EP-greases and EP-lubricants giving better properties to them, even using down to half of the metal concentration. Bismuth has very high synergism to sulphur, the oldest known element. So, the combination of the oldest known element sulphur with the newest "green and ecologically clean" metal Bismuth - is actually the modern and metallic extreme pressure technology - that follows the formerly used, during many decades, sulphur-lead-technology - but being non-toxic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210431709
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    High performance ester lubricants from natural oils (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Lubricants impact on the environment at all stages of production, usage and disposal. The awareness and concern over the usage of petroleum-based products and their impact on the environment have created an opportunity to produce environmentally acceptable lubricants from agricultural feedstocks. A new class of bio-based esters derived from vegetable oils that exhibit excellent low temperature flow properties and oxidation stability are discussed. One of the major advantages of bio-based synthetic esters in better performance at a lower cost compared to synthetic esters. This is possible due to recent advances in the biotechnology of vegetable oils and the chemical modifications that could be applied to convert these natural esters into high performance biolubricants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210431718
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    Wear surface characteristics study of tribo-materials under palm oil methyl ester added lubricant (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The wear properties of tribo-materials are strongly influenced by the use of lubricants and their additives. The presence of additive in the lubricating oil causes changes in the material surface characteristics by the formation of protective boundary films which result in increased wear resistance of the mating surfaces. In this investigation, wear tests for a segmented piston ring-plate pair and a ball-plate pair were carried out using a modified universal wear and friction machine with three different percentages of palm oil methyl ester (POME) added to a mineral oil lubricant. The plain mineral-based lube oil was also used for comparison purposes. Experimental results show that the activity of POME on the metal surface is quite remarkable when added to a mineral-based lubricant. Wear of piston ring and ball bearing materials took place by abrasive, corrosive and/or oxidative mechanisms with different concentrations of POME in lubricants. The surface characteristics shown by SEM and EDAX and related phenomena are discussed in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210431736
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    Mechanism of friction of fullerenes (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the past few years, inorganic fullerene-like (IF) supramolecules of metal dichalcogenide WS2 and MoS2 with structures closely related to (nested) carbon fullerenes and nanotubes have been synthesized. Recent experiments showed that IF added to oil and impregnated into the porous matrixes possess lubricating properties superior to those of layered WS2 and MoS2 (2H platelets). The main goal of this work was to analyze the mechanism of friction of fullerene-like nanoparticles. Friction and wear behavior of IF in different contact conditions is studied. Third body model is considered. Sliding/rolling of the IF nanoparticles in the boundary of the first bodies and in between the wear particles (third body) is supposed to facilitate the shear of the lubrication film. Broken and oxidized 2H-WS2 small pieces adhered to wear debris do not provide high tribological properties especially under high loads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210431727
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    Response to different oxidation inhibitors for industrial lube base stocks (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 202-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The response to antioxidants of different types (aminic, phenolic and sulphur-based) has been evaluated for three base stocks intended for industrial lube production: a paraffinic solvent neutral, a hydrotreated naphthenic, and a naphthenic technical white oil. Furthermore, three different oxidation test methods were used: IP 280, DSC (in-house), and ASTM D 1934 (open beaker). A statistical experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of the different inhibitors. For the naphthenic base stocks tested, the higher degree of refining, the better response to oxidation inhibitors. Since the test methods differ in severity, different inhibitors will be those giving the best effects in different tests. Severe tests require peroxide-destroying inhibitors, while aminic or phenolic inhibitors show effects in milder tests. High oxidation stability can be achieved for various types of base stocks, naphthenic as well as paraffinic, if the right inhibitor system is chosen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210697787
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    Reducing vibration with advanced lubricants (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Reducing noise and vibration is an increasingly important objective for designers and users of a wide range of mechanical systems. Lubricants can contribute to reduction of overall noise and vibration generated by machines, both by reducing generation of acoustic energy in lubricated contacts and by modulating the transmission of vibration through the lubricant. This paper outlines various mechanisms by which the lubricant may affect the generation and transmission of acoustic vibration. Examples from the area of refrigeration compressor lubrication are presented, demonstrating that correct design and selection of lubricant can have a significant impact on noise and vibration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210441456
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    Optimization of biocides for metal-working fluids: factors which affect IPBC performance in metal-working (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Iodo propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) has been used as a fungicide in metal-working fluid formulations for a number of years. While traditional laboratory evaluations show excellent performance, results in the field are often disappointing. An in-depth review of the biocide's physical and chemical characteristics has helped us predict these performance differences better.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210441465
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    EC Dangerous Preparations Directive - application to metalworking fluids and ingredients (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In July 2002 a new EC Preparations Directive came into force requiring suppliers of preparations to consider the environmental impact of their preparations. The environmental assessment can be made through consideration of the individual substances used in the preparation. A review of additives used in the formulation of metalworking fluids has highlighted that there are a number of substances that give cause for concern, especially surfactants or basefluids that are derivatives of C12-15 or C13-15 alcohols, such as ethoxylates, propoxylates and EO/PO copolymers. Some reformulation may be required in order to prevent preparations being classified either as; dangerous for the environment; or as very toxic/toxic/harmful to aquatic organisms; or as may cause long-term adverse effects in the environment. The new directive will require suppliers of preparations to make available material safety data sheets for preparations classified as dangerous for the environment or for preparations containing at least one dangerous substance at a concentration of = 〉1 per cent. The new directive will also require suppliers to use new packaging labels for; preparations classified as dangerous for the environment; preparations containing at least one dangerous substance at a concentration of =〉1 per cent; and for preparations containing =〉0.1 per cent of a substance classified as a sensitiser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210697877
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    The influence of the cement paste microstructure on corrosion and the adherence of reinforcing bars as a function of the water–cement ratio (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hardened cement paste is a heterogeneous system resulting from the grouping of particles, films, microcrystals and other solid structural elements bounded in a porous mass. The cement paste microstructure must be understood firstly due to its influence on concrete properties. The behaviour of concrete greatly depends on the conformation of localised special structures rather than on general structures found in the mass cement paste. The objective of this paper was to study the cement paste microstructure, as a function of the water–cement ratio, in order to interpret the variations of the steel–mortar bond strength and the developing of the corrosion process in steel–mortar specimens kept in tap water and 3 percent sodium chloride solutions for 1 year. A description of the steel–mortar interface was also provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210413557
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    Corrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V and duplex stainless steel (UNS31803) in synthetic bio-fluids (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Compares the corrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, a conventional duplex stainless steel (UNS 31803) and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in synthetic biofluids using electrochemical techniques and comments on the suitability of DSS for use in biomedical applications. Finds that the general corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels is slightly inferior to that of austenitic stainless steel and titanium alloy; duplex stainless steel does not show any sign of pitting when exposed to synthetic biofluids and exhibits excellent resistance to localised corrosion on par with that of titanium alloy. Concludes that duplex stainless steels are one of the best alternates to titanium alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0003559021043584
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    Nitrate stress corrosion cracking in waste heat recovery boilers (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Waste Heat Recovery Boilers (WHRB's) enhance the thermal efficiency of gas turbine power generating plants by capturing the heat from the exhaust gas and utilising it to raise steam for increased electricity production or district heating. Under normal conditions the exhaust gas from the turbine is cooled from around 550°C to 80°C. Care is taken that condensation will not occur in the cooler parts of the boiler. Nevertheless, during normal operation, dry ammonium nitrate deposits can be formed in the WHRB. These deposits will become wet when the unit is started or shut down, when the temperature falls below the dew point. The deposits may also "sweat" (i.e. absorb atmospheric moisture and become liquid) during extended plant outage periods. In consequence, Intergranular Corrosion Attack (IGA) and Stress Assisted Intergranular Corrosion Attack (SA-IGA) (in general called stress corrosion cracking) can occur in carbon steel construction materials. The sensitivity to IGA of a total of 86 steels, of known compositions, was tested. The steels were subjected to aerated ammonium nitrate solutions of 90°C with concentrations ranging between 2 and 35 per cent. After an exposure of 65 hours, cross sections of the steels were studied. If IGA occurred, the steel was considered sensitive to ammonium nitrate at that (critical) percentage. During the investigation it was observed that alloying elements in several types of steel influenced its resistance to IGA in ammonium nitrate. Elements such as molybdenum, manganese and chromium had a positive effect on the resistance to nitrate induced IGA, SA-IGA and stress corrosion cracking, whereas carbon and copper were detrimental. The microstructure of the steel also appeared to be important. In many specimens taken from in-service failures, strings of carbide precipitates were found to be present at grain boundaries. The precipitates were identified to be ternary carbides. It seems, therefore, that the presence of carbides at grain boundaries increases the susceptibility of a steel to intergranular corrosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210419362
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    Inhibition of the corrosion of low carbon steel in acidic solution by selected quaternary ammonium compounds (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 210-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Potentiodynamic polarisation studies were carried out on the inhibition of low carbon steel in 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution over the temperature range 20-60°C at different inhibitor concentrations by various quaternary ammonium salts and cationic surfactants. The inhibitors examined were tetraethyl ammonium chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltributyl ammonium chloride, phenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Maximum inhibition efficiencies of cationic surfactants were observed around and above critical micelle concentration (cmc), while the inhibition efficiencies of the quaternary ammonium salts were found to increase with the increase in their concentrations. The degree of shift in Ecorr value, together with change in anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes (ba, bc), revealed that cationic surfactants behave as an anodic inhibitor, while quaternary ammonium salts behave as mixed type inhibitors. Inhibition efficiencies of studied inhibitors seem to be closely related with the chain length of the alkyl group as well as the presence of benzene ring in quaternary ammonium compounds. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for dissolution and adsorption were also calculated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210431764
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    A study of the inhibitive behaviour of molybdate, when used in combination with phosphate, in synthetic tap-water environments (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 252-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The conjoint effect of the binary inhibitors molybdate and phosphate on Type A20 carbon steel has been studied, using electrochemical measurement tests. The compatibility between molybdate and phosphate can achieve synergistic benefits, and the inhibitive mechanism was investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210431746
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    Electrodeposition of rhodium metal on titanium substrates (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The electrodeposition of any metal over titanium substrates meets with many problems due to the formation of a non-conductive layer of titanium oxide on the surface of substrates during the electroplating process. Trials were made to overcome these problems by the pre-anodisation of titanium substrates in oxalic acid solution of concentration 100g/l, at high current density of 60-95mA/cm–2, and at ambient temperature. In these conditions, a thin, porous and conductive titanium oxide film can be obtained, which will then support electroplating processes. Rhodium metal was electrodeposited over the anodised titanium substrates from a bath consisting of Rh2(SO4)3, 5.2g/l and H2SO4, 100g/l. At optimum conditions of electroplating, the rhodium electrodeposits were formed over the anodised titanium substrate with high adhesion, brightness and high current efficiency (92.05 per cent).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210431791
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    The performance of VPI-coated paper for temporary corrosion prevention of metals (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 354-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The efficacy of octylamine as a vapour phase corrosion inhibitor in different corrosive environments for carbon steel, copper and brass, and its biocidal action, have been examined. The protection of these metals from atmospheric corrosion using VPI (octylamine)-impregnated paper was monitored by visual observation, weight loss measurements, polarisation scans and impedance measurements. The long-term protection given by octylamine-impregnated paper to these metals was examined by Stevenson's chamber test. It was found that octylamine offered more than 80 per cent protection against atmospheric corrosion for carbon steel, copper and brass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210440737
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    Corrosion of stainless steels in chlorine dioxide solution (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 49 (2002), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Until recently, chlorine used to be an important chemical in bleaching process in paper industry, but as a result of environmental concerns, it is being replaced by chlorine dioxide. However, chlorine dioxide is more corrosive in certain conditions. Plant personnel, therefore need to better understand the reactions taking place in the changed media and search for more resistant materials. It is with this in mind that the present work was undertaken. The paper reports the electrochemical polarisation measurements performed on stainless steels 316L, 317L, 2205 and 254SMO in chlorine dioxide solutions to observe localised corrosion. The results have been analysed with reference to Pourbaix diagrams, taking into account the various chemical species present in the bleach solutions. Conclusions drawn from electrochemical tests have been compared with those from long-term laboratory and plant tests. Materials options are proposed on the optimal choice of materials for bleach plants, in a context of probable corrosion performance, capital cost and mechanical strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210452761
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    The future role of metalworking fluids in metal cutting operations (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: As more stringent environmental legislation is enforced throughout Europe manufacturing businesses, employing metal cutting processes, can no longer ignore the growing importance of environmental aspects relating to cutting fluids. Businesses, through market forces, are being forced into offering a "clean solution" to the metal cutting processes which they operate. Cutting fluids despite playing an important role in metal cutting, have considerable environmental impact. There is a need therefore to understand the role of cutting fluids within the cutting process in order to evaluate possible environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of cutting fluids. In order to achieve this the operating environment in which the process is being carried out, and the consequences of removing the cutting fluid from the process altogether has to be assessed. This paper therefore, reflects on the role of cutting fluid and the implications of their use. Viable methods of reducing cutting fluid consumption are also reported, together with efficient methods of cutting fluid utilisation (e.g. minimum quantity delivery systems). Finally, the difficulties experienced in removing cutting fluids from the metal cutting process are highlighted through the consideration of dry cutting technologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210415329
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    Machinery element damage in for life-lubrication elementary chemical mechanisms (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 54 (2002), S. 74-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Demand on for-life lubrication needs to control all mechanisms being present in the tribocontact. Herein we present elementary chemical mechanisms supported by lubricants leading to effective destruction of machinery elements over long time. The chemical process may overtake all other essential mechanisms in for-life lubrication. As far as known these mechanisms offer a fascination world of unknown reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790210424176
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    CFD modelling of the flow field inside a reflow oven (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Because of new requirements related to the employment of lead-free manufacturing and the diversity of components and metal finishes on high density printed circuit boards, better understanding and control of the reflow process is required in order to achieve acceptable yields and reliability of SMT assemblies. Accurate control of the temperature distributions within components and boards during the reflow process is one of the major requirements, especially in lead-free assembly. This paper outlines a scheme for reflow modelling and presents an oven-level model of the steady state flow-field inside a reflow oven, which will be needed in subsequent transient analysis and small-scale modelling. The model is constructed by utilising the advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology using commercial software. The computational results are discussed and compared with measured data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210416459
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    Solder ball failure mechanisms in plastic ball grid array packages (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 40-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Plastic ball grid array packages were aged for up to 2000 hours. Various solder ball pad metallurgies were studied and solder ball shear tests were conducted at a range of ageing times. The solder ball shear strength was found to decrease after an initial hardening stage. The deterioration of solder ball shear strength was found to be mainly caused by the formation of intermetallic compound layers, together with microstructural coarsening and diffusion related porosity at the interface. For the ball pad metallurgy, two distinct intermetallic compound layer structures were observed to have formed after ageing. Once two continuous intermetallic compound layers formed fracture tended to occur at their interface. For the ball pad metallurgies which do not form two continuous intermetallic compound layers, the shear strength still decreased, due to the coarsening of the microstructure, intermetallic particle formation and diffusion related porosity at the surface of the Ni3Sn4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210427817
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    Assessment of board level solder joint reliability for PBGA assemblies with lead-free solders (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 46-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Evaluates the board level reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) assemblies under thermal and mechanical loading, with the objective of characterizing the reliability of lead-free solder joints for various assembly conditions. A five-leg experiment was designed which included various combinations of solder materials and peak reflow temperatures. It was found that the lead-free solder joints have a much longer thermal fatigue life than the 63Sn–37Pb solder. The 63Sn–37Pb solder joints seem to perform slightly better than the lead-free solder under mechanical loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210444728
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    A methodology to establish baseline metrics for assessing the isothermally aging of Sn-Pb solder interconnects (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A methodology was developed to establish baseline metrics for assessing the isothermal aging of 63Sn-37Pb (or 60Sn-40Pb) solder joints in circuit board assemblies. Those metrics were the intermetallic compound layer thickness at the Sn-Pb solder/Cu interface and the Pb-rich phase particle size distribution in the solder. The baseline, or as-fabricated, values for these metrics were 0.71±0.27?µm and 3.2±6.5×10-6?mm2, respectively. The rate kinetics were determined for growth of the intermetallic compound layer and coarsening of the Pb-rich phase particles by isothermal aging experiments. The/were: (1) intermetallic compound layer thickness (µm)=0.714+ 3.265×103?t0.58 exp(-52200/RT); and (2) Pb-rich phase particle size (mm2)=3.2×10-6+1.47× 10-3?t0.32 exp(-31000/RT).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210427790
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    Low cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth behaviour of Sn–Ag eutectic solder (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 30-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Low cycle fatigue tests on as-cast Sn–Ag eutectic solder (96.5Sn–3.5Ag) were carried out using a non-contact strain controlled system at 20°C with different frequencies (10-3–1?Hz). Steps at the boundaries of Sn-dendrites were found to be the initiation sites for microcracks in the case of low frequency fatigue tests, while for high frequency tests, cracks predominantly initiated at the boundaries of subgrains formed within Sn-dendrites. The link up of these cracks and the propagation of cracks inside the specimen occurred both transgranularly through Sn–Ag eutectic phases, and intergranularly along Sn-dendrite boundaries and/or subgrain boundaries. Propagation of stage II cracks for various frequencies could be characterized by the C*-parameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210444700
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    Fatigue crack growth behaviour of lead-containing and lead-free solders (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests on lead-containing solders and lead-free solders have been carried out at frequencies ranging from 0.01 to 10?Hz and stress ratios in the range 0.1–0.7. The FCG resistance of lead-free solders was found to be superior to that of lead-containing solders. For both types of solder, cycle dependent behaviour is dominant for the tests at low stress ratios and high frequencies, while time-dependent effects become important at high stress ratios and low frequencies. For cycle dependent testing conditions, cracks primarily propagated in a transgranular manner, while a mixed trans/intergranular mode of crack propagation was observed for testing conditions where time dependent effects were dominant. The propagation path of intergranular cracks depended on the test materials, and along interfaces. After the FCG tests, the formation of small grains was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210444719
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    Evaluation of two novel lead-free surface finishes (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two new electrolytically plated lead-free surface finishes are evaluated for their wettability, bond strength, and voiding performance, and are compared with electrolytic nickel gold and an OSP. The results indicate that Ni–Sn achieve the highest wettability, one of the highest lap shear strengths, and the lowest levels of voiding. It also performs better under a long reflow profile. Under most instances, the soldering performance is comparable with, or better than, the reference OSP and Ni–Au surface finishes. Ni–PdCo–Au was found to give a poor wettability, fairly low lap shear strength, and have high levels of voiding. However, it is fairly stable, and its soldering performance is not sensitive to the reflow profile length or atmosphere, aging treatment, or flux chemistry. OSP was found to be the poorest in terms of wettability, but one of the best for lap shear strength. It also performs best under long profile, is not sensitive to reflow atmosphere, is slightly sensitive to alloy type, but is very sensitive to aging and flux chemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210444683
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    Effect of thermal radiation from fabrics on human body (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effectiveness of the far infrared radiation processing cloth as clothing material is discussed. Temperature rise of the irradiation plane is more rapid than the heating by heat conduction and convection for the radiant heating. Skin temperature change and thermal sensation of the examinee wearing the sweater with a plastic heater at back were examined. "The relation of the inverse proportion of heat intensity to the time needed until the extent of thermal stimulation perceived was examined. Individual examinees tested, by oral contact, the extent of the pleasant sensation produced by the warming condition. They judged the extent of the warming according to whether it felt comfortable. Individually, they differed a great extent in their opinion of what was comfortable. However, for all examinees, the relationship of warming and feeling comfortable was confined within narrow parameters. In this experiment, a unit of the radiant heat stimulation was determined by dividing mW/cm2 by the warming period, since intermittent warming was carried out." The degree of the skin temperature perceived by the sensation was almost fixed at 33–35, even if the radiant heat strength differed. The rapid thermal stimulation by radiant heating can be perceived even for a slight temperature rise of the skin. It is also necessary to consider the temperature rise speed, except for the temperature rise of the cloth surface, when the effectiveness of the far infrared radiation processing cloth was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210437220
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    Garment's pressure sensation (2): the psychophysical mechanism for the sensation (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 317-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Relationships have been investigated between subjective pressure sensation and objective pressure measured, for knit garments of different sizes and fabrics with different extensibilities. Fechner's logarithmic law is used to investigate the relations. Equations are obtained for describing the Psychophysical mechanism of clothing pressure perception under certain conditions. Objective pressure measuring had high predictive power with regard to subjective pressure sensation only under those conditions. Wearing pressure comfort has a negative correlation with feelings of fetter, scratchy, heavy and pressure, and has a poor correlation with feelings of softness and smoothness. Using factor analysis with principal factor solutions and rotated by the Varimax method, we obtained factor matrices.
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    Optimal marking of garment patterns using rectilinear polygon approximation (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 334-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Pattern marking is the allocation of garment patterns on the cloth roll minimizing the fabric loss, and thus very important for the cost reduction in garment manufacturing industries. But automatic marking is very difficult because it is a non-deterministic in polynomial time problem. Most previous pattern marking methods needed collision detection routine to lay out patterns without interfering each other, which was the bottle neck of nesting speed. In this study, rectilinear polygon approximation technique was used to reduce the overall calculation time because the garment patterns are usually in non-convex shape that can effectively be approximated by rectangles. Additionally, we adapted stochastic simulated annealing to search the optimal pattern marking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210446149
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    Empowerment or enslavement?: A case of process-based organisational change in Hong Kong (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 42-59 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Employee empowerment is commonly a fundamental part of the prescriptions offered to improve business performance. However, business process improvement and many other organisational development and change initiatives tend to encapsulate the values of the societies and organisations in which they were developed - and such values are not universal. The case of a business process re-engineering project in Hong Kong illustrates an attempt to empower team members that paradoxically resulted in their psychological enslavement. The roles of cultural differences and reward systems in producing unintended consequences are analysed while the implications of the case for both research and practice are considered.
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    Making nursing visible? Gender, technology and the care plan as script (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 139-158 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to persuade the reader of the potential benefits to be gained in applying to the study of information systems in Organisations concepts and theoretical tools developed elsewhere in the social sciences. A framework for analysis derived from a combination of feminist theory and social studies of technology (SST) is presented. The key analytical tools of the script and inscription, interpretative flexibility and actant, stabilisation and visibility are discussed. The paper attempts to demonstrate how these tools can be employed to go beyond the stereotypical images of gender and technology, by focusing on contradiction and resistance. An empirical study concerns an automated care planning system used and resisted by nurse users in a UK National Health Service hospital. The discussion is informed by a resultant table describing the outcome of the application of SST tools as well as points made concerning the issue of gender and technology.
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    IT project uncertainty, planning and success: An empirical investigation from Kuwait (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 210-226 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: In this paper, I examine the mediating effect of project planning on the link between three project uncertainty variables (project size, project diversity, and technical complexity) and IT project success in a developing country. The proposed model is validated using a field survey of 42 IT project leaders from Kuwait. The overall findings give support to the proposed model and to the role of project planning as a mediator between project uncertainty and project success. However, the results challenge the traditional conception by past IT implementation research regarding the direct negative role of uncertainty in IT projects. This finding may be understood in light of the different manifestations that uncertainty may have for IT projects in developing countries. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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    Situating culture in the global information sector (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 306-320 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Presents a theoretical approach to understanding the local culture of firms in the multinational information sector. Called situating culture, this approach holds that cultural understanding is locally situated, behavioral and embedded in everyday, socially negotiated work practices. The application of this theory is provided through cases from the workplace cultures of US multinational IT firms operating in Ireland. These examples show how the local culture of a global IT firm represents the interaction of industry, corporate and national contexts. It results in locally situated work practices and distinct socially negotiated realities that ultimately impact behavior in these settings. The theoretical approach of situating culture contributes to a better understanding of contextualism in the cross-cultural IT environment. This understanding, in turn, has implications for future cross-cultural IS research as well as for cross-cultural IT practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453106
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    Computer ethics: the influence of guidelines and universal moral beliefs (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 346-361 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Examines the influence of computer guidelines and the belief in universal moral rules on ethical intentions regarding the use of computers in the workplace. The results revealed that the interaction between computer guidelines and belief in universal moral rules was significant. Business professionals with a strong belief in universal moral rules exhibited high ethical intentions, regardless of whether or not their organization had clear guidelines concerning the use of company computers. However, for business professionals with a low belief in universal moral rules, the presence of clear computer guidelines had a positive effect on ethical intentions. This investigation provides evidence that computer guidelines are positively related to ethical intentions only for individuals who do not adhere to a belief in universal moral rules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453124
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    Odd girl out: an individual differences perspective on women in the IT profession (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 98-118 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper develops a theoretical perspective on gender and information technology (IT) by examining socio-cultural influences on women who are members of the information technology profession in Australia and New Zealand. In-depth interviews with both practitioners and academics give evidence of a range of socio-cultural influences on the professional development and working lives of women IT professionals. The paper rejects the essentialist view of women and their relationship to IT that has been put forth in the information systems literature arguing, instead, the primacy of societal and structural influences. The particular contribution of this paper is a theoretical perspective of individual differences which is presented to characterize the way individual women respond in a range of specific ways to the interplay between individual characteristics and environmental influences. This perspective contributes to a better understanding of women's involvement in the IT sector and suggests areas for proactive policy response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210430552
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    Discontinuities and continuities: a new way to understand virtual work (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 191-209 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: "Virtual" is a potent buzzword, freely applied to many situations, with many meanings. In this exploratory study, we develop a more precise understanding of "virtual" to describe changing work environments. Specifically, we propose a framework to classify work environments based on the type of discontinuities involved. Discontinuities are gaps or a lack of coherence in aspects of work. The framework allows us to compare research across different topics and work settings. We use the framework to classify 75 published articles on virtual work environments or earlier, related research streams. We observed that many studies were simultaneously addressing existing or emerging continuities, factors or strategies for overcoming discontinuities. The focus of "virtual" is on changes in the work environment; however, our analysis suggests the need to be equally aware of factors that have not changed and which may become more critical with the introduction of discontinuities.
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    Organizational options for resolving the tension between IT departments and business units in the delivery of IT services (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 286-305 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The organization of companies' information technology (IT) functions has been studied and described in three ways: on a centralization-decentralization continuum, on the basis of technological architecture, and, for multinational companies, as reflective of their strategic focus. This research proposes a classification of organizational structures based on the tension between business units and IT departments in the delivery of IT services. Using a cluster analysis on a sample of 40 companies having corporate offices in the USA or The Netherlands, it identifies four basic structures or patterns that describe the similarities and differences in the way IT services are handled. The paper then describes the implications of these structures for companies that are considering the redesign or restructure of their information technology function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453098
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    Natural convection flow along a vertical circular cone with uniform surface temperature and surface heat flux in a thermally stratified medium (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 290-305 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of laminar natural convection from a vertical circular cone maintained at either a uniform surface temperature or a uniform surface heat flux, and placed in a thermally stratified medium is considered. The governing non-similarity boundary layer equation for uniform surface temperature are analyzed by using two distinct solution methodologies; namely, (i) a finite difference method and (ii) a local non-similarity method. For uniform surface heat flux case, the solutions of the governing non-similarity boundary layer equations are obtained by using three distinct solution methodologies, namely, (i) a finite difference method, (ii) a series solution method and (iii) an asymptotic solution method. The solutions are presented in terms of local skin-friction and local Nusselt number for different values of Prandtl number and are displayed graphically. Effects of variations in the Prandtl number and stratification parameter on the velocity and temperature profiles are also shown graphically. Solutions obtained by finite difference method are compared with the other methods and found to be in excellent agreement.
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    Numerical study of transient instabilities in reverse-roller coating flows (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 375-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A semi-implicit Taylor-Galerkin/pressure-correction algorithm of a transient finite element form is applied to analyse the flow instabilities that commonly arise during reverse-roller coating. A mathematical model is derived to describe the solvent coating applied to the underside of the sheet, assuming that the lacquer is a Newtonian fluid and considering the flow between application roller and foil. Here, we have investigated the effects of temporal instabilities, caused by adjustment of nip-gap width and foil-position, extending our previous steady-state analysis. Foil shifting is found to have a significant influence upon pressure and lift on the foil, drag on the roller, and free coating profiles. This would result in process instabilities, such as chatter and flow-lines. In contrast, nip-gap adjustment has no influence on the coating finish.
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    Analysis of à-posteriori error indicator in viscous flows (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 306-327 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An à-posteriori error indicator for solving viscous incompressible flow problems is analyzed in this paper. The indicator named "velocity angle error estimator" is based on the spatial derivative of velocity direction fields and it can detect local flow features, such as vortices and separation, and resolve flow details precisely. The refinement indicator corresponds to the antisymmetric part of the deformation-rate-tensor, and it is sensitive to the second derivative of the velocity angle field. Rationality discussions reveal that the à-posteriori error indicator is a curvature error indicator, and its value reflects the accuracy of streamline curves. It is also found that the velocity angle error indicator contains the nonlinear convective term of the Navier–Stokes equations, and it identifies and computes the direction difference when the convective acceleration direction and the flow velocity direction have a disparity. Numerical simulation is presented to illustrate the use of the velocity angle error indicator.
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    Numerical simulation for viscous free-surface flows for reverse roller-coating (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 434-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This article is concerned with the numerical simulation of a reverse roller-coating process, which involves the computation of Newtonian viscous incompressible flows with free-surfaces. A numerical scheme is applied of a transient finite element form, a semi-implicit Taylor-Galerkin/pressurecorrection algorithm. For free-surface prediction, we use kinematic boundary adjustment with a mesh-stretching algorithm. In the present work, an alloy sheet (foil) passes over a large roller and then a smaller applicator roller, which provides the in-feed. In combination, the applicator roller, the foil and the fluid form part of the underside coating mechanism. The aim of this study is to investigate fundamental aspects of the process, to ultimately address typical coating instabilities. These may take the form of chatter and starvation. A uniform coating thickness is the desired objective. A mathematical model is derived to describe the solvent coating applied to the underside of the sheet, assuming that the lacquer is a Newtonian fluid. In particular, the work has concentrated on the flow patterns that result and a parameter sensitivity analysis covering the appropriate operating windows of applied conditions. Effects of independent variation in roll-speed and foil-speed are investigated, to find that maxima in pressure, lift and drag arise at the nip and are influenced in a linear fashion.
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    Numerical study of fluid flow through double bell-shaped constrictions in a tube (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 258-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effects of steady fluid flow through double bell-shaped constrictions in tubes were investigated numerically for the Reynolds number range of 5 to 400. The double constrictions studied were for similar first and second constrictions of 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3. A dimensionless constriction spacing of 1.0 was considered. Study showed that the major part of the mean dimensionless pressure drop in the constricted tube occurs predominantly across the first constriction when flow moves towards the valley region formed by the two constrictions. Minimum pressures along the constricted tubes occurs downstream of each constrictions. When the constriction magnitudes increased, the pressure drop across the same length of the tube increases exponentially. The effect of increasing the Reynolds number for all the constriction values considered here is to increase the spreading of the recirculation region between the valley region of the constrictions. The recirculation region formed between the two constrictions has a deminishing effect on the generation of wall vorticity near the second constriction. The effects are more pronounce when the recirculatory flow from the first constriction has spread over the second constriction. In general, a peak wall vorticity is found slightly upstream of each of the constrictions. When the Reynolds number is increased, the peak wall vorticity increases and its location moved upstream. It is noted for the cases considered here that the peak wall vorticity generated by the first constriction is always greater than the peak wall vorticity generated by the second constriction.
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    Computational simulation of the printing of Newtonian liquid from a trapezoidal cavity (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 338-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Lagrangian finite element algorithm is described for solving two-dimensional, time-dependent free surface fluid flows such as those that occur in industrial printing processes. The algorithm is applied using a problem specific structured meshing strategy, implemented with periodic remeshing to control element distortion. The method is benchmarked on the problem of a stretching filament of viscous liquid, which clearly demonstrates the applicability of the approach to flows involving substantial free surface deformation. The model printing problem of the transfer of Newtonian liquid from an upturned trapezoidal trench (3-D cavity with a large transverse aspect ratio) to a horizontal substrate, which is pulled perpendicularly downwards from the cavity, is solved computationally using the Lagrangian scheme. The idealized 2-D liquid motion is tracked from start-up to the point where a thin sheet forms - connecting the liquid remaining in the cavity to a "sessile" drop on the moving substrate. The effect of varying substrate separation speed is briefly discussed and predictions are made for approximate drop volumes and "limiting" domain lengths.
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    Numerical modelling of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in soft contacts using non-Newtonian fluids (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 494-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper focuses on the solution of a numerical model to explore the sliding and non-Newtonian fluid behaviour in soft elastohydrodynamic nip contacts. The solution required the coupling of the fluid and elastomer regimes, with the non-Newtonian fluid properties being described using a power law relationship. The analysis showed that the fluid characteristics as defined by the power law relationship led to large differences in the film thickness and flow rate with a movement of the peak pressure within the nip contact. The viscosity coefficient, power law index and sliding ratio were shown to affect the nip performance in a non-linear manner in terms of flow rate and film thickness. This was found to be controlled principally by the level of viscosity defined by the power law equation. The use of a speed differential to control nip pumping capacity was also explored and this was found to be most sensitive at lower entrainment speeds.
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    A moving grid model for the pyrolysis of charring materials (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 541-559 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a one dimensional moving grid model for the pyrolysis of charring materials. In the model, the solid is divided by a pyrolysis front into a char and a virgin layer. Only when the virgin material reaches a critical temperature it starts to pyrolyse. The progress of the front determines the release of combustible volatiles by the surface. The volatiles, which are produced at the pyrolysis front, flow immediately out of the solid. Heat exchange between those volatiles and the char layer is taken into account. Since the model is used here as a stand-alone model, the external heat flux that heats up the solid, is assumed to be known. In the future, this model will be coupled with a CFD code in order to simulate fire spread. The char and virgin grid move along with the pyrolysis front. Calculations are done on uniform and on non-uniform grids for the virgin layer. In the char layer only a uniform grid is used. Calculations done with a non-uniform grid are about 3 times faster than with a uniform gird. The moving grid model is compared with a faster but approximate integral model for several cases. For sudden changes in the boundary conditions, the approximate integral model gives significant errors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210434287
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    Simulation of pressure- and tube-tooling wire-coating flows through distributed computation (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 458-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This article focuses on the comparative study of annular wire-coating flows with polymer melt materials. Different process designs are considered of pressure- and tube-tooling, complementing earlier studies on individual designs. A novel mass-balance free-surface location technique is proposed. The polymeric materials are represented via shear-thinning, differential viscoelastic constitutive models, taken of exponential Phan-Thien/Tanner form. Simulations are conducted for these industrial problems through distributed parallel computation, using a semi-implicit time-stepping Taylor-Galerkin/pressure-correction algorithm. On typical field results and by comparing short-against full-die pressure-tooling solutions, shear-rates are observed to increase ten fold, while strain rates increase one hundred times. Tube-tooling shear and extension-rates are one quarter of those for pressure-tooling. These findings across design options, have considerable bearing on the appropriateness of choice for the respective process involved. Parallel finite element results are generated on a homogeneous network of Intel-chip workstations, running PVM (Parallel Vitual Machine) protocol over a Solaris operating system. Parallel timings yield practically ideal linear speed-up over the set number of processors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210433305
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    Effect of outlet positions and various turbulence models on mixing in a single and multi strand tundish (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 560-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Navier-Stokes equation and the species continuity equation have been solved numerically in a boundary fitted coordinate system comprising the geometry of a large scale industrial size tundish. The solution of the species continuity equation predicts the time evolution of the concentration of a tracer at the outlet of a single strand bare tundish. The numerical prediction of the tracer concentration has been made with three different turbulence models; (a standard k-?, a k-? RNG and a Low Re number Lam-Bremhorst model) which favorably compares with that of the experimental observation for a single strand bare tundish. It has been found that the overall comparison of k-? model with that of the experiment is better than the other two turbulence models as far as gross quantities like mean residence time and ratio of mixed to dead volume are concerned. However, it has been found that the initial transient development of the tracer concentration is best predicted by the Lam-Bremhorst model and then by the RNG model. The k-? model predicts the tracer concentration much better than the other two models after the initial transience (t〉40 per cent of mean residence time) and the RNG model lies in between the k-? and the Lam-Bremhorst one. The numerical study has been extended to a multi strand tundish (having 6 outlets) where the effect of outlet positions on the ratio of mix to dead volume has been studied with the help of the above three turbulence models. It has been found that all the three turbulence models show a peak value for the ratio of mix to dead volume (a mixing parameter) when the outlets are placed 200?mm away from the wall (position-2) thus signifying an optimum location for the outlets to get highest mixing in a given multi strand tundish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210434296
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    The application of roughness model to a soft EHL contact (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 356-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The study focuses on the development of a numerical model to explore the impact of surface roughness in soft rolling nip contacts, including representation of a real surface. The solution of the governing equations required the application of a multigridding technique to capture the details of the fluid flow within the roughness wavelengths and a minimum number of fluid nodes per wavelength were established. In the case studies, two extreme roughness profiles were considered, longitudinal and circumferential. The longitudinal roughness had a significant impact on nip pressures and pumping capacity, the latter being determined by the minimum film thickness in the nip. The circumferential roughness was found to have a localised effect on film pressure, but only a very small impact on the film thickness profile. The consequent effect on pumping capacity was small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210433260
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    Viscoelastic computations of polymeric wire-coating flows (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 404-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study considers both a single and multi-mode viscoelastic analysis for wire-coating flows. The numerical simulations utilise a finite element time-stepping technique, a Taylor-Petrov-Galerkin/pressure-correction scheme employing both coupled and decoupled procedures between stress and kinematic fields. An exponential Phan-Thein/Tanner model is used to predict pressure-drop and residual stress for this process. Rheometrical data fitting is performed for steady shear and pure extensional flows, considering both high and low density polyethylene melts. Simulations are conducted to match experimental pressure-drop/flowrate data for a contraction flow. Then, for a complex industrial wire-coating flow, stress and pressure drop are predicted numerically and quantified. The benefits are extolled of the use of a multi-mode model that can incorporate a wide-range discrete relaxation spectrum to represent flow response in complex settings. Contrast is made between LDPE and HDPE polymers, and dependency on individual relaxation modes is identified in its contribution to overall flow behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210433279
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    Convective heat transfer in ribbed square channels (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 610-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Three-dimensional laminar forced convective heat transfer in ribbed square channels is investigated. In these channels, transverse and angled ribs are placed on one or two of the walls to form a repetitive geometry. After a short distance from the entrance, also the flow and the dimensionless thermal fields repeat themselves from module to module allowing the assumption of periodic, or anti-periodic, conditions at the inlet/outlet sections of the calculation cell. Prescribed temperature boundary conditions are assumed at all solid walls, including the ribs. Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics are compared for rib angles ranging from 90° (transverse ribs) to 45°, and different values of the Reynolds number. The influence of rib geometries is investigated below and above the onset of the self-sustained flow oscillations that precede the transition to turbulence. Numerical simulations are carried out employing an equal order finite-element procedure based on a projection algorithm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210434313
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    A numerical study of cavitation foot-prints in liquid-lubricated asymmetrical herringbone grooved journal bearings (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 518-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is presented in this paper to better describe the cavitated fluid flow phenomena in liquid-lubricated Asymmetrical Herringbone Grooved Journal Bearings (HGJBs). An effective "follow the groove" grid transformation method is used in the present study to capture all the groove boundaries. A singularity at the groove edges is avoided with this approach. Symmetrical groove patterns as well as asymmetrical groove patterns can be accurately computed with the proposed method. The difficult problem of abrupt changes of oil film thickness in the liquid-lubricated HGJB physical domain is modeled here through a series expansion approach. Results are comparable with available experimental and known numerical data from other investigators. Cavitation footprints, pressure distributions and their corresponding load characteristics are presented in this study. Effects of the critical transitional flow phenomena on the performance of the asymmetrical HGJBs are also determined through the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210434278
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    Influence of a magnetic field on liquid metal free convection in an internally heated cubic enclosure (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 687-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The buoyancy-driven magnetohydrodynamic flow in a cubic enclosure was investigated by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The enclosure was volumetrically heated by a uniform power density and cooled along two opposite vertical walls, all remaining walls being adiabatic. A uniform magnetic field was applied orthogonally to the gravity vector and to the temperature gradient. The Prandtl number was 0.0321 (characteristic of Pb–17Li at 300°C), the Rayleigh number was 104, and the Hartmann number was made to vary between 0 and 2×103. The steady-state Navier–Stokes equations, in conjunction with a scalar transport equation for the fluid's enthalpy and with the Poisson equation for the electrical potential, were solved by a finite volume method using a purposely modified CFD code and a computational grid with 643 nodes in the fluid. Emphasis was laid on the effects of increasing the Hartmann number on the complex three-dimensional flow and current pattern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210438355
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    Analysis of heat transfer in unlooped and looped pulsating heat pipes (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 585-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An advanced heat transfer model for both unlooped and looped Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHPs) with multiple liquid slugs and vapor plugs has been developed. The thin film evaporation and condensation models have been incorporated with the model to predict the behavior of vapor plugs and liquid slugs in the PHP. The results show that heat transfer in both looped and unlooped PHPs is due mainly to the exchange of sensible heat. Higher surface tension results in a slight increase in the total heat transfer. The diameter, heating wall temperature, and charging ratio have significant effects on the performance of the PHP. Total heat transfer significantly decreased with a decrease in the heating wall temperature. Increasing the diameter of the tube resulted in higher total heat transfer. The results also showed that the PHP could not operate for higher charge ratios.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210434304
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    Natural convection in vertical channels with an auxiliary plate (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 716-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Research on natural convection in open channels is very extensive due to its role in many engineering applications such as thermal control of electronic systems. In this paper, a parametric analysis is carried out in order to add knowledge of heat transfer in air natural convection for a symmetrically heated vertical parallel plate channel with a central auxiliary heated or adiabatic plate. The two-dimensional steady-state problem is solved by means of the stream function–vorticity approach and the numerical solution is carried out by means of the control volume method. Results are obtained for both a heated and unheated auxiliary plate, for a Rayleigh number in the range 103–106, for a ratio of the auxiliary plate height to the channel plate height equal to 0, 0.5 and 1 and for a ratio of the channel length to the channel gap in the range 5–15. Correlations for maximum wall temperatures and average channel Nusselt numbers are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210438364
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    Convective heat and mass transfer in wavy finned-tube exchangers (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 735-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper adopts a simplified two-dimensional approach to deal with convective heat and mass transfer in laminar flows of humid air through wavy finned-tube exchangers. The computational domain is spatially periodic, with fully developed conditions prevailing at a certain distance from the inlet section. Both the entrance and the fully developed flow region are investigated. In the fully developed region, periodicities in the flow, temperature and mass concentration fields are taken into account. The approach is completely general, even if the finite element method is used for the discretizations. In the application section, velocity, temperature, and mass concentration fields are computed first. Then apparent friction factors, Nusselt numbers, Colburn factors for heat and mass transfer, and goodness factors are evaluated both in the entrance and in the fully developed region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210438373
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    Efficient parallel computations of flows of arbitrary fluids for all regimes of Reynolds, Mach and Grashof numbers (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 637-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a unified numerical method able to address a wide class of fluid flow problems of engineering interest. Arbitrary fluids are treated specifying totally arbitrary equations of state, either in analytical form or through look-up tables. The most general system of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations is integrated with a coupled implicit preconditioned method. The method can stand infinite CFL number and shows the efficiency of a quasi-Newton method independent of the multi-block partitioning on parallel machines. Computed test cases ranging from inviscid hydrodynamics, to natural convection loops of liquid metals, and to supersonic gasdynamics, show a solution efficiency independent of the class of fluid flow problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210438337
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    Direct numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer in a square duct (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 658-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent, incompressible flow through a square duct, with an imposed temperature difference between the horizontal walls, are presented. The vertical walls are assumed perfectly insulated, and the Reynolds number, based on the bulk velocity and the hydraulic diameter, is about 4400. Our results indicate that secondary motions do not affect dramatically global parameters, like the friction factor and the Nusselt number, with respect to the plane-channel flow, but the distributions of the local shear stress and heat flux at the walls are highly non-uniform, due to the presence of these secondary motions. It is also shown that an eddy-diffusivity approach is capable to reproduce well the turbulent heat flux. All simulations were performed by an efficient finite volume algorithm. A description of the numerical algorithm, together with an analysis of time-accuracy, is included. The OpenMP parallel programming language was exploited to obtain a moderately-scalable application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210438346
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    Numerical calculation of developing laminar flow in rotating ducts with a 180° bend (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 780-799 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study is concerned with developing laminar flow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid, having constant viscosity, rotating in circular and rectangular ducts that contain a 180° bend. The Reynolds number ranges from 100 to 400, the rotation number from 0 to 0.4, and the Dean number from 66 to 264. Positive and negative rotation modes are considered. The artificial compressibility method is used for the numerical calculations and new boundary conditions are developed for these flows. It is shown that rotation causes the secondary flow to occur in ducts of any geometry, and that the strength of the secondary flow in the bend due to both rotation and curvature decreases as compared to the no rotation case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210443025
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    Numerical analysis of forced convection in plate and frame heat exchangers (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 756-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensional numerical investigation of flow field and heat transfer in sine-wave crossed ducts is presented. Numerical simulations are carried out using a finite element procedure based on an algorithm which shares many features with the SIMPLER finite-volume method, and utilizes equal order pressure–velocity interpolation functions. Since the flow, after a short entrance regime, reaches the fully developed condition, the computational domain can be reduced to a single periodic element and periodic boundary conditions are assumed at the entrance, the exit and the sides. The thermal performance and the frictional pressure losses of the crossed-corrugated plates are investigated for different Reynolds number, from steady up to transitional regimes. The evolution from steady to unsteady flow structure is detected and the influence of the unsteadiness on heat transfer and on pressure drop is analysed. Simulations are performed for both air (Pr=0.7) and water (Pr=7) as the flow medium and the dependence of Nusselt number on Prandtl number is investigated.
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    Laminar-turbulent transition for low Reynolds number mixed convection in a uniformly heated vertical tube (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 839-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Upward mixed convection flow of air in a uniformly heated vertical tube was studied numerically using the three-dimensional elliptic conservation equations and the Launder and Sharma low Reynolds number k–? turbulence model. For Re=1,000 the fully developed flow field undergoes two transitions as the Grashof number increases: thus, this flow field is laminar for Gr〈8×106, turbulent for 8×106〈Gr〈5×107 and again laminar for Gr〉5×107. In the entry region, turbulent kinetic energy decays monotonically for Gr=3×106 and Gr=7.1×107. For Gr between these two values it initially increases from the imposed inlet condition and then decreases towards its calculated fully developed value. The mean velocity profiles as well as the axial evolution of the skin friction coefficient are presented for representative values of Gr.
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    Effect of aspect ratio and eccentricity on heat transfer from a cylinder in a cavity (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 855-869 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of fluid that surrounds an isothermal circular cylinder in a square cavity. Simulations were carried out for four aspect ratios (defined by L/D), i.e. 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0. An incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid is considered. Prandtl number is assumed constant and equal to 1. Effect of eccentric positions (?=-0.5 and 0.5) of the cylinder with respect to the cavity was carried out at L/D=2.0. Predicted results for eccentric cases are compared with concentric (?=0.0) case. Grashof number is based on the diameter of the cylinder and ranges from 10 to 106. The control volume based finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations in cylindrical coordinate. SIMPLE algorithm is used. A collocated variable arrangement is considered and SIP solver is employed to solve the system of equations. Parametric results are presented in the form of streamlines and isothermal lines for both eccentric and concentric positions. Heat transfer distribution along the perimeter of the cylinder is presented in the form of local Nusselt number. Predicted results show good agreement with the results described by Cesini et al. (1999).
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    Effect of viscosity ratio, spin and Reynolds number on the flow characteristics about a liquid sphere in a gas stream (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 800-816 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Boundary-layer flow around a spinning liquid sphere moving steadily in a gas stream is investigated numerically. The shear stress exerted on the sphere's surface results in surface rotation in the meridional direction in addition to the azimuthal velocity resulting from the spinning of the liquid sphere. The parameters controlling the flow around the sphere are the external flow Reynolds number (Re), the liquid-to-gas viscosity ratio (µ*) and the spinning parameter (Rer/Re)2. The effect of these parameters on the velocity components (namely the meridional, radial and azimuthal velocity components) and on the shear stress is shown. Moreover, their effect on the location of external flow point of separation is also demonstrated.
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    Investigation into a confined laminar swirling jet and entropy production (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 870-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A confined laminar swirling jet is an interesting research topic due to flow and temperature fields generated in and across the jet. In the present study, a confined laminar swirling jet is studied, and flow and temperature fields are simulated numerically using a control volume approach. In order to investigate the influence of the jet exiting (exiting the nozzle and inleting to the control volume) velocity profiles on the flow and heat transfer characteristics, eight different velocity profiles are considered. To identify each velocity profile, a velocity profile number is introduced. Entropy analysis is carried out to determine the total entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction. Merit number is computed for various swirling velocities and velocity profiles. It is found that swirling motion expands the jet in the radial direction and reduces the jet length in the axial direction. This, in turn, reduces the entropy generation rate and improves the Merit number. Increasing velocity profile number enhances the entropy production rate, but improves the Merit number.
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    Jet impingement onto a cavity (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 817-838 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Jet impingement onto surface finds wide application in industry. In laser processing an assisting gas jet is introduced either to shield the surface from oxidation reactions or initiating exothermic reaction to increase energy in the region irradiated by a laser beam. When an impinging gas jet is used for a shielding purpose, the gas jet enhances the convective cooling of the cavity surface. The convective cooling of the laser formed cavity surface can be simulated through jet impingement onto a cavity with elevated wall temperatures. In the present study, gas impingement onto a slot is considered. The wall temperature of the cavity is kept at elevated temperature similar to the melting temperature of the substrate material. A control volume approach is used to simulate the flow and temperature fields. The Reynolds Stress Turbulence model (RSTM) is employed to account for the turbulence. To examine the effect of cavity depth on the heat transfer characteristics, the depth is varied while keeping the cavity width constant. It is found that impinging jet penetrates into a cavity, which in turn, results in a stagnation region extending into the cavity. An impinging gas jet has considerable effect on the Nusselt number along the side walls of the cavity while the Nusselt number monotonically changes with varying cavity depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210443043
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    Comparison of linear and quadratic shape functions for a hybrid control-volume finite element method (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 1009-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A control-volume based method for the numerical calculation of axisymmetric incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer is presented. The proposed method extends the staggered grid approach to unstructured triangular meshes. The velocities are stored at the vertices and the edges of a triangle, pressure and temperature are stored at the vertices. Accordingly, velocities are interpolated in a quadratic way, pressure and temperature linearly. The accuracy of the proposed method is examined for a number of different testproblems. Compared to a linear interpolation scheme implemented in the same code, more accurate solutions and smaller computation times are obtained for the proposed quadratic scheme. The method was designed for and is about to be applied to the numerical simulation of crystal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210448732
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  • 89
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    Vortex shedding over a rectangular cylinder with ground effect: flow and heat transfer characteristics (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 916-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The vortex shedding from a rectangular cylinder improves the heat transfer rates. Introducing a ground effect in such a flow system alters the shedding frequency, which in turn enables to vary the cooling rates of the cylinder. In the present study a laminar flow passing over a rectangular cylinder with a ground effect is considered. The flow and energy equations are solved numerically using a control volume approach. Strouhal and Stanton number variations due to gap height are computed and the influence of Strouhal number on Stanton number variation behind the cylinder is examined. The study is extended to include the predictions of entropy generation in the solution domain. It is found that shedding frequency increases as gap height reduces and further reduction in gap height results in diminishing of vortex shedding, in which case confined flow is developed in the gap. Heat transfer rates improve when Strouhal number is maximum. In the case of confined flow situation, heat transfer rates enhance substantially in the region close to the top corner of the cylinder, in which case, non-uniform cooling of the surface is resulted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210448705
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  • 90
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    Direct numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe flow: Reynolds shear stress and scalar flux budgets (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 12 (2002), S. 958-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A direct numerical simulation with turbulent transport of a scalar quantity has been carried out to grasp and understand a laminarization phenomena caused by a pipe rotation. In this study, the Reynolds number, which is based on a bulk velocity and a pipe diameter, was set to be constant; Reb=5283, and the rotating ratios of a wall velocity to a bulk velocity were set to be 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. A uniform heat-flux was applied to the wall as a thermal boundary condition. Prandtl number of the working fluid was assumed to be 0.71. The number of computational grids used in this study was 256×128×128 in the z-, r- and f- directions, respectively. The turbulent quantities such as the mean flow, temperature fluctuations, turbulent stresses and pressure distribution and the turbulent statistics were obtained. Moreover, the Reynolds stress and the scalar flux budgets were also obtained for each rotating ratio. The turbulent drag decreases with the rotating ratio increase. The reason of this drag reduction can be considered that the additional rotational production terms appear in the azimuthal turbulence component. The contributions of convection and production terms to the radial scalar flux budget and also to the balance with temperature-pressure gradient term are significant. The dissipation and viscous diffusion terms are negligible in higher rotating ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530210448723
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  • 91
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    Correlation of solder paste rheology with computational simulations of the stencil printing process (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Soldering technologies continue to evolve to meet the demands of the continuous miniaturisation of electronic products, particularly in the area of solder paste formulations used in the reflow soldering of surface mount devices. Stencil printing continues to be a leading process used for the deposition of solder paste onto printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the volume production of electronic assemblies, despite problems in achieving a consistent print quality at an ultra-fine pitch. In order to eliminate these defects a good understanding of the processes involved in printing is important. Computational simulations may complement experimental print trials and paste characterisation studies, and provide an extra dimension to the understanding of the process. The characteristics and flow properties of solder pastes depend primarily on their chemical and physical composition and good material property data is essential for meaningful results to be obtained by computational simulation.This paper describes paste characterisation and computational simulation studies that have been undertaken through the collaboration of the School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Salford University and the Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis at the University of Greenwich. The rheological profile of two different paste formulations (lead and lead-free) for sub 100 micron flip-chip devices are tested and applied to computational simulations of their flow behaviour during the printing process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210416422
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  • 92
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    Analysis on solder ball shear testing conditions with a simple computational model (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 14 (2002), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper introduces a simple computational model for the analysis on the solder ball shear testing conditions. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) finite element models are used to investigate the effect of shear ram speed on the solder ball shear strength of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages. An effective thickness is identified for the 2-D finite element analysis. By using this effective thickness as a scale factor, it is shown that the 2D model is feasible for the study of 3-D problems. The computational model is validated by experimental data in terms of load-displacement curves. The results from both testing and modeling indicate that the shear ram speed has a substantial effect on the solder ball shear strength. In general, faster ram speed can result in higher ball shear strength. Therefore, the characterization of solder ball shear strength is loading rate-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910210416468
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  • 93
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    Dimensions of apparel manufacturing strategy and production management (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 46-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to explore the dimensions of apparel manufacturing strategy (i.e. cost, quality, flexibility, delivery time) and their relationship to style and sewing systems. U.S. apparel producers are seeking strategies that will make their production competitive to production in low wage countries. Two style types were defined: new styles and standardized styles. Results indicated that the production of new styles of apparel is related to the manufacturing dimensions of quality and delivery. The standardized style is related to the dimension of cost. Significant associations were also found between the multiple-sewing systems used by plants and dimensions of manufacturing strategy (cost, delivery, and flexibility).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210420336
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  • 94
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    Effect of clothing pressure on the tightness sensation of girdles (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 100-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Girdles should be designed to beautify the lower body part of a woman without creating any discomfort and detrimental physiological effects. This paper reports on an experimental investigation into the relationship between the subjective tightness sensation and the clothing pressure of girdles. The subjective tightness sensation is a measure of the effectiveness of girdles, since too loose means the girdle is not effective in shaping the body and too tight means it is not comfortable and may have detrimental physiological effects. Based on this experimental investigation, the effect of clothing pressure on the tightness sensation is better understood and the optimum pressure distribution of girdles, which is an important criterion for product development and evaluation of girdles, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210424215
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  • 95
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    From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper traces the evolution of objective measurement of textile hand and comfort from Pierce through modern methodology and approaches. Special emphasis is given to discuss the contribution of the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) towards advancing the state of objective measurement. Laboratory case studies are used to show how data generated by the KES and other instruments can be integrated into a comprehensive approach that attempts to explain human comfort response to garment wear in terms of fabric mechanical, surface and heat and moisture transfer properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210437158
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  • 96
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    Structural mechanics of knitted fabrics for apparel and composite materials (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The importance of fabric biaxial extension, in-plane compression, shear and bending properties, have been widely recognised by textile scientists and engineers for the evaluation of the three-dimensional formability and drape of textile materials in apparel products and three-dimensional preforms. In contrast to woven fabrics where bending and shear properties determine the fabric formability, knitted fabrics have very high formability as a direct result of their easy biaxial extension properties. This ability to form three-dimensional shapes using the biaxial extensibility of knitted structures enables these knitted textile materials to be utilised for a wide variety of close fitting apparel garments and shaped composite preforms. Some representative biaxial extension curves for the plain knitted structure are described in this paper. These curves illustrate an unusual shape for the load-extension curve of a textile material arising from the pre-tension or pre-stress. The pre-stress yields an initial high tensile modulus for the structure in contrast to the very low initial modulus characteristic of apparel textiles. Accordingly, for knitted textile materials, it is shown how biaxial extension of the fabric introduces a fabric pre-stress to maximise the three-dimensional fabric formability especially when subjected to transverse compression by the resin or matrix in a composite material. Typical uniaxial and biaxial tensile stress–strain curves for knitted fabrics are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210437239
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  • 97
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    Objective hand measurement of nonwovens used for top sheet of disposable diapers (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 230-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The objective hand evaluation of the top sheet materials used for disposable diapers has been investigated, with consideration given to aspects of both dermatitis and comfort. The objective hand evaluation system for men's suiting has been applied to assess the hand of top sheet nonwovens. The subjective hand of the top sheet nonwovens, separated from the disposable diaper product, was assessed by female students. It became clear that the hand of the top sheet nonwovens could be predicted by the equation developed for men's suiting, for which the calculated error was within the range of the standard deviation of the subjective hand value of each product. The correlations between the hand quality of the diaper and the mechanical properties of its top sheet nonwoven were also examined. The diapers with high total hand value (THV) of their top sheet nonwovens were estimated to have good hand under both dry and wet conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210437194
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  • 98
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    Influence of clothing material properties on rectal temperature in different environments (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One of the main purposes of clothing is to provide the wearer protection against undesirable environments. The properties of clothing materials have critical influences on the comfort of the wearer. Also, clothing is not just a passive cover for the skin, it interacts with and modifies the heat regulating function of the skin and has effects that are modified by the environment condition. Up to the present, most physiological studies have been on the thermal regulation of the human body without clothing. Although it is a necessary first step, more realistic and valuable information can only be obtained through studies of the interaction between clothing and the physiological aspects of the human wearer. This study reports an investigation into the combined effects of the properties of the clothing material and environment conditions on the rectal temperature of human wearers. The rectal temperature was the highest for the clothing with the lower air permeability and moisture regain during both the cooling and heating periods. In the hot environment after heating, the rectal temperature was the lowest for the clothing with the higher air permeability and moisture regain in environments of both with and without wind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210446112
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  • 99
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    Theoretical analysis of the geometry of the inclined stitch as a structural element of interlacings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 328-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The geometry of interlacing with different stages and ways of greating are technically investigated. The theoretical lengthening of the fiber in the inclined stitches is defined by different conditions. Preconditions are searched, by which the values of this lengthening are within various limits and do not affect the quality of the used yarns and the ready knitting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210446130
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    A preliminary study for evaluation of skirt asymmetric drape (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 14 (2002), S. 286-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Undesirable effect of asymmetric drape often occurs when cutting patterns of flared skirt on cross. Out of this reason garment seams twist toward the front or back or folds form different shapes on each side of the garment and this lowers garment aesthetic appearance. The new measuring procedure for asymmetric skirt drape near the side seam, based on bottom traces geometry, was developed in this paper. The experiment with four-gored skirts of six lightweight fabrics was made. It was found that asymmetric drape depends on combination of grain lines directions of front and back panels of a skirt. There were made general conclusions relating skirt asymmetric drape with various fabric characteristics, such as bending rigidity, extensibility, shear rigidity, fabric weight and drape coefficient in this article. According to developed measuring procedure a final objective evaluation of skirt asymmetric drape rate will be done further.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220210446103
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