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  • biological control  (53)
  • Springer  (53)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • PANGAEA
  • 2020-2024
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (53)
  • 2000  (53)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (53)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • PANGAEA
Years
  • 2020-2024
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (53)
Year
  • 2000  (53)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ITS-2 sequences do not differ for the closely related species Trichogramma minutum and T. platneri (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003906503074
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development time and activity threshold of Trichogramma turkestanica on Ephestia kuehniella in relation to temperature (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 185-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma turkestanica ; Ephestia kuehniella ; development time ; activity threshold ; biological control ; flour mills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004069716921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host suitability, quality and host size preference of Leptomastix epona and Pseudaphycus flavidulus, two endoparasitoids of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni, and host size effect on parasitoid sex ratio and clutch size (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptomastix epona ; Pseudaphycus flavidulus ; Pseudococcus viburni ; host size ; suitability ; quality ; preference ; sex ratio ; clutch size ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five host size classes which mostly consisted of one host stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Fernald,1903  [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] were tested for susceptibility and suitability for the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona(Walker) Graham, 1969  and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) De Santis, 1964 [both of them Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] in no choice experiments. Hosts larger than 1  mm (third instar) were suitable for the development of the parasitoids. Choice experiments with all the host size classes offered simultaneously showed that L. epona and P. flavidulus are parasitoids of mainly larger hosts (〉1 mm, third instar nymphs) therefore the parasitoids exploit the same host range. In L. epona, a faster development and a larger size of wasps occurred in host size class 1.83–2.33 mm (young adult mealybugs) indicating a greater host quality compared to other sizes. Proportion of male offspring decreased with the host size following the host size distribution models. In P. flavidulus there was no effect of host quality (size at parasitism) on developmental time, sex ratio or parasitoid size and fecundity. Larger clutch sizes of P. flavidulus emerged from larger hosts but overall this parasitoid was able to parasitize smaller hosts (〈1 mm, second instar nymphs) compared to L. epona.Experience of oviposition for 24 h does not seem to affect host size preference or sex ratio of the offspring in L. epona. Implications of the findings for mass-rearing and single applications of the parasitoids for the purpose of a biological control programme are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004017700082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Egg production in response to combined alternative foods by the predator Coccinella transversalis (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid honeydew ; biological control ; Coccinellidae ; diet ; oviposition ; predation ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect predators may commit to reproduction to varying degrees depending on the nature of the prey they consume. I compared egg production by females of the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis (F.) (Coccinellidae) maintained on differing diets. As expected, females laid most eggs on a diet of aphids (pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum[Harris]). Upon being switched from a diet of aphids, females laid no eggs after the first 3 days when maintained on a water solution of sucrose, and laid almost no eggs when maintained on a diet of second-instar larvae of the moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, females laid eggs in small numbers (on average, 2.7 eggs per day) when provided both sucrose and Helicoverpa larvae. Females laid similar numbers of eggs when aphid honeydew was substituted for sucrose in combination with Helicoverpa larvae; in both cases, egg production was only 10–15% of that on a diet of aphids. The production of small numbers of eggs from consumption of non-aphid foods may enhance the ability of aphidophagous ladybirds to optimize their timing of reproduction at short-lived colonies of their preferred aphid prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003914509181
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Life history comparison between two competitive Aleochara species in the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum: implications for their use in biological control (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleochara bilineata ; Aleochara bipustulata ; Delia radicum ; interspecific competition ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the efficacy of Aleochara bilineata Gyll and Aleochara bipustulata L. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as biological control agents against the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Biological and demographic characters are documented and comparisons made between the two species. The following results were obtained: (1) The reproductive potential and longevity of A. bipustulata females are significantly higher than those of A. bilineata. These differences are correlated with the biology and ecology of the hosts of both species. (2) Under laboratory conditions the rate of increase (rm) of both staphylinids species is significantly higher than that of the pest and their major competitor Trybliographa rapae West. (Hymenoptera:Figitidae). This may indicate that A. bilineata and A. bipustulata can be effective biological control agents. (3) Aleochara bilineata appears to be the most interesting biological control agent against D. radicum, because of its higher rate of increase, higher host specificity and host acceptance, and a development time which is well synchronised with that of its host. With its higher competitive ability, a population of A. bilineata may increase even if competition occurs. However, A. bipustulata presents interesting biocontrol characteristics, but the best strategy may be only to use the potential of its natural populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004009205480
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Host-stage selection by Trybliographa rapae, a parasitoid of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trybliographa rapae ; Delia radicum ; parasitoid ; host-stage ; acceptance ; host quality ; preference ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Host-stage selection by Trybliographa rapae Westwood (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was studied in choice and no-choice experiments in the laboratory. The parasitoid was able to reproduce in first, second, and third instars of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), but oviposition occurred more frequently in third instars when all three developmental stages were offered simultaneously. Oviposition in third instars increased the rate of development of offspring and their body size, but did not alter sex ratio. Results are discussed in the light of predictions made by the theory of optimal host acceptance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004061126959
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Individual behaviour and population dynamics: lessons from aphid parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; biological control ; Nicholson–Bailey ; parasitoid ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to understand population level processes, the problem must be approached from a population biology perspective. A comprehensive understanding of certain behaviours will provide little towards our understanding of host-natural enemy interactions. For example, using an aphid-parasitoid model, we examined the effect that a commonly studied behaviour, variance in host selection by aphid parasitoids, has on aphid-parasitoid population dynamics. Differential host selection does not qualitatively alter classic Nicholson-Bailey dynamics, but only results in quantitative differences in aphid-parasitoid population sizes. Irrespective of the degree of aphid instar preference, a large increase in the number of aphids is followed by a large increase in the number of parasitoids, decimating the aphid population. Thus, studying some behaviours, such as variance in host selection, will not contribute substantially to an understanding of aphid-parasitoid population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004065423227
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Leaf damage and prey type determine search effort in Orius tristicolor (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: foraging behaviour ; patch-time allocation ; rules-of-thumb ; biological control ; Orius ; Anthocoridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Components of search effort were determined for adult females of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., leaves with either western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) or twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey. In the absence of prey, females of O. tristicolor allocated significantly more search time to leaves damaged by western flower thrips than to leaves damaged by twospotted spider mites, artificially damaged leaves or undamaged leaves. In the presence of prey, search time increased with increasing amounts of leaf damage for both prey species, but was not affected by prey species. Amounts of leaf damage or type of prey did not affect giving-up-time. The proportion of predators that successfully located thrips increased with increasing amounts of thrips damage on leaves. Females of O. tristicolor appeared to follow some simple, behavioural rules-of-thumb for allocation of search effort. The presence and type of damage determined the initial effort allocated to searching a leaf. Subsequent effort was determined by successful capture of prey, regardless of species. The implications of these results for application of Orius spp. for biological control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004040210276
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  • 9
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    Oviposition behaviour, influence of experience on host size selection, and niche overlap of the solitary Leptomastix epona and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus, two endoparasitoids of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptomastix epona ; Pseudaphycus flavidulus ; Pseudococcus viburni ; oviposition behaviour ; host size selection ; experience ; developmental refuge ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition behaviour and host size selection of the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona(Walker) and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus(Brèthes) [both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] were examined on five size classes of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni(Signoret) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae]. The host size classes mostly consisted of one stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) and were presented together to wasps of either parasitoid species. Both parasitoid species locate the host by drumming the surface of the patch with the antennae. Leptomastix eponaseems to use mainly the antennae to examine the host but P. flavidulusmay accept or reject a host for oviposition after antennation or insertion of the ovipositor. Leptomastix eponaattempts oviposition in all the host stages from second instar nymphs but P. flavidulusincludes first instar. Both parasitoid species select mainly larger hosts (〉1 mm, third instar nymphs) to oviposit but P. flavidulusis able to parasitize more second instar nymphs compared to L. epona. Female wasps of L. eponamay host feed on small mealybugs (second and third instar nymphs) that they do not use for oviposition. Oviposition experience of either parasitoid species for 24 hours does not influence host size selection on patches with hosts of similar mixed sizes. Oviposition decisions are independent of the host sizes of the preceding ovipositions. Implications about stability of a single parasitoid – host system and the success of biological control of the mealybug were discussed in respect of the developmental refugia of the two parasitoid species. Niche overlap of the two parasitoid species was discussed with a view to giving an insight into a single or multiple introduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004136021317
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  • 10
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    Rearing of Prays citri on callus derived from lemon stigma and style culture (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: citrus flower moth ; organic agriculture ; Citrus limon ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new method for rearing the citrus flower moth (Prays citri Mill.) (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) on lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] callus is reported. In the present research callus (an undifferentiated mass of plant cells that can be grown under sterile conditions on an artificial medium in vitro) was induced from lemon stigma and style explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 500 mg l−1 malt extract, 13.3 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, and 146 mM sucrose. Also somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were obtained from the cultures of styles and stigmas of lemon. Adults were obtained from larvae on infested flowers collected in the field. Different oviposition substrates were used: white oval pearls (WOP), black oval pearls (BOP), rooted shoots (RS) of lemon obtained in vitro, and artificial flowers containing lemon callus (AF). Larvae were reared on lemon callus. Adults oviposited on RS, on WOP, and on AF. BOP were rejected as oviposition substrates. The flower moth reared on callus oviposited fertile eggs. In our tests P. citri completed three generations on callus or on callus plus shoots. In the latter case the larvae preferred callus and fed on shoots only after callus was completely eaten. The life cycle on callus at 23 ± 1 °C lasted about 21 days. There were significant differences between oviposition substrates for what concerns the number of eggs laid. It was observed that females generally preferred WOP (about 25 eggs/female) to AF (about 20 eggs/female) or RS (about 12 eggs/female) as oviposition substrate. Nevertheless the percentage of eggs that developed into adults was higher when AF sealed with stretched Parafilm were used (about 70% of eggs developed into adults). The method of rearing P. citri with AF was labour-saving and the feeding substrate (callus) had less tendency to become mouldy or decompose than when WOP and RS were used. Since such a diet is available for the insect all year round and callus can be produced in unlimited quantity, it could be possible to obtain a mass production of this moth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004020310036
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  • 11
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    Host stage preference and sex allocation in Aenasius vexans, an encyrtid parasitoid of the cassava mealybug (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: parasitoid ; Aenasius vexans ; Encyrtidae ; sex allocation ; sex ratio ; preference ; host size ; koinobiont ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary endoparasitoid Aenasius vexans Kerrich (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is used for augmentative releases against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), an important pest on cassava in South America. In light of the need for large numbers of high quality females, experiments were conducted on host stage suitability and sex allocation. In choice and no-choice experiments, individual female wasps were offered second and third instar, as well as adult, hosts. During the first five days after emergence, the wasps showed a steady increase in the number of hosts they successfully parasitised per day, but the respective secondary sex ratio for each instar remained constant. Parasitism was highest for third instar hosts in no-choice tests, while in choice tests parasitism was highest in both third instars and adults. The later the developmental stage of the host at oviposition, the faster the parasitoids developed and emerged, and for each host stage, the development time of males was shorter than for females. The sex ratio of the wasps emerging from hosts that were parasitised as second instars was strongly male-biased, while the apparently preferred later stages yielded significantly more females than males. Female and male A. vexans emerging from hosts parasitised at the third instar were significantly larger than for the other stages. This may explain the preference for the third instar as well as the female-biased sex ratio, as size is usually positively correlated with higher fitness, especially in females. The results suggest that third instar hosts are the most suitable for rearing high numbers of large females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004087228847
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  • 12
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    Leaves or fruit? The potential for damage to tomato fruits by the omnivorous predator, Dicyphus hesperus (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dicyphus hesperus ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; Tetranychus urticae ; Heteroptera ; Miridae ; tomatoes ; biological control ; zoophytophagous predators ; generalist predators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004041029312
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  • 13
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    Searching and oviposition behavior of a mymarid egg parasitoid, Anagrus nigriventris, on five host plant species of its leafhopper host, Circulifer tenellus (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 9-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Mymaridae ; Homoptera ; Cicadellidae ; biological control ; plant-insect interactions ; tri-trophic interactions ; behavioral ecology ; beet leafhopper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Searching and oviposition behavior and parasitization ability of Anagrus nigriventris Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), were examined on five host plant species of beet leafhopper: sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), red stem filaree (Erodium cicutarium[L.]), peppergrass (Lepidium nitidum Nuttall), desert plantain (Plantago ovata Forsskal), and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.). Beet leafhopper embeds its eggs in the tissues of these plant species. For each plant species, A. nigriventris behavior was examined on plants with and without beet leafhopper eggs. Experimental design was a 5 (plant species) by 2 (host eggs present/absent) factorial. Additionally within each treatment, parasitoid behavior was observed over a 22-h period at five different observation periods: t=0, 3, 6, 9, and 22 h where t=0 h represents initial exposure of the insect with the plant. The behavioral events observed were: `fast walking' (general searching), `slow walking' (intensive searching), ovipositor probing, grooming, feeding, and resting. Significant differences (α=0.05) among plant species in time spent on the plant, percentage of host eggs parasitized, and behavioral variables associated with intensive searching and oviposition all indicated that the plant species fell into two groups: `preferred' plants (sugar beet, London rocket, and peppergrass), and `unpreferred' plants (filaree and plantago). These variables also indicated that the parasitoids spent more time on, searched more, probed more, and oviposited more in plants with host eggs than plants without host eggs. Consistent effects of time (over the observation periods from t=0 to t=22 h) generally were detected only in the preferred plant species that had host eggs present. In these cases, intensive searching and probing decreased as time advanced, while variables related to general searching (`fast walking') and abandoning host egg patches (leaving the plant) tended to increase over time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004004828403
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  • 14
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    A natural flightless mutation in the ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; flightless mutation ; elytra ; wing ; biological control ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A homozygous flightless strain, obtained by selection from a laboratory population of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), has been reared under controlled conditions since 1982 after sampling in China. The adults of this flightless strain have normal elytra and wings but drop almost vertically when they attempt to fly. The origin of this mutation, whether laboratory or natural, is discussed. As the mutation does not affect the fitness of the beetles, this flightless strain can be used in biological control. Releasing flightless adults rather than larvae should provide the potential for more continuous control of aphids by both larvae and adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004068822740
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  • 15
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    A comparison between two strains from Japan and Europe of Aphidius ervi (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphidius ervi ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; crossing ; esterase ; colour pattern ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A European strain of Aphidius ervishall be introduced into Japan for the control of Macrosiphum euphorbiaeon greenhouse tomatoes. We compared this strain, which is originating from The Netherlands (EVP), with a native strain from Hokkaido, Northern Japan (SPR) in several characteristics. The percentage of parasitism of SPR and EVP was significantly different, when attacking three aphid species: 13% and 30% on M. euphorbiaeon tomato, 68% and 93% on Acyrthosiphon pisumon broad bean and 10% and 42% on Aulacorthum solanion sweet pepper, respectively. SPR and EVP differed morphologically (in the colouration of the petiole) and in the esterase banding patterns. Furthermore, cross mating experiments showed that SPR and EVP are partially reproductively isolated from each other. Complete reproductive isolation is evident in the one direction cross (EVP females and SPR males).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004044311184
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  • 16
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    Intraguild interactions in aphid parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: intraguild predation ; food-web dynamics ; biological control ; aphidophagous predator ; entomopathogenic fungus ; aphid ; parasitic wasp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the literature on aphid parasitoids to determine the occurrence, nature and outcome of intraguild interactions. Intraguild interactions were described for larval, pupal and adult aphid parasitoids and by the type of natural enemy (fungus, predator, or parasitoid). They appear to be prevalent in most aphid parasitoid systems and, except for parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, they are mostly asymmetric, with aphidophagous predators and pathogens killing parasitoids. The limited experimental evidence from field studies is insufficient to provide a comprehensive pattern of the consequences of intraguild interactions for aphid parasitoid populations in general and, more specifically, for the efficacy of biological control. However, because intraguild interactions are widespread in aphid-natural enemy communities and mostly detrimental to aphid parasitoids, we conclude that intraguild interactions have a primary effect in driving fluctuations in aphid parasitoid populations. Drawing on case studies, we further argue that intraguild interactions can substantially alter the effectiveness of aphid parasitoids as biological-control agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004013232410
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  • 17
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    Influence of Host Pheromone on Egg Parasitism by Scelionid Wasps: Comparison of Phoretic and Nonphoretic Parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Telenomus ; Podisus maculiventris ; Euschistus obscurus ; Scelionidae ; kairomone ; biological control ; phoresy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kairomonal activity of the attractant pheromone for the “spined soldier bug,” Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was investigated by exposing fresh pentatomid egg masses in field traps with or without synthetic pheromone. Predominantly two parasitoids were recovered from exposed eggs of P. maculiventris and Euschistus obscurus: Telenomus podisi Ashmead (a generalist pentatomid egg parasitoid) and Telenomus calvus Johnson (a phoretic specialist on Podisus eggs) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The incidences of T. podisi from P. maculiventris and E. obscurus eggs placed in pheromone-baited and nonbaited traps were not significantly different, suggesting that this oophagous wasp does not use the spined soldier bug attractant pheromone as a kairomone. However, T. calvus was reared almost exclusively from egg masses of P. maculiventris placed inside pheromone-baited traps. These results suggest that T. calvus females orient to volatile chemicals emitted by spined soldier bug males as a searching strategy to find areas likely to contain host eggs, in addition to the previously discovered strategy of using the pheromone to guide their phoretic behavior. The data also indicate that T. calvus can distinguish between the egg masses of these pentatomid hosts at close range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007728012482
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    Nematicidal Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; biological control ; biopesticides ; integrated pest management ; neem ; nematode control ; nematicides ; plant-parasitic nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant products are receiving greater attention as prophylactics against several species of plant-parasitic nematodes. Numerous experiments have shown the potential nematicidal value of plant parts and their by-products when incorporated into soil or when the plants themselves are interplanted as seedlings among crop plants. Various products (oils, cakes, extracts, etc.) prepared from the leaves and seeds of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Family Meliaceae) have been reported as effective protectants against nematode pests when used as root-dips and seed treatments. Nemato-toxic compounds of the neem plant, especially the azadirachtins, are released through volatilization, exudation, leaching and decomposition. The modes of action of these compounds are complex, and a number of mechanisms in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored. This review critically assesses the potential of these products in the management of nematodes in tropical agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009609931223
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  • 19
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    Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 81-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; parasitoid guilds ; diversity ; distribution ; taxonomic status ; parasitoids ; Tephritidae ; Braconidae ; Figitidae ; Diapriidae ; Eulophidae ; Pteromalidae ; Anastrepha ; Rhagoletis ; Ceratitis ; Toxotrypana ; Rhagoletotrypeta ; Zonosemata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652431251
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    Biological Control of the Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus Hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Caribbean (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; Maconellicoccus hirsutus ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybug ; Anagyrus kamali ; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012997619132
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    A Novel Antifungal Furanone from Pseudomonas aureofaciens, a Biocontrol Agent of Fungal Plant Pathogens (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1515-1524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2(5H)-Furanone ; butenolide ; lactone ; butyrolactone ; antibiotic ; biological control ; Pseudomonas chlororaphis ; Pythium ultimum ; Rhizoctonia solani ; Fusarium solani ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Thielaviopsis basicola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas aureofaciens (= P. chlororaphis) strain 63-28 is a biocontrol agent active against many soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and shows antifungal activity in culture assays. 3-(1-Hexenyl)-5-methyl-2-(5H)furanone was isolated from culture filtrates of this bacterium. The purified furanone showed antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Thielaviopsis basicola. The ED50S for spore germination of these fungi were 45, 54, 56, and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The compound also inhibited the germ tube growth of Rhizoctonia solani growing from microsclerotia, with an ED50 of 61 μg/ml. The compound is the reduced form of furanones previously described from this bacterium: 3-(1-hexenyl)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone and 3-(1-hexenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-(5H)-furanone. This volatile antifungal furanone has structural similarity to other antifungal furanones produced by actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.), fungi (Trichoderma harzianum), and higher plants (Pulsatilla and Ranuculus spp.). This is the first report of 3-(1-hexenyl)-5-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone produced by a bacterium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005595927521
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    Potential of an antagonistic bacterium isolate obtained fromLentinus lepideus basidiospores as a biocontrol agent (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; Burkholderia sp. ; seed treatment ; soil treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheBurkholderia sp. isolate 87-11 obtained from basidiospores ofLentinus lepideus was antagonistic against severalPythium andRhizoctonia isolates. The bacterium was tested against soilborne diseases of five plants caused byP. aphanidermatum andR. solani by soil and seed application, and its potential as a biocontrol agent is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464388
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    Isolation and characterization of two entomopathogenic fungi attackingDiaphorina citri (Homoptera, Psylloidea) in Indonesia (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 509-513 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: biological control ; citrus greening disease ; Diaphorina citri ; Hirsutella citriformis ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to suppress the propagation of citrus greening disease in Indonesia, we explored pathogens ofDiaphorina citri which vectors the disease. At two orange orchards, manyD. citri adults were found to be dead and covered with fungal mycelia. Two fungi,Paecilomyces fumosoroseus andHirsutella citriformis, were consistently isolated from the infected insects. Molecular phylogeny of their 18S rDNA sequences showed that they belong to the ascomycetous clade of the Clavicipitales/Hypocreales, which embraces many entomopathogenic fungi. When healthy adults ofD. citri were inoculated with conidia of theP. fumosoroseus, the insects died within 6 d.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461672
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    Effect of Trichoderma Fungi on Soil Micromycetes That Cause Infectious Conifer Seedling Lodging in Siberian Tree Nurseries (2000)
    Springer
    Microbiology 69 (2000), S. 726-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Keywords: nursery soils ; virgin soil ; phytopathogens ; micromycetes ; conifer seedlings ; microbial antagonism ; Trichoderma ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soils in the tree nurseries studied were characterized by a lower species diversity of fungi than adjacent virgin soils. In particular, the relative abundances of representatives of the genera Mucor, Chaetomium, and Trichoderma in the nursery soil were two times lower than in adjacent virgin soils. On the other hand, the nursery soil exhibited greater abundances of fungi of the genus Fusarium, which are causative agents of many diseases of conifer seedlings. To appreciate the efficiency of biocontrol of the infectious diseases of conifer seedlings, we introduced several indigenous Trichoderma strains into the nursery soil and found that this affected the species composition of soil microflora considerably. Changes in the species composition of mycobiota beneficially influenced the phytosanitary state of soils and reduced the infectious lodging of conifer seedlings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026670627943
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    Control of Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici in Wheat by Pre-treatment with Drechslera teres, a Non-host Pathogen (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study is described which explored the possibility of controlling Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici on wheat using a barley pathogen, Drechslera teres. Pre-treatment of wheat cv. Hussar flag leaves with D. teres resulted in a significant reduction in disease caused by S. nodorum and S. tritici, resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. When cv. Brigadier leaves were treated with D. teres prior to inoculation with S. nodorum there was an initial increase in disease expression whilst D. teres had no effect on symptoms produced by S. tritici on cv. Brigadier. There was significantly less disease on leaves of cvs. Hussar and Brigadier pre-treated with D. teres prior to inoculation with an equal mixture of S. nodorum and S. tritici compared to plants pre-treated with water. It is concluded that D. teres and other non-host pathogens show potential as biological control agents for S. nodorum and S. tritici.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008764832765
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    Effects of Host and Microbial Factors on Development of Clonostachys rosea and Control of Botrytis cinerea in Rose (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 439-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; Clonostachys rosea ; Gliocladium roseum ; rose ; host development ; wounds ; host residues ; microflora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development of Clonostachys rosea in rose leaves and petals and control of Botrytis cinerea by the agent were investigated. C. rosea germinated, established endophytic growth, and sporulated abundantly whether the tissues were mature, senescent or dead when inoculated. Germination incidence was moderate on mature and senescent leaves (47% and 35%) and petals (31% and 43%), and high (〉98%) on dead tissues. Sporulation of C. rosea in tissues inoculated when mature, senescent or dead averaged 41%, 61%, and 75% in leaves, and 48%, 87% and 53% in petals. When leaves were wounded with needles before inoculation, germination of C. rosea increased from 45–56% to 90–92%, but sporulation became high (〉 75%) regardless of wounds. When leaves were inoculated with C. rosea at 0–24 h after wounding and subsequently with B. cinerea, germination of the pathogen was reduced by 25–41% and sporulation by ≥ 99%. A humid period prior to inoculation of senescent or dead leaves promoted communities of indigenous fungi, reduced sporulation of C. rosea and B. cinerea, and, in dead leaves, increased control of the pathogen associated with C. rosea. Applied at high density, isolates of indigenous Penicillium sp. and Alternaria alternata from rose interacted with C. rosea and reduced control of the pathogen by 16% and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, C. rosea markedly suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea in rose leaves and petals regardless of developmental stage, minor wounds, and natural densities of microflora. This versatility should allow C. rosea to effectively control inoculum production of B. cinerea in rose production systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008738513748
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    Effect of Ultraviolet Disinfection of Hydroponic Solutions on Pythium Root Rot and Non-target Bacteria (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: recirculating solution ; rhizobacteria ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dispersal of root pathogens is a major concern in closed hydroponic cultures. To limit dispersal, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology has been used to remove pathogens but its effect on non-target bacterial populations is largely unknown. In this study, the circulating solution was disinfected with various UV doses (i.e., 19, 38, 59, 88 mJ cm−2) before recirculation. At the beginning of the experiment, the hydroponic solution was inoculated with Pythium aphanidermatum at 6.7±1.5 CFU mL−1. Four months later the population density of P. aphanidermatum reached 1030 CFU mL−1 in the control and 1028, 970, 610, and 521 CFU mL−1 in the solutions treated by the above UV doses. In all UV-treated solutions, significant (P〈0.05) reduction of both Pythium and bacterial populations was noted. For the former, its reduction did not result in decrease of Pythium root rot nor increase of tomato fruit yield. For the latter, its reduction showed a concomitant decrease of the populations in the rhizosphere. The bacterial populations in the rhizosphere were 6.77×109 CFU mg−1 fresh roots at the beginning of the experiment and were 7.89×108, 9.93×107, 7.33×107, and 3.51×107 CFU mg−1 fresh roots at the end of the experiment in the control, UV38, UV59, and UV88 treatments, respectively. The bacterial density also decreased with time in the control (UV0) although at a low rate. The results suggest that the attempt to control Pythium root rot by UV irradiation of recirculating solutions to remove P. aphanidermatum also affects the non-target bacterial populations in the rhizosphere. The interaction between the target pathogen and non-target bacterial flora in UV-treated hydroponics needs further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008798710325
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    The development of larval resistance to a nucleopolyhedrovirus is not accompanied by an increased virulence in the virus (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 645-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: biological control ; caterpillar ; coevolution ; geographic mosaic theory ; nucleopolyhedrovirus ; resistance ; Trichoplusia ni ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the possible coevolution of cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) and their S nucleopolyhedrovirus (TnSNPV). At the conclusion of Experiments 1 and 2, T. ni had respectively evolved 4.4 × and 22 × resistance to TnSNPV. The higher level of resistance achieved in Experiment 2 could be due to marginally stronger selection, possibly greater genetic variability in larval resistance to TnSNPV, or both. However, the evolution of resistance was not accompanied by an increased virulence of TnSNPV or a change in the restriction profile of the viral DNA when digested with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, SalI, SstI or XhoI. Little genetic variability for virulence in the initial TnSNPV stocks, low mutation rates and possibly weak selection on the virus are some factors that may have constrained the evolution of TnSNPV. We discuss our results in light of the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution and their implications for the use of TnSNPV as a biological control agent against T. ni.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010923301770
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    Biological control of root rot-root knot disease complex of tomato (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Paecilomyces lilacinus ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; root-knot nematode ; root-infecting fungi ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or in combination with Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated in the control of root-knot nematode and root-infecting fungi under laboratory and field conditions. Ethyl acetate extract (1 mg/ml) of P. lilacinus and P. aeruginosa,respectively, caused 100 and 64% mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae after 24 h. Ethyl acetate fractions of biocontrol agents were more effective than hexane extracts in the suppression of M. javanica larvae, indicating that active nematicidal compounds are intermediary in polarity. In field experiments, biocontrol fungus and bacterium significantly suppressed soilborne root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. P. lilacinus parasitized eggs and female of M. javanica and this parasitism was not significantly influenced in the presence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the inner root tissues of tomato, whereas P. lilacinusdid not colonize tomato roots.
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    Scanning electron microscopic examination of a pellet formulation of Bacillus megaterium and B. pumilus, antagonists of Rhizoctonia solani, and survival during storage (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus megaterium ; B. pumilus ; biological control ; pellet formulation ; Rhizoctonia solani ; storage ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial formulations, produced using both Bacillus megaterium and B. pumilus individually with pharmaceutical technology, were formulated using a wet granular method. Viability testing in the laboratory revealed that bacterial populations rapidly declined during storage at room temperature (26–30 °C) for 6 months. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe bacterial formulations. Both endospores and vegetative cells of B. megaterium and B. pumilus were detected on the formulation surfaces.
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    Some effects of pre-release host-plant on the biological control of Panonychus ulmi by the predatory mite Amblyseius fallacis (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 19-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Amblyseius fallacis ; release ; host-plant ; establishment ; biological control ; Panonychus ulmi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amblyseius fallacis Garman has been selected for pyrethroid resistance and mass reared for experimental release as a biological control agent for tetranychid mites on a number of crops in Canada. Several releases of this predator onto apple and peach trees have failed to result in the establishment of A. fallacis, or in the biological control of Panonychus ulmi Koch. Here, we test the hypothesis that the change of host-plant at the time of release is a critical factor in the establishment of A. fallacis for biological control of P. ulmi. Functional and numerical response studies were undertaken on two populations of A. fallacis: a wild strain collected from the canopy foliage of an apple orchard near Vineland, Ontario; and a second strain reared on bean plants in a commercial insectary with Tetranychus urticae as prey. Each population consumed significantly more P. ulmi and produced significantly more eggs when on leaf disks from the plant species they were reared on, than on leaf disks from the novel host plant. A further experiment was conducted to determine if establishment and biological control of mass-reared A. fallacis could be affected by rearing a population for a short term on apple leaves prior to release on apple trees. Three release treatments were made into potted apple trees in a glasshouse, using predators commercially mass-reared on bean and T. urticae: A. fallacis released directly; A. fallacis reared in the laboratory for four weeks on bean and T. urticae; A. fallacis reared on apple leaves and T. urticae for four weeks. They were compared with a control treatment lacking predator release. Contrary to results of the functional and numerical response studies, no difference was observed between release treatments. All release treatments adding A. fallacis resulted in a similar, if limited, degree of biological control of P. ulmi. These results indicated that there may be short-term effects of host plant on the establishment of A. fallacis and biological control of P. ulmi, which in our study were observed as an initial reduction of the predatory response. However, in a test, the predators appeared to overcome these short-term effects and successfully established on the new host-plant to control P. ulmi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345119387
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    Entomogenous Fungi as Promising Biopesticides for Tick Control (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 913-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ; Amblyomma variegatum ; Boophilus deceloratus ; Beauveria bassiana ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; entomopathogen ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When ticks were sealed in nylon tetrapacks and infected with the entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarizium anisopliae and maintained in potted grass in the field, the fungal oil formulations (109 conidia per ml) induced 100% mortality in larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum, whereas mortalities in nymphs varied between 80–100% and in adults 80–90%. The aqueous formulations (109 conidia per ml) induced mortalities of 40–50% and reductions in egg hatchability of 68% (B. bassiana) and 48% (M. anisopliae) when sprayed on Boophilus decoloratus engorging on cattle. The strains of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolated from naturally infected ticks were also found to induce high mortalities in both R. appendiculatus and A.variegatum in tetrapacks placed in potted grass. Both aqueous and oil-based formulations were found to be effective, although the latter induced higher mortalities. These fungal strains in aqueous formulation (108 conidia per ml) suppressed on-host populations of adult R. appendiculatus by 80% (B. bassiana) and 92% (M. anisopliae) when sprayed on tick-infested grass once per month for a period of 6 months. The feasibility of using entomogenous fungi for tick control in the field is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010722914299
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    Spider-Mite Problems and Control in Taiwan (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: biological control ; natural control ; acaricide ; Tetranychus kanzawai ; population increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Problems with spider mites first appeared in Taiwan in 1958, eight years after the importation of synthetic pesticides, and the mites evolved into major pests on many crops during the 1980s. Of the 74 spider mite species recorded from Taiwan 10 are major pests, with Tetranychus kanzawai most important, followed by T. urticae, Panonychus citri, T. cinnabarinus, T. truncatus and Oligonychus litchii. Most crops suffer from more than one species. Spider mites reproduce year-round in Taiwan. Diapause occurs only in high-elevation areas. Precipitation is the most important abiotic factor restricting spider-mite populations. Control is usually accomplished by applying chemicals. Fifty acaricides are currently registered for the control of spider mites. Acaricide resistance is a serious problem, with regional variation in resistance levels. Several phytoseiid mites and a chrysopid predator have been studied for control of spider mites with good effect. Efforts to market these predators should be intensified so that biological control can be a real choice for farmers.
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    Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs: Risks and Realities (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 463-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: risk analysis ; transgenic arthropods ; pest management programs ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; genetic control ; horizontal gene transfer ; pesticide resistance ; containment facilities and procedures ; Wolbachia ; predatory mites ; Metaseiulus occidentalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability to genetically engineer arthropods using recombinant DNA meopens new opportunities for improving pest management programs but also creates new responsibilities, including evaluation of the potential risks of releasing transgenic arthropods into the environment. It is now becoming easier to transform diverse species of arthropods by a variety of recombinant DNA methods. Useful genes and genetic regulatory elements are being identified for pest arthropods, but less effort is being expended to identify genes that could improve the efficacy of beneficial arthropods. A transgenic strain of the natural enemy Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was developed using a method termed maternal microinjection. This transgenic strain was released into an experimental site on the campus of the University of Florida in 1996 after extensive reviews by the University of Florida Biosafety Committee, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The short term releases established a precedent for releasing a transgenic arthropod but, at present, no guidelines are available that would allow transgenic arthropods to be released permanently into the environment. Several scientific, environmental, and policy issues must be resolved before transgenic pests or beneficial arthropods can be deployed in practical pest management programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006401225083
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    Spider Mites of Japan: Their Biology and Control (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 319-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: spider mites ; genetic marker ; acaricide ; pest management ; biological control ; diapause ; Tetranychus kanzawai ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spider mite biology and control in Japan were reviewed. Seventy-eight spider mite species of 16 genera (Family Tetranychidae) have been recorded in Japan. Several of the species recently described were separated from a species complex comprising strains with different ecological performance such as host range. These separations were first supported by crossing experiments and then confirmed by molecular genetic studies. Spider mite control in Japan is still dependent on heavy acaricide spraying in order to attain products of extremely high quality. The commercial use of natural enemies in spider mite management has just started.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006453209154
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    Survival and plant-prey finding by Neoseiulus fallacis Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on soil substrates after aerial dispersal (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 579-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Tetranychus urticae ; ambulatory dispersal ; temperature ; humidity ; mortality ; emigration ; immigration ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse and in an open field, aspects of aerial and ambulatory dispersal of the phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) were studied with a focus on events that would occur after aerially dispersing mites had landed on soil or associated substrates. We measured recovery of predators on lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus L.) that were infested with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Factors thought to affect movement and colonization were distance to a receiver unit from a release (landing) point, intervening soil surfaces such as clods, gravel, fine soil and grass, and management of soil surfaces such as mulching, watering or both. In the field, the effect of distance (0.11–1.76 m) from a landing point to a receiver unit was significant, with a negative log-linear relationship. Soil surfaces such as clods and management actions such as watering with mulching allowed for more capture of predators on bean plants with prey than did other treatments. Environmental conditions greatly affected survival of N. fallacis.Predators in the field that were present on bare soil suffered high mortality (ca. 90%) at fluctuating daytime conditions of 26.4 ± 4.8°C and 56 ± 13.4% RH. Predators only suffered 10% mortality in the greenhouse under the same setting, but under more controlled and favorable environmental conditions. Effects of environmental conditions, mode of dispersal and implications to biological control are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026593907917
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    Effects of Thiacloprid, a New Chloronicotinyl Insecticide, On the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma cacaoeciae (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: parasitoid ; Trichogramma ; biological control ; chloronicotinyl ; thiacloprid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Thiacloprid, a new chloronicotinyl insecticide, is targeted chiefly to control aphid pest species in orchards and vegetables. In a standard IOBC glass plate assay, residues of thiacloprid (SC 480) severely affected adult stages of the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi whereas pre-imaginal stages (which develop within the host) remained unaffected. As for A. rhopalosiphi, the pre-imaginal stages of the crop-relevant egg parasitoid T. cacoeciae were not adversely affected by a spray treatment with thiacloprid (SC 480). However, when treated host eggs were stored under greenhouse conditions, the emergence success of ecdysed parasitoids was significantly reduced. This is assumed to be caused by thiacloprid residues that had been deposited on the host egg cuticle during spray treatment and which were ingested by the parasitoids during emergence, when they were biting its way through the host egg cuticle. In contrast, if treated host eggs were subjected to field exposure conditions before emergence of the parasitoids, no statistically significant reduction in emergence success was recorded. Moreover, the fitness of parasitoids emerging from treated host eggs was not reduced compared to untreated parasitoids. Since pre-imaginal stages comprise a major part of a parasitoid population and were not affected in a lethal or sublethal way by thiacloprid (SC 480), we conclude that a spray treatment with thiacloprid (SC 480) in the field will not significantly interfere with the pest control function of a parasitoid fauna in the target crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008994705074
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    Compost: A study of the development process and end-product potential for suppression of turfgrass disease (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 115-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biocontrol ; biological control ; compost ; disease ; fungi ; microbiology ; pathogen ; suppression ; turf ; turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships among the chemical, physical and biological aspects of compost and their role in suppression of turfgrass pathogens are reviewed. The composting process, mediated by microbial activity, is affected by physical and chemical characteristics which include temperature, aeration, moisture content, C:N ratio and pH. In the absence of parameter restrictions, the microbial community follows a predictable successional pattern resulting in the re-colonization of compost with metabolically active mesophilic populations that can be suppressive towards plant pathogens. Although mechanisms of suppression are not fully understood, those postulated include physiochemical and biological characteristics. The physiochemical characteristics of composts can alter suppressive properties through direct effects on pathogens and antagonistic microorganisms, or indirect effects on host systems through the supply of nutrients, improvement of soil structure, porosity and water retention capabilities, along with other factors. Biological characteristics centre on microbial community involvement in suppressive mechanisms, which can include one or a combination of competition for nutrients, antibiosis, lytic and other extracellular enzyme production, parasitism, predation and host-mediated induction of resistance. As a result of the potential benefits of compost, there is considerable interest in determining the capacity for composts to suppress turfgrass pathogens. Although the exact mechanisms of suppression are largely unknown, there appear to be several factors that play an integrated role. The use of composts that successfully suppress turfgrass diseases will permit a reduction in the use of chemical controls, and slow the development of fungicide resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008901420646
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    The Pathogen of Crown Gall Disease on Flowering Cherry and its Sensitivity to Strain K1026 (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 475-479 
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    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: flowering cherry ; crown gall disease ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six strains of crown gall bacteria were isolated from flowering cherry. It was revealed by Otten paper electrophoresis that of the six strains, only BYH18-4 possessed the octopine type Ti plasmid, the remainder having nopaline type Ti plasmid. BYH5-1 was identified by physiological and biochemical tests to be Agrobacterium tumefaciens (originally biovar 1). The other five were A. rhizogenes (originally biovar 2). It was demonstrated with Stonier's method of double layer medium that flowering cherry crown gall bacteria exhibited different sensitivities to agrocin produced by biocontrol strain K1026. Strain K1026 on greenhouse-grown sunflower seedlings exerted a relatively potent inhibitory action on flowering cherry crown gall bacteria. Artificial inoculation showed that K1026 produced 67–99% inhibition of flowering cherry crown gall disease, compared with the treatment of inoculation with crown gall bacteria only.
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    Substrate Colonization, Strain Competition, Enzyme Production In Vitro, and Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by Trichoderma spp. Isolates P1 and T3 (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 215-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; cell wall degrading enzymes ; GUS-transformant ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The antagonistic Trichoderma spp. isolates P1 and T3 differed in their ability to colonize and to compete in sphagnum peat moss and on wood chips. In peat supplemented with straw, isolate T3 produced twice as many colony forming units (cfu) as isolate P1. On wood chips, the two isolates formed a similar number of cfu. When the two Trichoderma isolates were cultivated together approximately 85–90% of the cfu were from T3 on both substrates. The presence of Pythium ultimum in peat amended with straw did not influence the number of Trichoderma cfu formed. The two Trichoderma isolates produced different amounts of hydrolytic enzymes both in liquid cultures and in peat. Seven different enzyme activities were tested. Enzyme production by T. harzianum isolate T3 was less influenced by the type of carbon source amendment than that of isolate T. atroviride P1. Culture filtrates of isolate P1 grown on complex carbon sources were high in endochitinase activity, whereas cellulase and endo-1,3-β-glucanase activities were more pronounced in filtrates of isolate T3. There was no significant difference between the two isolates in their ability to protect cucumber seedlings against P. ultimum while the combination of the two fungi resulted in significantly less biocontrol than each isolate alone.
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    Establishment and spread of two introduced parasitoids (Ichneumonidae) of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Tenthredinidae) (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 415-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: birch leafminer ; biological control ; parasitism ; Fenusa pusilla ; Grypocentrus albipes ; Lathrolestes nigricollis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lathrolestes nigricollis(Thomson) and Grypocentrus albipes Ruthe,Palearctic specialist parasitoids of thebirch-leafmining sawfly Fenusa pusilla(Lepeletier), were imported from central Europe andreleased at three locations in Edmonton, Alberta,Canada during 1994–1996. Parasitoids becameestablished at two locations, L. nigricollis atboth and G. albipes at one, and were recoveredfor 3–5 years after release. Lathrolestesnigricollis has dispersed throughout most ofEdmonton, and at least 13 km from release sites, butG. albipes has been recovered only 400–500 mfrom one release site. Five years after introductionat one site, percent parasitism by L.nigricollis was 78% and 84% for the first andsecond generations, respectively, and about 48% ofparasitoid eggs were encapsulated.
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    Greenhouse and field trials of the bacterial antagonists in pelletformulations to suppress sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctoniasolani (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 245-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Oryza sativa ; rice sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial formulations, produced using both Bacillus megaterium andB. pumilus individually with pharmaceutical technology, were testedunder both greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse testing,some bacterial formulations, for instance For 7 minus Lac and For 16 minusLac, performed as well as freshly prepared bacterial antagonists insuppress sheath blight disease. In the field testing, For 16 minus Lac wasnot effective in suppressing sheath blight development. Failure of the For16 minus Lac to suppress sheath blight disease in the field trial may be dueto the dilution and inactivation of antibiotics produced by B.megaterium in the aquatic environment in the rice field and climaticconditions during the formulation application.
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    Oviposition behavior of Anagrus nigriventris,an egg parasitoid of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 139-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: behavioral ecology ; biological control ; host age ; host cues ; host location ; insect learning ; parasitism ; probing behavior ; searching behavior ; superparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition behavior of Anagrus nigriventris,a parasitoid of the eggs of the beetleafhopper,Circulifer tenellus, wasdescribed on sugar beet. Ovipositor probes ofrelatively long duration were accompanied by a periodof abdominal vibrations toward the end of the probe. These periods began as high frequency, low amplitudevibrations in the abdomen, and climaxed as a tremblingof the whole body in an up and down direction.Oviposition by the parasitoid was associated with theoccurrence of abdominal vibrations during a probe andwith probe durations ≥50 s; however thepresence/absence of abdominal vibrations during aprobe was considered a more reliable indicator ofoviposition than was a threshold probe duration of 50s. The majority of probes (63% of all probes) were inempty plant tissue, lasted 15 s, and were notassociated with abdominal vibrations. While probeswithout abdominal vibrations at host egg sites (14%of all probes) lasted an average of 48 s, probes withabdominal vibrations at host egg sites (23% of allprobes) lasted an average of 102 s, and all were ≥50s. It is hypothesized that the relative frequency ofthe 3 types of probes could be affected by the degreeof wasp experience, by the level of host cues on thesubstrate, and by the relative importance of ovipositor probing (vs. antennation) in the hostdetection process. Data from the study suggest thatA. nigriventris is able to discriminate againstpreviously attacked host eggs.
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    Egg loads and egg masses: Parasitism ofChoristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma minutum after inundativerelease in a commercial blueberry field (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; blueberry ; egg parasitoid ; inundative release ; leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were made in a commercialblueberry field in British Columbia, Canada, todetermine the extent of dispersal of adult wasps, andto determine whether complete parasitism of eggswithin egg masses of the target host [oblique-bandedleafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris)] occurred. Three weekly releases of waspswere made from a single release point in the center ofeach field during the flight of first generation OBLRadults. Sticky trap, sentinel egg mass andtarget-host egg mass data all indicated only a limitedrange of dispersal of T. minutum within thefield. In addition, only partial parasitism of eggmasses of the target host occurred even in closeproximity to the release point. We discuss theimportance of determining the response of Trichogramma females to previously-parasitized eggswhen using Trichogramma wasps for biologicalcontrol of lepidopterous species that oviposit largeegg masses.
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    Effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on the use of foliar application of Bacillus thuringiensis (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; climate change ; CO2 ; Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis have beenused as pest management tools for more than 50 years. The effect of these toxins depends on the quantityof Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins ingestedby susceptible insects. Food ingestion is affected byCO2 concentration; plants grown in elevatedCO2 often have increased carbon/nitrogen ratios(C/N), resulting in greater leaf area consumption. Therefore, we hypothesized that elevated CO2would improve the efficacy of foliar applications ofB. thuringiensis. Cotton plants were grown ateither ambient (360–380 μl/l) or elevated CO2(900 μl/l). Groups of plants in both CO2treatments were exposed to low (30 mg/kg soil/week) orhigh (130 mg/kg soil/week) nitrogen (N) fertilizationlevels in a split plot design. The resulting plantswere assessed for N and carbon (C) contents. Leafdisks from the same plants were dipped in a Btsolution and then fed to Spodoptera exigua(Hübner), an insect species of considerableeconomic importance. Elevated CO2 significantlyreduced total N, and increased the C/N. Nitrogenfertilization significantly affected consumption byearly stadia larvae, larval weight gain, and relativegrowth rate (RGR). Interactions between CO2concentration and N fertilization level significantlyimpacted late stadia larval food consumption, andthrough differential Bt toxin intake, affectedduration of larval stage and mortality to the adultstage. We conclude that the elevated atmosphericCO2 concentrations expected in the next centurywill interact with commercial fertilization practicesto enhance the efficacy of B. thuringiensisformulations applied topically to crops. Theimplications for improved control are discussed.
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    Lasioseius Fimetorum: a soil-dwelling predator of glasshouse pests? (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 285-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; consumption rates ; female lifespan ; glasshouse pest ; reproduction ; soil-dwelling predator ; Acari ; Acaridae ; Acarina ; Collembola ; Diptera ; Isotomidae ; Lasioseius fimetorum ; Podocinidae ; Psychodidae ; Sciaridae ; Thripidae ; Thysanoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Female lifespan and reproduction, in terms of numberof larvae produced, of the soil-dwelling predatorymite Lasioseius fimetorum Karg (Acari:Podocinidae) fed on mould mites (Tyrophagusputrescentiae [Schrank] [Acarina: Acaridae]) wereinvestigated by laboratory experiments at 20 °C,as were the mite's consumption rates of various prey.After a preoviposition period of 10.7 days, L.fimetorum produced progeny at a daily rate of 0.7.The oviposition period lasted 23.6 days and a total of19.4 progeny were produced per female. Females livedfor 38.6 days. Eggs of the Collembola Isotomurusspp. (Collembola: Isotomidae) were consumed in thelargest amount by L. fimetorum followed by mouldmite nymphs, larvae and pupae of thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis [Pergande] [Thysanoptera:Thripidae]), eggs of the Collembola Micrisotomaspp. (Collembola: Isotomidae), Isotomurus spp.nymphs and sciarid larvae (Bradysia pauperaTuomikoski and B. tritici (Coquillet) [Diptera:Sciaridae]). Immature drain flies (Psychoda spp.[Diptera: Psychodidae]) were not consumed by L.fimetorum. The suitability of L. fimetorum forbiological control of glasshouse pests withsoil-dwelling stages is discussed in comparison withanother predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese(Acarina: Hypoaspididae).
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    The effects of temperature, relative humidity and hostplant on the behaviour of Stethorus punctillum as apredator of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychusurticae (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; locomotory and predatory activity ; Acari ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; Tetranychidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The predatory behaviour of Stethoruspunctillum larvae was studied on the two-spottedspider mite (Tetranychus urticae), in order toassess how it responded to temperatures and relativehumidities typical of glasshouse conditions on fouredible crop plant species. Locomotory activity(distance covered, time spent walking, walking speed,angular velocity, and turning rate) was recorded at20, 25 and 30 °C and relativehumidity levels of 33%, 65% and 90% RH on tomato,pepper, aubergine and cucumber and analysed usingvideo/computer techniques. The results show thatactivity of S. punctillum significantly increased athigher temperatures. Host plant species also stronglyinfluenced the performance of the predator, which wasmost active on pepper and tomato and least active onaubergine. Relative humidity had no significantinfluence.
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    Metaphycus anneckei and Metaphycushageni: two discrete speciesparasitic on black scale, Saissetia oleae (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; geographic distribution ; oviposition behaviour ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Parasitized black scale, Saissetia oleae, were collected from olives(Olea europaea L.) in Spain and from thismaterial an encyrtid parasitoid was reared that istaxonomically similar to Metaphycus anneckeiGuerrieri and Noyes. Differences were noted betweenthe Spanish Metaphycus nr. sp. anneckeiand material described as M. anneckei that isresident to California. Although dissimilar in fewmorphological characters, the ovipositor length andshape of the male genitalia and the antennal club ofboth sexes can be used to discriminate between M.anneckei resident to California and the Spanishmaterial, which was subsequently named Metaphycushageni Daane and Caltagirone. To determine ifmorphological differences correspond to biologicaldifferences, reproductive and oviposition behavioursof Californian M. anneckei and SpanishM. hageni were studied. Mating was not observedbetween individuals of the two types and only maleprogeny were produced in interspecific pairings. Metaphycus anneckei females deposit eggs through thescale's ventral side and were never observed to hostfeed, while M. hageni females oviposit throughthe scale's dorsum and frequently host fed. Thecollective biological evidence agrees withmorphological evidence, indicating that M.anneckei and M. hageni are discrete species. Specimens from recent collections in California andSpain were compared with specimens from earliercollections (1910s to 1980s) in Australia, California,Greece, Hawaii, Italy, Israel, Mexico, and SouthAfrica. With the exception of Greek and Spanishmaterial, all specimens examined were M.anneckei. We discuss the significance of this newinformation with respect to biological control andprovide a key to separate these and other closelyrelated black scale parasitoids.
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    The potential use of entomopathogenic nematodesagainst Typhaea stercorea (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 97-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: bait traps ; biological control ; broiler houses ; chicken litter and manure ; hairy fungus beetle ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Heterorhabditis megidis ; Salmonella spp. ; Steinernema carpocapsae ; Steinernema feltiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraand H. megidis, were tested in a petri dish assay against larvae and adults of the hairy fungus beetle Typhaea stercorea. In general, adults were less susceptible than larvae and the LC50 decreased with the duration of the exposure to nematodes. S. carpocapsae was the most effective species against adult beetles (LC50 after 96 hours exposure =67 nematodes/adult). Against larvae S.carpocapsae and H. megidis were comparablyeffective with an LC50 of 30 and 55nematodes/larvae, respectively. S. carpocapsaewas tested at 70 and 100% RH against adults in baits of either chicken feed or crushed wheat, both supplemented with horticultural capillary matting pieces in order to obtain a wet weight of 50–60%. At70% RH no significant effect of the nematodes was obtained due to desiccation of the bait. In chickenfeed at 100% RH the mortality reached 80% with 500nematodes/adult. In wheat significant mortality was obtained only at 5000 nematodes/adult. Heavy growth of mould probably limited the nematode infection. When the bait was used in tube traps, desiccation and growth of mould was prevented, but nematode efficacy dropped to 4.4% in the traps and 12% in the surrounding litter.
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    Entomopathogens from two Chihuahuan desert localities in Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Deuteromycetes ; entomopathogen ; Entomophthorales ; fungi ; Mexico ; microsporidian ; polyhedrosis virus ; rhabditid ; rickettsia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A list of entomopathogens from two Chihuahuan desertlocalities in México is given. Rhabditid nematodes, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, a rickettsia(Rickettsiella popilliae), the fungi Beauveria bassiana,Entomophaga calopteni (= Entomophaga gryllipathotype 2),Entomophthora muscae, Entomophthora planchoniana,Furia vomitoriae, Nomuraea rileyi, Metarhiziumanisopliae var. anisopliae, Pandora gammae, Pandoraneoaphidis and Zoophthora radicans, and the microsporidian Nosema weiseri were all collected from the campus of the UniversidadAutónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, near the city of Saltillo, state of Coahuila, México. Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus were collected in the urban area of Saltillo. B.bassiana, Fusarium sp. (very similar toFusarium coccophilum),M. anisopliae and Paecilomyces farinosuswere collected in an appleorchard 50 km east of Saltillo. The nematodes, B.bassiana, E. calopteni, M. anisopliae, P.gammae, P. neoaphidis, and Z. radicans caused mortality levels of 〉10% in their respective hosts in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009915308907
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  • 51
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    Persistence of augmented Metarhiziumanisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in Finnishagricultural soils (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 201-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; ecology ; entomogenous fungi ; Finland ; persistence ; Deuteromycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The persistence and penetration into soilof surface-applied unformulated conidia of twoisolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and one of Beauveria bassiana at sites with clay, peat andtwo kinds of sand as their soil types and at depthsof from 0 to 20 cm was studied in 1988–1991 underconditions characterized by permanent snow cover andfrozen soil in the winter time. At 0–5 cm depth, M. anisopliae persisted throughout the experiment atall sites, clay being the most and peat the leastfavourable soil for persistence. Clay and one of thesandy soils were the least and peat the most conducivesoil to penetration of M. anisopliae from thesurface to deeper soil layers and persistence therein.Differences in persistence were evident between thetwo M. anisopliae isolates in the sandy and peatsites, but not in the clay site. Three yearspost‐application there were still enough infectiouspropagules of M. anisopliae in soil of allsites to infect over 80% of the Tenebriomolitor larvae used as baits in samples taken fromthe cylinders of all soils. All the augmentedpropagules of B. bassiana disappeared duringthe first winter after application in clay and one ofthe two sandy sites, but some persistence one yearpost‐inoculation was evident at 0–5 depth in one ofthe sand soils and at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths in peat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009998919531
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  • 52
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    Cross-mating tests and the species status of Trissolcus basalis reared from the eggs of differentheteropteran species (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: alternative hosts ; biological control ; cryptic species ; egg parasitoid ; mate-choice cross-mating tests ; mating behaviour ; Nezara viridula ; no-choice cross-mating tests ; parasitism ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory choice and no-choice cross-mating tests were conducted to establish whether Trissolcus basalis individuals from green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula, and nine other host species sharemating characteristics and belong to the same species. In no-choice cross-mating tests, all individuals in self- and out-crosses mated within 10 minutes. Although all females mated, they were not all inseminated successfully. However, a similar proportion of females was inseminated across all self- and out-crosses in each set of cross-mating tests. Mate-choice tests indicated that males and females selected mates at random. Overall, the results indicate that T. basalis individuals from the ten host species represent a single genetical species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009942432474
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  • 53
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    Effect of Diachasmimorpha tryoni on two non-target flowerhead-feedingtephritids (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Braconidae ; flowerhead feeding ; non-target ; parasitoid ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the possible effect of a deliberately introduced fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha tryoni, on 2 non-target flowerhead-feeding tephritid flies,Trupanea dubautiae and Ensina sonchi. The former is an nativecomposite endemic Hawaiian tephritid which feeds on flowerheads of the native composite shrub, Dubautia raillar dioides; the latter is an inadvertently introduced tephritid infesting flowerheads of the exotic weed, Sonchus oleraceus. Gravid females of D. tryoniwere confined in test cages with field-collected D.raillardioides and S. oleraceus flowerheads infested with late instars of T. dubautiae and E. sonchi,respectively. D. tryoni showed low levels of visiting and probing responses to D. raillardioides flowerheads and relatively higher responses to S. oleraceus flower heads in both the presence and absence of the parasitoid's normal host, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. With 72-h exposure to D. tryoni, 13.9 and 2.6% of T. dubautiaewere attacked by test parasitoids in the absence and presence of C.capitata in the test cage, respectively; while 56.8 and34.2% of E. sonchi were attacked. In contrast, 94.0 and84.0% of C. capitata larvae presented in screened disheswith diet in test cages were attacked by D. tryoni in testswith T. dubautiae and E. sonchi, respectively. Attackof D. tryoni on flowerhead-feeding T. dubautiae andE. sonchi resulted in significant reduction in the emergence ofadult flies, especially in the absence of the parasitoid's normal host.While 8.8–12.8 adult D. tryoni per test (both males andfemales) successfully emerged from medflies, no adult D. tryoniprogeny emerged from T. dubautiae, and only 3 deformed males ofD. tryoni (much smaller than the normal wasp) emerged fromE. sonchi. The relevance of these findings to the safety offuture biological control programs against tephritid pests is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009944520353
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