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  • heavy metals  (56)
  • Springer  (56)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Elsevier
  • 1995-1999  (56)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1940-1944
  • 1997  (56)
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  • Springer  (56)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Elsevier
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (56)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal accumulation strategies in saprophagous and phytophagous soil invertebrates: a quantitative comparison (1997)
    Springer
    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: heavy metals ; millipedes ; slugs ; springtails ; woodlice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To quantitatively reveal accumulation patterns of environmentally relevant heavy metals in selected saprophagous or phytophagous soil invertebrates, adults of the species Porcellio scaber (Isopoda), Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Collembola), Julus scandinavius (Diplopoda), and Deroceras reticulatum (Gastropoda) were exposed to lead-, cadmium-, or zinc-contaminated food and soil for three weeks. The heavy metal concentrations in the food, the substrate, and the bodies of the invertebrates were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The investigated species were found to differ in their metal accumulation strategies, which is interpreted as a consequence of different detoxification mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018366703974
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical effects of heavy metals on the hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate 4CaO·3Al2O3·SO3 (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calcium sulphoaluminate ; ettringite ; hazardous wastes ; heavy metals ; solidification/stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The system 4CaO·3Al2O3·SO3-CaSO4·2H2O-Ca(OH)2 was hydrated in the presence of ten dopants, specifically soluble salts of heavy metals. When added in 10% amount, the effect of each salt is strongly evident at shorter curing times, the hydration kinetics being more favoured in the order Pb(NO3)2〈K2CrO4〈 Cd(NO3)2〈 Zn(NO3)2t~Mn(NO3)3=K2MoO4〈Ni(NO3)2〈Cu(NO3)2〈Cr(NO3)3〈Fe(NO3)3. At longer curing times the differences among the systems decrease significantly. The 28-day compressive strength is almost the same for all the systems except those containing Pb(NO3)2, K2MoO4 and K2CrO4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980499
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in Scots pine bark in northern Finland and the Kola peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsula were surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kola smelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Ni concentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. There was a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distance from the emission sources. The effects of emission from the Kola Peninsula were evident in Finland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland) where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were the concentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissions from the Tornio refined steel plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404769
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of heavy metals on carbon dioxide evolution from a typic xerochrept soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CO2 evolution ; heavy metals ; loading effect ; metal equivalent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn) added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000μg g−1 were determined. Differences in toxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect on soil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasing loading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels of total and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showed Cu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated as the sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect to the least toxic one: Mn equivalent=Mn+1.9Pb+2.1Ni+2.5Zn+6.7Cd+6.7Cu. The ionic potential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soil respiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, the latter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404770
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface in the venice canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic ; metal ; residual inetal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques I ) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer, 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal Traps pennitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged, a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406865
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LONG-TERM TRANSFORMATIONS AND REDISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN ARID-ZONE SOILS INCUBATED: I. UNDER SATURATED CONDITIONS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function, Uts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (CARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. The Uts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026450118082
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of copper smelting air pollution on the mites (ACARI) associated with young scots pine forests polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, Poland. II. Soil mites (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 287-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acari ; bioindicators ; Gamasida ; heavy metals ; Oribatida ; Scots pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil mites were investigated in the areas covered with dead needles in young Scots pine forests (plant associationLeucobryo-Pinetum), polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, and in a control plot. The concentration of heavy metals, mainly copper and lead, was the lowest in the control plot, and increased towards the pollution source. A high concentration of these metals reduced the density of mites and species number of Oribatida and Gamasida, while small concentrations were associated with the increasing abundance of mites and species number of Oribatida. Among mites, the following categories were distinguished: a) sensitive to heavy metals, b) sensitive to a high concentration, but tolerant of small concentrations, and c) tolerant of these metals. The changed vertical distribution of mites in the most polluted soil was also observed, due to accumulation of heavy metals in the Of/h horizon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407467
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of inorganic and organic pollutants by biofilms in the aquatic environment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 651-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: River sediments ; biofilms ; organic micropollutants ; heavy metals ; temporal variations ; biosorption ; accumulation processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a partly urbanized catchment to the south of Trier, Germany, short term variations in river sediment compounds as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants on surface associated microbial coatings (biofilms) were investigated weekly during a period of six months. Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and for microbial characterisation protein, carbohydrate and uronic acid were analyzed. Sorption processes on biofilms were determined by temporal variations in pollutants and microbial parameters and through the comparison of sorbed substances in biofilms and sediments. The results show, that sorption events on biofilms play an important and dynamic role in spring and summer for transport and accumulation of the investigated pollutants in the aquatic environment. The amount of pollutants sorbed on sediment particles is not only dependent on the particulate bound or solved pollutants in the river water, but is strongly controlled by the changing conditions of the biofilms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406904
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of methylmercury and inorganic mercury on periphytic diatom communities in freshwater indoor microcosms (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 215-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Freshwater ecotoxicology ; periphyton ; diatoms ; indoormicrocosm ; heavy metals ; methylmercury ; inorganic mercury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inorganic mercury (HgII) and methylmercury (MeHg) on the colonization of artificial substrates by periphytic diatoms were studied using indoor freshwater microcosms. These consisted of a mixed biotope– water column + natural sediment – with rooted macrophyte cuttings (Elodea densa) and benthic bivalve molluscs (Corbicula fluminea).The periphyton was collected on glass slides in the water column after 34and 71 days. The two Hg sources were introduced either by daily additions to the water column, or once at the beginning into the sediment, using two nominal concentrations: water column, 0.5 μgL-1 and 2 μg L-1 for both compounds: sediment, 0.5 mg kg-1 (fw) and 2 mgkg-1 (fw) for MeHg and 1 mg kg-1 (fw) and 10 mgkg-1 (fw) for HgII. Several complementary criteria were used to analyse the structural and functional perturbations induced: cell density, species richness, diatom size, relative abundance. Exposure to MeHg added to the water column resulted in reduced cell density and changes in species composition with enhancement of e.g. Fallacia pygmaea or Nitzschia palea; inorganic Hg had less effect on the population structure. After contamination via the sediment, the effects of the two compounds were less pronounced than for the water source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007960506716
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 1 (1997), S. 117-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: decomposition ; heavy metals ; litterbags ; nitrification ; nitrogen mineralization ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We investigated litter mass loss and soil nitrogen (N)-transformation rates in oak stands along a 130-km, urban-rural transect originating in New York City to examine the relationship between changes in these parameters and previously documented differences in soil temperature, heavy metal and total salt concentrations, and soil biota. Reference litter from a rural site was placed in litterbags, and rates of mass loss and changes in N concentration in litter residues were measured over a 6-month period. Net N-mineralization and nitrification rates were measured in A horizon soils using laboratory incubations under constant moisture and temperature. Both mass loss (76%) and N release (65%) from litterbags reached their maximum in urban stands, whereas net N-mineralization rates were 2.3-fold higher than in rural A horizon soils. Litter fragmentation by earthworms and higher soil temperatures are potential causes of the higher mass loss rates observed in urban stands. The higher releases of N measured in the urban litterbags could be a result of their faster mass loss rates, exogenous inputs of N from atmospheric deposition, a relatively low heterotrophic demand for N, or a combination of these factors. The results of this study suggest that in comparison with rural stands, urban forests are characterized by comparatively high rates of litter decomposition, and may also be characterized by comparatively high rates of N mineralization. Additional studies are needed to test whether these effects are common to urban environments in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018567326093
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cadmium, copper, and zinc on growth and thiol content of aquatic hyphomycetes (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 346 (1997), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic hyphomycetes ; heavy metals ; sulfur-rich compounds ; metallothioneins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cadmium, copper, and zinc on the growth of ten strains ofaquatic hyphomycetes were investigated. On a solid medium, Cd and Cu reducedradial growth of most strains by 50% at concentrations between150–400 µM; in a liquid medium, the strains were more sensitive.The inhibitory effects of zinc were much less severe. Two isolates(Articulospora tetracladia and Tetracladium marchalianum) from a copper-minestream were more resistant against copper than conspecific strains from anon-polluted stream. Heliscus lugdunensis and Varicosporium elodeaeresponded to Cd exposure, but not to Cu or Zn exposure, by increasedsynthesis of SH-containing compounds. Glutathione levels showed a unimodalresponse to increasing Cd and Zn exposure. With copper, glutathionedecreased at intermediate levels of contamination. In the presence of Cd, H. lugdunensis synthesized several unknown sulfur-rich substances that wereabsent or produced at reduced rates in control cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002957830704
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution and chemical fractionation of some heavy metals in bottom sediments of Lake Nasser (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 364 (1997), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; fractionation ; AAS ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Distribution and phase association of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb, Zn and organic matter in Nile sediments taken from LakeNasser (Aswan, Egypt) were investigated. The sediment sampleswere subjected to selective chemical extraction proceduresdesigned to fractionate the particulate heavy metals into sixfractions: (A) ammonium acetate-extractable metals; (B) sodiumacetate-extractable metals; (C) acid oxalate-extractablemetals; (D) hydroxylamine HCl-extractable metals; (E) aquaregia-extractable metals and (F) total metals (HF/HCl/HNO3destruction). Exchangeable metals which can be extracted byammonium acetate solution are generally considered readilybioavailable as they are weakly bound and may equilibrateeasily with the aqueous phases. In the present study very smallconcentrations of all heavy metals considered were found inthis phase. Between this phase and the metal phases which arenot bioavailable (those exist in highly resistant phases) thereexist several geochemical phases (fractions B, C & D) that maypotentially release their associated metals under changingenvironmental conditions, such as pH and redox potential in thewater sediment interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003112008122
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Cadmium and zinc in plants and soil solutions from contaminated soils (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; heavy metals ; metal speciation ; metal uptake ; radish ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an experiment using ten heavy metal-contaminated soils from six European countries, soil solution was sampled by water displacement before and after the growth of radish. Concentrations of Cd, Zn and other elements in solution (K, Ca, Mg, Mn) generally decreased during plant growth, probably because of uptake by plants and the subsequent redistribution of ions onto soil exchange sites at lower ionic strength. Speciation analysis by a resin exchange method showed that most Cd and Zn in non-rhizosphere solutions was present as Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The proportion of free ions was slightly lower in rhizosphere solutions, mainly due to an increase in dissolved organic carbon during plant growth. Solution pH increased during plant growth, although the bulk soil pH generally remained constant. Cd concentrations in leaves and tubers were more closely correlated with their total or free ionic concentrations in rhizosphere solutions (adjusted R2 ≥ 0.90) than with their concentrations in soils (adj. R2 ≥ 0.79). Cd concentrations in non-rhizosphere solutions were only poorly correlated with Cd concentrations in leaves and tubers. In contrast to Cd, there were no soil parameters that individually predicted Zn concentrations in leaves and tubers closely. However, multiple correlation analysis (including Zn concentrations in rhizosphere solutions and in bulk soils) closely predicted Zn concentrations in leaves and tubers (adj. R2 = 0.85 and 0.70, respectively). This suggests that the great variability among soils in the solubility of Zn affected the rate of release of Zn into solution, and thus Zn uptake. There was no such effect for Cd, for which solubility varied much less. Furthermore, the plants may have partly controlled Zn uptake, as they took up relatively less at high solution concentrations of Zn. Free ionic concentrations in soil solution did not predict concentrations of Cd or Zn in plants better than their total concentrations in solution. This suggests that with these soils, analysis of Cd and Zn speciation is of little practical importance when their bioavailability is assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004214923372
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  • 15
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    Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; heavy metals ; hyperaccumulator ; phytoremediation ; rhizosphere ; Thlaspi caerulescens ; Thlaspi ochroleucum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thlaspi caerulescens (J. and C. Presl) and Thlaspi ochroleucum (Boiss. ex Heldr) were grown in three different soils containing moderate to high amounts of heavy metals in a pot experiment, using a rhizobag technique. T. caerulescens accumulated significantly more Zn in the shoots than T. ochroleucum. The concentrations of Zn in the shoots of T. caerulescens ranged from 3100 to 8100 mg kg-1 dry matter (DM), but only from 800 to 1600 mg kg-1 DM in T. ochroleucum. Total uptake of Zn in the shoots of T. caerulescens was about 5 times that of T. ochroleucum. In contrast, the differences between the two species in the uptake of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were generally small. Concentrations of mobile Zn (extractable with 1M NH4NO3) in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils decreased considerably after growth of both plants, but the decreases were greater with T. caerulescens than with T. ochroleucum. The decreases in the mobile fraction accounted for less than 10% of the total Zn uptake by T. caerulescens indicating that this species was effective in mobilising Zn from less soluble fractions in the soils. The rhizosphere soils tended to have higher concentrations of mobile Zn than the non-rhizosphere soils, probably because of the lower pH in the rhizosphere. The pH in the rhizosphere soils was 0.2-0.4 units lower than that in the non-rhizosphere soils at the end of the experiment. However, there were no significant differences between the two species in the degree of rhizosphere acidification. The results suggest that T. caerulescens has potential for removing Zn from moderately to highly contaminated soils, but that this ability was not related to the pH changes in the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004248123948
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  • 16
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    Defenses against oxidative stress in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki and effects of acute exposure to metals (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 355 (1997), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: molluscs ; extreme environment ; oxidative stress ; heavy metals ; biomarkers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since a general pathway of toxicity induced bypollutants is the enhancement of reactive oxygenspecies, biochemical responses associated withvariations in the antioxidant cellular system havebeen often proposed as biomarkers ofpollutant-mediated toxicity associated with oxidativestress. Antarctic organisms live in an extremeenvironment characterized by low water temperature,high level of dissolved oxygen, presence of ice andstrong seasonal changes in light intensity andavailability of food, conditions which could influenceboth the formation of reactive oxygen species and themechanisms for their removal. In this respect andconsidering the utility of this as a key species formonitoring marine Antarctic environment it was ofinterest to investigate the antioxidant defense systemof the scallop Adamussium colbecki.The parameters examined in the digestive gland of thescallop were the concentration of glutathione and theactivity of several glutathione dependent andantioxidant enzymes (glyoxalase I and II, glutathioneS-transferases, glutathione peroxidases, glutathionereductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase). Very highlevels of catalase suggest a possible adaptation toAntarctic extreme conditions, while the highactivities of glutathione S-transferases are moreprobably related to the feeding behavior of Pectinids.Enzymes from Adamussium colbecki generallyappeared to be active at low temperatures but, with afew exceptions, their activities increased with risingtemperature. Exposure of A. colbecki tosublethal concentrations of Cu or Hg resulted in asignificant reduction in the levels of totalglutathione and in the activity of catalase andglutathione S-transferases. Antioxidant responses ofA. colbecki could represent a useful tool inassessing the biological impact of environmentalpollutants in the Antarctic ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003094515903
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  • 17
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    Water quality modelling of the western Scheldt estuary (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 366 (1997), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Western Scheldt ; water quality ; heavy metals ; modelling ; decision support system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1987 the National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (theNetherlands) initiated the SAWES project (Systems Analysis WEstern Scheldt).The main goals of the project were to acquire knowledge with respect to thepollution problems in the Scheldt estuary and to apply this knowledge tomanagement issues of the Scheldt on an operational level. The main interestwas to understand quantitatively the relation between inputs of pollutingsubstances and effects on the ecosystem. In the framework of the project, awater quality model for the Scheldt estuary was made. In 1995, the modelarea was expanded to include the Belgian coastal region at the mouth of theestuary. The model calculates the fate of discharged substances andestablishes the relation between pollution inputs and the resulting waterquality, including general water quality (oxygen, pH, alkalinity, major ionchemistry and nutrients) as well as pollutant concentrations. The modelincorporates all chemical processes which affect these concentrations,including the precipitation/dissolution of metal sulphides which to a largeextent controls the fate of trace metals. Based on calibration andverification exercises, it has been shown that the model provides a goodrepresentation of the physical and chemical processes taking place withinthe estuary and can therefore be used to support policy development for theestuary. For example, the model can compute how the water and sedimentquality in the estuary will respond to reduced inputs of waste or to suchhuman activities as dredging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003132512665
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  • 18
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    HEAVY METALS IN ALLOTMENT GARDENS CLOSE TO AN OIL REFINERY IN PŁOCK (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026402218990
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  • 19
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    ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC FROM DIFFUSE IMMISSION ON ACID SANDY SOILS, AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPOSITION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131 μg g-1 zinc and 1.6 μg g-1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989 μg g-1 respectively 16.3 μg g-1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019297625144
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  • 20
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    Accumulation of cadmium and zinc from diffuse immission on acid sandy soils, as a function of soil composition (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131μg g−1 zinc and 1.6μg g−1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989μg g−1 respectively 16.3μg g−1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407193
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Partitioning of heavy metals in podzol soils contaminated by mine drainage waters, Dalarna, Sweden (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 39-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; heavy metals ; jarosite ; soils ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pHKCl∼2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407195
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in Płock (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407196
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  • 23
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    Spatial and Temporal Variability of Total Non-Residual Heavy Metals Content in Stream Sediments from the Suquia River System, Cordoba, Argentina (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; TNR ; stream sediments ; Suquía River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Suquía is a semiarid (rainfall, 700-900 mm y-1), medium-size (7700 km2) riversystem located in central Argentina. Its mountainous upper catchment includes pristine areas aswell as a variety of human settlements and a reservoir lake. A large city (Córdoba, ca. 1.3million inhabitants) and a terminal hypersaline lake are included in the middle and lower basin.Total non-residual (TNR) heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) have been determined inriver bed sediments in two seasons (spring and autumn), seeking to establish the factors whichcontrol the temporal and spatial variability. The major findings were: a) concentrations of TNRmetals were, in general, higher during springtime than during autumn, particularly downstreamfrom the city of Córdoba; b) organic matter played a significant role as a controlling factorwherever it defined reducing conditions, lowering the concentrations of Mn and Fe hydrousoxides; c) a higher organic load (e.g., downstream the city) and more pronounced reducingconditions could be the causes for the increased Fe concentration, probably precipitated assulfides; d) organic matter exhibited a closer correlation with some TNR metals in autumn,probably caused by a larger capacity for complexation in the biologically-processed organicdebris; and, e) the existence of pristine areas in the drainage basin allowed for the calculation ofenrichment factors (EF) which show the significance of several environmental impacts in theSuquía system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022113330970
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  • 24
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    Sulphur and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Scots Pine Bark in Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsulawere surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kolasmelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Niconcentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. Therewas a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distancefrom the emission sources. The effects of emissions from the Kola Peninsula were evident inFinland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland)where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur andheavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were theconcentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissionsfrom the Tornio refined steel plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022160930526
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  • 25
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    The Influence of Heavy Metals on Carbon Dioxide Evolution from a Typic Xerochrept Soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CO2 evolution ; heavy metals ; loading effect ; metal equivalent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn)added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000 µg g-1 were determined. Differences intoxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect onsoil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasingloading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels oftotal and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showedCu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated asthe sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect tothe least toxic one: Mn equivalent = Mn + 1.9Pb + 2.1Ni + 2.5Zn + 6.7Cd + 6.7Cu. The ionicpotential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soilrespiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, thelatter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022111323406
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Ash from Cereal and Rape Straw Used for Heat Production: Liming Effect and Contents of Plant Nutrients and Heavy Metals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: straw ash ; ashes ; bottom ash ; fly ash ; biofuel ; cereal straw ; rape straw ; straw combustion ; fertilizer ; plant nutrients ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The composition of 79 samples of straw ash from seven heating plants in Sweden wasanalysed with the aim of evaluating straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent. The variation in ashcomposition was explained mainly by ash fraction (bottom ash vs. fly ash) and straw type (wheat,barley, rye, rape) but also by heating plant. Compared with concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd inbottom ash, levels in fly ash were 10-90 times higher. Fly ash also contained more Cu and Kcompared with bottom ash. The Cd/P ratio was 0.03 in bottom ash and 0.6 g Cd/kg P in fly ash.Ash from rape straw had a higher Ca content and liming effect compared with ash from cerealstraw; e.g., the liming effect of rape ash was more than three times higher than that of wheat ash.The liming effect varied between 3.5 and 44% CaO and depended mainly on the Ca content. Theaverage P content was 1.7% (0.2-4.4%), with slightly higher concentration in rape ash than inwheat ash. The potential for using straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent is discussed. Compared withcommercial fertilizers the use of bottom ash as a P fertilizer results in a lower addition of Cd.However, the total heavy metal content of straw ash poses a potential problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022179708289
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal variability of total non-residual heavy metals content in stream sediments from the Suquia River system, Cordoba, Argentina (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; TNR ; stream sediments ; Suquía River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Suquía is a semiarid (rainfall, 700–900 mm y−1), medium-size (7700 km2) river system located in central Argentina. Its mountainous upper catchment includes pristine areas as well as a variety of human settlements and a reservoir lake. A large city (Córdoba, ca. 1.3 million inhabitants) and a terminal hypersaline lake are included in the middle and lower basin. Total non-residual (TNR) heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) have been determined in river bed sediments in two seasons (spring and autumn), seeking to establish the factors which control the temporal and spatial variability. The major findings were: a) concentrations of TNR metals were, in general, higher during springtime than during autumn, particularly downstream from the city of Córdoba; b) organic matter played a significant role as a controlling factor wherever it defined reducing conditions, lowering the concentrations of Mn and Fe hydrous oxides; c) a higher organic load (e.g., downstream the city) and more pronounced reducing conditions could be the causes for the increased Fe concentration, probably precipitated as sulfides; d) organic matter exhibited a closer correlation with some TNR metals in autumn, probably caused by a larger capacity for complexation in the biologically-processed organic debris; and, e) the existence of pristine areas in the drainage basin allowed for the calculation of enrichment factors (EF) which show the significance of several environmental impacts in the Suquía system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404763
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  • 28
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    Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: Source identification through statistical data interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407095
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  • 29
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    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407720823
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406068
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    Bivalves and heavy metals in polluted sediments: A chemometric approach (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Near-shore sediments ; heavy metals ; bioindicators ; bivalves ; benthic populations ; multivariate analysis ; multiple regression analysis ; predictive models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel were determined in near-shore sediments in the harbour of Trieste (Northern Adriatic), in an area highly exposed to urban and industrial wastes, where severe alteration of benthic population was observed. A typical bivalve of this area,Corbula gibba, was used as bioindicator of sea-bottom pollution. Multivariate statistical analysis of the chemical data interpret concentrations and distributions of heavy metals in these sediments, attesting anthropogenic source for Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. Using labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments as ‘predictors’, and length or bionnass of the bivalve as dependent variables, we obtained, by a multiple regression procedure, a predictive model showing the influence of metals on this benthic organism of this polluted area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406900
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  • 32
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    Validity of lowcost laboratory geochemistry for environmental applications (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: geochemical investigations ; geochemical validation ; heavy metals ; ICP-AES ; environmental monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A little known alternative to highcost environmental analysis, especially in Europe, is the use of commercially available, lowcost exploration geochemical laboratory analysis. To test for suitable accuracy and precision, both indicated parameters were monitored during several sample runs for environmental examinations at a selected commercial geochemical laboratory using various digestive methods and ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry). By evaluating duplicate samples and repeated measurements of internal standards and comparing the results with precision needed for environmental investigations, exploration geochemical analysis is found to be more than adequate for most elements and digestive methods in environmental applications. Accuracy is highest for total digestion ICP-AES analysis, with expectedly greater error margins for aqua regia digestion. Lowcost exploration geochemical analysis is an inexpensive analytical tool for screening, detailed investigations and monitoring of contaminated sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406160
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    Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils incubated: I. Under saturated conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function,U ts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (GARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. TheU ts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406176
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  • 34
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    PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METALS IN PODZOL SOILS CONTAMINATED BY MINE DRAINAGE WATERS, DALARNA, SWEDEN (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 39-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; heavy metals ; jarosite ; soils ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pHKCl ∼ 2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026461612610
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    Hydrochemistry of the aquifers in the Rio las Avenidas basin, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, along with the anions HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, CO3 −, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3)2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B, and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407204
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    HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE AQUIFERS IN THE RIO LAS AVENIDAS BASIN, PACHUCA, HIDALGO, MEXICO (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,along with the anions HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 2-, CO3 -, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3 2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B,and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026452116613
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    Heavy metals in surface water and stream sediments in Jamaica (1997)
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 19 (1997), S. 63-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Water ; stream sediments ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; mercury ; nickel ; lead ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of heavy metals in water and stream sediments in Jamaica are presented and compared to levels in soils and environmental standards. Heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc) appear to be less of a problem to Jamaica's freshwater environment than might be expected given the concentrations in soils. This can be explained by taking into account the dynamics of the Jamaican water environment and the relative absence of anthropogenic sources. The dynamics of the freshwater system on the other hand, could pass any environmental threat to the coastal environment. Because the stream sediments are relatively coarse and contain little organic material the bio-availability of micropollutants such as heavy metals from the sediments can be expected to be relatively high.
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    Impact of nickel mining and metallurgical activities on the distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Levisa, Cabonico and Nipe Bays, Cuba (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 19 (1997), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Pollution ; sediments ; heavy metals ; Cuban bays ; lateritic mining ; metallurgy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At MayarÕ zone, northeast Cuba, important lateritic deposits have been exploited since 1943. The mineral is used as raw material in a nickel-processing plant which discharges its untreated solid and liquid wastes into Levisa Bay. Similarly to the adjacent Nipe and Cabonico bays, fluvial currents from the mining areas convey a significant mineral load into this bay. To assess the environmental impact caused by the mining and the metallurgical activities, the distribution of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn was investigated in surface and core sediment samples. Uni- and multivariate statistical methods as well as different indices and pollutant factors were used to interpret results. These revealed significant environmental impacts in some areas of the three bays with high concentrations of Ni, Co, Fe and Mn, whose values are up to two orders of magnitude greater than the zone baseline levels. The metal concentrations decreased with increasing distance from discharges. A comparison with other Cuban bays and coastal zones, confirmed that the main source of metal pollution in these three bays was not urban and industrial activities, but lateritic mining and metallurgy.
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    EFFECT OF COPPER SMELTING AIR POLLUTION ON THE MITES (ACARI) ASSOCIATED WITH YOUNG SCOTS PINE FORESTS POLLUTED BY A COPPER SMELTING WORKS AT GŁOGÓW, POLAND. II. SOIL MITES (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 287-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acari ; bioindicators ; Gamasida ; heavy metals ; Oribatida ; Scots pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil mites were investigated in the areas covered with dead needles in young Scots pine forests (plant association Leucobryo-Pinetum), polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, and in a control plot. The concentration of heavy metals, mainly copper and lead, was the lowest in the control plot, and increased towards the pollution source. A high concentration of these metals reduced the density of mites and species number of Oribatida and Gamasida, while small concentrations were associated with the increasing abundance of mites and species number of Oribatida. Among mites, the following categories were distinguished: a) sensitive to heavy metals, b) sensitive to a high concentration, but tolerant of small concentrations, and c) tolerant of these metals. The changed vertical distribution of mites in the most polluted soil was also observed, due to accumulation of heavy metals in the Of/h horizon.
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    Pollutant Exchange at the Water/Sediment Interface in the Venice Canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic metal ; residual metal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice. Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques: 1) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer; 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal. Traps permitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence. This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface. The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water. Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged; a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
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    Ash from cereal and rape straw used for heat production: Liming effect and contents of plant nutrients and heavy metals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 93-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: straw ash ; ashes ; bottom ash ; fly ash ; biofuel ; cereal straw ; rape straw ; straw combustion ; fertilizer ; plant nutrients ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The composition of 79 samples of straw ash from seven heating plants in Sweden was analysed with the aim of evaluating straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent. The variation in ash composition was explained mainly by ash fraction (bottom ash vs. fly ash) and straw type (wheat, barley, rye, rape) but also by heating plant. Compared with concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd in bottom ash, levels in fly ash were 10–90 times higher. Fly ash also contained more Cu and K compared with bottom ash. The Cd/P ratio was 0.03 in bottom ash and 0.6 g Cd/kg P in fly ash. Ash from rape straw had a higher Ca content and liming effect compared with ash from cereal straw: e.g., the liming effect of rape ash was more than three times higher than that of wheat ash. The liming effect varied between 3.5 and 44% CaO and depended mainly on the Ca content. The average P content was 1.7% (0.2–4.4%), with slightly higher concentration in rape ash than in wheat ash. The potential for using straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent is discussed. Compared with commercial fertilizers the use of bottom ash as a P fertilizer results in a lower addition of Cd. However, the total heavy metal content of straw ash poses a potential problem.
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    Bivalves and Heavy Metals in Polluted Sediments: a Chemometric Approach (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 615-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Near-shore sediments ; heavy metals ; bioindicators ; bivalves ; benthic populations ; multivariate analysis ; multiple regression analysis ; predictive models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel were determined in near-shore sediments in the harbour of Trieste (Northern Adriatic), in an area highly exposed to urban and industrial wastes, where severe alteration of benthic population was observed. A typical bivalve of this area, Corbula gibba, was used as bioindicator of sea-bottom pollution. Multivariate statistical analysis of the chemical data interpret concentrations and distributions of heavy metals in these sediments, attesting anthropogenic source for Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. Using labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments as 'predictors', and length or biomass of the bivalve as dependent variables, we obtained, by a multiple regression procedure, a predictive model showing the influence of metals on this benthic organism of this polluted area.
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    Accumulation of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants by Biofilms in the Aquatic Environment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 651-659 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: River sediments ; biofilms ; organic micropollutants ; heavy metals ; temporal variations ; biosorption ; accumulation processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a partly urbanized catchment to the south of Trier, Germany, short term variations in river sediment compounds as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants on surface associated microbial coatings (biofilms) were investigated weekly during a period of six months. Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and for microbial characterisation protein, carbohydrate and uronic acid were analyzed. Sorption processes on biofilms were determined by temporal variations in pollutants and microbial parameters and through the comparison of sorbed substances in biofilms and sediments. The results show, that sorption events on biofilms play an important and dynamic role in spring and summer for transport and accumulation of the investigated pollutants in the aquatic environment. The amount of pollutants sorbed on sediment particles is not only dependent on the particulate bound or solved pollutants in the river water, but is strongly controlled by the changing conditions of the biofilms.
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    VALIDITY OF LOWCOST LABORATORY GEOCHEMISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 119-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: geochemical investigations ; geochemical validation ; heavy metals ; ICP-AES ; environmental monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A little known alternative to highcost environmental analysis, especially in Europe, is the use of commercially available, lowcost exploration geochemical laboratory analysis. To test for suitable accuracy and precision, both indicated parameters were monitored during several sample runs for environmental examinations at a selected commercial geochemical laboratory using various digestive methods and ICP-AES(Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry). By evaluating duplicate samples and repeated measurements of internal standards and comparing the results with precision needed for environmental investigations, exploration geochemical analysis is found to be more than adequate for most elements and digestive methods in environmental applications. Accuracy is highest for total digestion ICP-AES analysis, with expectedly greater error margins for aqua regia digestion. Lowcost exploration geochemical analysis is an inexpensive analytical tool for screening, detailed investigations and monitoring of contaminated sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026498925058
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    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    Heavy Metals in the Eggs and Muscle of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus Polyphemus) from Delaware Bay (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 46 (1997), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Delaware Bay ; eggs ; horseshoe crab ; heavy metals ; muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and manganese concentrations were measured in the eggs of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from 1993, 1994 and 1995; and from chelicera muscle in 1995 from Delaware Bay. Metal concentrations in the eggs represent levels derived from females. In eggs, mercury levels were below 100 ppb or were non-dectable; cadmium levels were generally low in 1993 and 1995 but were relatively higher in 1994; lead levels in eggs decreased from 558 ppb in 1993 to 87 ppm in 1995; selenium increased from 1993 to 1995; chromium decreased from 1993 to 1995; and manganese generally decreased. Leg muscles had significantly lower levels of all metals than eggs, except for mercury.
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    MULTI-MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS AND MAJOR IONS FROM URBAN AND RURAL SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 89-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metals ; ions ; New Brunswick ; precipitation ; snowpack ; soils ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of heavy metals and major ions were measured in precipitation, snowpack, garden soils and vegetables from urban and rural sites in New Brunswick in Atlantic Canada. Atmospheric loading of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, strontium, and vanadium need further assessment. Vanadium concentrations in precipitation, snowpack, soils and vegetables showed an urban influence. Vanadium concentrations in the snowpack ranged between 〈2.0 ppb at 50 kilometers from the city center to 31.4 ppb in the city. Concentrations of all heavy metals in urban soils were less than CCME remediation guidelines but selected metals exceeded the assessment benchmark non-regulatory guidelines. Major ions were consistently higher in event precipitation than the snowpack. The order of ion elution from the snowpack was NO3 〉 SO4 〉 NH4 〉 H 〉 Mg 〉 Cl 〉 Na 〉 K. Hydrogen ion equivalents were highest in the snowpack and precipitation from urban samples. Mean hydrogen ion concentrations ranged from 11 to 22 μeq L-1 in the snowpack compared with 18 to 41 μeq L-1 in event precipitation.
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    extended study of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in lithuania based on moss analysis (1997)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 135-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioindicator ; heavy metals ; moss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The use of different moss species – Hylocomium splendens,Pleurozium schreberi, Eurhynchium angustirete, Sphagnum and Rhytidiadelphus – was tested for the investigation of atmosphericheavy metal deposition. Maps representing heavy metal depositionpattern in Lithuania are presented for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and V.The most suitable species for heavy metal deposition studies was Hylocomium splendens in which the concentrations of metalswere found to be up to 25% higher than in other species. Interspeciesand interelemental comparison was also performed. Several well definedlocal pollution sources were identified.
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    Time-related effects of intoxication with cadmium and mercury in the red wood ant (1997)
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    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 307-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: red wood ant ; phosphoa denine nucleotides ; enzyme patterns ; heavy metals ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical and physiological effects of prolonged feeding of the ant Formica aquilonia, in natural conditions with excess of cadmium or mercury, were studied. In all developmental stages metals caused the time-dependent increase of AMP, parallel with a decrease of ATP and the pool size of adenylates. This was reflected by a low adenylate energy charge (AEC) index and accompanied by an inhibition of ATPases. Despite the fall in the adenylate pool of workers, the levels of adenylate energy charge confirmed their ability to maintain energetic balance. Prolonged access to food highly contaminated with Cd, or Cd with Hg, diminished these adaptive abilities, but pre-adaptive reactions (not correlated with the metal load) were induced. Activity patterns of enzymes involved in energy metabolism showed metal dependent inhibitory effects, but repeated contamination evoked some compensatory mechanisms, both in workers and in the pupal stage from the next generations. Cadmium (indirectly) stimulated the esterases and free radical scavengers. Compensatory mechanisms were insufficient in insects contaminated with both Hg and Cd, even causing family disappearance, through increased mortality and migration to other colonies. Compensatory mechanisms expressed by the adult workers appeared to be of a phenotypic origin
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    Gold and silver accumulation by Aspergillus niger from cyanide-containing solution obtained from the gold mining industry (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 149-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus niger ; cyanide ; cyano-metals ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An Aspergillus niger strain accumulated gold and silver from solution containing high cyanide concentrations. Our results show that A. niger is of potential use for the removal of metals and/or the recovery of valuable metals from cyanide-containing solutions.
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    Model of chain growth and inhibition of biological populations by chemical agents (1997)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 124 (1997), S. 1088-1090 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: growth curve ; population ; heavy metals ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The proposed model of development of a biological population is based on the elementary cycle of individual development which is presented as a system of quasichemical reactions. The system includes elimination of an individual upon interaction with a toxic agent. Analytical solution of the system of kinetic equations describing the dynamics of the model is presented. The solution can be used for quantitative evaluation of the effects of toxic compounds on a population and in epidemiological studies. The model adequately describes the effect of heavy metals on a population of yeast cells.
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    Effects of copper, lead and zinc on phytoplankton growth (1997)
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    Biologia plantarum 39 (1997), S. 315-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Closterium ; heavy metals ; Pediastrum ; Scenedesmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Impact of Cu, Pb and Zn on the growth of Closterium acerosum, Pediastrum simplex, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda was studied in vitro. At concentration 0.1 g m-3 these metals were not toxic, however, at concentration 10.0 g m-3 the growth of phytoplankton was inhibited. Cu was the most toxic followed by Pb and Zn. S. quadricauda expressed highest tolerance to these metals, and least tolerance was exhibited by C. acerosum.
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    Accumulation of cadmium, lead and strontium, and a role of calcium oxalate in water hyacinth tolerance (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 40 (1997), S. 411-417 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Ca oxalate crystals ; Eichhornia crassipes ; heavy metals ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eichhornia crassipes plants brought from the River Nile were cultured in jars containing river water supplemented with various concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Sr (0 to 100 μg cm-3), added simultaneously. Treatment continued for 20 d during which each cultivation solution was being replaced with fresh one every 3 d. The growth of Eichhornia was drastically retarded at heavy metal concentrations higher than 15 μg cm-3. At concentrations 15 or 25 μg cm-3, the accumulation of Cd and Pb to levels several times higher than those in control plants was found. More than 50 % of the uptaken metals were retained by roots alone. Leaves and leaf petiols received around 30 and 20 % of the accumulated metals, respectively. X-ray microanalysis indicated the presence of the three heavy metals in Ca oxalate crystals. Content of metals in the crystals increased progressively over time of exposure in a way similar to those in whole plant tissues. These results suggest a possible role for Ca oxalate crystalization in toxic heavy metal deposition and thus tolerance by Eichhornia.
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    Accumulation of stress-proteins in intercellular spaces of barley leaves induced by biotic and abiotic factors (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 39 (1997), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: chilling ; heat shock ; heavy metals ; Hordeum vulgare ; intercellular washing fluid ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accumulation of the extracellular proteins localized in intercellular spaces of barley primary leaves was examined after inoculation with powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) as biotic stress factor and after abiotic stresses such as heat shock, low temperature and heavy metal (Mg,Zn, Cu, Al, Cd and Co) treatment using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six to eight major pathogen-induced proteins (bands on native gel) have been identified. Their accumulation at host-parasite incompatibility was more expressive than at compatibility interaction. Elevated temperature did not induce pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins while low temperature induced three of them. Cu, Al, Cd and Co induced accumulation pattern of extracellular proteins was very similar to that in powdery mildew inoculated leaves. Mg and Zn had no effect on the induction of protein accumulation in the intercellular spaces of leaves. Induction of PR proteins by different stresses indicated their general function in the resistance of plants to changing environment.
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    Effects of cadmium, nickel and lead on growth, chlorophyll content and proteins of weeds (1997)
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    Biologia plantarum 39 (1997), S. 403-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: Chenopodium ambrosioides ; Cyperus difformis ; Digitaria sanguinolis ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of Cd, Ni and Pb on the growth, chlorophyll (Chl) and protein contents, and content of proteases of potted weed plants Cyperus difformis, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Digitaria sanguinolis were determined. The three heavy metals inhibited the shoot growth but were less suppresive to root growth. They also lowered leaf Chl content. The changes in root and shoot protein and proteases contents of weeds were interrelated. The heavy metal additions to soil increased their contents in both roots and shoots, several times more in roots than in shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001084327343
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane lipid peroxidation, free radical scavangers and ethylene evolution in Amaranthus as affected by lead and cadmium (1997)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 40 (1997), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: free radicals ; heavy metals ; lipoxygenase ; malondialdehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membrane lipid peroxidation, activity of free radical scavangers and ethylene evolution of Amaranthus lividus seedlings were used to determine the lead and cadmium (1, 10, 100 and 1000 µM) induced phytotoxicity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and higher lipoxygenase activity (LOX) was found in the 7-d-old treated seedlings. The activities of free radical scavangers like peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase declined considerably with the concomitant rise in hydrogen peroxide level. Heavy metal treatment also caused decline in ethylene evolution in germinating seedlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000908904819
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